Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biomasse – Combustion'
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Magalhaes, Eliseu Monteiro. "Combustion study of mixtures resulting from a gasification process of forest biomass." Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623090.
Full textThree typical syngas compositions have been considered as representative of syngas resultant from forest biomass gasification and the possibility of using them in internal combustion engine is studied. First, laminar burning velocities have been determined over a range of equivalent ratio within the flammability limits. The study of flame stretch effects is performed through the determination of Karlovitz and Markstein numbers. Engine like turbulente conditions were experimentally reproduced in a rapid compression machine. Results have been compared with the case of methane-air mixture, simulating the natural gas case often use in stationary power application. Finally, experimental results are compared with a two zones simulation code
Baraket, Nada. "Étude et compréhension de la formation et de la destruction de dioxines lors de la combustion de déchets bois en chaudières automatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0369.
Full textWithin the framework of the energy transition, the energy valorization of biomass is bound to be increased, mainly as regards the uses in industrial or collective boiler rooms, for heat or cogeneration applications. In order to limit possible conflicts of use, forest biomass is also solicited for applications such as materials, construction, chemistry, etc. The use of end-of-life wood tends to develop rapidly for energy applications. These types of fuels have characteristics (lower calorific value, ash content, elemental composition, etc.) that are radically different from those of the forestry chips that are still mainly used; they are wood collected from waste disposal sites, industrial by-products or part of furniture or demolition waste for example. These new types of fuels, coming from different sources and having very different compositions, may contain pollutants that favour new types of emissions, in particular dioxins. Dioxins are a family of organochlorine molecules, heterocyclic and having two oxygen atoms in an aromatic ring. This family includes PCDD/F (PolyChloroDibenzoDioxins and PolyChloroDibenzoFurans) and PCB (dioxin-like). Tests in laboratories or on pilot sites have shown some cases of dioxin formation during the combustion of some wood at the end of its life. Moreover, it became clear that these emissions can last over time, even when first quality wood is used after the passage of more or less polluted wood. In the case of these emissions, the solutions implemented are very often of secondary types with treatment devices set up in the smoke. However, these techniques weigh on the economic viability of the sector. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to adapt the existing knowledge on the mechanisms of formation, destruction, deposition, release, etc. of PCDD/F in order to propose primary solutions for the reduction of emissions at the exit, applicable to our sector. In addition to an exhaustive bibliographical analysis, the work is based on an experimental approach using the LERMAB pilot boiler (instrumented and equipped with sampling systems) to carry out combustion tests and existing devices in the laboratory: macro-TG and model reactor, to try to better understand the phenomena of formation/destruction and release of PCDD/Fs on the surface of the ash, the objective being to make recommendations to the operators
Florea, Tudor. "Simulation numérique de la combustion du bois dans une chaudière automatique de 400 kW." Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/50dbded6-e6b8-4d98-be2c-f710442567f9.
Full textThis work presents the implementation of a numerical tool, which can predict as best as possible the woodchips combustion within a medium power reciprocating grate boiler. In order to do so, several global and local measurements were conducted. The first category concerns the operating parameters of the installation. The local measurements concern the profiles of temperature, velocity and gas concentrations inside the furnace. The measurements allowed the ascertaining the operating regimes, the turbulent nature of the flow and the unsteadiness of the flames. Later, these measurements served to analyze the numerical simulations. The approach used for the furnace modelling is based on the computational fluid dynamics code - 2D code coupling. The numerical study was firstly oriented towards the volatiles combustion above the fuel bed, using the code Fluent. A semi-global reaction mechanism (6 reactions, 9 species) was first used. These elements allowed us to evaluate the impact of the secondary air distribution. Thus, the CO emission can be reduced by a factor of three when the secondary air configuration is changed from asymmetrical to symmetrical. The numerical computation is able to reproduce these tendencies, but the semi-global mechanism overestimates the CO concentration. Following these observations, a reduced mechanism (40 reactions, 17 species) was introduced, which proved to be much more accurate as far as the CO, O2 and CO2 are concerned. Regarding the flow analysis, a good agreement was found between the measured and computed velocities. In addition, the computed location of the recirculation zones corresponds globally with the experimental observations. Further, the 40 reactions mechanism was compared, using the CHEMKIN II code, to the experimental results and the 49 reactions (22 species) mechanism of Leroy et al. (2008). The first was found to be more reactive then the last one. However, the 40 reactions mechanism is in a good agreement with the experimental at low temperature (700 - 1000 K) and low fuel to air ratio (0. 6 - 1)
Morin, Mathieu. "Gazéification de la biomasse en double lit fluidisé circulant : étude des réactions élémentaires de gazéification et de combustion du char et de reformage des goudrons." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0089/document.
Full textThe thermochemical conversion of biomass at high temperature (>700°C) in Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (FICFB) is a promising alternative route to fossil fuels (oil, coal) to produce syngas which can be used in several applications. The aim of the present work is to develop methodologies as well as theoretical and experimental tools for determining the intrinsic kinetic of biomass transformations (biomass pyrolysis, char gasification and combustion, cracking and reforming of tars). Firstly, a fluidized bed reactor has been designed and built at the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (LGC). This reactor can operate for temperatures between 20 and 1000°C with a well-defined gas supply (N2, O2, H2, H2O and tars). A sampling and analysis gas system enables the continuous quantification of the non-condensable gases and tars molar fractions. A hydrodynamic and thermal study enabled the determination of the operating conditions for each experimental study. Secondly, the char gasification and combustion was performed in the fluidized bed reactor. The influence of the operating conditions (temperature and compounds partial pressure) led to the modelling of the different solid transformation kinetics. Besides, in the case of char combustion, a reaction scheme was proposed and the kinetic obtained in the fluidized bed was compared to that obtained in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Finally, a study on the tar reforming in a fluidized bed reactor highlighted the effect of the reactive atmosphere on the reaction scheme of toluene conversion over olivine and char
Dib, Hadi. "Traitement catalytique des émissions issues de la combustion de la biomasse." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/Toxicologie/These_DIB_Hadi.pdf.
Full textBiomass burning, in particular wood, is an attractive alternative to the utilization of fossil fuels for energy supply, as it is renewable and does contribute to any additional CO₂ emission into atmospher. However, it is known that heating appliances using biomass generate large amounts of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) during the combustion cycle. A catalytic post-treatment is one of the most promising technologies to limit the emissions of these pollutants. This project aims to develop active and selective catalytic materials with enhanced redox properties in order to achieve the total oxidation of VOCs and CO at low temperature. Noble metals based catalysts are considered as good candidates for such types of reactions. However, these catalysts are very expensive for adaptation to domestic heating device. The objective of our work is focused on the synthesis and development of innovative and cheaper catalytic materials composed of transition metal oxides that could be used as alternatives to noble metal catalysts. In order to obtain efficient oxides, the hydrotelcite route was chosen for the synthesis of the catalysts. The beneficial effect of adding cerium to MgAl-O and CuAl-O oxides towards the oxidation of toluene and/or CO was demonstrated. A relationship between the reducibility and activity of these solids for these reactions has been also identified. For MgAlCe-O catalysts, a beneficial effect on the conversion of toluene in presence of CO was observed. Indeed, the temperature of toluene oxidation was shifted at lower temperatures in presence of CO. In contrary, no effect on toluene conversion was observed for the CuAlCe-O materials. However, a significant effect on the conversion of CO in presence of toluene was revealed. Briefly, a CuAlCe-O type oxide with high activity and stability has been synthesized for the destruction of VOCs and CO mixtures. In addition, the advantage of using the hydrotalcite route to synthesize these CuAlCe-O oxides has been verified by comparison with other synthetic routes. The high activity of the CuAlCe-O catalyst can be attributed to the synergic effect between copper and cerium elements
Daragon, Guillaume. "Etude des voies de valorisation de la vinasse par combustion en mélange avec des biomasses." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH7972.
Full textImportant amounts of organic effluents, also called wastewaters or byproducts, are produced whatever the type of industry which is considered. Nowadays, the wastewaters management and treatment are strictly controlled since the physical properties and the chemical composition of these byproducts disallow the direct reject through natural media. However, the presence of some specific compounds confers to effluents new advantages and opens the door to several applications (such as soil fertilization, cattle feed, methanization, co-composting, etc.). Carbon being the main component of every fuel, the thermal valorization of these organic effluents by combustion in a standard biomass boiler seems to be possible. The study of this recovery method and its feasibility are the subjects of the thesis here. Due to their liquid state, effluents alone cannot be considered as fuels compared to standard biomass (woodchips, straw, etc.). Therefore research works are focused on study and characterization of biomasses as impregnation base, then formulation of fuels impregnated with an industrial organic effluent. Indeed, the adsorptive and absorptive properties of biomasses are well-known in the literature. A parametric study at laboratory scale was carried out in order to quantify the impregnation capacity of different types of biomass regarding the effluent. The main goal was also to highlight the parameters which influence the impregnation in order to modeling the phenomenon. Then impregnation and combustion tests were performed at pilot scale using a biomass boiler of 40 kW to ensure the conformity of impregnated fuels in terms of stack emissions. This part of the work was conducted with the perspective of preparing the process scale-up for a potential industrial utilization
Sudholt, Alena [Verfasser]. "Ignition and Combustion of Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass : Zündverhalten und Verbrennung maßgeschneiderter Kraftstoffe aus Biomasse / Alena Sudholt." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1124366644/34.
Full textFofana, Alhassane. "Traitement pyrolitique de résidus en four vibrofluidisé : application à la biomasse et aux boues de station d'épuration." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1491.
Full textPyrolysis of biomass is a thermal treatment which products generally coke and gases, this process can allow renewable energy plant. The study has been done on a vibrotluidized pyrolyser pilot. The type of transportation corresponds to a piston-like flow with an adjustable uniform temperature between 400 and 10OO°c. The residence time independent of the nature of the solid, does not depend of the solid nature and can vary few seconds at several minutes. The study went on four species (wood, bark, straw and halls of rice) where we determined the yield of carbonization, the characterization of cokes and gases of pyrolysis. A model of pyrolysis in vibrofluidized bed was elaborated in order to simulate the behaviour of the solids in the fumace. This modelling was validated by experimental results carried out on the pilot. The tests of pyrolysis of sludge on an industrial scale with a pilot of larger dimension were also validated
Piednoir, Brice. "Comportement en combustion de résidus de biomasse : mise en évidence de synergies par mélange sous forme de granulés." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0066/document.
Full textCombustion of biomass residues, which are generally poorly valued, could provide an attractive supply solution for energy production, alleviating pressure on forest resources. However, the chemical composition of these residues is causing both technical and environmental problems in existing combustion processes, which limits their use. Two of these problems have been addressed in this thesis: the amount of volatilized potassium and NOX emissions, when burning different residues. Combustion tests have been conducted in laboratory-scale reactors on pure and mixed biomass pellets. Variations in the amount of volatilized potassium was found to be linked to the content of multiple chemical elements for pure biomass pellets. In the case of NOx emissions, a strong correlation (R² = 0.98) with the nitrogen content of the fuel was found for pure biomass pellets. However, deviations from this linear relationship were observed for trials conducted on mixed biomass pellets, highlighting that the nitrogen content is not the only parameter involved. The work carried out thus made it possible to establish in an original way that synergies can exist in the pellets made of a mixture of biomass residues, leading to beneficial behaviors differing from the direct additivity of the biomass behaviors taken separately. These synergies could allow to mitigate the problems caused by the use of these residues in boilers by ingeniously acting directly on the properties of the fuels without modification of the process
Mameri, Fateh. "Caractérisation multi-physique et multi-échelle d'une installation de conversion d'énergie : application à une unité de cogénération biomasse." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0049/document.
Full textMicro-cogeneration refers to the simultaneous production of two final and usable energies from a single primary energy source. The most common case is the production of heat and electricity. In France, micro-cogeneration concerns small powers (< 36 kWel). Its interest lies in higher efficiencies than those obtained in the case of an equivalent separate production of electricity and heat. In the case of biomass micro-CHP system, the heat is supplied by a biomass boiler that is coupled to a cogenerator via a heat exchanger. For this power, external combustion engines or hot air engines are the most suitable. In the case of The purpose of this PhD thesis work is to characterize and model a biomass micro-CHP unit, with a biomass boiler (30 kWth), an Ericsson engine and an air-flue gas heat exchanger inserted inside the combustion chamber of the boiler. Dynamic models 0D of the biomass boiler and the air-flue gas heat exchanger are developed to simulate the transient phases and to represent the evolution of the variables as a time function. Dynamic 0D models have been validated by experimental measurements. They evaluate the energy performances and power losses and quantify heat transfer between working fluids (water and air), flue gases and walls in different zones in the considered system (boiler or air-flue gas heat exchanger). A post-combustion is investigated by injecting secondary air at different flow rates and different temperatures in the upper part of the boiler combustion chamber. Experimental measurements of pollutant emissions in the boiler chimney are performed to examine the post-combustion influence. The main pollutants measured are: carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
Sampaio, Mergulhão Carolina. "Étude expérimentale de la cinétique de combustion de biocarburants issus de la biomasse lignocellulosique à hautes pressions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R045.
Full textIn 2019, nearly 30% of the CO2 emissions in the EU come from the transport sector. Electrification is one of the possible and stringent alternatives towards reducing CO2 emissions from the mobility; nevertheless, its wide availability would cost an enormous budget and decades to replace more than 300 million passenger cars powered by internal combustion engines. Moreover, some domains such as aviation and marine transport are still far from adopting electrification due to the comparably lower energy density of the batteries and carbon-free energy provision. Considering these situations and limitations, renewable biofuels emerge as a promising way to decarbonize the transport sector promptly. Biofuels are currently blended as additives, and can be produced by transformation of lignocellulosic biomass; inedible and renewable feedstock utilized for second-generation biofuel production. The newly introduced biofuels would demonstrate different combustion characteristics than the conventional fossil-based fuels, which need to be investigated in detail. The implementation of such substances requires precise operation strategy to avoid engine knock from spark-ignition (SI) engines, which is a major obstacle against increasing the thermal efficiency in highly turbocharged engines. Taking into account that the engine knock, or in general the autoignition of the unburned end-gas under low temperature conditions, is governed by the autoignition chemistry of fuel, it is, necessary to ensure their compatibility with the new engines by looking into their reaction pathways in engine-relevant conditions. This study aims to present a benchmark of potential new biofuels and/or additives to be used in (SI) engines, as well as provide useful discussions from a kinetics perspective on the co-oxidation of these compounds along with conventional fuels. Four oxygenated lignocellulosic derived compounds (LDCs) were investigated; anisole, o-cresol, prenol, and cyclopentanone (CPN), which are either potential automotive fuels or additives. Isooctane, which has often been used as the reference gasoline surrogate, was also tested to compare the acquired data with literature and validate the methodology used in this study. Ignition delay times (IDTs) were measured using ULille Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), and the mixtures of isooctane/LDC/O2/inert were evaluated at stoichiometric fuel-in-air conditions. The composition effect was investigated, varying the amount of LDC within isooctane mixtures and also varying the compression pressure from 14 to 25 bar. The effect of temperature on the IDT was investigated at 20 bar, and core gas temperatures from 665 to 870 K. The surrogates were formulated at stoichiometric conditions and prepared until the LDC fraction reached the maximum reasonable value given their volatility. The limits were 20% for o-cresol, 40% for anisole and CPN, and 50% for prenol. Overall, the LDC addition inhibits the isooctane reactivity, which can be ranked in descending order for reactivity: pure isooctane, o-cresol, anisole, and cyclopentanone. On the other hand, prenol surrogate was the only one to show limited reactivity at low temperatures and promote the isooctane reactivity at high temperatures, i.e., from 800 to 870 K
Sampaio, Mergulhão Carolina. "Étude expérimentale de la cinétique de combustion de biocarburants issus de la biomasse lignocellulosique à hautes pressions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR045.
Full textIn 2019, nearly 30% of the CO2 emissions in the EU come from the transport sector. Electrification is one of the possible and stringent alternatives towards reducing CO2 emissions from the mobility; nevertheless, its wide availability would cost an enormous budget and decades to replace more than 300 million passenger cars powered by internal combustion engines. Moreover, some domains such as aviation and marine transport are still far from adopting electrification due to the comparably lower energy density of the batteries and carbon-free energy provision. Considering these situations and limitations, renewable biofuels emerge as a promising way to decarbonize the transport sector promptly. Biofuels are currently blended as additives, and can be produced by transformation of lignocellulosic biomass; inedible and renewable feedstock utilized for second-generation biofuel production. The newly introduced biofuels would demonstrate different combustion characteristics than the conventional fossil-based fuels, which need to be investigated in detail. The implementation of such substances requires precise operation strategy to avoid engine knock from spark-ignition (SI) engines, which is a major obstacle against increasing the thermal efficiency in highly turbocharged engines. Taking into account that the engine knock, or in general the autoignition of the unburned end-gas under low temperature conditions, is governed by the autoignition chemistry of fuel, it is, necessary to ensure their compatibility with the new engines by looking into their reaction pathways in engine-relevant conditions. This study aims to present a benchmark of potential new biofuels and/or additives to be used in (SI) engines, as well as provide useful discussions from a kinetics perspective on the co-oxidation of these compounds along with conventional fuels. Four oxygenated lignocellulosic derived compounds (LDCs) were investigated; anisole, o-cresol, prenol, and cyclopentanone (CPN), which are either potential automotive fuels or additives. Isooctane, which has often been used as the reference gasoline surrogate, was also tested to compare the acquired data with literature and validate the methodology used in this study. Ignition delay times (IDTs) were measured using ULille Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), and the mixtures of isooctane/LDC/O2/inert were evaluated at stoichiometric fuel-in-air conditions. The composition effect was investigated, varying the amount of LDC within isooctane mixtures and also varying the compression pressure from 14 to 25 bar. The effect of temperature on the IDT was investigated at 20 bar, and core gas temperatures from 665 to 870 K. The surrogates were formulated at stoichiometric conditions and prepared until the LDC fraction reached the maximum reasonable value given their volatility. The limits were 20% for o-cresol, 40% for anisole and CPN, and 50% for prenol. Overall, the LDC addition inhibits the isooctane reactivity, which can be ranked in descending order for reactivity: pure isooctane, o-cresol, anisole, and cyclopentanone. On the other hand, prenol surrogate was the only one to show limited reactivity at low temperatures and promote the isooctane reactivity at high temperatures, i.e., from 800 to 870 K
Pillet, Séverine. "Réalisation d'un système expérimental pour caractériser la combustion et les émissions d'oxydes d'azote des combustibles solides : application aux charbons et à la biomasse." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2051.
Full textBrassard, Patrick. "Étude des émissions gazeuses et particulaires de la combustion de biomasses agricoles et forestières." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29173/29173.pdf.
Full textCousineau-Pelletier, Myriam. "Combustion monitoring for biomass boilers using multivariate image analysis." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26714/26714.pdf.
Full textBiomass is increasingly used in the process industry, particularly in utility boilers, as a low cost source of renewable, carbon neutral energy. It is, however, a solid fuel with some degree of moisture which feed rate and heat of combustion is often highly variable and difficult to control. Indeed, the variable bark properties such as its carbon content or its moisture content have an influence on heat released. Moreover, the uncertain and unsteady bark flow rate increases the level of difficulty for predicting heat released. The traditional 3-element boiler control strategy normally used needs to be improved to make sure the resulting heat released remains as steady as possible, thus leading to a more widespread use biomass as a combustible. It has been shown in the past that the flame digital images can be used to estimate the heat released by combustion processes. Therefore, this work investigates the use of Multivariate Image Analysis (MIA) of biomass combustion images for early detection of combustion disturbances. Applied to a bark boiler operated by Irving Pulp & Paper Ltd, it was shown to provide good predictions, 2.5 minutes in advance, of variations in steam flow rate (R2fit=93.6%, R2val=70.1%) when information extracted from images were combined with relevant process data. This project is the first step in the development of a new automatic control scheme for biomass boilers, which would have the ability to take proactive control actions before such disturbances in the manipulated variable (i.e. bark flow and bark properties) could affect steam production and steam header pressure.
Le, Bris Thomas. "Etude de la combustion du charbon pulvérisé et de la biomasse sur un brûleur à swirl bas NOx." Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7b27fd73-7593-4ba6-96e1-5afc95ca172a.
Full textThis work concerns pulverised coal combustion and coal/biomass co-firing (wood pellets) for use in large power plants. The study presents results from classical instrumentation, new experimental devices and CFD computational fluid dynamics modeling on a 3 MWth boiler equipped with a swirl low-NOx burner. The work takes place in the framework of a Franco-British European project Interreg IIIA named COSAMM. Three new tools for industry are developed at the university of Kent, an instrument to measure particle speed in the feeding pipe before the burner. Just downstream on the feeding pipe, an optical particle size measurement by imaging is made, the last instrument used is measuring flame temperature and stability. In the flame, thermocouple and species measurements are made in complement. This measurement package coupled with modeling allows the validation of new the measurement instruments. The test on the semi-industrial boiler are used for anticipating problems for upgrading to the industrial stage. The thesis presents the used fuels nature, their combustion and the theoretical bases for the combustion modeling. Moreover, the experimental setup is described. The first test campaign allows testing the experimental instruments by the measures and the modeling. The second test campaign is done on burner parameters. The last campaign biomass is added with a mass fraction input going from 0 to 20%. There is a clear decrease in unburned carbon with the increasing biomass quantity. This combustion improvement with the biomass addition is offset by a strong slagging
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Net-David-Buytaert, Sopheak. "Etude de la réactivité hétérogène des composés organiques issus de la combustion de la biomasse." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11034.pdf.
Full textBiomass combustion is one of the major sources of fine organic materials (<2. 5μm), which contribution has been estimated at more than 70% of the total organic fraction of aerosols and more than 50% of the mass PM2. 5 in urban areas. The transformation of this ultrafine particulate matter and its impact on climate, environment and health, yet remains an intriguing question. Moreover, the heterogeneous interactions between the gas-phase oxidants and aerosol particles in the atmosphere are not completely resolved. One of the primary goals of this thesis was to develop new knowledge towards chemical and photochemical heterogeneous chemistry of the organic compounds produced from wood combustion processes. To this end, the heterogeneous reactions between gaseous ozone and 12 of the most representative wood combustion products adsorbed on the silica particles were carried out at various experimental conditions of atmospheric relevance. The results obtained in this work show the importance of heterogeneous reactivities at the interface gas/particles. This type of reactions gives secondary products with a range of physico-chemical properties, i. E. Variable volatiliy, polarity and molecular masses (sometimes even oligomers). Such secondary products may interact with the gas, aqueous and solid phase in the atmosphere. In this thesis, the kinetic constants of chemical and photochemical reactions were determined as well. The reaction products were identified and the major products were confirmed and quantified by their corresponding standards
Bruhier, Cyril. "Etude des mécanismes physico-chimiques impliqués dans la dévolatilisation et l’oxydation de combustibles solides pulvérisés sous atmosphères plus ou moins riches en oxygène." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10169.
Full textCoal is currently one of the most widely used fossil-fuel for energy production applications. Its increasing use in the near future will have to face the greenhouse gas reduction objectives. Different processes have thus been developed to reduce CO2 emissions or ease their capture as oxy-fuel combustion for instance. The implementation of such techniques at industrial scale implies fundamental works to be undertaken to better understand the physical-chemical processes involved in the oxidation of pulverized coal under oxygen enriched environments. The present work has thus focused on the development of a lab-scale test bench allowing the study of coal combustion with heating rates similar to those met in industrial combustors. The hybrid burner that has been set up allowed the analysis of different solid fuels jet-flames under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres containing various amounts of oxygen. A detailed characterization of the velocity and temperature fields has been carried out in the combustion chamber. Char temperatures and gaseous species concentrations (CO, CO2, O2, NO, NOx and SOx) have also been monitored during the combustion. Char samples at different residence times have finally been collected to derive devolatilization profiles that have been compared to simulated data issued from various empirical models from the literature. Obtained results clearly illustrate the impact of an oxygen enrichment of the reaction medium on devolatilization kinetics and pollutants formation including NOx and SOx. Works conducted in the fields of oxy-fuel combustion allowed to better understand the fundamental differences between pulverized coal combustion under air and O2/CO2 environment. Finally, preliminary experiments have been conducted using coal and wood blends since coal co-combustion with biomass appears to be another interesting mean to reduce net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere
Ould, Lemine Mohamed. "Étude technologique, expérimentale et numérique de la conversion thermochimique de la biomasse : Développement d'un procédé de carbonisation et gazéification en suspension." Paris, CNAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CNAM0425.
Full textThe objective of this work is to produce vegetable coal and clean gas to energy ends starting from the vegetation wastes by te development of a new technology of carbonization and gasification of the biomass in suspension. The whole work is articulated around three large shutters. The first shutter aims at the development of a process of carbonization of straw and the development technological of the process. The advantages of this technology lie mainly at the compactness of the engines, which results in a notable reduction of the costs, simplicity in mechanical engineering, which facilitates its adaptation in the countries in the process of development, and the flexibility of the installation by simple adjustment of primary air. The second shutter is an attempt at modeling of the carbonization of the straw in the engine designed like a phenomeon of turbulent combustion diphasic non-premixed in poor medium. To model the operation of the engine of process, we adopted a Eulero-Lagrangian model coupled to a pdf supposed with two sclarars. The interest of the application of methode pdf to non-premixed turbulent combustion resides in the possibility of introducing the chemical term of source exactly. The system of the equations of the various assessments was solved by a finit cells method with separated operators. The third shutter is devoted to the application of the process of carbonization to the valorization of agricultural waste and particularly the balls and the rice straw in the local context of a developing country. It is indeed not only a question of developing a new energy technology, but also of taking care of the adequacy of the solution suggested with the local constraints. The panorama of the world energy context emphasized to us the principal charachteristics of the problems energy/environnement and particularly in the developping countries
M'Laouhi, Amor. "Contribution à la modélisation et à l'optimisation des principaux paramètres de la méthanogénèse anaérobie pour la production d'énergie : application à la fermentation d'effluents bovins." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0308.
Full textDhahak, Amal. "Modélisation chimique détaillée de la combustion de la biomasse dans les appareils de chauffage domestique en vue de réduire leurs émissions polluantes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0017.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand and model the chemical mechanisms of biomass combustion in domestic heating appliances to reduce polluting emissions. For this purpose, a global model of combustion has been developed. This model considers both detailed chemical kinetics and heat transfer. The first part of this work consisted of developing a kinetic model to represent the devolatilization of biomass as well as the secondary gas phase combustion reactions of the species emitted during primary pyrolysis. According to the used kinetic model of pyrolysis, the biomass is characterized as a mixture of three so-called reference constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To know the limitations of the studied model, it has been tested on several cases of primary pyrolysis. A model of secondary pyrolysis and combustion was added to the model representing primary pyrolysis. This secondary model is composed of oxidation mechanisms for products formed by pyrolysis, such as hydroxyacetaldehyde, furan and its derivatives, furfural, anisole, guaiacol ... This secondary model, as well as the new global model developed BioPOx (Biomass Pyrolysis and Oxidation) have been tested on a large number of experimental results. In a second part, the kinetic model considering both the primary pyrolysis and the thermal cracking of the emitted gaseous species, is coupled to a simplified model of heat transfer to model the combustion of a log of wood in a stove represented by a network of ideal chemical reactors. The global model, coupling the kinetic and thermal parts, reproduces experimental results on gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NO) obtained in a wood stove
Nozahic, Françoise. "Production de gaz de synthèse par interactions à haute température du gaz, des goudrons et du résidu carboné issus de la pyrolyse de biomasses." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7688/1/nozahic.pdf.
Full textCoda, Beatrice. "Studies on ash behavior during co-combustion of paper sludge in fluidized bed boilers Untersuchung des Ascheverhaltens bei der Mitverbrennung von Papierschlammen in Wirbelschichtfeuerungen /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11195138.
Full textHadj, Ali Kamal. "Étude cinétique de l'oxydation et de l'auto-inflammation en milieux gazeux homogène pauvre et ultra pauvre de carburants de substitution issus de la biomasse." Lille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL10004.
Full textIbrahim, Mira. "Etude de la combustion de mélanges pauvres sur la base de biocarburant. Application par auto-allumage contrôlé par injection de particules de biomasse." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS088.pdf.
Full textCombining an alternative technology like charge compression ignition (HCCI) with renewable energy such as biomass is a good compromise to reduce pollutant emissions at the source. One major problem of this combustion is the control of ignition timing; the direct injection of solid particles in suspension into the reactive mixture may control the start of ignition. Hence, the work was divided into two parts. In the first part, gaseous biomass combustion was studied experimentally on a rapid compression machine under HCCI conditions. Because of the complexity of this combustion mode, a simplified approach of the process was simulated numerically on Chemkin-Pro to study the effects of initial conditions and fuel composition on the physico-chemical aspects of the combustion as well as the produced pollutant emissions. After highlighting the advantages of lean combustion, and a fuel type biogas/syngas in reducing pollutant emissions, a database was built to select an optimized range of conditions for minimal emissions and a specific reactivity. The second part of this work was dedicated to ignition control. A particle injector was conceived to inject biomass powder into the reactive mixture directly. This system was combined with the rapid compression machine, allowing the study of biomass combustion with different initial conditions prior to its injection into reactive gas. The results of this study shed light on the promising effects of powder injection in the control of lean homogeneous combustion
Dhahak, Amal. "Modélisation chimique détaillée de la combustion de la biomasse dans les appareils de chauffage domestique en vue de réduire leurs émissions polluantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0017.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand and model the chemical mechanisms of biomass combustion in domestic heating appliances to reduce polluting emissions. For this purpose, a global model of combustion has been developed. This model considers both detailed chemical kinetics and heat transfer. The first part of this work consisted of developing a kinetic model to represent the devolatilization of biomass as well as the secondary gas phase combustion reactions of the species emitted during primary pyrolysis. According to the used kinetic model of pyrolysis, the biomass is characterized as a mixture of three so-called reference constituents: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To know the limitations of the studied model, it has been tested on several cases of primary pyrolysis. A model of secondary pyrolysis and combustion was added to the model representing primary pyrolysis. This secondary model is composed of oxidation mechanisms for products formed by pyrolysis, such as hydroxyacetaldehyde, furan and its derivatives, furfural, anisole, guaiacol ... This secondary model, as well as the new global model developed BioPOx (Biomass Pyrolysis and Oxidation) have been tested on a large number of experimental results. In a second part, the kinetic model considering both the primary pyrolysis and the thermal cracking of the emitted gaseous species, is coupled to a simplified model of heat transfer to model the combustion of a log of wood in a stove represented by a network of ideal chemical reactors. The global model, coupling the kinetic and thermal parts, reproduces experimental results on gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NO) obtained in a wood stove
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071.
Full textBiomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Zellagui, Sami. "Pyrolyse et combustion de solides pulvérisés sous forts gradients thermiques : Caractérisation de la dévolatilisation, des matières particulaires générées et modélisation." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9599/document.
Full textCoal is the most economically attractive fossil fuel and the main resource used for electricity production. However, the main issue with coal combustion is the greenhouse gas as well as other gases and particulates matter leading to environmental and human concerns. In order to reduce the environmental impact of coal utilization, researches are conducted to improve the combustion process and to use other carbon-based fuels. The first approach includes the oxy-fuel combustion that can be coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage process (CCS). The second approach promotes the partial substitution of coal by carbon-neutral fuels, such as biomasses, which are promising fuels.For the evaluation of the application of these technologies, an experimental device was developed. This device is a drop tube furnace (DTF) in which high particle heating rate (approximately 104–105 K s−1) has to be achieved in order to characterize solid fuels under conditions similar to those taking place in power plant furnaces. DTF allowed to investigate pyrolysis reaction involving coal and/or biomass particles at different temperatures (600-1400 °C). The comparison between the oxy-combustion and the conventional air combustion process starts with the investigation of the pyrolysis step. The impact of N2 (for conventional air combustion) and CO2 (for oxy-fuel combustion) atmospheres during pyrolysis of different coals at different temperatures was investigated. Results showed that the coal devolatilization is influenced by the gas under which the fuel devolatilization is carried out (N2 or CO2) only at high temperatures (>1200 °C). The influence of different operating conditions on PM2.5 emission were experimented for coals or biomass, including combustion atmosphere (air or oxy-fuel conditions), particle residence time and temperature. A kinetic study of the pyrolysis was carried out and the corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by modeling from several kinetic reaction schemes
Fournel, Sébastien. "Combustion à la ferme de cultures énergétiques : influence de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques sur les émissions atmosphériques, prédiction de la composition des gaz et cadre de qualité de la biomasse agricole." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6832.
Full textRouvière, Aurélie. "Impact des combustions du bois de chauffage sur les atmosphères extérieures et intérieures : étude de la dégradation d'un traceur spécifique en enceinte de simulation : le créosol." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10185.
Full textCurrently, few studies related to Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) emissions in indoor air were realised from combustion sources (heating, cooking. . . ). Indeed, the use of fireplaces will increase next years due to oil price: wood valorisation is one of the alternative sources for residential heating. There are not many studies about this subject because analytical techniques to determine weak concentration are difficult to implement. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the impact of VOC emissions due to wood combustion, and more particularly in indoor air. In order to understand the role of compounds emitted on air quality, a kinetic study of a specific marker was carried out in an atmospheric simulation chamber. Thus, after having studied the possibilities of news analytical supports containing carbon nanostructures (CNS), we evaluated VOC emissions from different wood fireplace. This study showed it was possible to find a marker in relation to wood type burning. Creosol was highlighted as this marker and its kinetic study showed that it was very reactive (very high constant). This compound was also at the origin of secondary compounds sometimes more toxic for human health. Finally at this time the CNS showed unequalled analytical qualities and requires complementary studies for a reliable analytical application
Sarvaramini, Amin. "New routes to enhance the efficiency of biomass torrefaction and gasification processes (Potentials for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and mining residues)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30571/30571.pdf.
Full textThe aim of the proposed research was to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of biomass torrefaction and to propose practical methods to improve the efficiency of this process. As for the mechanism, torrefaction of two woody biomass samples from Quebec forests (aspen and birch) and their main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose is studied in details using different experimental techniques and a kinetic model is developed for their torrefaction. Our studies on the mechanism and kinetics of biomass torrefaction also revealed the slow rate of biomass torrefaction which motivated us to propose and develop a new ionic-liquid assisted torrefaction process with the aim of increasing the rate of biomass torrefaction. Although torrefaction improves the physicochemical properties of biomass fuel, release of oxygenated hydrocarbons (in the form of volatiles) from biomass reduces its overall energy. To recover volatiles energy, a new combination of biomass torrefaction and chemical looping volatiles combustion was studied. In this regard, the already comminuted, abundant and cheap iron and magnesium bearing silicate minerals found widely in the form of mining residues in the province of Quebec were tested as solid oxygen carrier and up to 96% of volatiles conversion at 700°C was achieved in CLC reactor. As a supplementary work, we were also interested to explore the potential of mining residues containing sizeable quantities of iron for catalytic cracking of tar released during the gasification of biomass. For this purpose, iron-bearing mining residues and minerals obtained from the mining activities in Quebec were evaluated comparatively to olivine (known as an active mineral for tar cracking) for benzene cracking in simulated syngas. It was found that chrysotile showed up to four-fold increase in benzene and methane conversion than olivine.
Michel, Christelle. "L'aérosol de combustion dans une région en grande mutation, l'Asie." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00069797.
Full textMon travail de thèse a eu pour but, tout d'abord, de développer un inventaire d'émissions de gaz et particules issues des feux de biomasse pour les campagnes ACE-Asia (Aerosol Characterization Experiment) et TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific), de mars à mai 2001. Pour ce faire, j'ai mis en œuvre une méthodologie la plus adaptée à mon étude, qui repose sur la cartographie des surfaces brûlées (projet GBA2000 (Global Burnt Area 2000) [Tansey et al., 2003]).
Les résultats de cette étude, ABBI (Asian Biomass Burning Inventory) [Michel et al., 2005] ont été comparés avec un autre inventaire d'émissions de feux de végétation (ACESS : ACE-Asia and TRACE-P Modelling and Emission Support System) [Streets et al., 2003], construit, non pas à partir des surfaces brûlées, mais à partir des pixels de feux actifs. Cette comparaison illustre les limitations de l'utilisation des pixels de feux dans l'établissement des cartes d'inventaires d'émissions par les feux de biomasse, tout en soulignant l'importance et la pertinence de la méthode retenue dans mon étude. Une comparaison avec les données de l'année 2000, obtenues selon la même procédure, souligne toute l'importance des variations interannuelles.
L'inventaire ABBI a été introduit dans le modèle méso-échelle MésoNH-C couplé au module aérosol ORISAM (ORganic and Inorganic Spectral Aerosol Module) [Bessagnet, 2000]. Une attention particulière a porté sur l'étude du transport des émissions de feux de végétation à travers le continent asiatique. Des comparaisons entre les données simulées et les mesures in-situ et aéroportées ont montré des résultats satisfaisants dans certains cas, mais ont également fait encore apparaître certaines limitations. Des tests de sensibilités ont été effectués pour comprendre l'origine de ces différences, avec tout d'abord une deuxième simulation avec MésoNH-C-ORISAM effectuée avec l'inventaire ACESS pour étudier l'impact des émissions de feux. Le module ORISAM dans sa version 0D a été ensuite utilisé pour mettre en évidence de manière détaillée les paramètres contrôlant la formation de l'aérosol secondaire au sein du modèle.
Au total, tout en faisant ressortir l'importance majeure des inventaires d'émissions gazeuses et particulaires à l'échelle continentale, ce travail va au delà de ce thème, en montrant notamment l'apport du modèle d'aérosol ORISAM à l'analyse et la compréhension des processus de chimie hétérogène dans les épisodes de pollution affectant l'Asie.
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071/document.
Full textBiomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Bertrand, Amélie. "Vieillissement atmosphérique de l'aérosol de combustion de biomasse : du potentiel de formation d'aérosol organique secondaire à la modification de l'empreinte chimique à l'échelle moléculaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0149/document.
Full textBiomass burning is in winter a main source of air pollution by particulate matter, especially in France. While primary emissions have been characterized extensively before, few studies have addressed the aging of these emissions in the atmosphere and large uncertainties remain. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis was to study in a smog chamber the aging of the aerosol emitted by 3 different woodstoves used for residential heating (fabricated from between 2000 and 2010, and representative of the policy engaged by the French environmental agency to renew the appliances across the country), with a specific focus on the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) production potential and the modification of the chemical fingerprint of the emissions at the molecular level during their transport in the atmosphere. The experiments showed the SOA production potential can be significant. The OA concentration can be increased by up to a factor of 7 (1.5 – 7.1) after being aged in the smog chamber with a time equivalent to 5 hours in the atmosphere. The study also further demonstrated the influence of the combustion efficiency on the emissions and implicitly the role of the operator. The study of the composition of the aerosol at the molecular level showed the formation of compounds, likely to serve as markers for aged biomass burning, mainly nitrocatechols. Finally, the work also illustrates the influence of the volatilization of levoglucosan, main marker of biomass burning, during the dilution process occurring in the atmosphere, and challenge the pertinence of the degradation rate constant determined previously in smog chamber
Machado, Echalar Francisco Agustin. "Caractérisation de la fraction minérale des particules émises par les feux de végétation tropicale." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120032.
Full textVeiga, João Paulo Soto. "Caracterização de resíduos de colheita da mandioca (Maninhot esculenta CRANTZ) e avaliação do potencial de co-geração de energia no processo de produção de etanol." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264695.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Este trabalho caracterizou os resíduos de campo da cultura de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) para sua utilização energética através de análises de produtividade em campo, umidade em campo, análise elementar e análise imediata, análise de extrativos, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina, poder calorífico, análise dos componentes das cinzas e análise termogravimétrica, para três diferentes variedades de mandioca (IAC-90; IAC-14; Clone 48/98) colhidas em três diferentes períodos após o plantio (12, 18 e 24 meses). Além disso, foi elaborado um fluxograma do processo de produção de etanol de raízes de mandioca e a energia fornecida pelos resíduos de campo foi comparada à energia necessária para o suprimento da fase industrial. Foi então calculada a produção de energia elétrica excedente de um ciclo de co-geração de energia térmica e elétrica. Os resíduos analisados provêm da um plantio comercial situado na cidade de Echaporã-SP e foram divididos em três partes distintas da planta: cepa, ramos grossos e ramos finos. Cada amostra foi cominuída com a finalidade de homogeneizá-la para realização das análises. Os resíduos de mandioca apresentaram-se com os parâmetros tecnológicos análogos aos de biomassas analisadas anteriormente por outros autores, pressupondo baixo ponto de fusibilidade das cinzas e possibilidade de depósitos e incrustações nos equipamentos de combustão, baseando-se na análise dos componentes das cinzas. O ciclo térmico proposto gera vapor a 45 bar e 460ºC, com extração a 2,5 bar e 127ºC para suprir a energia térmica do processo. Foi selecionada a variedade IAC 14 com colheita em 12 meses por apresentar os melhores resultados. Obtiveram-se os montantes de 451 kg de resíduo (b.s.) para cada Mg de raiz (b.u.) os quais geram 1.387 kg de vapor total, destes, 735 são extraídos para o processo. A energia elétrica obtida com estes resíduos é de 871,6 MJ dos quais são utilizados 148,5 MJ para a autossuficiência da usina, disponibilizando-se 723,2 MJ à comercialização na rede distribuída por tonelada de mandioca processada. Para uma usina com produção de 600.000 l por dia de etanol 95,6°GL pode ser produzido um excedente de 2.097 GJ por dia (equivalente a 24 MW de potência elétrica)
Abstract: This study characterized the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) waste field for their energy use through analysis of field productivity and moisture, elemental and proximate analysis, analysis of extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, low and high heat values , ash components and thermogravimetric analysis, for three different cassava varieties (IAC-90, IAC- 14, Clone 48/98) harvested in three different periods after planting (12, 18 and 24 months). In addition, we designed an ethanol process flowchart of producing ethanol from cassava roots and the energy provided by waste field was compared to the energy needed to supply the industrial phase. It was also calculated the co-generation power cycle surplus of thermal and electrical energy. Analyzed residues came from a commercial plantation located in the city of Echaporã-SP and were divided into three distinct parts of the plant, cepa, thick branches and thin branches. Each sample was comminuted in order to homogenize it for analyzes. The cassava residue showed technological parameters similar to previously biomasses analyzed by other authors, assuming low point of ash fusion and possibility of deposits and incrustations on the combustion equipment, based on analysis of the components of the ash. The thermal cycle proposed generates steam at 45 bar and 460 º C, with extraction at 2.5 bar and 127 ° C to supply heat energy in the process. IAC 14 variety with harvest in 12 months was selected by presenting the best results. Were obtained 451 kg of residue (b.s.) for each root Mg (b.u.) which generate 1,387 kg of, and them, 735kg of steam are extracted for the process. The electrical energy obtained with these residues is 871.6 MJ of which are used 148.5 MJ for plant self-sufficiency, providing 723.2 MJ to marketing network distributed per ton of cassava roots processed. For a plant with production of 600,000 liters per day of ethanol 96.6 ° GL it's produced a surplus of 2,170 GJ per day (equivalent at 25 MW of electric energy)
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Mungyeko, Bisulandu Baby-Jean Robert. "Modélisation de l'apport d'énergie par combustibles alternatifs dans les fours tournants de production de ciment." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3001/document.
Full textBecause of the depletion of fossil fuels and because of its increasing cost, waste has been used as alternative fuels in cement rotary kilns for several years. In order to fulfill the requirements of environmental protection and quality of the final product, it is necessary to understand and quantify the different processes occurring in the kiln.As part of this thesis, we focused on the partial substitution of waste (used tires and Refuse Derived Fuel "RDF") and biomass (agricultural residues) in rotary kilns producing cement at a rate of 50 % of energy supply. This thesis project was funded by the Democratic Republic of Congo, led by Kongo University (UK), as part of the capacity building of Congolese universities. The research work was carried out within the Laboratory of Thermal, Energy and Processes (LaTEP) of the National School of Engineering in Industrial Technologies (ENSGTI) /University of Pau, with the aim of to study and understand the thermochemical phenomena taking place in rotary kilns for the production of cement, in the case of partial substitution of fossil fuels by alternative fuels. For this, a mathematical model with two sub-models has been established:- The stationary one-dimensional model of the bed of solids and furnace casing, characterized in its first part by the mixing of cement flour, waste and / or biomass, and gas, and while in its second part by thermal exchanges. The modeling work is performed using the Fortran 90 programming language in which the conservation equations for mass, species and energy, the load transport equation, and the algebraic equations are implemented.- The unsteady three-dimensional model relies on the use of digital fluid mechanics, and the Fluent commercial tool has been retained to represent the processes taking place above the free surface of the bed.The complete model is the coupling between the two sub models, because of the exchanges that take place there.Two large groups of simulations have been realized in this thesis: the one-dimensional case and the global case (Model 1D-3D model coupling). In both situations, the simulations were carried out in the case of operation with heavy fuel oil alone, then in the case of operation with partial substitution of the fossil fuel by alternative fuels. For the one-dimensional model, the simulations were performed by imposing the heat flux in the free surface of the bed and in the exposed wall. Whereas for the global model, the simulations were performed considering the heat flux densities associated with physico-chemical phenomena (combustion of heavy fuel oil, radiation, turbulence) taking place in the volume of gas located above the free surface of the bed.The results thus obtained allowed us to conclude on the importance of carrying out an experimental study in a pilot scale furnace in order to be able to have orders of magnitude of the different heat flows within the rotating furnace. The results obtained also allowed us to realize the necessity to model the exact geometry (location) of the burner in the rotary kiln
Ricoul, François. "Association d'un procédé de gazéification avec une pile à combustion haute température (SOFC) pour la production d'électricité à partir de biomasse." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4023/document.
Full textThe SOFC, which operates between 700 and 800°C, is appropriate to convert the gas from biomass gasification into electricity. Its high electrical yield (50 - 60%) could double those of current CHP plants using gasification process. The objective of our work is to prove experimentally the feasibility of coupling SOFC and biomass gasification. This thesis is associated with ValorPac project in partnership with Institut des Matériaux of Nantes, S3D Company, Ecole des Mines of Nantes, Fiaxell and SAS Syngas compa nies and supported by ARNT and ADEME. During our work, a gasification pilot plant was built according to a patented concept. Its operation with 7 kg.h - 1 of wood chips and 10 kg.h - 1 of wood pellets was tested successfully. An average composition of 14% CO, 15% H 2 , 20% CO 2 , 1% CH 4 and 49% N 2 , was obtained. In parallel, operation of SOFC cells with gases similar to those of biomass gasification has been proved. Results showed that some ppmv of H 2 S lead to a 20% decrease of cell's power while 100 ppmv of HCl doesn’t affect the electrochemical reactions. Our work confirmed the use of Bauxaline® to eliminate H 2 S at high temperature. This material is an industrial byproduct derived from alu mina extraction which contains 50% of iron oxides. A content of 200 ppmv H 2 S can be reduced to 8 ppmv for several hours. Treatment capacity was estimated at 70 gS.kg - 1 with a breakthrough of 1 ppmv and an operating temperature of 400°C
Parlatore, Lancha Julia. "A multiscale approach to understand and predict the effects of hydrothermal treatment on lignocellulosic biomass In situ measurements of viscoelastic properties of biomass during hydrothermal treatment to assess the kinetics of chemical alterations." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC023.
Full textLignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for the production of renewable fuels and bio-based chemicals. However, due to the recalcitrant macromolecular structure of plant stems, a pretreatment is required to make carbohydrates sufficiently accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis. Among the large range of available processes, steam explosion stands out, as it requires no additional solvent and can be applied to a variety of raw materials. It consists of two steps: a hydrothermal treatment followed by a sudden decompression.Biomass alterations during hydrothermal treatment have a great impact on the explosion and the subsequent steps of bioethanol production. Caused by chemical alterations, these modifications are reflected at multiple spatial levels. For this reason, a multiscale approach is proposed in the present work, with the ultimate goal of providing macroscopic mechanical indicators of the treatment kinetics likely to give rules to optimize the residence time and treatment temperature during hydrothermal treatment. To understand how the mechanical behavior at the macroscopic scale is affected by the changes in the properties at molecular and microscopic scales during treatment, three disciplines – mechanics, chemistry and imaging techniques – were combined. Because of its fast growth and low need of fertilizers, poplar (Populus euro-americana ‘Koster’) was used as model biomass for this study.At the microscopic level, the use of Raman confocal microscopy revealed that chemical alterations depend on the organization of the different components within the cell wall and their interactions with each other. The unique combination of this technique with X-ray nano-tomography provided a global vision of the degradation of the cell wall after hydrothermal treatment, with valuable information on both topochemical and anatomical changes of the samples. Complimentary wet chemistry analysis allowed to quantify the concomitant hydrolysis and degradation of biomass.At a macroscopic level, an in-house developed device was improved to accurately perform continuous mechanical tests on macroscopic solid samples (various combinations of strain and stress) under water-saturated conditions up to 190 °C. The effect of residence time is therefore continuously monitored. Through elasticity and stress relaxation measurements, viscoelastic properties were used to compare different treatment conditions (temperature levels and acidity). Finally, this device allowed the kinetics of sample shrinkage to be measured. From these results a DAEM model was identified. The degree of conversion of the biomass, as calculated from this model, is able to predict the change of physical and chemical characteristics for any time-temperature pathway. These findings prove that shrinkage is an excellent indicator of the chemical degradation of lignocellulosic biomass during the hydrothermal treatment
Zellagui, Sami. "Pyrolyse et combustion de solides pulvérisés sous forts gradients thermiques : Caractérisation de la dévolatilisation, des matières particulaires générées et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9599.
Full textCoal is the most economically attractive fossil fuel and the main resource used for electricity production. However, the main issue with coal combustion is the greenhouse gas as well as other gases and particulates matter leading to environmental and human concerns. In order to reduce the environmental impact of coal utilization, researches are conducted to improve the combustion process and to use other carbon-based fuels. The first approach includes the oxy-fuel combustion that can be coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage process (CCS). The second approach promotes the partial substitution of coal by carbon-neutral fuels, such as biomasses, which are promising fuels.For the evaluation of the application of these technologies, an experimental device was developed. This device is a drop tube furnace (DTF) in which high particle heating rate (approximately 104–105 K s−1) has to be achieved in order to characterize solid fuels under conditions similar to those taking place in power plant furnaces. DTF allowed to investigate pyrolysis reaction involving coal and/or biomass particles at different temperatures (600-1400 °C). The comparison between the oxy-combustion and the conventional air combustion process starts with the investigation of the pyrolysis step. The impact of N2 (for conventional air combustion) and CO2 (for oxy-fuel combustion) atmospheres during pyrolysis of different coals at different temperatures was investigated. Results showed that the coal devolatilization is influenced by the gas under which the fuel devolatilization is carried out (N2 or CO2) only at high temperatures (>1200 °C). The influence of different operating conditions on PM2.5 emission were experimented for coals or biomass, including combustion atmosphere (air or oxy-fuel conditions), particle residence time and temperature. A kinetic study of the pyrolysis was carried out and the corresponding kinetic parameters were determined by modeling from several kinetic reaction schemes
Brocard, Delphine. "Emissions atmosphériques des combustions domestiques : étude des processus et détermination des sources à l'échelle régionale et globale en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30296.
Full textRibeiro, Natália da Silva [UNESP]. "Estudo termogravimétrico da combustão e oxicombustão de misturas carvão mineral-biomassa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149903.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Nesta dissertação, investiga-se através da análise termogravimétrica o comportamento da combustão de amostras de carvão mineral, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, bagaço de sorgo biomassa e das misturas de carvão-biomassa. A biomassa e o carvão possuem propriedades físico-químicas diferentes que proporcionam comportamento térmico diferente durante o processo de co-combustão, desta forma o objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar o comportamento térmico de misturas de carvão mineral com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de sorgo em atmosferas simuladas de combustão (O2/N2) e oxicombustão (O2/CO2). Os experimentos foram realizados em duplicata em um analisador termogravimétrico utilizando uma razão de aquecimento de 10 °C/min. Foi considerada uma granulometria uniforme para todos os materiais (63 µm) com a finalidade de garantir uma mistura homogênea. Foram estudadas quatro proporções de biomassa na mistura (10, 25, 50 e 75%). A partir das técnicas de termogravimetria (TG) e termogravimetria derivada (DTG) foram determinados parâmetros tais como Índice de combustão, sinergismo e energia de ativação, bem como avaliada a influência da atmosfera de combustão sobre esses parâmetros. Os resultados indicam que o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar apresenta valor de energia de ativação inferior ao registrado para o bagaço de sorgo e desempenho de combustão superior ao do bagaço de sorgo. Para as misturas, os melhores resultados foram registrados até a proporção de 25% de biomassa na mistura. Avaliando individualmente cada material, quando se substitui o N2 por CO2 pode-se observar um aumento na reatividade da reação, uma maior oxidação dos materiais e uma melhora nos parâmetros avaliados. Para ambas as misturas não foram observadas mudanças significativas no perfil de combustão quando o N2 é substituído por CO2. No entanto, a presença da biomassa na co-combustão com o carvão, além dos benefícios econômicos e ambientais, aumentou o desempenho da combustão do carvão mineral em ambas as atmosferas.
This dissertation investigates by thermogravimetric analysis the behavior of the combustion of coal, sugarcane bagasse, sorghum biomass bagasse and coal-biomass blends. The biomass and coal have different physicochemical properties that provide different thermal behavior during the process of co-combustion, thus the aim of this research is to characterize the thermal behavior of coal mixed with sugarcane bagasse and sorghum bagasse in simulated atmospheres of combustion (O2/N2) and oxycombustion (O2/CO2). The experiments were performed in duplicate in a thermogravimetric analyzer using a heating rate of 10 ° C/min. A uniform particle size for all materials (63 μm) in order to ensure a homogeneous mixture was considered. Four biomass ratios were studied in the blend (10, 25, 50 and 75%). From the techniques of Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG) curves were determined parameters such as: Combustion index, synergism and activation energy and evaluated the influence of combustion atmosphere on these parameters. The results indicate that the sugarcane bagasse presents a lower activation energy value than sorghum bagasse and combustion performance higher than sorghum bagasse. For mixtures, best results were recorded up to 25% proportion of biomass in the blend. Individually evaluating each material, when replacing N2 by CO2 can be seen an increase in the reactivity of the reaction, the increased oxidation of the materials and an improvement in the evaluated parameters. For both blends, no significant changes in combustion profile when N2 substituted by CO2. However, the presence of biomass in co-combustion with coal in addition to economic and environmental benefits increased the combustion performance of coal in both atmospheres.
CNPq: 134366/2015-8
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Goussougli, Matieyendou. "Modélisation cinétique détaillée de la pyrolyse de la biomasse : application à des structures de type hémicellulose." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0327.
Full textStructuresThis thesis focused on a detailed kinetic modeling study of biomass pyrolysis and its application to hemicellulose-type structures. In a first part of the work, we considered the thermal degradation of β-1,4-xylan from concerted unimolecular processes. β-1,4-xylan represents the backbone of a large number of hemicelluloses and a detailed and exhaustive study of the reaction pathways involved in its pyrolysis has been carried out from electronic structures calculations, at the CBS-QB3 level of theory. These calculations were coupled with statistical thermodynamics and transition state theory to determine the associated rate constants. In this work, we highlighted low energy reaction pathways capable of explaining the formation of compounds observed experimentally. Furthermore, we showed that the easiest route goes through a ring-opening of the terminal reducing end-chain followed by successive decompositions from unimolecular concerted reactions, including retro-ene, retro Diels-Alder, retro-aldol reactions, or specific reactions such as keto-enolic isomerizations or CO eliminations. The exhaustive and comparative construction of the mechanism permitted to highlight an iterative polymer consumption mechanism, in which two fragments are reformed with the same molecular structure, but with one less xylose ring at each iteration. In a second part, we added an acetyl function to β-1,4-xylan, a chemical function frequently involved in hemicelluloses. During pyrolysis, the acetyl group can easily react to form acetic acid and an unsaturated fragment. A detailed analysis of the decomposition mechanism of this fragment has permitted to show low energy pathways involved in the formation of formic acid as well as light compounds. A specific route forming CO2 was also found with low energy barriers. Again, it was possible to highlight an iterative mechanism involving fragments whose chemical structure were conserved but whose degree of polymerization decreases with each iteration
Balland, Michael. "Gazéification de biomasse en lit fluidisé : étude phénoménologique de l’agglomération liée à la fusion des cendres." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2020/document.
Full textImproving the knowledge on the driving phenomena of agglomeration during fluidized-bed conversion of biomass (700-1000°C) is essential to predict its occurrence at industrial scale. Agglomeration is due to liquid phase formation (molten salts and/or molten silicates) coming from the melting of inorganic species contained inside the biomass (ash). Their presence leads to bed materials defluidization, reducing the process efficiency and even going up to a “blockage” of the reactor. The phenomenology of agglomeration is investigated with three experimental approaches, using simulant and real materials, at three different scales, and with a temperature ranging from ambient one to 1000°C. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying the bed agglomeration indicates that the liquid formation is the single limiting parameter for agglomerates formation. This phenomenon leads to an increase of the apparent diameter of the bed particles and at the same time to a decrease of their density. These modifications can be seen as a shift among the Geldart’s classification, from the B to the D-class. Concerning the hydrodynamic aspect, the bed defluidization is due to the agglomerates segregation at the bottom of the reactor. This phenomenon contributes to degrade the homogenous fluidization gas distribution across the reactor. The total bed defluidization occurs for a very low liquid fraction in the bed (few % vol. of bed materials). Based on these results, a simplified model has been proposed in order to predict the operating time before defluidization of the reactor, taking into account the biomass composition and simplified operating conditions
Tafoukt, Boulous Djida. "Suivi de réactions biochimiques par calorimétrie en vue de la production de biocarburants de 2ème génération." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4332/document.
Full textSecond generation biofuel is developed in a context marked by an increasing demand for primary energy, a decrease in resources and in environmental protection concernsHowever, this biofuel is not economically viable. Optimization, control and knowledge of the kinetics governing this bioethanol production processes are crucial elements.In this study the potential of isothermal calorimetry to monitor hydrolysis and fermentation reactions is tested.The results show that the isothermal calorimetry is an effective method. Indeed this method allowed determining that the substrate/enzyme ratio is an important parameter of the hydrolysis yield.Furthermore it has determined a better enzyme cocktail consisting of Cellulases + Cellobiose Dehydrogenase (CDH) which allows the production of a certain amount of gluconic acid, which could improve the attractiveness of these second-generation biofuels. These same tests also determined the hydrolysis heat of wheat straw which is 32.18 ± 3.18 J.g-1 (gram reducing sugars product).The measurements obtained were used to determine kinetic constants cellulases + CDH on wheat straw and the results show that this enzyme cocktail is faster at 45 ° C in the range of temperatures tested (40 - 55°C) with a speed of 7.36 ± 0.62 mmol/L.min.In addition, testing with a laboratory-scale calorimeter showed that even if this tool does not accurately measure the heat generated by the hydrolysis reaction and fermentation, it gives a good indication of the development and advancement of these reactions
Le, Cong Tanh. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la cinétique de combustion de combustibles gazeux : méthane, gaz naturel et mélanges contenant de l’hydrogène, du monoxyde de carbone, du dioxyde de carbone et de l’eau." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2034.
Full textCluet, Benjamin. "Évaluation de la ségrégation de la biomasse dans un lit fluidisé et modélisation globale du procédé de gazéification." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0352/document.
Full textThe increasing population in the world leads to increasing energy demand. In order to limit emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, a solution is to develop renewable energy alternatives. In this context, the use of biomass is one of the solutions to study. It is in this context that implemented the project ANR GAMECO by a consortium of academic and industrial. This project aims to make reliable use of a bubbling fluidized bed of gasification with air to convert lignocellulosic biomass into synthesis gas. This PhD work aims to address one of the problems of this project: the distribution of biomass and char particles in the fluidized bed and the impact of these distributions when modeling of the gasifier. The study focused on mixtures containing olivine and wood particles of different characteristics. Mixing-segregation results were obtained through measurements in a cold model developed during this PhD work. The obtained experimental data were used to validate and consolidate existing hydrodynamic mixing model of the literature. The last step of the thesis consists in establishing a global model of the fluidized bed reactor for gasification of biomass. This model incorporates the previous hydrodynamic results, coupled with chemical reactions models describing biomass conversion (pyrolysis, oxy-coal gasification tar cracking) after the literature. The results of this model are then compared with results obtained on a hot model
Navarrete, Cereijo Germán 1988. "Modelagem simplificada e simulação da combustão de uma partícula de biomassa suspensa em escoamento unidimensional." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265868.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de um modelo simples para a simulação numérica da combustão de uma partícula pequena de bagaço numa fornalha industrial. Com este fim foi feito um estudo das principais etapas na combustão de uma partícula de biomassa: secagem, devolatili- zação, gaseificação e combustão do carvão. Destaca-se os modelos cinéticos para cada etapa e os mecanismos de transferência de calor por radiação em gases e de massa por convecção. Também foi modelada a trajetória vertical da partícula baseando-se nas forças de empuxo, peso e a força de arrasto com o objetivo de desenvolver uma ferramenta para determinar quais partículas são quei- madas em suspensão, quais são queimadas na grelha e quais são arrastradas pelo escoamento de gases. Para a simulação foi desenvolvido um programa em Fortran 90 onde a resolução numérica das equações diferenciais governantes é feita utilizando o método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. As equações governantes para as taxas de consumo da biomassa são determinadas a partir da cinética das reações e do transporte de massa por convecção. A devolatilização é modelada como uma pi- rólise cujo mecanismo de reação é modelado por uma equação cinética de primeira ordem baseada nos parâmetros de Arrhenius. A taxa de consumo de carvão é determinada por duas equações ciné- ticas de primeira ordem baseadas nos parâmetros de Arrhenius que representam a oxidação direta do carbono e a gaseificação do carbono utilizando como reagente o dióxido de carbono. As equa- ções governantes para a temperatura da partícula são determinadas a partir dos balanços de energia para cada etapa. A validação do modelo foi feita em base a outros modelos apresentados na literatura para par- tículas menores a 1 mm obtendo-se resultados consistentes. Nos resultados apresentam-se gráficos de massa, raio, composição e temperatura da partícula, fração molar de oxigênio na superfície da partícula, taxa de consumo da biomassa, e raio do frente de chama em função do tempo tanto para partículas esféricas como cilíndricas. Também apresentam-se gráficas da trajetória e velocidade da partícula variando a forma e tamanho desta e a velocidade do escoamento dos gases dentro da fornalha
Abstract: The aim of this work is to develop a simple model for the numerical simulation of the com- bustion of a small particle of bagasse in an industrial furnace. To this end a study of the main stages of the biomass particle combustion was carried out. Thats stages are: drying, devolatiliza- tion, char gasification and char combustion. Kinetics models for each stage and the mechanisms of heat transfer by radiation in gases and convective mass models are presented in details. Also, the vertical trajectory of the particle was modeled based on buoyant force, weight and drag force in order to develop a tool for determine which particles are burned in suspension, which are burned on the grate and which are dragged by the gas flow. It was developed a program in Fortran 90 where the numerical solution of the governing diffe- rential equations is done using a fourth order Runge-Kutta. The governing equations for the bio- mass consumption rates are determined by kinetics equations and convection mass transport. The devolatilization is modeled as a pyrolysis which reaction mechanism is modeled by a first order kinetic equation based on the Arrhenius parameters. The rate of coal consumption is determined by two first-order kinetics equations based on the Arrhenius parameters that represent the direct char oxidation and char gasification using as reagent carbon dioxide. The governing equations for the particle temperature are determined from the energy balance for each stage. Model validation is carried out by comparing the predictions with other models taken from the literature for particles smaller than 1 mm giving consistent results. The results are presented plotting the following variables as a function of time: particle mass, raio, composition and tempe- rature, oxygen concentration on the particle surface, consumption rate of biomass and flame front raio for both spherical and cylindrical particle. Also, graphics of the particle speed and trajectory are presented, varying particle¿s shape and size and gas flow velocity of gases inside the furnace
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica