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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomaterial scaffold'
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1
Zhang, Bin, Rodica Cristescu, Douglas B. Chrisey, and Roger J. Narayan. "Solvent-based Extrusion 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds." International Journal of Bioprinting 6, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v6i1.211.
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been emerging as a new technology for scaffold fabrication to overcome the problems associated with the undesirable microstructure associated with the use of traditional methods. Solvent-based extrusion (SBE) 3D printing is a popular 3D printing method, which enables incorporation of cells during the scaffold printing process. The scaffold can be customized by optimizing the scaffold structure, biomaterial, and cells to mimic the properties of natural tissue. However, several technical challenges prevent SBE 3D printing from translation to clinical use, such as the properties of current biomaterials, the difficulties associated with simultaneous control of multiple biomaterials and cells, and the scaffold-to-scaffold variability of current 3D printed scaffolds. In this review paper, a summary of SBE 3D printing for tissue engineering (TE) is provided. The influences of parameters such as ink biomaterials, ink rheological behavior, cross-linking mechanisms, and printing parameters on scaffold fabrication are considered. The printed scaffold structure, mechanical properties, degradation, and biocompatibility of the scaffolds are summarized. It is believed that a better understanding of the scaffold fabrication process and assessment methods can improve the functionality of SBE-manufactured 3D printed scaffolds.
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Chen, Suzan, Angela Auriat, Tongda Li, Taisa Stumpf, Ryan Wylie, Xiongbiao Chen, Stephanie Willerth, et al. "Advancements in Canadian Biomaterials Research in Neurotraumatic Diagnosis and Therapies." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060336.
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Development of biomaterials for the diagnosis and treatment of neurotraumatic ailments has been significantly advanced with our deepened knowledge of the pathophysiology of neurotrauma. Canadian research in the fields of biomaterial-based contrast agents, non-invasive axonal tracing, non-invasive scaffold imaging, scaffold patterning, 3D printed scaffolds, and drug delivery are conquering barriers to patient diagnosis and treatment for traumatic injuries to the nervous system. This review highlights some of the highly interdisciplinary Canadian research in biomaterials with a focus on neurotrauma applications.
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Lim, Ye-Seon, Ye-Jin Ok, Seon-Yeong Hwang, Jong-Young Kwak, and Sik Yoon. "Marine Collagen as A Promising Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications." Marine Drugs 17, no. 8 (August 10, 2019): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17080467.
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This review focuses on the expanding role of marine collagen (MC)-based scaffolds for biomedical applications. A scaffold—a three-dimensional (3D) structure fabricated from biomaterials—is a key supporting element for cell attachment, growth, and maintenance in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. The mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds influence cell morphology, behavior, and function. MC, collagen derived from marine organisms, offers advantages over mammalian collagen due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy extractability, water solubility, safety, low immunogenicity, and low production costs. In recent years, the use of MC as an increasingly valuable scaffold biomaterial has drawn considerable attention from biomedical researchers. The characteristics, isolation, physical, and biochemical properties of MC are discussed as an understanding of MC in optimizing the subsequent modification and the chemistries behind important tissue engineering applications. The latest technologies behind scaffold processing are assessed and the biomedical applications of MC and MC-based scaffolds, including tissue engineering and regeneration, wound dressing, drug delivery, and therapeutic approach for diseases, especially those associated with metabolic disturbances such as obesity and diabetes, are discussed. Despite all the challenges, MC holds great promise as a biomaterial for developing medical products and therapeutics.
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James, Roshan, Paulos Mengsteab, and Cato T. Laurencin. "Regenerative Engineering: Studies of the Rotator Cuff and other Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues." MRS Advances 1, no. 18 (2016): 1255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.282.
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ABSTRACT‘Regenerative Engineering’ is the integration of advanced materials science, stem cell science, physics, developmental biology and clinical translation to regenerate complex tissues and organ systems. Advanced biomaterial and stem cell science converge as mechanisms to guide regeneration and the development of prescribed cell lineages from undifferentiated stem cell populations. Studies in somite development and tissue specification have provided significant insight into pathways of biological regulation responsible for tissue determination, especially morphogen gradients, and paracrine and contact-dependent signaling. The understanding of developmental biology mechanisms are shifting the biomaterial design paradigm by the incorporation of molecules into scaffold design and biomaterial development that are specifically targeted to promote the regeneration of soft tissues. Our understanding allows the selective control of cell sensitivity, and a temporal and spatial arrangement to modulate the wound healing mechanism, and the development of cell phenotype leading to the patterning of distinct and multi-scale tissue systems.Building on the development of mechanically compliant novel biomaterials, the integration of spatiotemporal control of biological, chemical and mechanical cues helps to modulate the stem cell niche and direct the differentiation of stem cell lineages. We have developed advanced biomaterials and biomimetic scaffold designs that can recapitulate the native tissue structure and mechanical compliance of soft musculoskeletal tissues, such as woven scaffold systems for ACL regeneration, non-woven scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon augmentation, and porous elastomers for regeneration of muscle tissue. Studies have clearly demonstrated the modulation of stem cell response to bulk biomaterial properties, such as toughness and elasticity, and scaffold structure, such as nanoscale and microscale dimensions. The integration of biological cues inspired from our understanding of developmental biology, along with chemical, mechanical and electrical stimulation drives our development of novel biomaterials aimed at specifying the stem cell lineage within 3-dimensional (3D) tissue systems. This talk will cover the development of biological cues, advanced biomaterials, and scaffold designs for the regeneration of complex soft musculoskeletal tissue systems such as ligament, tendon, and muscle.
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Kazimierczak, Paulina, Krzysztof Palka, and Agata Przekora. "Development and Optimization of the Novel Fabrication Method of Highly Macroporous Chitosan/Agarose/Nanohydroxyapatite Bone Scaffold for Potential Regenerative Medicine Applications." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090434.
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Bone scaffolds mimicking the three-dimensional bone structure are of essential importance for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize the production method of highly macroporous bone scaffold composed of polysaccharide matrix (chitosan–agarose) reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite. The highly macroporous structure was obtained by the simultaneous application of a gas-foaming agent and freeze-drying technique. Fabricated variants of biomaterials (produced using different gas-foaming agent and solvent concentrations) were subjected to porosity evaluation and compression test in order to select the scaffold with the best properties. Then, bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and cell growth on the surface of the selected biomaterial were assessed. The obtained results showed that the simultaneous application of gas-foaming and freeze-drying methods allows for the production of biomaterials characterized by high total and open porosity. It was proved that the best porosity is obtained when solvent (CH3COOH) and foaming agent (NaHCO3) are applied at ratio 1:1. Nevertheless, the high porosity of novel biomaterial decreases its mechanical strength as determined by compression test. Importantly, novel scaffold is non-toxic to osteoblasts and favors cell attachment and growth on its surface. All mentioned properties make the novel biomaterial a promising candidate to be used in regenerative medicine in non-load bearing implantation sites.
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Agbay, Andrew, John M. Edgar, Meghan Robinson, Tara Styan, Krista Wilson, Julian Schroll, Junghyuk Ko, Nima Khadem Mohtaram, Martin Byung-Guk Jun, and Stephanie M. Willerth. "Biomaterial Strategies for Delivering Stem Cells as a Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury." Cells Tissues Organs 202, no. 1-2 (2016): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446474.
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Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the use of stem cells as a way to treat traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the inhibitory environment present in the injured spinal cord makes it challenging to achieve the survival of these cells along with desired differentiation into the appropriate phenotypes necessary to regain function. Transplanting stem cells along with an instructive biomaterial scaffold can increase cell survival and improve differentiation efficiency. This study reviews the literature discussing different types of instructive biomaterial scaffolds developed for transplanting stem cells into the injured spinal cord. We have chosen to focus specifically on biomaterial scaffolds that direct the differentiation of neural stem cells and pluripotent stem cells since they offer the most promise for producing the cell phenotypes that could restore function after SCI. In terms of biomaterial scaffolds, this article reviews the literature associated with using hydrogels made from natural biomaterials and electrospun scaffolds for differentiating stem cells into neural phenotypes. It then presents new data showing how these different types of scaffolds can be combined for neural tissue engineering applications and provides directions for future studies.
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Roi, Alexandra, Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Ciprian Ioan Roi, Eugen-Radu Boia, Simina Boia, and Laura-Cristina Rusu. "Oral Bone Tissue Engineering: Advanced Biomaterials for Cell Adhesion, Proliferation and Differentiation." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142296.
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The advancements made in biomaterials have an important impact on oral tissue engineering, especially on the bone regeneration process. Currently known as the gold standard in bone regeneration, grafting procedures can sometimes be successfully replaced by a biomaterial scaffold with proper characteristics. Whether natural or synthetic polymers, biomaterials can serve as potential scaffolds with major influences on cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Continuous research has enabled the development of scaffolds that can be specifically designed to replace the targeted tissue through changes in their surface characteristics and the addition of growth factors and biomolecules. The progress in tissue engineering is incontestable and research shows promising contributions to the further development of this field. The present review aims to outline the progress in oral tissue engineering, the advantages of biomaterial scaffolds, their direct implication in the osteogenic process and future research directions.
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Blanco-Elices, Cristina, Enrique España-Guerrero, Miguel Mateu-Sanz, David Sánchez-Porras, Óscar García-García, María Sánchez-Quevedo, Ricardo Fernández-Valadés, Miguel Alaminos, Miguel Martín-Piedra, and Ingrid Garzón. "In Vitro Generation of Novel Functionalized Biomaterials for Use in Oral and Dental Regenerative Medicine Applications." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071692.
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Recent advances in tissue engineering offer innovative clinical alternatives in dentistry and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering combines human cells with compatible biomaterials to induce tissue regeneration. Shortening the fabrication time of biomaterials used in tissue engineering will contribute to treatment improvement, and biomaterial functionalization can be exploited to enhance scaffold properties. In this work, we have tested an alternative biofabrication method by directly including human oral mucosa tissue explants within the biomaterial for the generation of human bioengineered mouth and dental tissues for use in tissue engineering. To achieve this, acellular fibrin–agarose scaffolds (AFAS), non-functionalized fibrin-agarose oral mucosa stroma substitutes (n-FAOM), and novel functionalized fibrin-agarose oral mucosa stroma substitutes (F-FAOM) were developed and analyzed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of in vitro development to determine extracellular matrix components as compared to native oral mucosa controls by using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrate that functionalization speeds up the biofabrication method and contributes to improve the biomimetic characteristics of the scaffold in terms of extracellular matrix components and reduce the time required for in vitro tissue development.
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Vigneswari, Sevakumaran, Tana Poorani Gurusamy, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Al-Ashraf Abdullah Amirul. "Elucidation of Antimicrobial Silver Sulfadiazine (SSD) Blend/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-4-Hydroxybutyrate) Immobilised with Collagen Peptide as Potential Biomaterial." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122979.
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The quest for a suitable biomaterial for medical application and tissue regeneration has resulted in the extensive research of surface functionalization of material. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is a bacterial polymer well-known for its high levels of biocompatibility, non-genotoxicity, and minimal tissue response. We have designed a porous antimicrobial silver SSD blend/poly(3HB-co-4HB)-collagen peptide scaffold using a combination of simple techniques to develop a scaffold with an inter-connected microporous pore in this study. The collagen peptide was immobilised via -NH2 group via aminolysis. In order to improve the antimicrobial performance of the scaffold, silver sulfadiazine (SSD) was impregnated in the scaffolds. To confirm the immobilised collagen peptide and SSD, the scaffold was characterized using FTIR. Herein, based on the cell proliferation assay of the L929 fibroblast cells, enhanced bioactivity of the scaffold with improved wettability facilitated increased cell proliferation. The antimicrobial activity of the SSD blend/P(3HB-co-4HB)-collagen peptide in reference to the pathogenic Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and yeast Candida albicans exhibited SSD blend/poly(3HB-co-4HB)-12.5 wt% collagen peptide as significant construct of biocompatible antibacterial biomaterials. Thus, SSD blend/P(3HB-co-4HB)-collagen peptide scaffold from this finding has high potential to be further developed as biomaterial.
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Wahl, Elizabeth A., Fernando A. Fierro, Thomas R. Peavy, Ursula Hopfner, Julian F. Dye, Hans-Günther Machens, José T. Egaña, and Thilo L. Schenck. "In VitroEvaluation of Scaffolds for the Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Wounds." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/108571.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to improve tissue regeneration in several preclinical and clinical trials. These cells have been used in combination with three-dimensional scaffolds as a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. We compare the behavior of human adipose-derived MSCs (AdMSCs) on four different biomaterials that are awaiting or have already received FDA approval to determine a suitable regenerative scaffold for delivering these cells to dermal wounds and increasing healing potential. AdMSCs were isolated, characterized, and seeded onto scaffolds based on chitosan, fibrin, bovine collagen, and decellularized porcine dermis.In vitroresults demonstrated that the scaffolds strongly influence key parameters, such as seeding efficiency, cellular distribution, attachment, survival, metabolic activity, and paracrine release. Chick chorioallantoic membrane assays revealed that the scaffold composition similarly influences the angiogenic potential of AdMSCsin vivo. The wound healing potential of scaffolds increases by means of a synergistic relationship between AdMSCs and biomaterial resulting in the release of proangiogenic and cytokine factors, which is currently lacking when a scaffold alone is utilized. Furthermore, the methods used herein can be utilized to test other scaffold materials to increase their wound healing potential with AdMSCs.
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Drewnowska, O., B. Turek, B. Carstanjen, and Z. Gajewski. "Chitosan – a promising biomaterial in veterinary medicine." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0119.
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Abstract Biomaterials originate from natural substances and are widely used in medicine. Although they have to satisfy many conditions to be useful for treatment, more and more research is carried out with new types of biomaterials that can help replace various tissues such as tendons and bones. Chitosan is a very promising material, revealing unique features, which makes it useful for veterinary medicine - antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability. It is also known as good scaffold material, especially when combined with other polymers. This article describes chitosan as a biomaterial and tissue engineering scaffold with possible applications in veterinary medicine
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Barreto, Rodrigo SN, Patricia Romagnolli, Paula Fratini, Andrea Maria Mess, and Maria Angelica Miglino. "Mouse placental scaffolds: a three-dimensional environment model for recellularization." Journal of Tissue Engineering 10 (January 2019): 204173141986796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731419867962.
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The rich extracellular matrix (ECM) and availability make placenta eligible as alternative biomaterial source. Herein we produced placental mouse scaffolds by decellularization, and structure, composition, and cytocompatibility were evaluated to be considered as a biomaterial. We obtained a cell-free scaffold containing 9.42 ± 5.2 ng dsDNA per mg of ECM, presenting well-preserved structure and composition. Proteoglycans were widespread throughout ECM without cell nuclei and cell remnants. Collagen I, weak in native placenta, clearly appears in the scaffold after recellularization, opposite distribution was observed for collagen III. Fibronectin was well-observed in placental scaffolds whereas laminin and collagen IV were strong expressed. Placental scaffolds recellularization potential was confirmed after mouse embryonic fibroblasts 3D dynamic culture, resulting in massive scaffold repopulation with cell–cell interactions, cell-matrix adhesion, and maintenance of natural morphology. Our small size scaffolds provide a useful tool for tissue engineering to produce grafts and organ fragments, as well as for cellular biology purposes for tridimensional culture substrate.
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Liu, Zheng, and Jun Wang. "Biological Influence of Nonswelling Microgels on Cartilage Induction of Mouse Adipose-Derived Stem Cells." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6508094.
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In cartilage tissue engineering, the target cells’ functional performance depends on the biomaterials. However, it is difficult to develop an appropriate scaffold to differentiate mouse adipose-derived stem cells (mADSCs) into chondrocyte despite an increasing number of studies on biological scaffold materials. The purpose of this study was to create a novel scaffold for mADSC culture and chondrogenic differentiation with a new series of microgels based on polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and able to resist swelling with changes in temperature, pH, and polymer concentration. The biocompatibility and ability of the nonswelling microgels were then examined and served as scaffolds for cell culture and for cartilage differentiation. The results show that the new microgels are a novel biomaterial that both retains its nonswelling properties under various conditions and facilitates important scaffold functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and cartilage induction.
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Shick, Tang Mei, Aini Zuhra Abdul Kadir, Nor Hasrul Akhmal Ngadiman, and Azanizawati Ma’aram. "A review of biomaterials scaffold fabrication in additive manufacturing for tissue engineering." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 34, no. 6 (September 25, 2019): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911519877426.
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The current developments in three-dimensional printing also referred as “additive manufacturing” have transformed the scenarios for modern manufacturing and engineering design processes which show greatest advantages for the fabrication of complex structures such as scaffold for tissue engineering. This review aims to introduce additive manufacturing techniques in tissue engineering, types of biomaterials used in scaffold fabrication, as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Biomaterials and fabrication methods could critically affect the outcomes of scaffold mechanical properties, design architectures, and cell proliferations. In addition, an ideal scaffold aids the efficiency of cell proliferation and allows the movements of cell nutrient inside the human body with their specific material properties. This article provides comprehensive review that covers broad range of all the biomaterial types using various additive manufacturing technologies. The data were extracted from 2008 to 2018 mostly from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using keywords such as “Additive Manufacturing,” “3D Printing,” “Tissue Engineering,” “Biomaterial” and “Scaffold.” A 10 years research in this area was found to be mostly focused toward obtaining an ideal scaffold by investigating the fabrication strategies, biomaterials compatibility, scaffold design effectiveness through computer-aided design modeling, and optimum printing machine parameters identification. As a conclusion, this ideal scaffold fabrication can be obtained with the combination of different materials that could enhance the material properties which performed well in optimum additive manufacturing condition. Yet, there are still many challenges from the printing methods, bioprinting and cell culturing that needs to be discovered and investigated in the future.
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Sun, Weizhen, David Alexander Gregory, Mhd Anas Tomeh, and Xiubo Zhao. "Silk Fibroin as a Functional Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031499.
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Tissue engineering (TE) is the approach to combine cells with scaffold materials and appropriate growth factors to regenerate or replace damaged or degenerated tissue or organs. The scaffold material as a template for tissue formation plays the most important role in TE. Among scaffold materials, silk fibroin (SF), a natural protein with outstanding mechanical properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability has attracted significant attention for TE applications. SF is commonly dissolved into an aqueous solution and can be easily reconstructed into different material formats, including films, mats, hydrogels, and sponges via various fabrication techniques. These include spin coating, electrospinning, freeze drying, physical, and chemical crosslinking techniques. Furthermore, to facilitate fabrication of more complex SF-based scaffolds with high precision techniques including micro-patterning and bio-printing have recently been explored. This review introduces the physicochemical and mechanical properties of SF and looks into a range of SF-based scaffolds that have been recently developed. The typical TE applications of SF-based scaffolds including bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, skin, wound healing, and tympanic membrane, will be highlighted and discussed, followed by future prospects and challenges needing to be addressed.
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Rønning, Sissel B., Ragnhild S. Berg, Vibeke Høst, Eva Veiseth-Kent, Christian R. Wilhelmsen, Eirik Haugen, Henri-Pierre Suso, Paul Barham, Ralf Schmidt, and Mona E. Pedersen. "Processed Eggshell Membrane Powder Is a Promising Biomaterial for Use in Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 8130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218130.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the tissue regenerating and biomechanical properties of processed eggshell membrane powder (PEP) for use in 3D-scaffolds. PEP is a low-cost, natural biomaterial with beneficial bioactive properties. Most importantly, this material is available as a by-product of the chicken egg processing (breaking) industry on a large scale, and it could have potential as a low-cost ingredient for therapeutic scaffolds. Scaffolds consisting of collagen alone and collagen combined with PEP were produced and analyzed for their mechanical properties and the growth of primary fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. Mechanical testing revealed that a PEP/collagen-based scaffold increased the mechanical hardness of the scaffold compared with a pure collagen scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated an interconnected porous structure for both scaffolds, and that the PEP was evenly distributed in dense clusters within the scaffold. Fibroblast and skeletal muscle cells attached, were viable and able to proliferate for 1 and 2 weeks in both scaffolds. The cell types retained their phenotypic properties expressing phenotype markers of fibroblasts (TE7, alpha-smooth muscle actin) and skeletal muscle (CD56) visualized by immunostaining. mRNA expression of the skeletal muscle markers myoD, myogenin, and fibroblasts marker (SMA) together with extracellular matrix components supported viable phenotypes and matrix-producing cells in both types of scaffolds. In conclusion, PEP is a promising low-cost, natural biomaterial for use in combination with collagen as a scaffold for 3D-tissue engineering to improve the mechanical properties and promote cellular adhesion and growth of regenerating cells.
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Yang, Dong-Hwan, Gwang-Min Heo, Hong-Ju Park, Hee-Kyun Oh, and Min-Suk Kook. "Comparative Effectiveness of Surface Functionalized Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold and β-TCP Mixed PCL Scaffold for Bone Regeneration." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 5349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17672.
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Physio-chemical surface properties to biomaterial has been attention in tissue engineering due to their properties on cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The object of this study is to evaluate the preosteoblast biological response on physio-chemical surface-layered 3D PCL scaffold and 3D PCL/β-TCP scaffold. 3D scaffolds were fabricated by FDM 3D printing. Physio-chemical surface of 3D scaffolds were prepared by oxygen plasma and amine plasma-polymerization, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that amine plasma-treated 3D scaffold on adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 was significantly increased compared to the other scaffolds.
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Przekora, Agata. "Current Trends in Fabrication of Biomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: Materials Modifications and Biophysical Stimulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 20, 2019): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020435.
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The aim of engineering of biomaterials is to fabricate implantable biocompatible scaffold that would accelerate regeneration of the tissue and ideally protect the wound against biodevice-related infections, which may cause prolonged inflammation and biomaterial failure. To obtain antimicrobial and highly biocompatible scaffolds promoting cell adhesion and growth, materials scientists are still searching for novel modifications of biomaterials. This review presents current trends in the field of engineering of biomaterials concerning application of various modifications and biophysical stimulation of scaffolds to obtain implants allowing for fast regeneration process of bone and cartilage as well as providing long-lasting antimicrobial protection at the site of injury. The article describes metal ion and plasma modifications of biomaterials as well as post-surgery external stimulations of implants with ultrasound and magnetic field, providing accelerated regeneration process. Finally, the review summarizes recent findings concerning the use of piezoelectric biomaterials in regenerative medicine.
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Megat Abdul Wahab, Rohaya, Nurmimie Abdullah, Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin, Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah, and Farinawati Yazid. "Effects of the Sintering Process on Nacre-Derived Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Engineering." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143129.
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A hydroxyapatite scaffold is a suitable biomaterial for bone tissue engineering due to its chemical component which mimics native bone. Electronic states which present on the surface of hydroxyapatite have the potential to be used to promote the adsorption or transduction of biomolecules such as protein or DNA. This study aimed to compare the morphology and bioactivity of sinter and nonsinter marine-based hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and micro-computed tomography (microCT) were used to characterize the morphology of both scaffolds. Scaffolds were co-cultured with 5 × 104/cm2 of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells for 7, 14, and 21 days. FESEM was used to observe the cell morphology, and MTT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays were conducted to determine the cell viability and differentiation capacity of cells on both scaffolds. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) was used to identify the expression of osteoblast markers. The sinter scaffold had a porous microstructure with the presence of interconnected pores as compared with the nonsinter scaffold. This sinter scaffold also significantly supported viability and differentiation of the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells (p < 0.05). The marked expression of Col1α1 and osteocalcin (OCN) osteoblast markers were also observed after 14 days of incubation (p < 0.05). The sinter scaffold supported attachment, viability, and differentiation of preosteoblast cells. Hence, sinter hydroxyapatite scaffold from nacreous layer is a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.
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Nosouhian, Saeid, Amin Davoudi, Mansour Rismanchian, Sayed Mohammad Razavi, and Hamidreza Sadeghiyan. "Comparing Three Different Three-dimensional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: An in vivo Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1630.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Three-dimensional Scaffold structure of synthetic biomaterials with their interconnected spaces seem to be a safe and effective option in supporting bone regeneration. The aim of this animal study was to compare the effectiveness of three different biocompatible scaffolds: bioglass (BG), demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and forstrite (FR). Materials and methods Four healthy dogs were anesthetized and the first to fourth premolars were extracted atraumatically in each quadrant. After healing, linear incision was prepared from molar to anterior segment and 4 defects in each quadrant (16 defects in each dog) were prepared. Scaffold blocks of BG, DBM and FR were resized according to size of defects and placed in the 12 defects randomly, 4 defects remained as control group. The dogs were sacrificed in 4 time intervals (15, 30, 45 and 60 days after) and the percentage of different types of regenerated bones (lamellar and woven) and connective tissue were recorded in histological process. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc using SPSS software Ver. 15 at significant level of 0.05. Results In day 30th, although the amount of regenerated lamellar bone in control, DBM and BG Scaffold (22.37 ± 3.44; 21.46 ± 1.96; 21.21 ± 0.96) were near to each, the FR Scaffold provided the highest amount of lamellar (29.71 ± 7.94) and woven bone (18.28 ± 2.35). Also, FR Scaffold showed significant difference with BG (p = 0.026) and DBM Scaffolds (p = 0.032) in regenerated lamellar bone. Conclusion We recommend paying more attention to FR Scaffold as a biomaterial, but it is better to be compared with other nano biomaterials in future studies. How to cite this article Rismanchian M, Nosouhian S, Razavi SM, Davoudi A, Sadeghiyan H. Comparing Three Different Threedimensional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(1):25-30.
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Graney, Pamela L., Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani, Hala Zreiqat, and Kara L. Spiller. "In vitro response of macrophages to ceramic scaffolds used for bone regeneration." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 120 (July 2016): 20160346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0346.
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Macrophages, the primary cells of the inflammatory response, are major regulators of healing, and mediate both bone fracture healing and the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials. However, their phenotypic contributions to biomaterial-mediated bone repair are incompletely understood. Therefore, we used gene expression and protein secretion analysis to investigate the interactions in vitro between primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and ceramic scaffolds that have been shown to have varying degrees of success in promoting bone regeneration in vivo . Specifically, baghdadite (Ca 3 ZrSi 2 O 9 ) and strontium–hardystonite–gahnite (Sr–Ca 2 ZnSi 2 O 7 –ZnAl 2 O 4 ) scaffolds were chosen as two materials that enhanced bone regeneration in vivo in large defects under load compared with clinically used tricalcium phosphate–hydroxyapatite (TCP–HA). Principal component analysis revealed that the scaffolds differentially regulated macrophage phenotype. Temporal changes in gene expression included shifts in markers of pro-inflammatory M1, anti-inflammatory M2a and pro-remodelling M2c macrophage phenotypes. Of note, TCP–HA scaffolds promoted upregulation of many M1-related genes and downregulation of many M2a- and M2c-related genes. Effects of the scaffolds on macrophages were attributed primarily to direct cell–scaffold interactions because of only minor changes observed in transwell culture. Ultimately, elucidating macrophage–biomaterial interactions will facilitate the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials for bone repair.
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GARZÓN-ALVARADO, DIEGO A., MARCO A. VELASCO, and CARLOS A. NARVÁEZ-TOVAR. "SELF-ASSEMBLED SCAFFOLDS USING REACTION–DIFFUSION SYSTEMS: A HYPOTHESIS FOR BONE REGENERATION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 11, no. 01 (March 2011): 231–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941100396x.
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One area of tissue engineering concerns research into alternatives for new bone formation and replacing its function. Scaffolds have been developed to meet this requirement, allowing cell migration, bone tissue growth, transport of growth factors and nutrients, and the improvement of the mechanical properties of bone. Scaffolds are made from different biomaterials and manufactured using several techniques that, in some cases, do not allow full control over the size and orientation of the pores characterizing the scaffold. A novel hypothesis that a reaction–diffusion (RD) system can be used for designing the geometrical specifications of the bone matrix is thus presented here. The hypothesis was evaluated by making simulations in two- and three-dimensional RD systems in conjunction with the biomaterial scaffold. The results showed the methodology's effectiveness in controlling features such as the percentage of porosity, size, orientation, and interconnectivity of pores in an injectable bone matrix produced by the proposed hypothesis.
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Lacroix, Damien, Josep A. Planell, and Patrick J. Prendergast. "Computer-aided design and finite-element modelling of biomaterial scaffolds for bone tissue engineering." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1895 (May 28, 2009): 1993–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0024.
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Scaffold biomaterials for tissue engineering can be produced in many different ways depending on the applications and the materials used. Most research into new biomaterials is based on an experimental trial-and-error approach that limits the possibility of making many variations to a single material and studying its interaction with its surroundings. Instead, computer simulation applied to tissue engineering can offer a more exhaustive approach to test and screen out biomaterials. In this paper, a review of the current approach in biomaterials designed through computer-aided design (CAD) and through finite-element modelling is given. First we review the approach used in tissue engineering in the development of scaffolds and the interactions existing between biomaterials, cells and mechanical stimuli. Then, scaffold fabrication through CAD is presented and characterization of existing scaffolds through computed images is reviewed. Several case studies of finite-element studies in tissue engineering show the usefulness of computer simulations in determining the mechanical environment of cells when seeded into a scaffold and the proper design of the geometry and stiffness of the scaffold. This creates a need for more advanced studies that include aspects of mechanobiology in tissue engineering in order to be able to predict over time the growth and differentiation of tissues within scaffolds. Finally, current perspectives indicate that more efforts need to be put into the development of such advanced studies, with the removal of technical limitations such as computer power and the inclusion of more accurate biological and genetic processes into the developed algorithms.
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Bettinger, Christopher J. "Synthesis and microfabrication of biomaterials for soft-tissue engineering." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 12 (October 31, 2009): 2183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-07-10.
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Biomaterials synthesis and scaffold fabrication will play an increasingly important role in the design of systems for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. These rapidly growing fields are converging as scaffold design must begin to incorporate multidisciplinary aspects in order to effectively organize cell-seeded constructs into functional tissue. This review article examines the use of synthetic biomaterials and fabrication strategies across length scales with the ultimate goal of guiding cell function and directing tissue formation. This discussion is parsed into three subsections: (1) biomaterials synthesis, including elastomers and gels; (2) synthetic micro- and nanostructures for engineering the cell–biomaterial interface; and (3) complex biomaterials systems design for controlling aspects of the cellular microenvironment.
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Wang, Zi, and Stephen J. Florczyk. "Freeze-FRESH: A 3D Printing Technique to Produce Biomaterial Scaffolds with Hierarchical Porosity." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020354.
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Tissues are organized in hierarchical structures comprised of nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale features. Incorporating hierarchical structures into biomaterial scaffolds may enable better resemblance of native tissue structures and improve cell interaction, but it is challenging to produce such scaffolds using a single conventional scaffold production technique. We developed the Freeze-FRESH (FF) technique that combines FRESH 3D printing (3DP) and freeze-casting to produce 3D printed scaffolds with microscale pores in the struts. FF scaffolds were produced by extrusion 3DP using a support bath at room temperature, followed by freezing and lyophilization, then the FF scaffolds were recovered from the bath and crosslinked. The FF scaffolds had a hierarchical pore structure from the combination of microscale pores throughout the scaffold struts and macroscale pores in the printed design, while control scaffolds had only macroscale pores. FF scaffolds frozen at −20 °C and −80 °C had similar pore sizes, due to freezing in the support bath. The −20 °C and −80 °C FF scaffolds had porous struts with 63.55% ± 2.59% and 56.72% ± 13.17% strut porosity, respectively, while control scaffolds had a strut porosity of 3.15% ± 2.20%. The −20 °C and −80 °C FF scaffolds were softer than control scaffolds: they had pore wall stiffness of 0.17 ± 0.06 MPa and 0.23 ± 0.05 MPa, respectively, compared to 1.31 ± 0.39 MPa for the control. The FF scaffolds had increased resilience in bending compared with control. FF scaffolds supported MDA-MB-231 cell growth and had significantly greater cell numbers than control scaffolds. Cells formed clusters on the porous struts of FF scaffolds and had similar morphologies as the freeze cast scaffolds. The FF technique successfully introduced microscale porosity into the 3DP scaffold struts to produce hierarchical pore structures that enhanced MDA-MB-231 growth.
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Peng, Zhiyu, Pei Tang, Li Zhao, Lina Wu, Xiujuan Xu, Haoyuan Lei, Min Zhou, Changchun Zhou, and Zhengyong Li. "Advances in biomaterials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0028.
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AbstractAdipose tissue reconstruction is an important technique for soft tissue defects caused by facial plastic surgery and trauma. Adipose tissue reconstruction can be repaired by fat transplantation and biomaterial filling, but there are some problems in fat transplantation, such as second operation and limited resources. The application of advanced artificial biomaterials is a promising strategy. In this paper, injectable biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered scaffold materials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery are reviewed. Injectable biomaterials include natural biomaterials and artificial biomaterials, which generally have problems such as high absorptivity of fillers, repeated injection, and rejection. In recent years, the technology of new 3D tissue-engineering scaffold materials with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and porous scaffold as the core has made good progress in fat reconstruction, which is expected to solve the current problem of clinical adipose tissue reconstruction, and various biomaterials preparation technology and transformation research also provide the basis for clinical transformation of fat tissue reconstruction.
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Kwon, Doo Yeon, Joon Yeong Park, Bun Yeoul Lee, and Moon Suk Kim. "Comparison of Scaffolds Fabricated via 3D Printing and Salt Leaching: In Vivo Imaging, Biodegradation, and Inflammation." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102210.
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In this work, we prepared fluorescently labeled poly(ε-caprolactone-ran-lactic acid) (PCLA-F) as a biomaterial to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds via salt leaching and 3D printing. The salt-leached PCLA-F scaffold was fabricated using NaCl and methylene chloride, and it had an irregular, interconnected 3D structure. The printed PCLA-F scaffold was fabricated using a fused deposition modeling printer, and it had a layered, orthogonally oriented 3D structure. The printed scaffold fabrication method was clearly more efficient than the salt leaching method in terms of productivity and repeatability. In the in vivo fluorescence imaging of mice and gel permeation chromatography of scaffolds removed from rats, the salt-leached PCLA scaffolds showed slightly faster degradation than the printed PCLA scaffolds. In the inflammation reaction, the printed PCLA scaffolds induced a slightly stronger inflammation reaction due to the slower biodegradation. Collectively, we can conclude that in vivo biodegradability and inflammation of scaffolds were affected by the scaffold fabrication method.
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Kazimierczak, Paulina, Joanna Kolmas, and Agata Przekora. "Biological Response to Macroporous Chitosan-Agarose Bone Scaffolds Comprising Mg- and Zn-Doped Nano-Hydroxyapatite." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153835.
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Modification of implantable scaffolds with magnesium and zinc for improvement of bone regeneration is a growing trend in the engineering of biomaterials. The aim of this study was to synthesize nano-hydroxyapatite substituted with magnesium (Mg2+) (HA-Mg) and zinc (Zn2+) (HA-Zn) ions in order to fabricate chitosan-agarose-hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds (chit/aga/HA) with improved biocompatibility. Fabricated biomaterials containing Mg2+ or Zn2+ were tested using osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells to determine the effect of incorporated metal ions on cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The study was conducted in direct contact with the scaffolds (cells were seeded onto the biomaterials) and using fluid extracts of the materials. It demonstrated that incorporation of Mg2+ ions into chit/aga/HA structure increased spreading of the osteoblasts, promoted cell proliferation on the scaffold surface, and enhanced osteocalcin production by mesenchymal stem cells. Although biomaterial containing Zn2+ did not improve cell proliferation, it did enhance type I collagen production by mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular matrix mineralization as compared to cells cultured in a polystyrene well. Nevertheless, scaffolds made of pure HA gave better results than material with Zn2+. Results of the experiments clearly showed that modification of the chit/aga/HA scaffold with Zn2+ did not have any positive impact on cell behavior, whereas, incorporation of Mg2+ ions into its structure may significantly improve biocompatibility of the resultant material, increasing its potential in biomedical applications.
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Chavarría-Bolaños, Daniel, Diana Villalobos, and José Roberto Vega-Baudrit. "3D polymeric scaffolds for oral tissue regeneration." Ciencias Veterinarias 37, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rcv.37-3.10.
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A fundamental base of bioengineering and tissue regeneration is the selection and development of the scaffolds responsible for cell growth. However, finding the “ideal” scaffold depends not only on proposing an innovative idea, but also on considering multiple chemical, biological, and physical aspects that can be manipulated to optimize their future clinical performance. Multiple local variables (such as local inflammation, vascularity, tissue damage, immune response, among others), as well as systemic variables (diseases or concomitant treatments) can favor or affect the scaffold behavior in each case. The selection of the ideal scaffold for each case involves three indispensable steps: design, selection of manufacturing material, and visualization of the future biological function that each biomaterial will perform. The design is always a parallel process with the selection of the ideal biomaterial. Certain “light” scaffolds (such as membranes, hydrogels, or sponges) will require the use of polymers that allow their simple manipulation and early degradation, which in turn can favor the release of charged molecules previously included, obtaining an active scaffold known as drug delivery system. On the other hand, structural scaffolds that are prone to replace block compromised structures may need different designs and production techniques, where three-dimensional printing is included. All of these options should consider important aspects such as bioactivity, regenerative capacity, and biological response of the surrounding tissues. Some alternatives may induce greater cell adhesion and proliferation, while optimizing the osseointegration and healing processes. Other alternatives may play a more “active” role while promoting regeneration processes and controlling local infectious diseases or painful responses. In order to look for the best translational approach of the biomaterial, each option must be chosen with the correct diagnosis of the case to be treated.
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Przekora, Agata, Maïté Audemar, Joanna Pawlat, Cristina Canal, Jean-Sébastien Thomann, Cédric Labay, Michal Wojcik, et al. "Positive Effect of Cold Atmospheric Nitrogen Plasma on the Behavior of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured on a Bone Scaffold Containing Iron Oxide-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles Catalyst." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 4738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134738.
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Low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma was demonstrated to have an ability to generate different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), showing wide biological actions. Within this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs) and FexOy/NPs catalysts were produced and embedded in the polysaccharide matrix of chitosan/curdlan/hydroxyapatite biomaterial. Then, basic physicochemical and structural characterization of the NPs and biomaterials was performed. The primary aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the combined action of cold nitrogen plasma and the materials produced on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), which were seeded onto the bone scaffolds containing NPs or FexOy/NPs catalysts. Incorporation of catalysts into the structure of the biomaterial was expected to enhance the formation of plasma-induced RONS, thereby improving stem cell behavior. The results obtained clearly demonstrated that short-time (16s) exposure of ADSCs to nitrogen plasma accelerated proliferation of cells grown on the biomaterial containing FexOy/NPs catalysts and increased osteocalcin production by the cells cultured on the scaffold containing pure NPs. Plasma activation of FexOy/NPs-loaded biomaterial resulted in the formation of appropriate amounts of oxygen-based reactive species that had positive impact on stem cell proliferation and at the same time did not negatively affect their osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, plasma-activated FexOy/NPs-loaded biomaterial is characterized by improved biocompatibility and has great clinical potential to be used in regenerative medicine applications to improve bone healing process.
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Leng, Ling, Jie Ma, Xuer Sun, Baolin Guo, Fanlu Li, Wei Zhang, Mingyang Chang, et al. "Comprehensive proteomic atlas of skin biomatrix scaffolds reveals a supportive microenvironment for epidermal development." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142097231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420972310.
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Biomaterial scaffolds are increasingly being used to drive tissue regeneration. The limited success so far in human tissues rebuilding and therapy application may be due to inadequacy of the functionality biomaterial scaffold. We developed a new decellularized method to obtain complete anatomical skin biomatrix scaffold in situ with extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture preserved, in this study. We described a skin scaffold map by integrated proteomics and systematically analyzed the interaction between ECM proteins and epidermal cells in skin microenvironment on this basis. They were used to quantify structure and function of the skin’s Matrisome, comprised of core ECM components and ECM-associated soluble signals that are key regulators of epidermal development. We especially revealed that ECM played a role in determining the fate of epidermal stem cells through hemidesmosome components. These concepts not only bring us a new understanding of the role of the skin ECM niche, they also provide an attractive combinational strategy based on tissue engineering principles with skin biomatrix scaffold materials for the acceleration and enhancement of tissue regeneration.
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Lee, Chung-Sung, Soyon Kim, Jiabing Fan, Hee Sook Hwang, Tara Aghaloo, and Min Lee. "Smoothened agonist sterosome immobilized hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration." Science Advances 6, no. 17 (April 2020): eaaz7822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7822.
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Biomaterial delivery of bioactive agents and manipulation of stem cell fate are an attractive approach to promote tissue regeneration. Here, smoothened agonist sterosome is developed using small-molecule activators [20S-hydroxycholesterol (OHC) and purmorphamine (PUR)] of the smoothened protein in the hedgehog pathway as carrier and cargo. Sterosome presents inherent osteoinductive property even without drug loading. Sterosome is covalently immobilized onto three-dimensional scaffolds via a bioinspired polydopamine intermediate to fabricate a hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration. Sterosome-immobilized hybrid scaffold not only provides a favorable substrate for cell adhesion and proliferation but also delivers bioactive agents in a sustained and spatially targeted manner. Furthermore, this scaffold significantly improves osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells through OHC/PUR-mediated synergistic activation of the hedgehog pathway and also enhances bone repair in a mouse calvarial defect model. This system serves as a versatile biomaterial platform for many applications, including therapeutic delivery and endogenous regenerative medicine.
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Shen, Zhi Juan, Qiao Zhao, and Yong Zhang. "The Research about Biological Materials and Exercise-Induced Articular Cartilage Injury." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.52.
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The composite scaffold has well biocompatibility and biodegradability, and it is assembled by a certain fraction ratio and mode, which is a biodegradable stent and gains many applications at present time in cartilage tissue engineering. The composite scaffold has good biocompatibility, toughness, porosity and mechanical strength. The preparation of composite scaffold is not only about the composite of biological materials with the same kind, but also about the different materials. Due to the composite scaffold, the biological materials have the complementarity, and meet the needs of ideal biomaterial scaffolds to some extent, which has positive implications on the repair of articular cartilage in exercise training.
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Kozusko, Steven D., Charles Riccio, Micheline Goulart, Joel Bumgardner, Xi Lin Jing, and Petros Konofaos. "Chitosan as a Bone Scaffold Biomaterial." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 29, no. 7 (October 2018): 1788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000004909.
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Cristallini, Caterina, Elisa Cibrario Rocchietti, Mariacristina Gagliardi, Leonardo Mortati, Silvia Saviozzi, Elena Bellotti, Valentina Turinetto, Maria Paola Sassi, Niccoletta Barbani, and Claudia Giachino. "Micro- and Macrostructured PLGA/Gelatin Scaffolds Promote Early Cardiogenic Commitment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7176154.
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The biomaterial scaffold plays a key role in most tissue engineering strategies. Its surface properties, micropatterning, degradation, and mechanical features affect not only the generation of the tissue construct in vitro, but also its in vivo functionality. The area of myocardial tissue engineering still faces significant difficulties and challenges in the design of bioactive scaffolds, which allow composition variation to accommodate divergence in the evolving myocardial structure. Here we aimed at verifying if a microstructured bioartificial scaffold alone can provoke an effect on stem cell behavior. To this purpose, we fabricated microstructured bioartificial polymeric constructs made of PLGA/gelatin mimicking anisotropic structure and mechanical properties of the myocardium. We found that PLGA/gelatin scaffolds promoted adhesion, elongation, ordered disposition, and early myocardial commitment of human mesenchymal stem cells suggesting that these constructs are able to crosstalk with stem cells in a precise and controlled manner. At the same time, the biomaterial degradation kinetics renders the PLGA/gelatin constructs very attractive for myocardial regeneration approaches.
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Kazimierczak, Paulina, Malgorzata Koziol, and Agata Przekora. "The Chitosan/Agarose/NanoHA Bone Scaffold-Induced M2 Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031109.
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Chronic immune response to bone implant may lead to delayed healing and its failure. Thus, newly developed biomaterials should be characterized by high biocompatibility. Moreover, it is well known that macrophages play a crucial role in the controlling of biomaterial-induced inflammatory response. Immune cells synthesize also a great amount of signaling molecules that regulate cell differentiation and tissue remodeling. Non-activated macrophages (M0) may be activated (polarized) into two main types of macrophage phenotype: proinflammatory type 1 macrophages (M1) and anti-inflammatory type 2 macrophages (M2). The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of the newly developed chitosan/agarose/nanohydroxyapatite bone scaffold (Polish Patent) on the macrophage polarization and osteogenic differentiation. Obtained results showed that macrophages cultured on the surface of the biomaterial released an elevated level of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4, -10, -13, transforming growth factor-beta), which is typical of the M2 phenotype. Moreover, an evaluation of cell morphology confirmed M2 polarization of the macrophages on the surface of the bone scaffold. Importantly, in this study, it was demonstrated that the co-culture of macrophages-seeded biomaterial with bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDSCs) or human osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19) enhanced their osteogenic ability, confirming the immunomodulatory effect of the macrophages on the osteogenic differentiation process. Thus, it was proved that the developed biomaterial carries a low risk of inflammatory response and induces macrophage polarization into the M2 phenotype with osteopromotive properties, which makes it a promising bone scaffold for regenerative medicine applications.
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Madry, Henning, Jagadeesh Kumar Venkatesan, Natalia Carballo-Pedrares, Ana Rey-Rico, and Magali Cucchiarini. "Scaffold-Mediated Gene Delivery for Osteochondral Repair." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100930.
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Osteochondral defects involve both the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. If left untreated, they may lead to osteoarthritis. Advanced biomaterial-guided delivery of gene vectors has recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic concept for osteochondral repair. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the variety of biomaterials employed as nonviral or viral gene carriers for osteochondral repair approaches both in vitro and in vivo, including hydrogels, solid scaffolds, and hybrid materials. The data show that a site-specific delivery of therapeutic gene vectors in the context of acellular or cellular strategies allows for a spatial and temporal control of osteochondral neotissue composition in vitro. In vivo, implantation of acellular hydrogels loaded with nonviral or viral vectors has been reported to significantly improve osteochondral repair in translational defect models. These advances support the concept of scaffold-mediated gene delivery for osteochondral repair.
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Yusup, Eliza M., Shahruddin Mahzan, Baharuddin Mohammad, and Wan Rosli Wan Daud. "A Novel Approach for Bone Scaffold from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Cellulose Phosphate / Glass Material." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.180.
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Current trend has demonstrated the implementation of natural polymers as alternative materials in various engineering applications including biomaterials and biomedical applications. This paper reviews the potential of Cellulose Phosphate derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB-CP) as a biomedical material. OPEFB-CP will act as reinforcement to glass materials in fabricating good and flexible scaffold composite materials. A 3-dimensional scaffold composite material comprised of the cellulose phosphate and glass material was produced by using a sol-gel technique. The composite biomaterial is expected to have degraded together as one material.
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Bonfield, William. "Designing porous scaffolds for tissue engineering." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1838 (November 29, 2005): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1692.
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Biomaterials are either modified natural or synthetic materials, with an appropriate response in the host tissue, which find application in a wide spectrum of implants and prostheses used in reconstructive medicine. The subsequent integration and longevity of the implanted device depends on the effectiveness of the associated biological repair. Hence, there has been considerable interest in the development of novel, second generation, biomaterials, which are favourably bioactive in terms of promoting the desired cellular response in vivo . Such biomaterials in a porous form can also act as cellular scaffolds and allow in vitro , as well as in vivo incorporation of the appropriate tissue cells, with potential control of the sequence of cell attachment, proliferation and the production of extra-cellular matrix. Such generic tissue engineering depends critically on the porous architecture of the biomaterial scaffold so as to allow both the cellular ingress and vascularization required to create a living tissue. The particular requirements of tissue-engineering scaffolds with respect to macro- and micro-porosity, as well as chemistry, are reviewed.
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Prakasam, Mythili, Ali Chirazi, Grzegorz Pyka, Anna Prokhodtseva, Daniel Lichau, and Alain Largeteau. "Fabrication and Multiscale Structural Properties of Interconnected Porous Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering by Freeze Isostatic Pressure (FIP)." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 9, no. 3 (August 24, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9030051.
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Biomaterial for tissue engineering is a topic of huge progress with a recent surge in fabrication and characterization advances. Biomaterials for tissue engineering applications or as scaffolds depend on various parameters such as fabrication technology, porosity, pore size, mechanical strength, and surface available for cell attachment. To serve the function of the scaffold, the porous biomaterial should have enough mechanical strength to aid in tissue engineering. With a new manufacturing technology, we have obtained high strength materials by optimizing a few processing parameters such as pressure, temperature, and dwell time, yielding the monolith with porosity in the range of 80%–93%. The three-dimensional interconnectivity of the porous media through scales for the newly manufactured biomaterial has been investigated using newly developed 3D correlative and multi-modal imaging techniques. Multiscale X-ray tomography, FIB-SEM Slice & View stacking, and high-resolution STEM-EDS electronic tomography observations have been combined allowing quantification of morphological and geometrical spatial distributions of the multiscale porous network through length scales spanning from tens of microns to less than a nanometer. The spatial distribution of the wall thickness has also been investigated and its possible relationship with pore connectivity and size distribution has been studied.
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Toh, S. L., T. K. H. Teh, S. Vallaya, and J. C. H. Goh. "Novel Silk Scaffolds for Ligament Tissue Engineering Applications." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.727.
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Scaffold technology is integral in advancing tissue engineering and one of the tissues of interest here is the tendon/ligament. Advancement in the tissue engineering of tendon/ligament has become very much a materials engineering problem than ever, with the selection of appropriate biomaterial and scaffold architecture. Such is the key to successful tendon/ligament tissue regeneration construct. Popular materials used in recent years include various poly (l-lactic) biomaterials and collagen. However, shortcomings of these materials, in terms of poor mechanical strength or short degradation period, are yet overcome. Bombyx mori silk, though used in biomedical sutures for decades due to its excellent mechanical properties, has been overlooked for applications in ligament tissue engineering, only until recently. This is largely due to previous misconceptions in its biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics. This paper describes the use of a silk-based scaffold with knitted architecture and investigates its strengths as compared to previous PLGA-based knitted scaffolds. An electrospun nanofiber surface on knitted microfiber architecture is adopted and it is found to have better composite-material integrity, in vitro degradation resistance, and encourages cell adhesion and proliferation.
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Zhang, Yu, Peng Song Li, Dao Yu Chen, Hai Chao Dong, Jing Jing Zhang, Mei Ling Zhuang, Ke Dong Song, and Tian Qing Liu. "Application of Chitosan as Scaffold Material of Construction In Vitro." Materials Science Forum 893 (March 2017): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.893.53.
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Tissue engineering has the potential to regenerate tissue which regeneration capacity is limited. Nowadays, three-dimensional scaffold has become an excellent scaffold in tissue engineering. Chitosan as a scaffold material in tissue engineering is known for emerging techniques for treating some tissue damage, but there are questions that need to be answered, including application of chitosan and other materials, to provide growth factors, mechanical support and other micro environment, as well as the application at all levels, including conducive to an optimal and suitable cell source, the usability of growth factor, the selectivity of optimal biomaterial scaffolds as well as the technology for improving partial reconstruction of meniscus tears. This review focuses on current research on application of chitosan as scaffold material of construction In Vitro.
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Madike, Lerato N., Michael Pillay, and Ketul C. Popat. "Antithrombogenic properties of Tulbaghia violacea–loaded polycaprolactone nanofibers." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 35, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911520903748.
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A broad range of polymers have been utilized for the development of blood-contacting implantable medical devices; however, their rate of failure has raised the need for developing more hemocompatible biomaterial surfaces. In this study, a novel scaffold based on polycaprolactone incorporated with 10% and 15% (w/w) Tulbaghia violacea plant extracts were fabricated using electrospinning technique. The fabricated scaffolds were then treated with T. violacea aqueous plant extracts (100 and 1000 µg/mL) to investigate their use as interfaces for blood-contacting implants. The 10% Tvio scaffold produced the lowest mean fibre diameter (193 ± 30 nm), whereas the 15% Tvio scaffold produces the highest mean fibre diameter (538 ± 236 nm) when compared with the control polycaprolactone (275 ± 61 nm) scaffold. The number of adhered platelets was directly linked to fibre diameter and concentration of plant extract in such a way that the lowest fibre diameter scaffold (10% Tvio) inhibited platelet adhesion, whereas more platelets adhered to the scaffold with the highest fibre diameter (15% Tvio scaffolds). There was also an increase in platelet adhesion as the concentration of T. violacea was increased from 100 to 1000 µg/mL for all designed scaffolds. The improved blood compatibility demonstrated by the 10% Tvio scaffold suggests that the plant possesses antithrombogenic properties, particularly at lower concentrations.
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Gautam, Sneh, and Sonu Ambwani. "Tissue Engineering: New Paradigm of Biomedicine." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2766.
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Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field of biomedicine that is being used to develop a new tissue or restore the function of diseased tissue/organ. The main objective of tissue engineering is to overcome the shortage of donor organs. Tissue engineering is mainly based on three components i.e. cells, scaffold and growth factors. Among these three components, scaffold is a primary influencing factor that provides the structural support to the cells and helps to deliver the growth factors which stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells to regenerate a new tissue. The properties of a scaffold mainly depend upon types of biomaterial and fabrication techniques that are used to fabricate the scaffold. Biofabrication facilitates the construction of three-dimensional complex of living (cells) and non-living (signaling molecules and extracellular matrices polymers etc.) components. Biofabrication has potential application especially in skin and bone tissue regeneration due to its accuracy, reproducibility and customization of scaffolds as well as cell and signaling molecule delivery. In this review article, different types of biomaterials and fabrication techniques have been discussed to fabricate of a nanofibrous scaffold along with different types of cells and growth factor which are used for tissue engineering applications to regenerate a new tissue. Among different techniques to fabricate a scaffold, electrospinning is simple and cost effective technique that has been mainly focused in the review to produce nanofibous scaffold. On the other hand, a tissue might be repair itself and restore to its normal function inside the body by applying the principle of regenerative medicine.
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Saito, Shunsuke, Y. Oyake, and Teruo Asaoka. "Fabrication of Titanium Fiber Scaffold for Biomaterial Use." Advances in Science and Technology 57 (September 2008): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.57.131.
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In the event of a significant injury, human bone must be repaired by artificial means. In the present study, we used titanium (Ti) to create a scaffold for cell renewal with an emphasis on strength. Because scaffolds for cell renewal require a microporous structure that enables supply of oxygen and nutrients, sintered Ti fiber was used. However, although titanium has a high fracture toughness, it does not bind to hydroxyapatite (HAp), the main component of bone, and thus requires addition of bioactivity. Following treatment by sodium hydroxide, titanium fibers were heated and immersed in simulated body fluid. Through this process, HAp was formed on the titanium surface to create a bioactive material with both a high strength and biocompatibility. Following approximately two weeks of immersion in simulated body fluid, HAp was formed such that it covered the surroundings of titanium fibers without any gaps. In addition, the fracture condition of HAp was analyzed by conducting mechanical tests, such as tensile strength and compression tests, on the titanium fibers on which HAp was formed. Furthermore, collagen coating was performed on the titanium surface, and the material was immersed in simulated body fluid to investigate and compare HAp formation.
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Yuliati, Anita, Yuliana Merlindika, Elly Munadziroh, Aditya Ari, Mahardhika P. El Fadhlallah, Devi Rianti, Dwi M. Ariani, and Nadia Kartikasari. "Mechanical Strength and Porosity of Carbonate Apatite-Chitosan-Gelatine Scaffold in Various Ratio as a Biomaterial Candidate in Tissue Engineering." Key Engineering Materials 829 (December 2019): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.829.173.
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Bone defect is a common problem in the field of dentistry. The defect can be solved bytissue engineering. One component of tissue engineering is scaffold. Carbonate apatite is the main material used because it has an organic components similar to human bones. The carbonate apatite combined with gelatin and chitosan can be used as a scaffold for tissue engineering. The aim of thisstudy is to know the exact ratio of the carbonate apatite, chitosan-gelatine (CA:Ch-GEL) scaffold on the compressive strength and porosity size as biomaterial candidates in tissue engineering. Scaffold was synthesized from CA:Ch-GEL with different ratios of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 withfreeze drying method. Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used CA:Ch-GEL scaffold functional group identification. Scaffold mechanical test was performed using an Autograph while a porosity test was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope. All data wereanalyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. Scaffold has a compressive strength ranges 4.02 - 11.35 MPa, with porous ranges 19,18 mm – 52,59 mm at 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 ratios. CA:Ch-GEL scaffold at all ratios can be used as biomaterials in tissue engineering
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Finch, L., S. Harris, C. Adams, J. Sen, J. Tickle, N. Tzerakis, and DM Chari. "WP1-22 DuraGen™ as an encapsulating material for neural stem cell delivery." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): e7.2-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-abn.22.
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ObjectivesAchieving neural regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a significant challenge. Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy offers replacement of damaged cells and delivery of pro-regenerative factors, but >95% of cells die when transplanted to sites of neural injury. Biomaterial scaffolds provide cellular protective encapsulation to improve cell survival. However, current available scaffolds are overwhelmingly not approved for human use, presenting a major barrier to clinical translation. Surgical biomaterials offer the unique benefit of being FDA-approved for human implantation. Specifically, a neurosurgical grade material, DuraGen™, used predominantly for human duraplasty has many attractive features of an ideal biomaterial scaffold. Here, we have investigated the use of DuraGen™ as a 3D cell encapsulation device for potential use in combinatorial, regenerative therapies.MethodsPrimary NSCs were seeded into optimised sheets of DuraGen™. NSC growth and fate within DuraGen™ were assessed using 3D microscopic fluorescence imaging techniques.ResultsDuraGen™ supports the survival (ca 95% viability, 12 days) and 3D growth of NSCs. NSC phenotype, proliferative capacity and differentiation into astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes were unaffected by DuraGen™.ConclusionsA ‘combinatorial therapy’, consisting of NSCs protected within a DuraGen™ matrix, offers a potential clinically translatable approach for neural cell therapy.
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Sheehy, Eamon J., Mark Lemoine, Declan Clarke, Arlyng Gonzalez Vazquez, and Fergal J. O’Brien. "The Incorporation of Marine Coral Microparticles into Collagen-Based Scaffolds Promotes Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells via Calcium Ion Signalling." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18020074.
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Composite biomaterial scaffolds consisting of natural polymers and bioceramics may offer an alternative to autologous grafts for applications such as bone repair. Herein, we sought to investigate the possibility of incorporating marine coral microparticles into a collagen-based scaffold, a process which we hypothesised would enhance the mechanical properties of the scaffold as well its capacity to promote osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Cryomilling and sieving were utilised to achieve coral microparticles of mean diameters 14 µm and 64 µm which were separately incorporated into collagen-based slurries and freeze-dried to form porous scaffolds. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determined the coral microparticles to be comprised of calcium carbonate whereas collagen/coral composite scaffolds were shown to have a crystalline calcium ethanoate structure. Crosslinked collagen/coral scaffolds demonstrated enhanced compressive properties when compared to collagen only scaffolds and also promoted more robust osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells, as indicated by increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 at the gene level, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium accumulation at the protein level. Only subtle differences were observed when comparing the effect of coral microparticles of different sizes, with improved osteogenesis occurring as a result of calcium ion signalling delivered from collagen/coral composite scaffolds. These scaffolds, fabricated from entirely natural sources, therefore show promise as novel biomaterials for tissue engineering applications such as bone regeneration.
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Siddiqui, Ahad M., Rosa Brunner, Gregory M. Harris, Alan Lee Miller, Brian E. Waletzki, Ann M. Schmeichel, Jean E. Schwarzbauer, et al. "Promoting Neuronal Outgrowth Using Ridged Scaffolds Coated with Extracellular Matrix Proteins." Biomedicines 9, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050479.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in cell death, demyelination, and axonal loss. The spinal cord has a limited ability to regenerate, and current clinical therapies for SCI are not effective in helping promote neurologic recovery. We have developed a novel scaffold biomaterial that is fabricated from the biodegradable hydrogel oligo(poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate) (OPF). We have previously shown that positively charged OPF scaffolds (OPF+) in an open spaced, multichannel design can be loaded with Schwann cells to support axonal generation and functional recovery following SCI. We have now developed a hybrid OPF+ biomaterial that increases the surface area available for cell attachment and that contains an aligned microarchitecture and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to better support axonal regeneration. OPF+ was fabricated as 0.08 mm thick sheets containing 100 μm high polymer ridges that self-assemble into a spiral shape when hydrated. Laminin, fibronectin, or collagen I coating promoted neuron attachment and axonal outgrowth on the scaffold surface. In addition, the ridges aligned axons in a longitudinal bipolar orientation. Decreasing the space between the ridges increased the number of cells and neurites aligned in the direction of the ridge. Schwann cells seeded on laminin coated OPF+ sheets aligned along the ridges over a 6-day period and could myelinate dorsal root ganglion neurons over 4 weeks. This novel scaffold design, with closer spaced ridges and Schwann cells, is a novel biomaterial construct to promote regeneration after SCI.
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Yang, Xiao Zhan, and Zhen Sheng Li. "Electrospun Hydroxyapatite/BMP-2 Grafted PLLA Nanofibers for Guided Bone Rebuilding Scaffold." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.322.
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In order to prepare the bone repair scaffold materials that could employ the sources of the injured bone, the bioactive HA and BMP-2 were added into the biomaterial PLLA. The four scaffold materials, PLLA, PLLA/HA, PLLA/BMP-2 and PLLA/HA/BMP-2 were prepared by electrospinning. The SEM results revealed that the morphology of the 7wt% PLLA fibers was better than the 5wt% PLLA fibers, and the HA nanoparticles were distributed uniformly in fibers. The calculated surface energy of the PLLA/HA/BMP-2 scaffold was higher compared with other three scaffolds, this result fit well with the result of MTT assay of the four scaffold materials, and the MTT assay showed that the MG63 cells on the PLLA/HA/BMP-2 scaffold material proliferated faster compared with the PLLA/HA or PLLA/BMP-2. It is logical to assume that PLLA/HA/BMP-2 scaffold material is a promising material for bony tissue repair.