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1

Sastry, S. V. A. R. "Harnessing Biomass Energy for the Production of Biodiesel." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 3 (2012): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.365.

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2

PARMAR, RAGHUVIRSINH, ASEEM VERMA, RITU DOGRA, and URMILA GUPTA. "Energy production from biomass." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 10, no. 2 (October 15, 2017): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijae/10.2/655-663.

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3

A. Conesa, Juan, and A. Domene. "Synthesis gas production from various biomass feedstocks." AIMS Energy 1, no. 1 (2013): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2013.1.17.

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4

Malovanyy, Myroslav, Volodymyr Nikiforov, Olena Kharlamova, and Olexander Synelnikov. "Production of Renewable Energy Resources via Complex Treatment of Cyanobacteria Biomass." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.02.251.

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The process of cyanobacteria complex treatment via obtaining of inedible fat, suitable for the production of biodiesel and biogas has been investigated. The prospective application of hydrodynamic cavitation to increase the efficiency of inedible fat extraction and biogas synthesis is shown. A comprehensive strategy for the cyanobacteria use in the energy and agricultural technologies is suggested.
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Nedjah, N., N. Laskri, D. Daas, and M. Baccouche. "Ethanol Production of Biomass Rich in Sugar: Energy and Environmental Opportunity." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 6, no. 4 (July 2018): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2018.6.4.482.

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6

Ratho, Bhuvnesh. "Biomass Extraction of Energy Transformation." Journal of Advanced Research in Power Electronics and Power Systems 07, no. 1&2 (May 13, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.1401.202001.

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The focus of this is to make available clean energy, where there is a need for electricity production or energy infrastructure. An anaerobic digester contains an oxygen free environment that allows microorganisms to break down the organic material to harvest biogas (methane). Once the biogas is formed it can be used for different applications to aid the developing world. There are already millions of biogas plants in operation throughout the world. In Germany and other industrialized countries, power generation is the main purpose of biogas plants; conversion of biogas to electricity has become a standard technology. Biomass can become a reliable and renewable local energy source to replace conventional fossil fuels in local industries and to reduce reliance on overloaded electricity grids. The concept presented is to use manure from farms to produce methane gas using anaerobic digestion.
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7

Ciolkosz, D. "Torrefied biomass in biofuel production system." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-9-12.

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Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country.
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8

Yoon, Hyungchul, Sungho Cho, Dock-jin Lee, Goyoung Moon, and Soonhaing Cho. "SNG Production from Wood Biomass with Dual Fluidized-Bed Gasifier." Journal of Energy Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2016.25.4.214.

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9

McKendry, Peter. "Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass." Bioresource Technology 83, no. 1 (May 2002): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00118-3.

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10

Patzek, Tad W., and David Pimentel. "Thermodynamics of Energy Production from Biomass." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 24, no. 5-6 (September 2005): 327–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680500316029.

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11

Demirbas, Ayhan. "Sustainable Biomass Production." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 28, no. 10 (June 2006): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310600718866.

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12

Thriveni, Thenepalli, Minsuk Kim, and Ahn Ji Whan. "Overview of Coffee Waste and Utilization for Biomass Energy Production in Vietnam." Journal of Energy Engineering 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2017.26.1.076.

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13

Szendrei, János. "Energy Use of Biomass." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 16 (December 6, 2005): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/16/3320.

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In this study, energy utilization of biomass is introduced with a short description of renewable energy sources and utilization possibilities of biomass.Presently, the necessity of renewable energy sources is increasingly obvious. Among renewables, energy from biomass is to be highlighted, since this allows versatile, cheap utilization of the sun’s energy. In this respect, Hungary has advantages. Direct heat utilization and biogas production are available procedures today, whereas biodiesel and bioethanol are expected to spread in the near future. Biogas production is possibly the most versatile method for biomass conversion: it can produce energy from materials inapplicable for other utilization; at the same time, it is capable of neutralizing harmful wastes; in the end, it produces also valuable fermentative products, from bio-manure useful in agriculture, to pharmaceutical raw materials.
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14

Barroso Sousa, Liliane, Rogério Figueiredo Daher, Bruna Rafaela da Silva Menezes, Wanessa Francesconi Stida, Flávio Dessaune Tardin, Ana Kesia Faria Vidal, Andrea Barros Silva Gomes, Niraldo José Ponciano, Verônica Brito da Silva, and Rafael Souza Freitas. "BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION IN ELEPHANT-GRASS HYBRIDS." Functional Plant Breeding Journal 1, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35418/2526-4117/v1n2a4.

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15

Prajapati, Aakansha. "Review Paper on Energy Production from Biomass." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4052.

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16

Hall, J. Peter. "Sustainable production of forest biomass for energy." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78391-3.

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17

Junfeng, Li, and Hu Runqing. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in China." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (November 2003): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00086-2.

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18

Sudha, P., H. I. Somashekhar, Sandhya Rao, and N. H. Ravindranath. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in India." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (November 2003): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00087-4.

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19

Koh, M. P., and W. K. Hoi. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in Malaysia." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (November 2003): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00088-6.

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20

Sajjakulnukit, Boonrod, and Prasert Verapong. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in Thailand." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (November 2003): 557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00091-6.

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21

Zaichenko, V. M., V. A. Lavrenov, O. M. Larina, I. I. Lishchiner, and O. V. Malova. "Biomass Utilization for Energy Production. New Technologies." High Temperature 58, no. 4 (July 2020): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0018151x20040173.

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22

Romanelli, Thiago L., Marcos Milan, and Rafael Cesar Tieppo. "Energy-Based Evaluations on Eucalyptus Biomass Production." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/340865.

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Dependence on finite resources brings economic, social, and environmental concerns. Planted forests are a biomass alternative to the exploitation of natural forests. In the exploitation of the planted forests, planning and management are key to achieve success, so in forestry operations, both economic and noneconomic factors must be considered. This study aimed to compare eucalyptus biomass production through energy embodiment of anthropogenic inputs and resource embodiment including environmental contribution (emergy) for the commercial forest in the Sao Paulo, Brazil. Energy analyses and emergy synthesis were accomplished for the eucalyptus production cycles. It was determined that emergy synthesis of eucalyptus production and sensibility analysis for three scenarios to adjust soil acidity (lime, ash, and sludge). For both, energy analysis and emergy synthesis, harvesting presented the highest input demand. Results show the differences between energy analysis and emergy synthesis are in the conceptual underpinnings and accounting procedures. Both evaluations present similar trends and differ in the magnitude of the participation of an input due to its origin. For instance, inputs extracted from ores, which represent environmental contribution, are more relevant for emergy synthesis. On the other hand, inputs from industrial processes are more important for energy analysis.
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23

Poulsen, Tjalfe Gorm. "Biomass: energy production, materials recovery, or both?" Waste Management & Research 31, no. 5 (April 22, 2013): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x13486059.

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24

Timo, Nyrönen, Koivisto Heikki, Relander Kauko, Poikola Juha, and Sopo Raimo. "Biomass Fuels in the Finnish Energy Production." Energy & Environment 13, no. 4-5 (September 2002): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830502320939615.

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25

Sheng, Gao Xian. "Biomass gasifiers: from waste to energy production." Biomass 20, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(89)90016-4.

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26

Zsuffa, L., and R. L. Gambles. "Improvement of energy-dedicated biomass production systems." Biomass and Bioenergy 2, no. 1-6 (January 1992): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90083-3.

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27

BORJESSON, P. "Energy analysis of biomass production and transportation." Biomass and Bioenergy 11, no. 4 (1996): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(96)00024-4.

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28

Santoso, Arif Dwi, Kardono ., and Joko P. Susanto. "PENGARUH EXTERNALITAS PADA NET ENERGY RATIO PRODUKSI BIODIESEL MIKROALGA = Externalities Effect on Net Energy Ratio of Microalgae Biodiesel Production." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v14i2.1426.

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In the future, Indonesia is predicted to be hit by national energy crisis so that it needs to do some efforts to overcome its dependences on these fossil energy sources. One of the efforts to lower high dependency on fossil energy sources is to find renewable energy sources. Microalgae has a great potential as a renewable energy source because it has the advantages of high productivity and sustainability. Development of microalgal biomasses as a renewable energy source is however, constrained by high cost of biomass production and low value of NER (net energy ratio) comparing tothese of other biomasses, like palm oil, jatrophaand tubers. Literature study shows that the method of NER calculation on biodiesel production does not yet include environmental variables. This researchis therefore to evaluate the values of NER before and after the addition of environmental commodity variables that consist of social, environmental and land use cost. Results of NER values calculatedusing existing LCA and modification LCA method are found to be 0,62 ± 0,078 and 0,60 ± 0,075 for algal biodiesel and 4,17 ± 0,79 and 3,22 ± 0,61 for palm biodiesel. The lower value of NER value differences for algal biomass indicates that biodiesel production from algal biomass is more environmentally-friendly. In addition, it is predicted that microalgae will have a significant contribution in the green house gases (GHGs) mitigation by replacing fossil fuel in the future through its role as a biodiesel. Keywords: net energy ratio, life cycle analysis, environmental commodity, microalgae, biodieselAbstrakDi masa depan, Indonesia diperkirakan akan dilanda krisis energi nasional sehingga perlu melakukan upaya untuk mengatasi ketergantungan terhadap energi fosil tersebut. Salah satu upayauntuk menurunkan ketergantungan pada energi fosil adalah untuk menemukan sumber energi terbarukan. Mikroalga memiliki potensi besar sebagai sumber energi terbarukan karena memiliki keuntungan dari produktivitas tinggi. Pengembangan biomasa mikroalga sebagai sumber energi terbarukan terkendala oleh tingginya biaya produksi dan nilai rendah APM (rasio energi bersih) dibandingkan dengan biomasa lainnya, seperti kelapa sawit ataupun umbi-umbian. Studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa metode perhitungan APM pada produksi biodiesel belum menyertakan variabel lingkungan. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi nilai-nilai APM sebelum dansesudah penambahan variabel komoditas lingkungan yang terdiri dari biaya sosial, lingkungan dan penggunaan lahan. Hasil nilai NER dihitung dengan menggunakan LCA yang ada dan metode LCAmodifikasi yang ditemukan 0,62 ± 0078 dan 0,60 ± 0,075 untuk biodiesel alga dan 4,17 ± 0,79 dan 3,22 ± 0,61 untuk biodiesel sawit. Nilai yang lebih rendah dari perbedaan nilai APM untuk biomassaalga menunjukkan bahwa produksi biodiesel dari biomassa alga lebih ramah lingkungan. Selain itu, diperkirakan bahwa mikroalga akan memiliki kontribusi yang signifikan dalam mitigasi gas rumahkaca (GRK) dengan mengganti bahan bakar fosil. Kata kunci: rasio energi, analisa siklus hidup, komoditas lingkungan, mikroalga, biodiesel
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29

Tsatiris, Michael, and Kyriaki Kitikidou. "Biomass as a raw material for energy production." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 6 (2016): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030601.

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In this paper, the meaning of biomass is defined and it is explained why it is a potential source of energy. The utilization of biomass as an energy source is based on heat energy production during its combustion. The solar energy captured and stored by plants is released in the form of heat energy during the biomass combustion. The variables that affect the energy value (calorific value) of forest biomass involve the chemical composition, percentage of extractives, moisture content, ash content and density. Softwoods generally contain more energy than hardwoods on a dry weight basis, due to higher lignin content plus the presence of more resinous extractives. Lastly, the advantages and disadvantages of biomass as an energy source are analyzed: biomass is renewable and eco-friendly, but its efficiency is low.
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30

Soni, Vishal, Mr Pravin Kumar, and Dr Deepika Chauhan. "A Review on Biomass Energy Production using Different Technologies and its Utilization in India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11311.

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31

Corona, P., R. Tognetti, A. Monti, S. Nardi, M. Faccoli, S. Salvi, L. Casini, et al. "Agricultural and forest biomass production for energy use." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor3001-016.

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32

HAKALA, K., M. KONTTURI, and K. PAHKALA. "Field biomass as global energy source." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2009): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5950.

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Current (1997–2006) and future (2050) global field biomass bioenergy potential was estimated based on FAO (2009) production statistics and estimations of climate change impacts on agriculture according to emission scenario B1 of IPCC. The annual energy potential of raw biomass obtained from crop residues and bioenergy crops cultivated in fields set aside from food production is at present 122–133 EJ, 86–93 EJ or 47–50 EJ, when a vegetarian, moderate or affluent diet is followed, respectively. In 2050, with changes in climate and increases in population, field bioenergy production potential could be 101–110 EJ, 57–61 EJ and 44–47 EJ, following equivalent diets. Of the potential field bioenergy production, 39–42 EJ now and 38–41 EJ in 2050 would derive from crop residues. The residue potential depends, however, on local climate, and may be considerably lower than the technically harvestable potential, when soil quality and sustainable development are considered. Arable land could be used for bioenergy crops, particularly in Australia, South and Central America and the USA. If crop production technology was improved in areas where environmental conditions allow more efficient food production, such as the former Soviet Union, large areas in Europe could also produce bioenergy in set aside fields. The realistic potential and sustainability of field bioenergy production are discussed.;
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33

Jerez-Mogollón, Silvia-Juliana, Laura-Viviana Rueda-Quiñonez, Laura-Yulexi Alfonso-Velazco, Andrés-Fernando Barajas-Solano, Crisóstomo Barajas-Ferreira, and Viatcheslav Kafarov. "Improvement of lab-scale production of microalgal carbohydrates for biofuel production." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.209.

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This work studied the improvement of biomass and carbohydrate (glucose and xylose) lab–scale productivity in Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803 through the use of the carbon/nitrogen ratio. In order to do so, mixotrophic cultures were made by the modification of initial concentration of CH3COONa (5, 10 and 20 mM) and NaNO3 (0.97, 1.94 and 2.94 mM). All treatments were maintained at 23 ± 1ºC, with light/dark cycles of 12h : 12h for 5 days.It was found that in addition to the carbon/nitrogen ratio, time also influences the concentration of biomass and carbohydrates. The treatment containing 10 mM acetate: 1.94 mM nitrate, reached a concentration of 0.79 g/L of biomass, 76.9 μg/mL of xylose and 73.7 μg/mL of glucose in the fifth day. However, the treatmentcontaining 20 mM acetate: 0.97 mM nitrate produced 1.04 g/L of biomass, 78.9 μg/mL of xylose and 77.2 μg/mL of glucose in the third day, while in the same day the treatment containing 0 mM acetate: 2.94 mM nitrate, produced 0.55 g/L of biomass, 40.2 μg/mL of xylose and 31.3 μg/mL of glucose.The use of carbon/nitrogen ratios improved biomass productivity (from 0.55 to 1.04 g/L) as well as xylose (from 40.2 to 78.9 μg/mL) and glucose (from 31.3 to 77.2 μg/mL) concentration, representing an improvement of up to two times the production of both biomass and carbohydrates in only 3 days of culture.
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34

Pestaño, Lola Domnina Bote, and Wilfredo I. Jose. "Production of Solid Fuel by Torrefaction Using Coconut Leaves As Renewable Biomass." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.187-197.

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The reserves of non-renewable energy sources such as coal, crude oil and natural gas are not limitless, they gradually get exhausted and their price continually increases. In the last four decades, researchers have been focusing on alternate fuel resources to meet the ever increasing energy demand and to avoid dependence on crude oil. Amongst different sources of renewable energy, biomass residues hold special promise due to their inherent capability to store solar energy and amenability to subsequent conversion to convenient solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. At present, among the coconut farm wastes such as husks, shell, coir dust and coconut leaves, the latter is considered the most grossly under-utilized by in situ burning in the coconut farm as means of disposal. In order to utilize dried coconut leaves and to improve its biomass properties, this research attempts to produce solid fuel by torrefaction using dried coconut leaves for use as alternative source of energy. Torrefaction is a thermal method for the conversion of biomass operating in the low temperature range of 200oC-300oC under atmospheric conditions in absence of oxygen. Dried coconut leaves were torrefied at different feedstock conditions. The key torrefaction products were collected and analyzed. Physical and combustion characteristics of both torrefied and untorrefied biomass were investigated. Torrefaction of dried coconut leaves significantly improved the heating value compared to that of the untreated biomass. Proximate compositions of the torrefied biomass also improved and were comparable to coal. The distribution of the products of torrefaction depends highly on the process conditions such as torrefaction temperature and residence time. Physical and combustion characteristics of torrefied biomass were superior making it more suitable for fuel applications.Article History: Received June 24th 2016; Received in revised form August 16th 2016; Accepted 27th 2016; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Pestaño, L.D.B. and Jose, W.I. (2016) Production of Solid Fuel by Torrefaction Using Coconut Leaves As Renewable Biomass. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(3), 187-197.http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.3.187-197
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Medeiros, Diego Lima, Emerson A. Sales, and Asher Kiperstok. "Energy production from microalgae biomass: carbon footprint and energy balance." Journal of Cleaner Production 96 (June 2015): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.038.

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36

Wilson, S. B. "Photocatalytic production of energy-rich compounds, energy from biomass—2." Biological Wastes 28, no. 4 (January 1989): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90116-x.

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37

Pszczółkowska, Agata, Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda, Wiktor Pszczółkowski, Mieczysław Grzesik, and Zofia Wysokińska. "Sustainable Energy Crop Production in Poland: Perspectives." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 3 (December 28, 2012): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0017-7.

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In the context of achieving the targets of the energy economy, Poland’s demand for bioenergy is stimulated by several factors, including the biomass potential of agricultural cultivation. The objective of this article is to indicate perspectives for the sustainable production of energy crops in Poland through the production of total biomass as the main renewable source of energy utilized in the countries of Europe and supported by Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources, currently in force. The most important reasons for promoting the production of plant biomass for energy purposes is the desire to work against climate change and reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses. This article indicates the significant role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in biofuels and their production. Note is also taken of agro– climatic and soil conditions for the production of biomass in Poland as well as the economic aspects using the Agricultural Production Space Valuation Ratio (APSVR).
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38

Kot, Sebastian, and Beata Ślusarczyk. "Aspects of Logistics in Biomass Supply for Energy Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 309 (February 2013): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.309.206.

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Energy production from biomass is now a very popular trend in energy generation. These initiatives are supported by the European Union legislation and state governments. Undoubtedly, the idea of renewable energy production can be justified and promising. However, it should be considered from a wider perspective of supply chain than merely focusing on the share of renewable sources in total energy production. The economic and ecological importance of biomass use to energy generation largely depends on the logistics of biomass supply to power plants. The location of biomass sources and the organization of supply are very important stages that impact on final economic results of energy production. Furthermore, the improper choice of means of transport and process organization for managing renewable sources of energy might have a negative ecological effect. Therefore, the authors attempted to analyze the cost-related aspects of biomass supply (including the seasonal biomass price fluctuation) to the analyzed power plant and the effect of this factor on financial results of energy production.
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39

Reese, Randall A., Satheesh V. Aradhyula, Jason F. Shogren, and K. Shaine Tyson. "Herbaceous biomass feedstock production." Energy Policy 21, no. 7 (July 1993): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(93)90143-4.

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40

Sitkey, Vladimír, Ján Gaduš, Ľubomír Kliský, and Alexander Dudák. "BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AMARANTH BIOMASS." Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aree-2013-0013.

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Abstract Energy variety of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) was grown in large-scale trials in order to verify the capability of its cultivation and use as a renewable energy source in a biogas plant. The possibility of biogas production using anaerobic co-fermentation of manure and amaranth silage was verified in the experimental horizontal fermentor of 5 m3 volume, working at mesophilic conditions of 38-40 °C. The goal of the work was also to identify the optimum conditions for growth, harvesting and preservation of amaranth biomass, to optimize biogas production process, and to test the residual slurry from digestion process as a high quality organic fertilizer. The average yield of green amaranth biomass was 51.66 t.ha-1 with dry matter content of 37%. Based on the reached results it can be concluded that amaranth silage, solely or together with another organic materials of agricultural origin, is a suitable raw material for biogas production.
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41

Machuca, Byron Ignacio Fernández, Stalin Geovanny Paucha Torres, Kevin Dionisio Manrique Véliz, and José Luis Poggi Cantos. "Biomass energy potential in Manabí province." International research journal of engineering, IT & scientific research 6, no. 3 (May 23, 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v6n3.918.

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The present work aims to determine the energy potential of biomass in the province of Manabí, having as main actors the residues of cocoa, dry corn, bananas, and African palm, these being the products with the greatest abundance within the province since during Its production is constant throughout the year and this allows it to be used as a base for energy production. The increase in greenhouse gases in the production of consumable electrical energy has led to a significant advance in the development of biologically friendly alternatives. Among these alternatives, one of the options for immediate implementation is obtaining energy through the combustion of conventionally wasted waste, also known as biomass.
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42

Sánchez, Javier, María Dolores Curt, Marina Sanz, and Jesús Fernández. "A proposal for pellet production from residual woody biomass in the island of Majorca (Spain)." AIMS Energy 3, no. 3 (2015): 480–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2015.3.480.

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43

Fiorese, G., E. Cozzolino, G. Guariso, and G. Paris. "Planning biomass energy production in a farming area." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 08 (April 2010): 1345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj08.664.

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44

McKendry, Peter. "Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies." Bioresource Technology 83, no. 1 (May 2002): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00119-5.

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45

McKendry, Peter. "Energy production from biomass (part 3): gasification technologies." Bioresource Technology 83, no. 1 (May 2002): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00120-1.

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46

Pari, Luigi. "Energy production from biomass: the case of Italy." Renewable Energy 22, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(00)00050-1.

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47

Elauria, J. C., M. L. Y. Castro, and D. A. Racelis. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in the Philippines." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (November 2003): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00089-8.

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48

Perera, K. K. C. K., P. G. Rathnasiri, and A. G. T. Sugathapala. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in Sri Lanka." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (November 2003): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00090-4.

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49

Tang, Ya, Jia-Sui Xie, and Shu Geng. "Marginal Land-based Biomass Energy Production in China." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 52, no. 1 (January 2010): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00903.x.

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50

Yelmen, Bekir, and M. Tarık Çakir. "Biomass potential of Turkey and energy production applications." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2016): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2011.613443.

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