Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biomasse végétale'
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Zaplana, Tom. "Optimisation de la fermentation de la biomasse végétale par Lachnoclostridium phytofermentans." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL079.
Full textThe development of renewable energy sources requires optimization of the conversion of plant biomass into biofuels such as butanol. Clostridia, and more specifically Lachnoclostridium phytofermentans, are anaerobic bacteria capable of degrading cellulose and producing compounds of interest, making them ideal candidates for this transformation.This thesis aims to push back the limits of metabolic engineering of L. phytofermentans to optimize butanol production. The main objectives are: (1) to develop an evolved strain capable of withstanding high concentrations of butanol, (2) to introduce a butanol synthesis pathway via synthetic biology approaches, and (3) to implement a CRISPRi system to precisely modulate central metabolism.To achieve these objectives, several approaches were implemented. L. phytofermentans was subjected to directed evolution over 480 days in a continuous culture automaton (called GM3), resulting in a butanol-resistant strain. Phenotypic and genomic characterization of this strain identified over 500 mutations associated with resistance. In parallel, a butanol synthesis pathway was designed and introduced into L. phytofermentans, and a butanol-specific biosensor was adapted to detect its production.Finally, a CRISPRi system based on dLbCas12a was developed, enabling the cloning of up to eight guides into a plasmid to specifically repress key metabolic genes.The evolved strain, PHY24.0#6, showed increased tolerance to butanol, a halved generation time and a 1.3-fold increase in maximum growth density. Analysis of the plasma membrane revealed a composition of longer, more unsaturated fatty acids. Although butanol production was not detected after introduction of the synthetic pathway, the specific biosensor was successfully integrated. The CRISPRi system was able to repress the expression of central metabolism genes up to 20-fold, including genes whose deletion would be lethal, such as the Cphy_1326-1327-0089 trio, responsible for the acetate and dihydrogen production.This work has made it possible to improve the tolerance of L. phytofermentans to butanol, and to develop innovative molecular tools such as the multiplex CRISPRi system. These advances contribute to a better understanding of this bacterium's metabolism and open prospects for optimizing the sustainable production of biofuels from plant biomass. The approaches developed could be transposed to other models of Clostridia, thereby fostering the development of innovative, environmentally friendly energy solutions
Galindo, Sabine. "Production simultanée de sucres et d'éthanol à partir de biomasse végétale." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20067.
Full textArnaubec, Aurelien. "Analyse de la précision d'estimation de paramètres de la biomasse végétale à l'aide de techniques PolInSAR." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4320.
Full textPolarimetric and Interferometric SAR techniques (PolInSAR) offer a global solution for vegetal biomass parameters monitoring. In the scope of this thesis, we propose to analyze the estimation precision that can be achieved with those techniques for some parameters such as ground and vegetation height, based on one of the most widely used PolInSAR vegetation model (RVoG model). We have first determined the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB), which gives a lower bound on the estimation variance, for unbiased estimation. This study shows a high diversity of situations, with in the best cases a precision of around 1 meter for a sample size of 100 pixels. It was shown that the most commonly used estimation method leads to estimation variances close to the CRB in a lot of situations. This study also allowed us to analyze the performance loss when polarimetric information is reduced (Compact Polarimetry). Then, we analyzed the influence of some deviations from the RVoG model (ground and vegetation height fluctuations, and also temporal decorrelation). Temporal decorrelation seems to be the most concerning issue as it can lead to high estimation bias. These theoritical results have been illustrated on tropical and tempered forests using P band data acquired by RAMSES and SETHI, the ONERA radar systems
Roudet, Jocelyne. "Polymérisation de monomères issus de la biomasse végétale : polymérisation cationique et polyestérification." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0121.
Full textCarillon, Thierry. "Valorisation d'hydrolysats de matière végétale : procédé de séparation du D-xylose et du D-mannose." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT007G.
Full textTriki, Ben Salem Rania. "Valorisation de la biomasse végétale : Elaboration de poly(esteramide)s à partir de monomères biosourcés." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066210.
Full textThe work reported in this thesis was carried out in the context of vegetal biomass valorization and focuses on the synthesis of new polyesteramides (PEAs) from furan-based monomers. Three efficient methods of polyesteramide synthesis were studied: (i) direct polycondnesation of monomer mixtures in the bulk, (ii) aminolysis of furanic polyesters and (iii) interchange reaction between oligomers. The NMR and MALDI-ToF MS structural analyses confirmed the formation of the expected polyesteramides. Interestingly, the ester/amide ratio in final copolymers was governed by the initial diester/diamine ratio, any diol excess being eliminated during the synthesis via a series of interchange reactions. However, the existence of side reactions was also demonstrated, specially the formation of inactive furyl end-groups and chain branching through the formation of amidine groups by amine-amide reaction. The best results were obtained by bulk polycondensation from monomers and by aminolysis of aliphatic polyesters by a furanic diamine
Grégoire, Vincent. "L’apport de biomasse végétale et l’amélioration des propriétés hydrauliques des sols organiques cultivés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66302.
Full textSouth of Montreal (Québec, Canada), an area of 12 000 hectares is well known for its vegetable production. Accumulated vegetation led an organic soil with advantageous properties for vegetable production when compared to typical mineral soils. However, several degradation processes are affecting soil properties and a too low level (under 40 cm) of the organic layer thickness may be reached within in the next decades if conservation practices are not implemented. Physical and hydraulic properties have shown signs of deterioration leading to drainage problems. Thus, soil conservation strategies need to be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these agricultural land. Incorporation of plant biomass could compensate for losses of organic matter and could also improve the soil physical properties. To validate this mitigation practice, different vegetal biomass rates from woody and grass species were incorporated into undisturbed organic soil cores before an incubation period of 12 months. Discrete measurements allowed for the evaluation of the amplitude and persistency of the biomass effect on various physical and hydraulic properties. After an application of biomass at high rate (20% v/v), the final soil height within the cores increased up to 73 mm when compared to control cores. The modelling of the soil water retention curves led to linear relations between biomass application rates and air content. The latter increasing from 23,8% to 37,8% in the surface soil layer throughout the incubation period, but had only a minor effects on deeper soil layers. Three indicators of performance were chosen to evaluate the drainage behavior, which appeared to be fast under the experimental conditions. Drainage was slowed down with increasing biomass application rate, but surface aeration improved on the other end. In general, wood type biomass had a greater influence than the grass type biomass on the studied variables.
Chamoulaud, Gwenae͏̈l. "Valorisation de la biomasse : transformations électrocatalytiques du furfural." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2309.
Full textLê, Ngọc Huyền Trân. "Transformation de la biomasse aérienne de Miscanthus giganteus : aptitude à la dégradation enzymatique et valorisation des coproduits en agro-matériaux." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0100.
Full textThe use of plant resources in renewable materials and energy is receiving increased interest. In this respect, Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) is a perennial grass showing great potential as a raw material for bioethanol production. The plant biomass can be harvested at different dates, in autumn (early harvest) in order to maximize yield, and in winter (delayed harvest). The main objectives were first to evaluate the impact of harvesting date (early, late) on the chemical composition susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification of miscanthus aiming at production second generation bioethanol, second to explore the use of lignocellulosic byproduct into agromaterials. The proportion of soluble fraction is mainly affected by the harvesting date while few change occurred in the cell wall composition. Chemical heterogeneity according to the type of organ leads to variation in susceptibility to saccharification. Owing to its high recalcitrance towards enzymatic conversion, a chemical pretreatment is required. Ammonia pretreated biomass is more prone to saccharification compared to acid treated samples. Following ammonia treatment, early harvested biomass is shown to be more efficiently converted by enzymes than a diluted acid pretreatment. Then the use of solid byproducts into cementitious material and self-binding fiberboards is explored. The obtained cementitious material had a great workability and interesting mechanical properties. Enzymatic treatment does not improve the delay in the setting time of the lignocellulosic composite. In contrast to the raw miscanthus, fiberboards are obtained by hot-pressing of byproducts from the saccharified biomass. Nevertheless, industrial applications would still require further improvements of the composites properties
Alliot, Vanessa. "Des molécules de la biomasse vers des tensioactifs trimodulaires originaux." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10304.
Full textThe aims of this work concem the preparation, the physico-chemical and also biological evaluation, of trimodular surfactants resulting of biomass, for application in some various fields such as food industry (agrochemical, fermentation, feeding. . . ), pharmaceutical and parapharmaceutical industry (cosmetic, emulsifier. . . ) and nuclear power (complexation ofmetal. . . ) The design of these new molecules is based on the principle of the modular synthesis. Two ways of synthesis are studied : they consist in imprecating, such as a game of "Lego", the polar module with the module of junction (lysin), then the hydrophobic modules or their derivatives and conversely. The first way of synthesis begins with the condensation of fatty acids or of their derivatives on lysin. Then, obtaining trimodular surfactants mono or bicatenary is carried out by grafting of an absorbent, standard module sugars or derived. The second strategy brings into play a primary condensation of a polar module on lysin. Then, various acids are grafted, in order to prepare 4 families of monocatenary surfactants and 2 families of bicatenary surfactants, with fatty chains being composed of 8 to 18 methylenes groups. The physico-chemical study of the synthesized products shows that the aqueous solutions of monocatenary surfactants present good properties of surface and form organized molecular systems. They can be used to form emulsions and should allow the preparation of blisters. The biological studies undertaken on these trimodular surfactants show that their additions in a culture medium of yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces bulgaricus and Saccharomyces bayanus) have repercussions on the growth, cellular breathing and the fermentation. We observe stimulative effects for some molecules or on the contrary inhibiting effects for others
Prat, Laurent E. "Modélisation d'un réacteur thermo-mécano-chimique bi-vis utilisé en fractionnement de la matière végétale." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT019C.
Full textTimpano, Hélène. "La machinerie de biosynthèse de la cellulose : une cible pour améliorer l’utilisation de la biomasse végétale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112228.
Full textThe production of second-generation biofuels based on the transformation of plant biomass is a pressing issue. Biomass is represented by cell walls of the plant cells consisting of a network of cellulose microfibrils and polysaccharides encrusted by lignin. To enhance the potential of plant biomass, we need to provide insights on the mechanisms of the biosynthesis of cell wall polymers. For example, it is important to improve the saccharification yield of cellulose microfibrils to produce the highest amount of bioethanol. We therefore combine studies on the well-known model plant Arabidopsis and Brachypodium distachyon, the new model species for temperate graminae and monocotyledonous crops dedicated to biofuel production. Cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-bound cellulose synthase complexes (CSC) containing cellulose synthase proteins (CESAs) and requires other partners among which the endo-beta1,4 glucanase KOR1. The intracellular trafficking of CESAs seems to be crucial to regulate the cellulose synthesis rate. We investigated in detail the intracellular trafficking of KOR1 in Arabidospis dark-grown hypocotyls.In parallel we selected by visual screening of the Versailles collection of mutagenized Brachypodium distachyon a mutant called spa. This mutant shares characteristics of the brittle culm mutants of rice and barley, such as brittleness, irregular xylem, and a cellulose content deficiency especially in stems, with 50% of the amount found in the wild type. Lignin assays indicate a higher amount of lignin in spa. Interestingly, this mutant is also "floppy" unlike others brittle culm mutants which are fully erected and the mechanical strength defects of spa is illustrated by a Young’s modulus three times lower than that of WT. Complementary approaches were used to identify the SPA gene: sequencing of candidate genes related to cell wall synthesis or co-expressed with secondary cell wall cellulose synthases and a classical mapping strategy combined with NGS methods. Moreover within the framework of the European RENEWALL and KBBE CellWall projects and thanks to the co-expression network tool BradiNet (M. Mutwil, KBBE project), RNAi strategies are in progress to inactivate a few genes selected according to specific expression criteria and potentially involved in cell wall synthesis specifically in monocots. Among these genes we are focusing on the MAP65 family (Microtubules Associated Proteins), which could play a role in cellulose deposition according to the close relationship between microfibrils and microtubules
Helbert, Jérôme. "Estimation et modélisation de la distribution spatiale de l'eau au sein d'un couvert végétal : mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif multipôle fonctionnant en régime quasi-statique." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERS0014.
Full textAguilera, Segura Sonia Milena. "Chimie-physique des interactions entre solvants multicomposants et biomasse." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENCM0010.
Full textExtraction of cellulose and lignin from plant biomass remains a major issue for enabling more economic and green production of lignocellulosic renewable fuels and byproducts. Although the use of multicomponent solvents has provided remarkable results in wood fractionation processes most of the currently used methods rely on empirically elaborated protocols. Understanding the physicochemical mechanisms of biomass breakdown and its interactions with solvent medium during fractionation will lead to more efficient use of biomass. This defined the focus in this thesis work on a systematic and detailed description of the interactions between ligoncellulose components with binary water-organic mixtures of ethanol and acetonitrile. Our results and their analysis were obtained predominantly with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and supported by additional studies of quantum chemical (Density Functional Theory) and mixed quantum mechanical (QM) and classical MD scheme (QM/MM). With these tools we first established a non-linear behavior of the mixed solvent structures, thermodynamic properties and dynamic hardness, as a measure for their global reactivity. The analysis of the average numbers of HBs with the liquid composition shows that alcohol molecules tend to substitute water molecules, allowing compensating for the loss of H-bonds in the water solvent domains. The role of organic component in water solvent mixtures on the conformational changes induced in the main wood components (cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose) is highlighted and their dependence on distinct solvent compositions is unveiled for each organic solvent component and its content in water. This dependence is explained by preferential solute-solvent interatomic interactions as a function of solvent compositions. Subsequently, the evolution of interaction forces in lignin-cellulose and lignin-xylan complexes are also found to have solvent-dependent profiles. All this supports the general conclusion about specific solvent actions on lignocellulose compounds being the driving factors in the observed macroscopic non-linear behavior in wood swelling in mixed water-organic solvents
Sow, Demba. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale et à la modélisation de la digestion anaérobie de Euphorbia tirucalli et d'autres plantes à latex sahéliennes : euphorbia balsamifera et calotropis procera." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0323.
Full textSaavedra, Rios Carolina del Mar. "Etude des carbones durs issus de la biomasse pour l’application dans les batteries Sodium-ion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALI072.pdf.
Full textThe ever-increasing demand for Lithium-ion batteries has raised some concern regarding the supply of the critical raw materials needed for their production, especially the Li, Co, Ni and Cu resources. The Sodium-ion technology appears to be an alternative which potentially uses abundant, and evenly distributed resources, that is able to reduce the cost of the batteries compared to Lithium-ion. However, the commercial intrusion of Sodium-ion batteries is still limited by the development of low-cost and high-performance negative electrode material. The most promising option is a disordered carbonaceous material called hard carbon obtained from high-temperature thermal treatment of organic precursors. Despite its good performance, hard carbon is still more expensive than the graphite used in Lithium-ion batteries, given the high cost of the synthetic precursors. Lignocellulosic biomass has recently attracted attention as a hard carbon precursor, given its renewable nature, accessibility, and low cost. However, the high variability of biomass feedstock, together with the poor yield of the pyrolysis reaction, make their commercial application rather difficult. Moreover, there is no clear understanding of the biomass composition role on the hard carbon properties. The research work presented here is an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to elucidate the biomass composition's impact on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the derived hard carbons as well as their synthesis yield. A set of 25 lignocellulosic biomass precursors have been selected for this study. The composition of each biomass precursor, such as the elemental organic and inorganic content, and the macromolecular contents were evaluated in detail. The synthesised hard carbons were characterised by XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, SAXS, XPS, and galvanostatic cycling techniques. The inorganic content and composition of the precursor, particularly the presence of Si, Ca, and K compounds, was observed to play a critical role in developing the hard carbon structure and surface. Therefore, they have a strong negative impact on hard carbon performances, producing high irreversibility. Because of their low ash-content, coupled with their low cost and environmental impact, precursors such as forestry residues, and some agricultural residues, appeared to be the best compromise for hard carbon application
Picard, Hélène F. "Établissement d'espèces de sphaignes dans un contexte de production de biomasse." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27402/27402.pdf.
Full textPiriou, Yannick. "La polymérisation des terpènes : une voie pour la valorisation de la biomasse végétale : synthèse et caractérisation de polyterpènes." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10631.
Full textRobles, Christine. "Fonctionnement des cistaies à Cistus albidus L. Et Cistus monspeliensis L. En Provence calcaire et silicieuse à travers la mesure des réactions écophysiologiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11034.
Full textMealares, Christel. "Oligomères et polymères furaniques conjugués." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0129.
Full textMisrahi, Audrey. "Transformation de végétaux par fermentation en milieu solide pour la production d'outils enzymatiques et de biomasse valorisée : application au couple "grain de maïs/Fusarium venenatum".Invertigations pour la production de phytases et de polysaccharidases." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13247.
Full textWe developed a solid state fermentation process. It focuses on the growth of the fungus Fusarium venenatum on a substrate based on whole maize kernel. Designs of solid cultures have been used at the laboratory scale, to define the process and, further, assist its optimization. A specific solution of following the fungus growth has been found, which use antibody anti-Fusarium. F. Venenatum/maize kernel has been tested for its ability to produce polysaccharidases and phytases. This couple leads to the production of phosphatases with a probable large range of substrates, including phytic acid, but not to “strict” phytases. Its potential for the production of polysaccharidases has been confirmed, through enzymatic assay measurements and mass spectrometry experiments. Those ones used data on F. Graminearum’s proteins. Results also indicate other final products, as well as the production of a liquid extract rich in glucose, fungi proteins and inorganic phosphate
Amougou, Norbert. "Importance des litières de Miscanthus × giganteus (feuilles sénescentes, racines et rhizomes) : impact de leur décomposition sur la minéralisation de C et N dans un sol." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS007/document.
Full textTo control emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, NO), fossil fuels scarcity and their rising prices lead to consider the substitution of fossil C by the "renewable" C from plant biomass. This alternative strategy must be sustainable. In particular the massive export of plant biomass depriving soil of plant residues (eg cereal straws), and the growing of new crops specially perennial crops (eg miscanthus)questioned the cultural practices (dates and frequency of biomass export) essential for maintaining soil fertility and good management of biogeochemical cycles. Miscanthus × giganteus, a rhizomatous perennial grass is dedicated to second-generation fuels production, because of its high potential biomass production.In this context the main objective of this work was to quantify and characterize Miscanthus plant litter recycled to soil, more precisely senescent leaves, roots and rhizomes of Miscanthus, and to study the C and N mineralization during decomposition of these litters. This work was performed on 3 to 5 years old Miscanthus stands established since 2006 in Northern France (Estrées Mons), either fertilized with120 kg N ha−1 year−1 or unfertilized. The sampling of litters was performed in autumn (maximal biomass production) and winter (maturity). Firstly we quantified and biochemically characterized Miscanthus senescent leaves, rhizomes and roots. Then we studied their decomposition in soil under controlled conditions (15°C, -80 kPa) during 263 days. We also investigated in the field for two years the dynamics of leaf fall during senescence, their accumulation in the form of mulch on soil surface and the kinetics of decomposition. Finally we investigated under controlled conditions the effects of nitrogen availability on C and N dynamics, microbial dynamics and enzymatic functions during the decomposition of these leaves. N availability was modulated either by adding inorganic nitrogen, or by adding increasing amounts of leaves for a given amount of nitrogen in soil.Our results showed that the C stored in the three "compartments" recycled to soil is potentially considerable: senescent leaves (1 to 3 t C ha-1 year), roots (1 to 2 t C ha-1) and rhizomes (7 to 10 t C ha-1). The rhizomes had a high NDS soluble content (25 to 35%), a high N content (0.7 to 1.5%) and low lignin content (11 to 15%) depending on early or late harvest dates. we observed after 263 days of decomposition at 15°C a higher carbon mineralization from rhizomes 61 ± 8%, than that observed for roots (36 ± 8%) and senescent leaves (53 ± 4%). We also showed the importance of senescent leavesin the recycling of organic matter in the soil: the early harvest scenario deprives the soil of an annual leaves of 1-3 t C ha-1. Qualitatively, the low degradability observed in the laboratory experiment for the leaves was confirmed in the field. This leads to the formation of an important thick layer of mulch(2 to 4cm) and quantitatively (6-7 t C ha-1). Finally, a high N availability increases the C mineralization rate in the short term which was reflected by an increase in microbial C, fungal ergosterol, and enzymatic activities related to C and N degradation of (xylanase, leucine aminopeptidase). However, this high N availability suppresses laccase activity. We also showed that decreasing N availability for decomposers by adding increasing amounts of leaves in the soil leads toslow microbial and fungal growth. However, this situation favors an early installation of fungal biomass (increased ergosterol / microbial C ratio) and their activity (laccase).This work showed that the cultivation of Miscanthus potentially allows a large accumulation of organic C which is favorable to the maintenance of soil fertility in the long term. It is now essential to predict the fate of underground C parts of Miscanthus, in the perspective of change in land use, i.e.when the Miscanthus stands is to be replaced in field by another crop
Villalobos, Garcia Jésus. "Evaluation d'un système de traitement à base de biomasse végétale pour le traitement décentralisé des eaux usées : du pilote à l'échelle industrielle." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0054.
Full textSanitation has always been a major concern for hygiene and public health issues. An on-site sewage facility (OSSF) ensures the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater. In France, the OSSF represents 20% of domestic wastewater treatment facilities. This represents a population of 12 million or about five million rural settlements. Among the technologies used in the OSSF, biological filtration systems using a filter media are often implemented. The treatment of wastewater (removal of suspended solids and organic matter) is carried out by the joint actions of filtration, and biodegradation by bacteria developing within the filter media. Historically, materials such as sand and peat are the most used. More recently coconut-based media to replace peat, the extraction of which is prohibited, are in increasing development. However, the carbon footprint of foreign imports of materials such as coconut is very important. Therefore, the use of local agro-industrial by-products could reduce the carbon footprint and make the use of these new filter media more compatible with environmental criteria. The first objective of this PhD thesis is to determine the degree of reliability under real conditions of an innovative filtering medium of lignocellulosic origin that has been proven successful in laboratory conditions. The study is based on the comparison of results obtained in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, a hydraulic approach allowed the characterisation of the filter bed operation. In the field, the evaluation of a compact filter that has been running continuously for more than four years and five other installations has been completed. For all installations, the filter media tested allowed a quality of the discharged water in accordance with the current regulations. The estimated average reduction percentages of COD, BOD5 and TSS, are respectively over 79%, 98% and 88%, thus confirming the important degradation of the organic matter and particulate pollution. The second objective of this PhD thesis is to establish a set of physicochemical parameters to guide the choice of new materials potentially usable in OSSF. To do this, the characterisation of the key physicochemical parameters of new materials and the hydraulic parameters of the corresponding filter beds were carried out. Statistical analysis made it possible to study the correlations between these parameters and the purification performances of the materials. In the end, a selection methodology has been proposed
Cablé, Pierre-Alann. "Étude de solvants à eutectique profond pour l'extraction de molécules à haute-valeur ajoutée issues de la biomasse ligno-cellulosique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0298.
Full textLignocellulosic biomass (wood, wastes, algae etc.) is one of the most important renewable carbon sources. Its valorisation into fuels, chemicals and materials can lead to climate change mitigation. Nevertheless, scientific challenges remain unravelled for efficient biomass valorisation in biorefineries. A new family of sustainable solvent, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising option for biorefineries development: 1) High-added value compounds extraction after thermochemical conversion (HydroThermal Liquefaction, HTL) 2) Ligno-cellulosic biomass pre-treatment (delignification process). This work shows the efficiency of DESs to extract phenolic compounds (PCs) from various media using liquid-liquid extraction. Quantum chemistry calculation show that PCs have a stronger affinity with DESs than water. These results agree well with experimental study while DESs allow to extract more than 80 % of PCs from model oil. Moreover, DESs show higher efficiency in comparison with ionic liquid(5 times) and similar efficiency than conventional solvents used in liquid-liquid extraction. Nevertheless, DES appear to be ineffective for the PCs extraction from liquid products of beechwood hydrothermal conversion. Nonetheless, the used of acid-DESs such as Choline chloride: oxalic acid for biomass pre-treatment seems to be a promising application. 50 %wt delignification yield has been obtained during beechwood pre-treatment. A selective cleavage of lignin and hemicelluloses without affecting cellulose and with ether linkages preservation. This successful separation allows the valorisation of each component of biomass
Echairi, Abdelwahad. "Effets du cuivre sur quelques indicateurs de la qualité biologique des sols viticoles : étude à différentes échelles." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS008.
Full textCopper-based fungicides are used for more than a century by vine growers to fight against mildew (and other diseases). As a result, copper accumulates in soil, reaching high concentrations, with potential harmful effects on soil biocenosis. In spite of this threat, copper-based products are still in use, especially in organic farming. In this work, we tried to make clear the effects of copper on some aspects of biological quality of vineyards in “real” conditions, on the short, medium and long term. Long term effects were studied in a region (Champagne) through soil samples representing a large range of copper concentrations. Two different sites, in Burgundy and Champagne were used to study the medium-term effects (decade). Finally, to study in details the short term effects (1-4 years) we used an experimental approach, in three different locations, copper additions being the only source of variation. Biological indicators (microbial biomass, C & N mineralization, nitrification) were used for routine analysis. In addition, two fungal populations of interest for vine growing and wine making were studied: mycorrhizal-arbuscular fungi (MA) and yeasts able to grow on vine juice. The main characteristics of the soil samples were measured simultaneously, including total and EDTA-extractable copper. Microbial biomass is a reliable indicator of soil quality but, for low levels of Cu, spatio-temporal variations were higher than the effects of copper addition. The same observations were made for C and N mineralization activities. Nitrification activity (ammonium oxidation) turned out to be less affected by copper additions than by previous nitrogen additions (as reduced forms: organic N and ammonium N). Therefore, nitrification is not a reliable indicator of Cu contamination. Our results also showed that MA fungal populations are of potential interest to assess the effects of cultural practices, including copper additions, provided the other sources of variation are under control. These populations can be characterized both quantitatively (spore numbers) and qualitatively (diversity of morphological types). Significant differences between treatments were observed in our experiments. However, the efficiency of these populations (for P uptake) are not addressed by these tests. Populations of yeasts are also potentially interesting to study the effects of Cu in vineyards. We developed a protocol to assess both genotypic and phenotypic diversity of these fungal populations. Genotypic characterization was based on 18S rDNA PCR-RFLP and polymorphism of D1-D2 region of 26S rDNA. Phenotypic characterization was limited to the assessment of copper tolerance by measuring growth rate on a medium containing increasing Cu concentrations. The results showed no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Many strains were able to grow on media containing high concentrations of copper, even when they were isolated from soil samples without previous Cu application
Roig, Frédéric. "Transitions et dynamique relaxationnelle de polymères issus de la paroi végétale." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1432/.
Full textIn the future, increasing CO2 will stimulate the photosynthesis process and could allow a substantial increase in plant material. Compared to fossil fuels like oil or char, plant matter represents an annually renewable resource. Knowledge of its physicochemical properties is essential. The gene mutations of plant species allow identifying genes responsible for synthesis of the constituent polymers. The objective of this thesis is to apply thermal analysis techniques coupled with dielectric spectroscopy, to study the dynamic structure of plant cell walls of Arabidopsis Thaliana. In an analytical approach, the major cell wall polysaccharides extracted: cellulose and lignin, are studied. The glass transition of each polymer and the localized and delocalized molecular mobility were determined. Cellulose is the major structural component of plant cell walls; special attention was paid to the influence of its interaction with water on its physical structure. The decrease in glass transition temperature when the humidity increases, is a characteristic phenomenon of plasticization. The comparative study of the composite with natural plant cell wall polymers showed the contribution of cellulose and lignin in the dynamic chain of Arabidopsis Thaliana. These interpretations highlight the impact of genetic modifications on the interactions between and within molecular cell wall polymers
Altafulla, Jonathan. "Préparation et caractérisation de catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement des fractions pétrolières et de combustiblies obtenus à partir de la biomasse d'origine végétale." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Altafulla.pdf.
Full textBreton, Audrey. "Potentialité de la biomasse végétale pour le traitement des eaux usées domestiques : développement d’un procédé de biofiltration pour l’assainissement non collectif." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0082.
Full textIn France, 13 million people are concerned by on-site wastewater treatment (OSWWT). An OSWWT system consists of pretreatment, usually a septic tank, followed by a treatment system. Recent regulatory developments open up a range of possibilities as to possible treatment systems for wastewater treatment. The objective of this thesis is to develop a system of wastewater treatment based on plant biomass from waste of agriculture. Analytical monitoring of six individual houses allowed the study of the characteristics of the wastewater before and after their entry into the pretreatment system. Waters are characterized by a wide variability from one family to another and from the same house. The organic load per person is treating an average of 60 gDBO5.j-1 for a volume of water discharged 90 L.j-1, that to say effluent two times more concentrated than indicated by the regulations. The design and monitoring of a pilot scale laboratory were used to evaluate the potential of several plant biomass for the treatment of pretreated wastewater. They are compared to a reference medium with proven effectiveness in water treatment. The study of treatment performance for two different volume loads of different backgrounds was performed during forty weeks. This study resulted in the development and implementation of a pilot in situ for single house. The approach of life cycle analysis has been applied to in situ pilot in order to optimize the process in place. In addition, LCA has to make a comparison with different existing OSWWT
Cellier, Antoine. "Amendement d'un compost de boues de station d'épuration dans un écosystème méditerranéen après incendie : effets sur le sol, les micro-organismes et la végétation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4729/document.
Full textIn Mediterranean region, forest fires are a major problem leading to the desertification of the environment. Use of composts is considered as a solution for soil and vegetation rehabilitation.First, we observed the effects of three urban composts and their mode of application (laid on the soil surface or mixed into the soil) on soil restoration after fire: a municipal waste compost (MWC), a compost of sewage sludge (SSC) and a green waste compost (GWC) under laboratory conditions. Input of composts increased organic matter and soil nutrient content, and enhanced carbon and nitrogen mineralisation and total microbial biomass throughout the incubations. MWC induced the highest improvement while GWC input had no significant effect compared to the control. Composts mixed with soil weakly limited runoff whereas composts laid at the soil surface significantly reduced runoff and increased percolation and retention, particularly with the MWC.Then, we studied in situ the effects of a SSC on soil and vegetation regeneration after fire. The first months after amendment, this input increased grass species biomass. Although no significant effect was observed on other studied plants, plant biomass was more heterogeneous on amended plots while plant biodiversity was more homogeneous. The use of compost increased rapidly soil nutrient content and soil water content but plant nutrition was improved more or less durably depending species. Compost effects on microbial activities were low and only sporadic. Moreover, no negative effect was observed during the two years of experimentation
Ludot, Camille. "Développement de méthodologies de synthèse de tensioactifs glycosidiques à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS045/document.
Full textAlkyl PolyGlycosides (APGs) are biobased and biodegradable amphiphilics with good surfactant properties and low skin irritability, which are sought in cosmetics, detergents and food. APGs are synthesized by acid-catalyzed Fischer's glycosidation of a carbohydrate source and a glycosyl acceptor such as a long-tailed alcohol. Industrial APGs production suffers from various drawbacks such as the poor solubility of the carbohydrate in the fatty alcohol, the pressure management and the use of toxic or corrosive acid catalysts. Those issues impose more stringent demand on equipment, increase the production costs and favor APGs degradation reactions.Firstly we have been involved in developing an innovative strategy for the catalyst-free synthesis of APGs under atmospheric pressure. Sulfoxides and sulfones have been efficiently used for the manufacture of APGs starting from various glycosyl donors and acceptors. The reaction was induced by organic acids produced by partial carbohydrate caramelisation. Interestingly some of the sulfur-containing solvents were not soluble in fatty alcohols at room temperature whereas the reaction medium was homogenous at the glycosidation temperature. These solvents have been easily recovered and recycled without decrease of APGs yields. A decanol-sulfolane biphasic reaction medium has been designed for the production of decyl-D-xylosides in short reaction times and yields up to 83 %.The second phase of this work was focused on the direct conversion of lignocellulosic materials into APGs. The transglycosidation reaction of xylan and poplar hemicelluloses has been studied under thermal activation, without solvent or in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide, and under microwave irradiations. The efficiency of each activation mode has been discussed as a function of the botanical origin and the chemical composition of lignocellulosic substrates
Puijalon, Anne Sara. "Stratégies adaptatives des végétaux aquatiques et stress mécaniques : réponses morphologiques et plasticité phénotypique." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10117.
Full textAdaptive phenotypic plasticity results in an improvement of plant performance and hence an increase of fitness. This study focused on plastic responses of two higher aquatic species exposed to hydraulic stress (current). This study revealed two contrasting ategies: high resistance to breaking and uprooting for the first one vs. Escape from stress (size reduction) for the other one, without decrease of fitness. The latter species displayed an altered clonal growth pattern in response to hydraulic stress (e. G. More compact growth form, high clonal growth to the detriment of vertical expansion of the main individual). The stress release leads to compensatory growth at both individual and clone scale. The morphological response to hydraulic stress is regulated by the nutrient level (growth favored for intermediate velocity and high nutrient levels)
Beraldo, Antonio Ludovico. "Généralisation et optimisation de la fabrication d'un composite biomasse végétale-ciment à variations dimensionnelles limitées vis-à-vis des variations de l'humidité." Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0076_BERALDO.pdf.
Full textPaquet, Marlène. "Etude de l'explosion de poussières ultra-fines issues de la raffinerie sèche de la biomasse végétale, en vue d'applications à la propulsion." Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/76/05/00/PDF/MA_moire_final.pdf.
Full textExplosion of dust suspensions coming from plant biomass (starch cellulose and lignocellulosic particles) has been studies in closed vessel for propulsion applications. Performances likely to be obtained with these particles have been estimated by means of a thermomechanical code. Theoretical constant volume combustion pressures of cellulose/air mixtures are higher than those of usual hydrocarbon/air mixtures. Experiments were conducted in a 20-l cylindrical chamber with an aspect ratio L/D = 2. 2. The measured maximum explosion pressures are 30% lower than the theoretical pressures. They are dependent on particle nature and concentration and on the initial state of the suspension. A significant proportion of unburnt particles was found in the chamber after the combustion of rich dust/air mixtures. The process of suspension generation was specifically studied for three devices: first, experimentally, by optical diagnosis (PIV, and fast laser tomography) and then, by computer simulations. In order to improve performances, some experiments have been carried out with "hybrid" mixtures (cellulose particles/methane/air). They showed that for the same global equivalence ratio the explosion pressures in hybrid mixtures are higher than in methane/air or particles/air mixtures taken separately and, the amount of unburnt products is strongly reduced. Moreover very lean methane/air mixtures can be ignited when added to a dust suspension of adequate concentration
Courde, Laurent. "Etude des effets d'applications répétées de cuivre sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS048.
Full textNumazawa, Sueo. "Contribution à l'étude de la pyrolyse lente sous pression du bois. Détermination des paramètres optima du procédé et caractéristiques des produits obtenus." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1286.
Full textBackes, Cassandra. "Etude de la communication au sein d'un consortium bactérien producteur de biohydrogène." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0453.
Full textIn the context of bioH2 production, a synthetic consortium consisting of two bacteria involved in the degradation of biomass: C. acetobutylicum and D. vulgaris was studied. My thesis is part of the optimization of H2 production, for this it is essential to understand, the possible interactions between microorganisms in the same biotope. At first, I developed an experimental protocol, the Stable Isotope Probing, through which we demonstrated that C. acetobutylicum shares carbon compounds with D. vulgaris that uses them for its growth. In a second step, we introduced a third partner to the consortium: E. coli. We carried out growth monitoring and metabolic monitoring. Coupled with a confocal imaging approach, our work has shown, on the one hand, that the addition of E. coli in the consortium has an impact on growth and metabolism because under these conditions. On the other hand, D. vulgaris is not only able to benefit from this association with C. acetobutylicum but has a role to play in protecting its partner under specific environmental conditions. Finally, these results allowed us to highlight intercytoplasmic exchanges between C. acetobutylicum and D. vulgaris but also between D. vulgaris and E. coli. These results point to the possibility of mutual benefits between D. vulgaris and his partners. Finally, preliminary work has been undertaken to highlight the molecular basis of the signal that initiates the interaction between C. acetobutylicum and D. vulgaris
Bastide, Charles. "Vers l'amélioration génétique de Stevia rebaudiana : identification de QTL impliqués dans le rendement en glycosides de steviol et la réponse à Septoria steviae et étude des interactions GxE." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0338.
Full textStevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni, a perennial plant discovered in 1899 in Paraguay, has attracted growing interest since the 1970s. This plant produces natural, non-caloric, non-cariogenic, and zero glycemic index sweeteners called steviol glycosides (SGs), which are primarily accumulated in its leaves. In this CIFRE PhD thesis, in collaboration with the company Oviatis, we studied the cultivation of stevia in the southwest of France under organic farming conditions. To ensure the sustainability of the industry, it is necessary to select cultivars adapted to the local climate and to develop genetic tools to optimize breeding. The agronomic performance of stevia was evaluated based on leaf biomass yields, SG yield components, and tolerance to Septoria steviae, a major pathogen. Our work allowed us to (1) characterize the genetic diversity of Septoria steviae strains isolated in France and compare them with those from Argentina and other international regions; (2) detect Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) associated with yield traits and tolerance to Septoria steviae in two field-grown stevia populations, using their respective genetic maps; and (3) conduct a first study on genotype-environment interaction (GxE) in France, laying the foundation for understanding how cultivars respond to local conditions. This research contributes to the sustainability of the French stevia industry under organic farming and paves the way for a marker-assisted breeding program aimed at developing high-performing cultivars adapted to the French climate
Niangoran, N'goran Urbain Florent. "Optimisation de la culture de la spiruline en milieu contrôlé : éclairage et estimation de la biomasse." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30378/document.
Full textAgriculture in a controlled environment, and in particular greenhouse cultivation, is one of the responses to the food needs of a growing population. It also makes it possible to optimize the surface of arable land and avoid pesticide and fertilizer releases harmful to man. In order to free of the cycles of the seasons and annual production, artificial lighting was introduced greenhouses since decades. Horticultural lighting followed the evolution of lighting technologies to arrive today up to LED. This lighting gives correct results, but it can be improved both in terms of quantity and spectral quality of light. From this point of view, LEDs have two main advantages : the possibility of recompose an ideal spectrum from different wavelengths and modulate the intensity of the light. Thus, they provide adapted lighting to the needs of the plant and this, in depending on the stage of its growth. The objective of this thesis is to propose an optimal lighting system for the growth of plants in a controlled environment. From the yield photosynthesis of plants, we established models of LED lighting systems optimized. These models are based on the combination of several monochrome LEDs obtained from the decomposition of the curve RQE by Pearson VII functions. We applied these theoretical results to the cultivation of a blue-green algae, the Spirulina Platensis. The choice of this plant-bacterium is based on several criteria : short crop cycle, applications in cosmetics, medicine and high nutritional value. Thus, we were able to study the influence of culture parameters such as light intensity, photoperiod, temperature on its growth. In addition, we have implemented two methods based on optical reflectance to quantify the biomass produced by spirulina
Dos, Passos Bernardes Amélia. "Rendement en biomasse et en sucres et valeur nutritive du millet perlé sucré et du sorgho sucré en fonction de la date de récolte et du délai entre le hachage et le pressage du fourrage." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29074/29074.pdf.
Full textField studies were conducted in 2010 at Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue to compare two crops potentially used for ethanol production (sweet pearl millet/sweet sorghum), two harvest dates (August/September), and four delays between mowing and pressing the biomass (0.5, 2, 4, and 6 hours) for biomass and sugar yields and nutritive value of the forage and silage made with the residue. Sweet sorghum is a better source of sugar than sweet pearl millet. The harvest in August produces a forage and a silage of greater nutritive value, whereas the harvest in September maximizes biomass and sugar yields. The delay between mowing and pressing the biomass had no significant impact on yield and sugar concentration of the juice. Silages made from the pressed forage material of both species were well preserved.
Eibner, Simon. "Pyrolyse flash de biomasse lignocellulosique : comment catalyser la désoxygénation au cours des mécanismes primaires et secondaires ?" Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0026.
Full textFlash pyrolysis of biomass is seen as a new way to produce bio-oils which can be converted to biofuels and chemicals. However, development of such pyrolysis processes requires implementation of an efficient and innovative catalytic strategy to deoxygenate bio-oils. Pyrolysis mechanisms involve both biomass degradation reactions - primary mechanisms - and gas phase reactions - secondary mechanisms -. As a consequence, our work has been directed along two research lines. First, we tested whether impregnating a catalyst precursor in the biomass can act on the primary pyrolysis mechanisms in order to promote deoxygenation. Then we sought to enhance the catalytic cracking of pyrolysis vapours using a heterogeneous catalyst.Pyrolysis experiments of impregnated biomass show that metal nitrate salts - Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce – mainly enhance cellulose depolymerisation at the expense of its fragmentation. Moreover, nitrate anions inserted in biomass promote the production of dehydrated anhydrosugars which can be used to synthesize value-added molecules. Pyrolysis of impregnated biomass also results in the formation of a catalytically active charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Those charcoals were successfully employed to catalyse the deoxygenation of model vapour phase compounds. However, it was found that the catalytic activity of these charcoals was limited by their low specific surface area, in comparison with the measured performance measured for commercially available activated charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Among the tested metals, the ceria-based catalyst was found both to efficiently reduce bio-oil acidity and to enhance phenol yields. Additionally, this catalytic cracking catalyst reduces the oxygen content in the pyrolysis bio-oil and increases its heating value. This encouraging result suggests that catalytic vapour cracking could be integrated in a hydrodeoxygenation-based process to produce biofuels. This option should reduce the cost of hydrodeoxygenation and in particular the hydrogen consumption
Lucas, Nathalie. "Etude et mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode d'évaluation de la bioassimilation : utilisation des isotopes stables du carbone pour le marquage de la biomasse microbienne." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7611/1/lucas.pdf.
Full textBrand, Débora. "Physiologie de croissance et de sporulation des champignons nématophages cultivés en milieu solide." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX11039.pdf.
Full textBragalini, Claudia. "Impact des changements globaux sur la diversité des champignons du sol : approche en génomique environnementale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10040/document.
Full textIn this thesis we assessed the impact of two drivers of global change on the taxonomic and functional diversity of soil fungi. The impact of changes in land use on symbiotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) was evaluated comparing AMF communities from European sites with different levels of land use intensification. AMF taxonomic diversity was assessed by metabarcoding using soil-extracted DNA. The effect of land use intensification was found to be context-dependent. Adaptation to local environmental conditions and stochastic processes may play important roles in shaping these communities. The effect of climate change in the Mediterranean area was assessed in soils collected from an experimental forest where a rainfall reduction experiment had been established. A parallel high-throughput metabarcoding on soil-extracted RNA was performed on four transcribed fungal genes, 3 of them encodind enzymes involved in plant biomass degradation. Analyses indicated that sampling time had a strong impact on beta-diversity indices, while rainfall reduction had not. We hypothesized that microbial communities present in environments which naturally experience strong and recurrent climatic variations have developed adaptive strategies to cope with these variations and may be to some extent resistant to further climate changes. Finally, an original PCR-independent technique (“solution hybrid selection capture”) was adapted to study the functional diversity of eukaryotic microbial communities using soil RNA. The approach, tested on an endoxylanase gene family, allowed the efficient recovery of full-length cDNA which could be expressed as functional proteins in yeast
Ben, Fradj Nosra. "Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
Gagnon-Bouchard, Michaël. "Conditionnement de tiges de saule à l'aide d'un broyeur à marteaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26035/26035.pdf.
Full textBlier-Langdeau, Ariane. "La réponse au feu des communautés végétales d'une tourbière ombrotrophe restaurée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35465.
Full textOmbrotrophic peatlands (bogs) are known to be Carbone sink partially because of their resistance and resilience to fire. In a global climatic change context with politics aiming toward a reduction of atmospheric Carbone emission, a quick restoration of every degrade peatlands is desirable. The Canadian horticultural industry developed a promising peatland restoration technique. More than 100 sites were restored in Canada and despite many success indicators, we still hope that restored peatlands are resistantandresilient to fire. Indeed, few studies assess an ecosystem response to a disturbance happening after restorationandnone evaluates the response to fire of restored peatlands. At the end of summer 2014, a fire occurred in a Southern Quebec bog, partially burning a ten years old restored sectoranda natural one nearby providing the first opportunity to study the response to fire of a restored peatland. This research is divided in two objectives: 1) determine if the peat accumulation potentialandplant cover are the same between the burnedandunburned parts of the restored sector one growing season after fireand2) compare the mosses strata recovery between the naturalandthe restored sectors. The phytobiomass production rate was similar between the burnedandunburned parts of the restored sectorandthe burned parts plant cover growths significantly during the first growing season after fire, even reaching a similar level as the unburned parts for some areas. Sphagnumhummocks of the restored sectors showed a better resistanceandrecovery than the one in the natural sector. Thus, this study shows a tendency to resilience to fire of restored ombrotrophic peatlands.
Filiatrault, chastel Camille. "Exploration de sécrétomes d'Aspergillus spp. en vue de la complémentation du cocktail cellulolytique de Trichoderma reesei." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0021.
Full textLignocellulosic biomass is considered as a promising alternative to fossil resources. This abundant and renewable feedstock, derived from plant cell wall, is composed of polysaccharides and aromatic polymers linked together to form a highly resistant structure. Its transformation into bioethanol or other products requires the degradation of polysaccharides into fermentable sugars, using enzymes such as cellulases, hemicellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). These enzymes are secreted by biomass-degrading microorganisms, such as bacteria and filamentous fungi. The most commonly used is Trichoderma reesei, a fungal species that is known for its efficient secretion of cellulases, but has a low diversity of other enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis is still a bottleneck for the cost-effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass, and needs to be optimized. Providing activities that are missing in T. reesei using enzymes produced by other fungal organisms is a promising approach, which has been implemented during this PhD project.Using a proteomic approach, different Aspergillus strains were studied in order to find enzymatic activities that could improve the hydrolysis of pretreated biomass. For this purpose, 5 strains were grown on 3 inducers, and the protein content of these different secretomes was determined by mass spectrometry. The secretomes were then tested for their ability to improve hydrolysis yields by supplementing a T. reesei cocktail. Analysis of the protein content of some of the best-performing secretomes revealed the presence of a protein belonging to a putative family of LPMO. Several proteins of this family were recombinantly produced and tested on different substrates in the presence of redox partners. Oxidative cleavage of cellulose was demonstrated, leading to the creation of a new LPMO family, called AA16. The pretreatment of cellulosic substrates by AA16 LPMOs resulted in a significant improvement of their hydrolysis by a cellulase from T. reesei, demonstrating their potential interest for biotechnological applications in biorefineries
Uzan-Boukhris, Eva. "Etude de nouvelles oxydo-réductases impliquées dans la dégradation de la biomasse végétale chez les champignons du genre Pycnoporus : de l'expression des gènes aux applications biothechnologiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10104.
Full textThe purpose of this work was to prospect, in the genus Pycnoporus, for new oxido-reductases involved in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass: from gene expression to biotechnological applications. This research was conducted in the framework of green chemistry applications according to BIORENEW European Project. The study was divided in three main research axes. Firstly, the exploration of natural biodiversity, especially tropical biodiversity, for the selection of new high redox potential-laccase producing strains. These strains were repositionned in a context of phylogenomic/function through the lac1 gene. Molecular clustering based on lac1 sequences enabled the distribution of P. sanguineus and P. coccineus through four distinct, well supported clades and subclades. This distribution was highly correlated with ecozones. The second part of the work deals with the biochemical and molecular characterization of three novel laccases from P. coccineus and P. sanguineus, and their applicability on natural or model phenolic substrates. The three laccases showed complementary biochemical features: high thermo- and pH stability, high catalytic efficiency and resistance to organic solvents. The three novel laccases proved to be suitable models for white biotechnology processes: polyphenolic dye decolourization, non-phenolic lignin model compound oxidation, and synthesis of new oligomers from natural flavonoids suitable for cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications. Finally, annotation of genomic data from the monocaryotic strains P. cinnabarinus BRFM 137 and P. sanguineus BRFM 1264 (genomes sequenced by the UMR1163 BCF ) was performed for lignolytic enzymes. For the first time, new oxidases (peroxidases, glyoxal oxidases and other FOLymes) were evidenced in Pycnoporus and in silico characterized. Moreover, the active secretion of several of these enzymes has been demonstrated in our culture conditions by 1D-proteomic analysis
Ferdinand, Pierre-Henri. "Adhérence et colonisation des fibres de cellulose par la bactérie cellulolytique Clostridium cellulolyticum. : étude du rôle des protéines CipC et HycP." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4729.
Full textClostridium cellulolyticum is a strict anaerobe, cellulolytic bacteria. It produces multienzymatic complexes, called cellulosomes, which are able to efficiently degrade the plant cell wall polysaccharides. Cellulolytic bacteria, including C. cellulolyticum do binds to cellulose since early growth stage. For most of the studied cellulolytic bacteria, adherence to cellulose seems to be mediated by their cellulosomes. However, molecular factors involved in C. cellulolyticum adherence to cellulose remain unknown.My Ph.D. aimed to implement different but complementary strategies to study adhesion and colonization of cellulose fibers by C. cellulolyticum and to identify the molecular mechanism(s) by which the bacteria bind to cellulose. In order to identify some proteins encoding genes involved in adhesion, I firstly developed random mutagenesis and isolated two adhesion deficient mutants. I also used a targeted mutagenesis tool to inactivate some candidate genes.My studies highlight C. cellulolyticum adheres with both high specificity and affinity to cellulose. Colonization of cellulose fibers by C. cellulolyticum forms a mono-layer of segregated cells on cellulose surface and may occur through cycles of adhesion-release-re-adhesion to substrate. Inactivation of the CipC encoding gene led to a short decrease of the mutant strain's adherence level. This result suggests some other proteins may be involved in C. cellulolyticum adhesion to cellulose. Finally, I studied HycP, a produced and secreted CBM3 encoding protein of unknown function. HycP is a unique protein among databases and may have a phagic origin
Heid, Laura. "Variabilité intra-annuelle de l’efficacité de production de biomasse aérienne (aBPE) d’une forêt : comparaison avec une prairie soumise aux mêmes conditions climatiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0318/document.
Full textThe study of the carbon (C) cycle is important in terrestrial ecosystems (forest, grassland) in order to understand their behavior, their role in the C cycle and also the impact of climate change on them. The general study of this thesis which is to monitor the intra-annual allocation of C into different terrestrial ecosystem (forest and grassland), lays within this context. Firstly we calculated aboveground biomass production efficiencies (aBPE, ratio between the quantity of C stored into the aboveground biomass and absorbed) intra-annually, weekly or monthly depending on the ecosystem (grassland and forest respectively). Secondly a more precise assessment of the C allocation in forest was made by analyzing the formation of structural C compounds (hemicelluloses and cellulose + lignins). A possible link between the variability of these allocations and climate was studied. The corresponding efficiencies were then calculated monthly in order to have a better idea of the sustainable C storage in this ecosystem. A comparison with a grassland in term of aBPE was then realized in order to analyze the adaptation capacity of each ecosystem to climate change and to play a role in the mitigation of GHG. Two neighboring ecosystems located in Montiers-sur-Saulx and Osne-le-Val were equipped, as part of the Observatoire Pérenne de l’Environnement (OPE), to measure continuously the CO2 exchange between land cover and atmosphere and the micrometeorological conditions in which these exchanges happen. A regular monitoring of those ecosystems development (biomass, leaves area, senescence) was also made