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Academic literature on the topic 'Biomasse – Détérioration'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biomasse – Détérioration"
Levasseur, Anthony. "Modelage des génomes fongiques pour la transformation des parois végétales : conception et surproduction de nouveaux outils enzymatiques chimères." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX11052.pdf.
Full textThe objectives of this thesis were i) to design and overproduce new and efficient enzymatic tools in filamentous fungi involved in the plant-cell-wall degradation and ii) to study the synergistic relationships of the corresponding bi- or multi-modular hybrid enzymes. Firstly, free hemicellulolytic enzymes were overproduced in Aspergillus niger (feruloyl esterase B, FAEB and xylanase B, XYNB). Production yields reached 100 mg. L-1 et 900 mg. L-1 for FAEB and XYNB, respectively. Recombinant proteins were purified and fully characterized. Secondly, this study concerned the design and production of chimeric enzymes, in which modules of interest were fused together to enable physical proximity between them. In this study, a chimeric enzyme, based on the model of bacterial cellulosome, was produced in A. Niger. The first fungal enzyme, FAEA, fused to a functional bacterial dockerin module, was successfully produced. Our work was extended to others hybrid proteins by fusing two complementary enzymes, FAEA and XYNB in order to improve the enzymatic efficiency, by increasing synergistic effect of the fused enzymes. Moreover, in a second construction, a Carbohydrate-Binding Module (CBM) was added to the bifunctional enzyme to study the effect of the substrate targeting. These bifunctional enzymes were overproduced (~1,5 g. L-1), characterized, and tested for the ferulic-acid release from agricultural by-products and their action was improved as compared to that of the corresponding free enzymes. Therefore, physical proximity between these primary (XYNB) and secondary (FAEA) enzymes and the substrate targeting by the CBM promote the enzymatic synergy. Finally, a new hybrid enzyme was designed in a new host in this work. The design of these improved chimeric enzymes is of great interest for future applications in industrial sectors, such as the biofuel production from vegetal biomass
Zmamou, Hafida. "Eco-conception de nouveaux agromatériaux à partir de cendre de chaudière biomasse. Relation structures-propriétés." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES055.
Full textValorizing the industrial by-products int alternative materials for road engineering according to SETRA recommendations is a major scientific challenge for the environment and the circular economy. The Wastepaper Sludge Ash (WSA) is a waste material that comes from the recycled paper industry. Previous studies showed that they have hydraulic and/or pouzzolanic properties. These by-products being available in large quantities at attractive cost are an asset for material valorization. To use alternative materials is in perfect adequacy with the fact of valorizing WSA in road engineering. As binders, WSA having a low impact in terms of carbon print compared to usual hydraulic binders. This research work was undertaken to valorize as eco-materials, important volumes of WSA. Two application fields were selected. They consern the implementation of an innovative road material for road engineering and territorial management, and the eco-design of agromaterials for construction. This work proposes two experimental approaches : (1) on optimization of the matrix based on WSA and mineral additives and (ii) addition of natural aggregates for making eco-agromaterials. The natural aggregates are renewabke resources obtained from agriculture. These chosen aggregates are local resources, using local handcraft, and mobilizing the local expertise for short circuit of material valorization. The study contains four parts : (1) formulations and implementation of eco-materials, (2) analysis of their mechanical behavior, their durability and long-term behavior, (3) a study of environmental behavior and (4) a microstructural analysis of eco-materials. The WSA treatment with water and mineral additives decreases considerably their environmental impact. The correlation between these parameters allowed obtaining an eco-material (A) and eco-agromaterial (AG) potentially recoverable in road engineering. The practice takes into account the change of scale i. E. Transition from the laboratory scale to the pilot scale, this aspect was studied. On one hand a reduced road platform and two pedestrian pathways constituting the test on site for validation have been performed. On the other hand, series of materials, i. E. Pavements, bricks and concrete blocks were made. It was possible to conclude that a mixture composed with 95% WSA + 5% cement or 95 % WSA + 5% cement + 2% hemp shives gives the best promising mixes for these two applications
Collard, François-Xavier. "Nouvelles stratégies catalytiques pour la gazéification de la biomasse : influence de métaux imprégnés sur les mécanismes de pyrolyse." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2022.
Full textThe very promising development of the use of biomass for biofuel production by gasification is slowed down owing to too high tar concentration in the gas produced by this process. Recent works showed that, when impregnated in biomass, metals display catalytic activity that results in a significant decrease in the production of the primary tars, during the pyrolysis step, which precedes the oxidation reactions. The main aim of this work was to assess the effect of impregnated metals on pyrolysis mechanisms and on the tar yield of this step. The reactivity of the metal-doped char produced, during the oxidation reactions, was also evaluated. The study of the influence of iron and nickel on the pyrolysis conversion of the main polymers that form biomass (i. E. Cellulose, xylan and lignin) and of biomass samples showed that impregnated metals mainly catalyzed the mechanisms of char formation. This phenomenon inhibited the depolymerization and fragmentation reactions, which are responsible for most tar formation. When impregnated in the amorphous phase of the polysaccharides, nickel also promoted some depolymerization reactions. This result explains the bigger decrease in tar production obtained with iron than with nickel. However, nickel was more efficient in limiting the production of molecules containing a benzene ring and to catalyze the secondary reactions of volatile compounds. During gasification tests, the conversion of the iron-doped char revealed problems of deactivation of the metal catalyst, which led to a decrease in the reaction rate of the oxidation reaction. On the contrary, the catalytic activity of nickel was stable and made possible the oxidation reactions of char at 600 °C with CO2 and at 500 °C with steam. These findings show that the approach which consists in impregnating biomass with metals, allows considering the implementation of gasification processes at low temperature, which could limit the tar problem and could improve the energy conversion efficiency of these processes
Feghali, Elias. "Nouveaux procédés catalytiques pour le recyclage de déchets ligno-cellulosiques, de polymères et de dérivés du CO₂." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112173/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was the development of new innovative synthetic methods for recycling waste carbon compounds or renewable raw materials to improve the sustainability of the industrial chemical sector and reduce its dependence on fossil resources. In this context, the work has been performed following three main areas of research intended for the development of new catalytic processes for the valorization of oxalic acid, derived from CO2, waste polymer materials and biomass. To achieve these objectives, a strategy based on the reductive cleavage of C–O bonds using the hydrosilylation reactions catalyzed by B(C6F5)3 was selected. First, this strategy resulted in the generation of a wide range of products with different degrees of oxidation, from oxalic acid, ranging from trisilylated glyoxylic acid to ethane. Afterwards, the system B(C6F5)3-hydrosilane allowed the selective depolymerization of waste plastics (such as PLA, PET, PC-BPA) as well as bio-based polyesters such as tannic acid and suberin, to a variety of molecules including alcohols, phenols and alkanes. Finally, it has been shown that B(C6F5)3 is an efficient and selective hydrosilylation catalyst for the reductive cleavage of α-O-4 and β-O-4 models, the main linkages in lignin. This reaction was successfully transposed to lignin derived from wood and a new process for obtaining pure aromatic products from lignin has been developed
Mange, Christian. "Étude d'une réaction à haute température et court temps de séjour : la dégradation du glucose : contribution à l'étude d'un réacteur à haute température et court temps de séjour : l'extrudeur bi-vis." Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPI243.
Full textMouandhoime, Zahahe Oulame. "Mise en place de nouveaux procédés de dégradation des lignines dans les liquides ioniques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA015/document.
Full textThe ability to use plant biomass in energy, paper industry or valorization in the field of biomaterials via biorefineries, requires the separation of the various copolymers by physical or chemical methods. For exemple, the classic methods used to extract the cellulose involve acido-basic reactions and cause modifications of the structure of lignins because of recondensation, dealkylation and dehydration reactions. The exploitation of lignins in the field of materials is limited by several factors as their low solubility in usual solvents, their high molecular weight and low number of free phenol fonctions. This project joins in a context of valuation of the industrial lignins by taking into account the specific chemical structure of every type of lignin. Its obvective consists in developing new strategies to cleave weak bonds on the propyl chain of phenylpropan units, then their fonctionnalization by optimizing the formation of enol ethers or their direct cleavage by avoiding the reactions of recondensation by using ionic liquids as reaction medium. A particular focus will be made on the possible fonctionnalization of enol ethers for a selective depolymerization of industrial lignins who contain a not insignificant rate. According to the structur of lignins, these methods should allow to obtain oligomers with low molecular weight, to increase also the phenolic fraction and improve the solubility of the transformed lignins as well as their antioxidant properties
Lassauce, Aurore. "Développement d'une sylviculture à vocation énergétique et conservation de la biodiversité saproxylique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00698580.
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