Academic literature on the topic 'Biomass energy industries – South Africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biomass energy industries – South Africa"
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Stafford, William, Brett Cohen, Simisha Pather-Elias, Harro Von Blottnitz, Robert Van Hille, Sue T. L. Harrison, and Stephanie G. Burton. "Technologies for recovery of energy from wastewaters: Applicability and potential in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3003.
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This study explored technologies for recovering energy from wastewater through production of biomass, combustion and gasification, generation of biogas, production of bioethanol, heat recovery and microbial fuel cells. A first order desktop analysis of the potential for applying these solutions to wastewaters in South Africa revealed that 3 200 to 9 000 MWth of energy has potential for recovery, equating to at most 7% of South Africa’s current electrical power supply. Formal and informal animal husbandry, fruit and beverage industries and domestic blackwater were identified as wastewaters with the greatest potential for energy recovery. Of the reviewed technologies, anaerobic digestion shows applicability to the widest range of feedstocks. Net energy generated, reduction in pollution, and water reclamation are identified as the main benefits, but additional benefits such as certified emission reductions, fertiliser production and the production of secondary products may dictate the economic feasibility.
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de la Cruz-Lovera, Carmen, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, José-Luis de la Cruz-Fernández, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Valorization for Boilers in the Mediterranean Climate." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030711.
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: Energy saving is a global priority, as it is helping both energy and environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions. The search for new energy solutions is therefore necessary. In the Mediterranean climate, resources are generally scarce, and all energy sources need to be explored, including biomass from agricultural or industrial waste. There is a clear upward trend in date worldwide production, having doubled its world production in the last 10 years, and this trend is particularly relevant for Mediterranean climate countries, especially in North Africa and nearby countries. This study analyzes the properties associated with the date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to evaluate its suitability and viability as a new biofuel. Specifically, the viability of replacing the existing gas boiler in a university building in the south of Spain with a system of biomass boilers using this biomass was analyzed as a case study. The results reveal that this biomass has HHV values very similar to those of other biomass sources, 19.121 MJ/kg. With the replacement of the gas boiler by a biomass that uses the date seed, a reduction of 95 tons of CO2 per year is obtained and an economic saving of more than 66% is achieved. In short, this work opens new perspectives for the use of this biomass of date seed in boilers and it is an efficient solution for large public buildings such as the buildings of Mediterranean climate universities.
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Perea-Moreno, Miguel-Angel, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093254.
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The peanut (Arachys hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as are chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is originally from South America and is used mainly for culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well as for the production of biscuits, breads, sweets, cereals, and salads. Also, due to its high percentage of fat, peanuts are used for industrialized products such as oils, flours, inks, creams, lipsticks, etc. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistical yearbook in 2016, the production of peanuts was 43,982,066 t, produced in 27,660,802 hectares. Peanuts are grown mainly in Asia, with a global production rate of 65.3%, followed by Africa with 26.2%, the Americas with 8.4%, and Oceania with 0.1%. The peanut industry is one of the main generators of agroindustrial waste (shells). This residual biomass (25–30% of the total weight) has a high energy content that is worth exploring. The main objectives of this study are, firstly, to evaluate the energy parameters of peanut shells as a possible solid biofuel applied as an energy source in residential and industrial heating installations. Secondly, different models are analysed to estimate the higher heating value (HHV) for biomass proposed by different scientists and to determine which most accurately fits the determination of this value for peanut shells. Thirdly, we evaluate the reduction in global CO2 emissions that would result from the use of peanut shells as biofuel. The obtained HHV of peanut shells (18.547 MJ/kg) is higher than other biomass sources evaluated, such as olive stones (17.884 MJ/kg) or almond shells (18.200 MJ/kg), and similar to other sources of biomass used at present for home and industrial heating applications. Different prediction models of the HHV value proposed by scientists for different types of biomass have been analysed and the one that best fits the calculation for the peanut shell has been determined. The CO2 reduction that would result from the use of peanut shells as an energy source has been evaluated in all production countries, obtaining values above 0.5 ‰ of their total emissions.
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Nwokolo, Nwabunwanne, Patrick Mukumba, and KeChrist Obileke. "Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Installed in a Biomass Gasification System." Journal of Engineering 2020 (August 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6762489.
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Heat exchangers are widely used for heat recovery purposes in many industrial applications such as gasification systems. In a biomass gasification system situated at Melani village in Eastern Cape of South Africa, a significant quantity of heat energy is lost during syngas cooling. Thus, a heat exchanger was constructed and installed in the gasification system for the purpose of heat recovery. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the heat exchanger under variable operating conditions for counterflow and parallel flow configurations. The experimental investigation was carried out on a double pipe heat exchanger as the downdraft gasifier system operated on a wood consumption rate of 180 kg/h. The heat exchanger was installed at the exit point of the syngas in the gasifier, and water served as the cooling fluid. Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot syngas and cooling water (fluids) were measured using thermocouples at variable flow rates. Experimental data were processed using energy equations to determine vital performance parameters (overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, and log mean temperature difference). The findings showed that optimum heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.55 was determined at a mass flow rate of 0.07 kg/s. In addition, counterflow configuration was found to be approximately 14% more effective than the parallel flow configuration. This is attributed to the relative direction of the fluids in the configurations of both flows. The study recommends that double pipe heat exchanger is suitable for recovering heat from the gasification system.
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Ozonoh, M., T. C. Aniokete, B. O. Oboirien, and M. O. Daramola. "Techno-economic analysis of electricity and heat production by co-gasification of coal, biomass and waste tyre in South Africa." Journal of Cleaner Production 201 (November 2018): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.209.
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Ayetigbo, Oluwatoyin, Sajid Latif, Adebayo Abass, and Joachim Müller. "Comparing Characteristics of Root, Flour and Starch of Biofortified Yellow-Flesh and White-Flesh Cassava Variants, and Sustainability Considerations: A Review." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 3089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093089.
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Cassava is a significant food security and industrial crop, contributing as food, feed and industrial biomass in Africa, Asia and South America. Breeding efforts have led to the development of cassava variants having desirable traits such as increased root, flour, and starch yield, reduced toxicity, reduced pest/disease susceptibility and improved nutrient contents. Prominent among those breeding efforts is the development of colored-flesh cassava variants, especially biofortified yellow-fleshed ones, with increased pro-vitamin A carotenoids, compared to the white-flesh variants. The concept of sustainability in adoption of biofortified yellow-flesh cassava and its products cannot be fully grasped without some detailed information on its properties and how these variants compare to those of the white-flesh cassava. Flour and starch are highly profitable food products derived from cassava. Cassava roots can be visually distinguished based on flesh color and other physical properties, just as their flours and starches can be differentiated by their macro- and micro-properties. The few subtle differences that exist between cassava variants are identified and exploited by consumers and industry. Although white-flesh variants are still widely cultivated, value addition offered by biofortified yellow-flesh variants may strengthen acceptance and widespread cultivation among farmers, and, possibly, cultivation of biofortified yellow-flesh variants may outpace that of white-flesh variants in the future. This review compares properties of cassava root, flour, and starch from white-flesh and biofortified yellow-flesh variants. It also states the factors affecting the chemical, functional, and physicochemical properties; relationships between the physicochemical and functional properties; effects of processing on the nutritional properties; and practical considerations for sustaining adoption of the biofortified yellow-flesh cassava.
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Kimemia, David, and Harold Annegarn. "An urban biomass energy economy in Johannesburg, South Africa." Energy for Sustainable Development 15, no. 4 (December 2011): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.10.002.
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Kofi-Opata, Edwina. "Spatial Patterns and Trends in Energy Use and Consumption in Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341398.
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Energy lies at the core of every human activity and can be described as having a pervasive influence on all aspects of development making it one of the most important resources that belies the development of any given country. Developing countries on the other hand are constantly faced with the daunting task of providing its industries and citizens with energy in its various forms. The resulting effect is limiting economic development and by extension limited social development. In meeting this need, the Ghanaian populace have and continue to rely on traditional biomass amid associated risks and health complications. This article analyzes the factors accounting for the heavy reliance on traditional biomass in Sub Saharan Africa (ssa) with particular reference to Ghana and to determine if these factors promote a spatial pattern formation in energy use.
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Mamvura, T. A., G. Pahla, and E. Muzenda. "Torrefaction of waste biomass for application in energy production in South Africa." South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 25 (June 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2017.11.003.
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Kerley, Graham I. H., and Theunis Erasmus. "Small mammals in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa: biomass and energy requirements." Journal of Arid Environments 22, no. 3 (April 1992): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30643-8.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Biomass energy industries – South Africa"
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Dredge, Roselyn Ann. "Enhancing the saccharolytic phase of sugar beet pulp via hemicellulase synergy." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004014.
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The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plant has in recent years been added to the Biofuel Industrial Strategy (Department of Minerals and Energy, 2007) by the South African government as a crop grown for the production of bio-ethanol. Sugar beet is commonly grown in Europe for the production of sucrose and has recently been cultivated in Cradock and the surrounding areas (Engineering News, 2008). The biofuel industry usually ferments the sucrose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to yield bio-ethanol. However, researchers are presented with a critical role to increase current yields as there are concerns over the process costs from industrial biotechnologists. The beet factories produce a pulp by-product removed of all sucrose. The hemicellulose-rich pulp can be degraded by microbial enzymes to simple sugars that can be subsequently fermented to bio-ethanol. Thus, the pulp represents a potential source for second generation biofuel. The process of utilising microbial hemicellulases requires an initial chemical pre-treatment step to delignify the sugar beet pulp (SBP). An alkaline pre-treatment with ‘slake lime’ (calcium hydroxide) was investigated using a 23 factorial design and the factors examined were: lime load; temperature and time. The analysed results showed the highest release of reducing sugars at the pre-treatment conditions of: 0.4 g lime / g SBP; 40°C and 36 hours. A partial characterisation of the Clostridium cellulovorans hemicellulases was carried out to verify the optimal activity conditions stated in literature. The highest release of reducing sugars was measured at pH 6.5 – 7.0 and at 45°C for arabinofuranosidase A (ArfA); at pH 5.5 and 40°C for mannanase A (ManA) and pH 5.0 – 6.0 and 45°C for xylanase A (XynA). Temperature studies showed that a complete loss of enzymatic activity occurred after 11 hours for ManA; and 84-96 hours for ArfA. XynA was still active after 120 hours. The optimised lime pre-treated SBP was subsequently degraded using various combinations and percentages of C. cellulovorans ArfA, ManA and XynA to determine the maximal release of reducing sugars. Synergistically, the highest synergy was observed at 75% ArfA and 25% ManA, with a specific activity of 2.9 μmol/min/g protein. However, the highest release of sugars was observed at 4.2 μmol/min/g protein at 100% ArfA. This study has initiated the research within South Africa on SBP and its degradation by C. cellulovorans. Preliminary studies show that SBP has the potential to be utilised as a second generation biofuel source.
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Banda, Azel. "Electricity production from sugar industries in Africa : a case of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6983.
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Bibliography: leaves 65-70.Low access to electricity is a problem in Africa. Apart from South Africa and Mauritius access to electricity generally falls below 30% of the population. The situation is even worse in the rural areas which housed about 70% or more of the population and whose access to modern energy services in these areas is between 5%-10%. Hence, this work aims at providing means of increasing access to electricity for the larger portion of the continent. This work looked at the potential of using bagasse, a waste from sugar production, to produce electricity beyond the sugar factory to the national grid. It shows that bagasse generated electricity can contribute to increasing this access in Africa as a whole by as much as 9.4 TWh, using Condensing Extraction Steam Turbines. However, this increase varies among countries with the highest being Swaziland, 67%, and the lowest South Africa, 1.5%, due to the current capacity. The actualization of this technical potential, however, can only come about with proper application of relevant policies and measures that need to be in place for Africa in general and South Africa in particular as more detailed work was done on the latter. Due to limitation in scope, this work did not cover the social, financial and agronomic aspects and neither was optimization of sugar considered in evaluating electricity from bagasse.
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Williams, Anthony T. "The potential for the production of energy from biomass in South Africa." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26094.
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Lundqvist, Alexander. "Future development of bioenergy in South Africa : A study of increased use of available biomass for the future development of renewable energy in South Africa." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-48919.
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The development of renewable energy has become increasingly important as countries strive to become less dependent on fossil-derived energy. Biomass accounts for a large part of energy derived from renewable energy sources in Africa. However, the biomass is used in primitive ways like cooking and heating, which is not at all effective at taking advantage of the biomass's true energy potential and contributes to premature death due to pollution. Scarce water supply and infrastructure built around an energy production from coal have hindered the development of bioenergy in South Africa. The Stated Policy scenario has developed energy targets for South Africa to reached by 2040 to streamline South Africa's use of available biomass. To find out if these goals can be achieved, data regarding biomass quantities for different biomass types have been collected to see how much biomass is available for energy production. Various types of technologies for converting biomass have been investigated to compare the efficiency of each technology and production costs to be able to analyze which technology is considered best for application in South Africa. Various scenarios have been developed where previous research and insights from interviews have been involved and influenced the type of technology used to convert the biomass and which end product is considered to have the highest potential. The different scenarios were modeled in Excel and then simulated in to optimize total production costs and energy production. The bioenergy produced has then been compared with the current energy production from fossil fuels to see how much can be replaced. The technologies that were considered to be applicable were combined heat and power together with hydroprocessing. These technologies contributed to efficient energy production and low production costs as well as lower transport costs. Due to drought and lack of water supply, the most optimal places for the implementation of this type of technology were in the northeastern parts of South Africa. These areas have better access to water and, therefore produces more biomass. Considering the current infrastructure in South Africa, transport by trucks was considered to be the most flexible choice of transport mode for transporting the biomass. With the available biomass and the selected technologies, bioenergy can replace up to 15% of the energy produced from coal in South Africa, and prices are competitive with today's electricity and fuel prices in South Africa. For this to happen, political support, public confidence, and investment are required. Increased bioenergy in South Africa would reduce dependence on energy from fossil fuels and also streamline the use of available renewable energy that would contribute to increased and safer energy supply. A more efficient use of bioenergy would also contribute with less premature deaths caused by primitive use of biomass, less emissions and a healthier environment.
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Gesha, Hlonela. "An analysis of the environmental impacts of biomass application in hybrid microgrids in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2764.
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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), there are several challenges that hinder development. One of these challenges is access to electricity. There are numerous benefits to having access to reliable electricity. These include less time spent fetching water from rivers and dams, as water purification systems for households could be used in villages; children in villages would be able to spend more time doing their schoolwork and not fetching wood for fire; and automated irrigation systems could be used for villagers to farm and make an income. Finding alternative ways to generate electricity would enable access to electricity for regions that currently do not have the electricity. This means that large organisations need to find alternative ways of generating electricity, as they have the means to do so. With the current renewable energy technologies available, there are now more ways in which electricity could be generated. The use of biomass is no exception to this. With constant developments in the renewable energy sector, waste-to-energy (WtE) is proving to be a viable method to generate electricity. The main aim of this research was to determine if a commercial food retailing organisation could use their food waste for generating electricity for their own use to reduce their demand from the central grid. A way of determining the viability of this type of technology is using a software that simulates renewable energy projects. In this research, an organisation was contacted for waste data. Systems for two of the stores will be simulated and results will be discussed. The organisation will remain anonymous. The software used in this research is System Advisor Model (SAM), which was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in the United States. In the results, three results were discussed. These are the monthly energy, monthly heat rate and the monthly boiler efficiency for each of the stores for Store 1, the annual energy simulated was 138,509 kWh and 131,677 kWh for Store 2. Monthly energy averages for each store were 11,542 kWh for Store 1 and 10,973 kWh for Store 2, respectively. There are several opportunities for research based on the findings. These include researching other food sectors in the study; conducting a financial analysis of small-scale WtE systems; constructing a prototype of the system; and using three different softwares to simulate a system for the same project.
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Fibi, Pumza Oscarine. "Development and validation of in-process control test kits for biodiesel production." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012645.
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The production of biodiesel from vegetable oils is not a new technology; it has been around since the 1950’s and both the research in terms of the different feedstock that can be used and the production of biodiesel has since been gaining momentum as there needs to be a new, sustainable and domestic alternative to petroleum fuels. These petroleum fuels pose enormous threats to the environment and therefore need to be replaced as they are mostly contributing to climate change and global warming not to mention the frequent price hikes which are crippling the South African economy. Biodiesel production using vegetable oils seems to be and is the future and a law has recently been passed which sanctions the production of biofuel locally.[1] South African fuel producers will instigate obligatory blending of fossil fuel with biofuel as the country moves to encourage investment in its biofuels sector. The production of biodiesel locally and the blending of biodiesel with other petroleum products will reduce the country’s dependence on imported fuel. The already established petrochemical companies like BP, Sasol and Engine are therefore mandated to purchase these biofuels if and when the biofuels meet the required South African National Standard (SANS) 1935 requirements. This is then where the challenge comes as most of these growing biofuel companies cannot afford to purchase testing equipment.The growing companiesthen discover upon completion of the biofuel manufacturing process that their product does not meet the required standard specification. The failure translates to a financial loss as the final product can possibly not be reworked. The aim of the project is then to assist these companies who are manufacturing biofuel, by providing them with in-house biofuel process methods which will allow for early detection, should there be a need to redo a step in the process and not wait until the completion of the production process. These in-house process-testing methods will range from pH determination, titration tests which will determine the soap content and the percentage free fatty acid content, water determination, density and visual testing. It is not cost-effective for these biodiesel manufacturers to send their samples for outsource testing as evidently the results obtained would be out of specification hence the need to provide these biodiesel manufacturers with in-house analytical testing techniques that will aid in monitoring of the biodiesel production.
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Gerber, Audrey I. (Audrey Inga). "Effect of pruning on economic biomass production of Protea cv. Carnival." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/58407.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1994.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the Microfiche
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many Proreaceae species indigenous to South Africa have potential as cutflower crops. Commercial production of proteas for expurt, mainly to Europe, must emphasise quality of flowers and time of production. Good export quality flowers have stems longer than 50cm and unblemished flowers. Cut-flower proteas are in greater demand and command better prices during the European winter (September to May, Southern hemisphere), when competition from flowers grown in Europe is less. Both quality and time of harvest can be manipulated by pruning techniques. Protea cv. Carnival (a natural hybrid, possibly between P. neriifolia and P. compacta) produces flowers in late summer, from February through to May. Picking flowers or pruning shoots of Proteo cv. Carnival entails removing the terminal portion of shoots with heading cuts to leave on the plant short stumps, known as bearers. Lateral shoots arising from axillary buds on bearers elongate by successive growth flushes until flowers are initiated terminally. The characteristics of the shoot determine whether or not flower initiation will take place, and will affect the quality of the resulting flower. Plants were pruned to produce bearers of different length and diameter. The characteristics of shoots arising from different bearers were recordea. Thick bearers of length 20-25cm produced the most shoots, and the longest shoots. Plants producing flowers biennially, rather than ann'Jally, produced thicker bearers, which, in turn, lead to production of better quality shoots arising from the bearers in the following season. Changing the time of pruning changed both the flowering cycle and the biomass allocation of Prorea cv. Carnival. Plants of Profea cv. Carnival were pruned on six different dates in 1991. Pruning in March, April or May, 1991, resulted in an annual flowering cycle. Less than 40% of the fresh mass produced in 1993 was reproductive, of which approximately 5% had stems long enough for export. The 1994 annual harvest was of s:milar size and quality as the 1993 annual harvest. Pruning in July, August or September, 1991, resulted in a biennial cycle of flowering. No flowers were produced in 1992, and a large crop was harvested in 1993. In 1993 lip to 70% of the fresh mass produced was reproductive, of which approximately 80% had stems long enough for export. Plants were pruned shortly after flowering in 1993, and the biennial cycle was replaced by an alternate flowering cycle, with a large crop being followed by a smaller crop. The large harvest in 1993 was significantly earlier than normal, but the small crop produced in 1994 was later. The harvest in 1994 from plants with an alternate flowering cycle was similar in size to the 1994 harvest from plants floweting annually, but flower stems were longer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Heelwat inheemse Proteaceae spesies besit die vereiste eienskappe om as snyblomr.-le verhanctci te wod. Indien proteas kommersieel verbou sou word vir uitvoer moet die klem val op gehalte van blomme en die tyd van produksie. Goeie gehalte uitvoer blomme moet steellengte van langer as 50cm en perfek gevormde blomme besit. Daar is 'n groter aanvraag na kommersieel verboude proteas gedurende die Europese winter (September tot Mei, suidelike halfrond) en beter pryse word derhalwe ook dan verkry. Beide gehalte en die oes periode kan gemanipuleer word deur snoeitegnieke. Wanneer blomme gepluk word of lote gesnoei word van Profea cv. Carnival (waarskynlik 'n kruising tussen P. compacta x P. neriifolia) word die terminale gedeelte van die loot teruggesny. Die oorblywende gedeelte bestaan uit kort stompe wat bekend staan as draers. Laterale lote afkomstig van okselknoppe op draers verleng totdat 'n blom terminaal ontwikkel. Die eienskappe van die loot bepaal of 'n blom inisieer sal word of nie, en sal ook die gehalte van die gevormde blom beinvloed. Protea plante was gesnoei om draers van verkillende lengtes en deursnee te produseer. Die eienkappe van lote afkomstig van die verskillende tipe draers was gemeet. Dik ..draers van lengte 20-25cm het die meeste asook die langste lote geproduseer. Plante wat twee-jaarliks, in teenstelling met jaarliks, geblom het, het dikker draers geproduseer en ook gelei tot produksie van beter gehalte lote in die opeenvolgende seisoen. Die verandering in die tyd van snoei het beide die blom siklus en die biomassa verspreiding beinvloed. Plante van Protea cv. Carnival was up 6 verskillende datums in 1991 gesnoei. Snoei in Maart, April of Mei, 1991, het 'n jaarlikse blom siklus veroorsaak. Minder as 40% van die vars massa geproduseer in 1993 was reproduktief, waarvan 5% steellengte lank genoeg vir uitvoer gehad hel. Die 1994 jaarlikse oes was van dieselfde grootte en gehalte as die van 1993. Snoei in Julie, Augustus of September, 1991, het egter 'n twee-jaarlikse blom siklus veroorsaak. Geen blomme was in 1992 geproduseer nie, maar die oes in 1993 was heelwat groter as die jaarlikse oeste. In 1993 was to 70% van die vars massa geproduseer, reproduktief, waarvan 80% steellengte lank genoeg vir uitvoer gehad het. Die twee-jaarlikse blom siklus het 'n vroeer oes in 1993 veroorsaak, maar 'n later oes in 1994. Die twee-jaarlikse oes in 1994 was van dieseifde grootte as die jaarlikse oes in 1994, maar die blomstele was langer.
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Ndokwana, Ayanda Lawrence. "Techno-economic evaluation of using maize for bioethanol production compared to exporting it from South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2543.
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Thesis ( MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Capital investment in bioethanol production requires sound economic feasibility studies. This study investigated the economic feasibility of using maize as a feedstock to produce bioethanol in South Africa. There is a huge opportunity to use dedicated underutilised arable land to grow maize which can be used for both consumption and bioethanol production. The study used 200 000 ton/year of maize that could have been exported to SADC countries to size a plant that produces 80 million litres per year of bioethanol. An advanced bioethanol processing technology that separates the fibre/bran which is burnt in a steam boiler to produce process steam was selected owing to advantages such as low energy consumption and capital expenditure on fermentation and distillation equipment. This study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data. The findings from a qualitative instrument indicated that a majority of respondents were in favour of the decision of excluding maize made by the South African government. Putting security of food at risk and uncertainty in the profitability of a maize-fed bioethanol plant in the South African context, were two of the primary reasons the respondents opted for an explicit exclusion of maize as a feedstock. Findings from quantitative analysis revealed that the profitability of the bioethanol plant was largely influenced by the prices of feedstock and bioethanol. The 2016 fiscal year indicated the worst case scenario in terms of economic viability of the bioethanol. The astronomically high price of maize due to drought (R5000/ton) rendered the project unprofitable as all of the economic indicators were negative. In the same marketing year, however, the trade balance of maize was positive, indicating a surplus. The study recommended that all of the surplus maize should be exported because it is not economically viable to build a bioethanol plant. The 2011 fiscal year indicated the best case scenario in terms of the economics of the project. This was due to the decrease in price of maize (R1726/ton) and a slight increase in the price of bioethanol. All of the economic indicators were positive, suggesting the benefits of investing in bioethanol production. It was recommended that under normal conditions of maize production in South Africa, a bioethanol plant can be operated simultaneous to maize exportation to other countries without compromising food security, because a maize-fed bioethanol plant uses only a small proportion of maize (14.3%) from the total volume of maize that is exported. Furthermore, it generates more revenue (99.9%) compared to the maize export revenue. It was recommended that sensitivity analysis should be conducted in a holistic manner whereby all variables in the economic model must be adjusted to assess the impact of each on the overall project profitability.
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Clark, Steven James. "A market entry strategy of Metso for the biomass-based power generation solutions market in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80475.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.The global energy industry is actively moving toward renewable energy sources in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for energy in a sustainable manner. The South African government, however, has only recently begun creating an environment which is truly conducive to investment into the renewable energy industry. Metso, a Finnish multi-national corporation, has a strong global position in the field of biomass-based power generation for heat, power or combined heat and power applications. The corporation has developed a modular biomass-based power generation solution for power generation in the 3MW to 10MW range, which is highly automated and can essentially operate without the need for extensive human intervention and is known as the Metso Bio-energy Solution. Considering the current state of the South African energy environment, Metso management requested the researcher to investigate the opportunities that exist in the South African market for Metso’s Bio-energy Solution, and to propose a market entry strategy which Metso should follow in order to enter the South African market. In the findings, the researcher observed that South Africa has a clear potential for the development of a bio-energy industry for power generation, although the limited availability of biomass in certain regions and the various harvesting methods in industries such as the forestry and sugar industries do restrict the access to this resource. The municipal solid waste industry appears to be an area of interest as well, although very little information exists regarding the volumes of waste available and sorting practices, which may be required in order to access these resources. Interviews were held with experts in the field of energy, renewable energy and energy policy in order to obtain opinions on the market potential for Metso’s Bio-energy Solution. The general perception of all interviewees was that the technology has its place within the South African energy mix. The interviewees, however, did confirm that there currently appears to be a major focus on wind and solar energy in the country, although biomass technology may well be a better solution due to its baseload capabilities. It was found that the local policy environment, the lack of government initiative on renewable energy licensing and unclear tariff structures have all inhibited the proliferation of the renewable energy industry. In many cases, frustration with power outages and policy delays has caused companies to invest in biomass co-firing facilities for their own consumption. The factors for success for biomass-based technologies in the South African market would appear to be directly linked to job creation potential, access to reliable and sustainable biomass resources and access to investment capital, from both private equity and the state. It is the recommendation of the researcher that Metso enters into a joint venture with a large international environmental finance company, which would base their business model on the technology provided by Metso, whilst securing the political and financial support for projects of this nature in the country.
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Melapi, Aviwe. "Investigation into the characteristics and possible applications of biomass gasification by-products from a downdraft gasifier system." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020174.
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Biomass gasification has attracted the interest of researchers because it produces zero carbon to the atmosphere. This technology does not only produce syngas but also the byproducts which can be used for various application depending on quality.The study conducted at Melani village in Alice in the Eastern Cape of South Africa was aimed at investigating the possible applications of the gasification byproducts instead of being thrown away. Pine wood was employed as the parent feedstock material for the gasifier. Biomass gasification by-products were then collected for further analysis. The studied by-products included tar(condensate), char, soot and resin. These materials were also blended to produce strong materials.The essence of the blending was to generate ideal material that is strong but light at the same time.The elemental analysis of the samples performed by CHNS analyser revealed that carbon element is in large quantities in all samples. The FTIR spectra showed almost similar results for all the studied samples, since the samples are end products of lignocellulosegasification. SEM gave the sticky images of resin as well as porous char structures. Char showed a higher heating value of 35.37MJ/Kg when compared to other by-products samples.
Books on the topic "Biomass energy industries – South Africa"
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Kotzé, D. J. Energy projections for South Africa. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: Institute for Energy Studies, Rand Afrikaans University, 1985.
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Alonso, Stefania. Biofuel use in the U.S.: Impact and challenges. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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Mandota, Simba. Biofuel development, land use, and livelihoods in southern Africa: A synthesis of cases from Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Harare]: Community Technology Development Trust, 2011.
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Eberhard, Anton A. Energy, equity and the state: Widening access to energy services in South Africa. Boulder, Colo: Pluto Press, 1995.
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Eberhard, Anton A. Poverty and power: Energy and the South African state. London: Pluto Press, 1995.
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1966-, Van Horen Clive, ed. Poverty and power: Energy and the South African state. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 1995.
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Statutory law revision: Legislation administered by the Department of Energy. Pretoria, SA: South African Law Reform Commission, 2010.
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Adamson, Kerry-Ann, Bruno G. Pollet, and Ian Staffell. The Energy Landscape in the Republic of South Africa. Springer, 2015.
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Eberhard, A., and C. Van Horen. Poverty and Power: Energy and the South African State. University of Cape Town Press,South Africa, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Biomass energy industries – South Africa"
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Hosseini, Seyed Vahid, Ali Izadi, Seyed Hossein Madani, Yong Chen, and Mahmoud Chizari. "Design Procedure of a Hybrid Renewable Power Generation System." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_20.
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AbstractElectrification of small communities in districted off-grid area remains as a challenge for power generation industries. In the current study, various aspects of design of a standalone renewable power plant are examined and implemented in a case study of a rural area in Cape Town, South Africa. Estimating required electricity based on local demand profile, investment, operability, and maintenance costs of different generation technologies are studied in order to investigate their potential in an off-grid clean energy generation system. Several configurations of hybridization of solar system, wind, and micro gas turbine in combination with a battery are investigated. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and number of days with more than 3 h black out are compared.
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Mostert, Hanri, Kangwa-Musole Chisanga, Janine Howard, Fatima Mandhu, Meyer van den Berg, and Cheri-Leigh Young. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Industries of Namibia, South Africa, and Zambia." In Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Energy and Resource Activity, 93–112. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198767954.003.0006.
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Tawona, N., BB Sithole, and J. Parkin. "Identification and Characterisation of Typical Solid Biowaste Residues in South Africa: Potential Feedstocks for Waste-to-Energy Technologies." In Opportunities for Biomass and Organic Waste Valorisation, 15–26. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429201998-3.
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Oboirien, BO, and BC North. "Evaluation of Different Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Targets in South Africa in Terms of Energy Recovery and CO2 Reduction." In Opportunities for Biomass and Organic Waste Valorisation, 181–95. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429201998-16.
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Meier, Paul F. "Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." In The Changing Energy Mix, 447–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098391.003.0013.
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The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a catalytic polymerization reaction that can be used to make transportation fuels, primarily gasoline and diesel. The process was invented in 1925 and used commercially by Nazi Germany in World War II as well as South Africa, starting in the 1950s. Initially, the fuel of choice to start the process was coal, but recently there has been increased interest in natural gas and biomass. The interest in natural gas is of most interest, as it provides an option for taking stranded natural gas and converting it into a liquid. This avoids the need for pipeline or liquefied natural gas (LNG) transport, which may be difficult to implement due to both geography and geopolitical reasons. The levelized cost of producing gasoline and diesel through this process is competitive with refining, but new commercial implementation has been hindered by the high capital cost of building the plant.
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Bianchi, Robert R. "Nigeria." In China and the Islamic World, 97–112. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190915285.003.0008.
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Nigerian democracy is particularly vexing for Chinese efforts to promote the New Silk Road as a pan-African venture. Beijing wants Nigeria to become a keystone of South-South alliances that can challenge Western control over the international system. But China’s disruptive presence has engendered resentment across Africa. Instead of developing into a showcase of Sino-African collaboration, Nigeria seemed to confirm fears that China would be another domineering empire subverting native industries. Fearing a failure that could reverberate throughout Africa, China’s leaders scrambled to show their commitment to Nigerian industrialization. Beijing boosted investments in infrastructure and energy and, then, pledged to relocate factories and technology to make Nigeria an export platform for manufacturing. China’s willingness to take on greater risks stemmed from its conviction that Nigeria was important not only for Africa, but also for appealing to Latin America where economic nationalists voiced similar accusations that China stifled independent development.
Conference papers on the topic "Biomass energy industries – South Africa"
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Stafford, William, David Le Maitre, Greg Forsyth, Ryan Blanchard, Graham von Maltitz, and Akinwale Oboyade. "Bioenergy potential from invasive alien plant biomass in South Africa." In 2017 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue.2017.8068019.
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Enweremadu, Christopher, Debendra Baruah, Sadhan Mahapatra, Dipam Patowary, Gunajit Sarma, and Sampriti Kataki. "Addressing Economic and Energy Poverty Through Locally Available Biomass Resources: Investigation of Issues Concerning India and South Africa." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7292.
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The cyclic effect of energy poverty and economic poverty has been conclusively evidenced primarily from the experiences of developing World. In the developing countries, struggle to meet the basic energy needs impacts the life of the poorer section in terms of cost of health, education and quality. However, considering the adequate biomass resources and sustainable technologies for conversion of surplus biomass into useful form of energy; integration of the surplus resources with appropriate technology offers opportunities to address both energy and economic poverty. In this study, feasibility of some proven options of bioenergy based energy technologies and enterprises are investigated to understand their prospects to address energy and economic hardship considering a case study from India and analyzed its replicability in South Africa. Resources inventories, avenues of additional income generation and long term impact of selected bioenergy enterprise options (biogas and producer gas and improved stove) are investigated in the context of both the countries. Organic fertilizer (vermicompost), mushroom and community based agro-industries are some of the prospective entrepreneurial activities which can be supported by the bioenergy options. Considering the abundance and characteristics, feasibility of converting surplus biomass resources (crop residue, manure, food waste) into required energy along with revenue earning avenues is indicated by the study. However, there are social and managerial issues which required to be addressed besides provisions for financial incentives to realize the benefits of such integrated systems.
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Shuma, Reuben M., and Daniel M. Madyira. "Loose biomass briquettes production process in Maphophe village of Limpopo province of South Africa." In 2017 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue.2017.8068007.
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Raiva, Tafadzwa, and T. C. Jen. "Solar Industrial Steam Production for Soap Manufacturing Factory: A Feasibility Study." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72368.
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Industrial use of electricity in South Africa accounts for the largest consumption fraction, and the industry has the least renewable energy resource penetration rate. In the soaps manufacturing industry, steam is used to dry the semi-liquid soap mixture into solid noodles in the dryers. This process consumes 63047tons of steam per year, and the steam is produced by boiling water in the boiler heated using biomass and heavy fuel oil (HFO). Feasibility of the system to produce industrial steam using solar energy was to be determined using two platforms: Cost feasibility and Area feasibility. Area feasibility refers to the determination of whether the space available for collector field installation can match the area required to meet steam load. The optimized simulation showed that the required collector area was 17500m2, while the maximum available area on the roof was 12000m2, which implies that the space would not fit the required installation. As for the cost feasibility, the system has to have a payback period of less than 5 years for it be considered feasible and thus can be funded. The cost of installation was estimated to be USD $4 million, with an annual savings rate of $329000, hence a payback period of 12.1 years, which would be regarded as a long period of time for a savings project, therefore would be difficult for it to be approved by the factory administration as it is considered that a payback period of at most 5 years is favorable and the investment would be approved.
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Agyemang, Malena, and Nathan G. Johnson. "Development of Biomass Energy Technologies and Business Models for Southern Africa." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-48033.
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This study evaluates options for biomass pellet formulations and business models to create a sustainable energy solution for cooking energy in Southern Africa. Various agricultural wastes and agro-processing wastes are investigated to meet industry standards on biomass pellet quality. These fuels are obtained from farms and facilities across a geographic area that affects the end-cost of the pellet through transportation costs and the cost of the biomass. The technical performance of the pellet and cost of the pellet are first contrasted and then optimized in unison to develop sustainable energy options that can provide year-round clean energy for household cooking and heating needs. A market was analyzed using wheat, sugarcane and maize crops as components for the biomass pellet fuel source in the Zululand district of South Africa. Using a target moisture content (MCtarget) of 8–10%, a target lower heating value (LHVtarget) greater than 16.0 MJ/kg and a target percent ash (Ashtarget) less than 3%, pellet metrics were optimized. The cost of the crops for the pellets was dependent upon the amount of each biomass used to make up the composition of the pellet. The production demand was then analyzed based on the most current consumer cooking fuel demand within South Africa. The production model was evaluated for three factory sizes; small (1hr/ton), medium (3hr/ton), and large (5hr/ton). Primary shipping cost is based on factory location and has a major impact on the cost of the pellet for the consumer as well as the availability of the supply. Factory location was analyzed by varying the biomass crop distance to the factory. Several business models are evaluated within this study to show which representation results in a high quality pellet of low cost to consumer. The study suggests the pellet be composed of 44.62% sugarcane, 47.49% maize, and 0.82% wheat resulting in a LHV of 16.00 MJ/kg, a MC of 8 (w/w%), and an ash content of 3 (w/w%). The optimal cost of the biomass fuel pellet for the consumer ranged from 172.77US$/ton to 185.03 US$/ton.
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Degereji, Mohammed U. "Numerical Assessment of the Slagging Potential of Nigerian Coal for Possible Co-Firing." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49781.
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Co-firing coal and biomass offers a sustainable renewable energy option. However, slagging and fouling have been identified as some of the major operational challenges associated with co-firing. The chemistry of individual fuels can be used to determine the slagging potential of the blend. Previously, we have developed a numerical slagging index (NSI) based on the ash content in coal and the chemical properties of the coal ash. The NSI has been tested on a wide range of coals, and very good prediction results were obtained. In this paper, the slagging potential of Nigerian coal and other coals from Australia, Colombia and South Africa have been numerically evaluated. The predicted results using the NSI indicate that the Nigerian coal has relatively low slagging propensity when compared with other coals tested in this paper. One of the Australian coals seems to have lower slagging potential, and this may be attributed to the extraordinary low ash content for the coal, as reported. It has been observed that the silica-rich coal ash composition can be used to select suitable coals that could be co-fired with the alkali-rich biomass, with low operational risk. However, detail information on the chemical properties of blend and the particle-particle interaction can improve the performance of the assessment tool.
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Franzoni, A., L. Galanti, A. Traverso, and A. F. Massardo. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Integrated Systems for Electricity and Hydrogen Production." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60115.
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This paper describes and compares the results of thermodynamic and economic modelling based on integrating an existing large size steam power plant (ENEL’s Brindisi power plant-660 MWe) with hydrogen production and purification plants. ENEL is one of the main Italian power utility. The high quality of the hydrogen produced would guarantee its usability for distributed generation (e.g. by micro gas turbine, Stirling engine, fuel cell, etc.) and also for public transport (using PEM fuel cells). The proximity of an hydrogen production and purification plant to an existing steam power plant can favour connections in terms of energy requirements exchanges; the integrated system, proposed here, can represent an attractive approach to a flexible hydrogen-electricity co-production. Two different technologies for the syngas production section are considered: the pyrolysis process and direct pressurised gasification. These technologies produce syngas with different characteristics in terms of temperature, pressure and composition: this has a profound effect on the layout of the complete systems proposed in this paper. The model for the pyrolysis process is based on an existing 800 kWt coal- and biomass-fed pyrolysis ENEL’s plant placed in Bastardo (Perugia, Italy): a detailed model of the plant was created. Different coals (Ashland, South Africa, Sulcis) and biomass (Poplar, Mischantus, Wood residuals, Husk) are considered in this study to explore the real potential of mixed-fuels in terms of thermodynamic performances and costs. The results were obtained using WTEMP software, developed by the TPG of the University of Genoa, showing the performance attainable by integrating a real steam power plant with systems for hydrogen production and purification for a novel vision of clean distributed hydrogen generation.
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Métais, Thomas, Stéphan Courtin, Manuela Triay, François Billon, Pascal Duranton, Rudy Briot, Florent Bridier, Cédric Gourdin, and Jean-Pascal Luciani. "An Assessment of the Safety Factors and Uncertainties in the Fatigue Rules of the RCC-M Code Through the Benchmark With the EN-13445-3 Standard." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65397.
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The RCC-M code [1] is a well recognized international code and provides rules for the design and the construction of mechanical equipment for pressurized water reactors. It is used today for the nuclear industry exclusively, in countries such as France, South Africa and China and it is the basis for the design of the UK EPR to be built in Hinkley Point. The RCC-M code’s fatigue rules emanate from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and are hence very similar, albeit they have evolved in their own way over time to include some R&D results and other evolutions. These rules are published by AFCEN which involves a wide range of international organizations from the nuclear industry such as Apave, Areva, Bureau Veritas, CEA, DCNS, EDF, EDF Energy, ONET-MHI, Rolls-Royce and Westinghouse. The EN-13445-3 [2] is a European standard which is mostly in use today in the conventional industry. Its fatigue rules are a compilation of rules from various national European codes, such as the German AD-Merkblatt, the British Standards, the Eurocodes for civil works and the French CODAP. The rules for fatigue are compiled in Chapters 17 and 18 of EN-13445-3 and have been the result of the work of contributors from major European organizations from the nuclear, oil and gas, chemical and mechanical industries: these include, among others, Areva, the Linde Group, CETIM, TÜV, and the TWI (The Welding Institute). Since the beginning of 2015, AFCEN has created a technical Working Group (WG) on the topic of fatigue with the objective of identifying the Safety Factors and Uncertainties in Fatigue analyses (SFUF) and of potentially proposing improvements in the existing fatigue rules of the code. Nevertheless, the explicit quantification of safety factors and uncertainties in fatigue is an extremely difficult task to perform for fatigue analyses without a comparison to the operating experience or in relation to another code or standard. Historically, the approach of the code in fatigue has indeed been to add conservatism at each step of the analyses which has resulted in a difficult quantification of the overall safety margin in the analyses. To fulfill its mission, the working group has deemed necessary to lead a benchmark with the EN-13445-3 standard given its wide use through other industries. Two cases were identified: either the comparison with EN-13445-3 is possible and in this case, the identification of safety factors and uncertainties is performed in relation to this standard; either the comparison is not possible, in which case the overall conservatism of the RCC-M code is evaluated in relation with operating experience, test results, literature, etc... This paper aims at describing the overall work of the group and focuses more specifically on the results obtained through the benchmark with the EN-13445-3 standard.