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Academic literature on the topic 'Biomechanics of bone screws'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Biomechanics of bone screws"

Thakur, Anand J. "Biomechanics of Cancellous Screw." Trauma International 2, no. 2 (2016): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/ti.2016.v02i02.032.

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Understanding the basics of implant biomechanics is the foundation of orthopaedic surgery and practice. Bone screws are the most commonly used implant in orthopaedic trauma surgery. This article aims to review the biomechanics and the engineering principles of a bone screw and also discuss the various avatars of a bone screw with main focus on the cancellous screws. Keywords: Cancellous screws, biomechanics, orthopaedic trauma.

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Shen, Kim, Kang, and Yeom. "Comparison of the Pullout Strength of Pedicle Screws According to the Thread Design for Various Degrees of Bone Quality." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (2019): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081525.

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Although dual-threaded pedicle screws have been developed, the advantages over single-threaded screws remain controversial. We aimed to investigate the biomechanical performance of two types of dual-threaded pedicle screw by comparing their pullout strength with that of a single-threaded screw in relation to bone quality. Four types of pedicle screw with different thread patterns were designed. Type I: single-threaded screw; Type II: double-threaded screw; Type III: dual-threaded screw; Type IV: a newly designed double dual-threaded screw. Five types of polyurethane foams simulating various degrees of bone quality were used. These were: Type A: cancellous bone; Type B: cancellous bone with cortical bone in the upper margin; Type C: osteoporotic cancellous bone; Type D: osteoporotic cancellous bone with cortical bone in the upper margin; and Type E: osteoporotic bone with cortical bone in the upper and lower margins. A comparison of the pullout strength of Type I, II, and III screws in Type A, B, C and D bone specimens was performed. Type C and E bone specimens were used for comparisons among Type I, II, and IV screws. Compared to the single-threaded screw, the dual-threaded pedicle screws exhibited higher pullout strength in normal-quality bone and significantly lower pullout strength in compromised osteoporotic bone. However, the double dual-threaded screw exhibited better pullout biomechanics in osteoporotic bone with bi-cortical bone.

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Ядав, Аюші, Олексій Дудко, Дмитро Дудко, and Олександр Шайко-Шайковський. "BIOMECHANICAL PECULIARITIES OF PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS FOR FRACTURES OF UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES." Молодий вчений, no. 1 (101) (January 31, 2022): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-1-101-28.

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In order to study biomechanics of plate osteosynthesis the review of the literature data about the use of different plates and screws for fracture fixation was done. The focus of the review was on the plate design, the connection interface between the screw head and the plate body, and the relations between the type of a plate and the stability of fracture fixation. The application of different types of plates fixed with locking head screws and non-locking head screws were studied for fractures of upper and lower extremities: humerus, forearm, femur and tibia. The application of plates with bigger section area and 4.5 mm or 5.0 mm screws is needed respecting the biomechanical peculiarities of lower extremity fractures, for which body weight is transferred to the fracture site, causing intensive strains in the components of bone-screws-plate system.

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Horn, Eric M., Phillip M. Reyes, Seungwon Baek, et al. "Biomechanics of C-7 transfacet screw fixation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 11, no. 3 (2009): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.3.spine08785.

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Object The small diameter of the pedicle can make C-7 pedicle screw insertion dangerous. Although transfacet screws have been studied biomechanically when used in pinning joints, they have not been well studied when used as part of a C7–T1 screw/rod construct. The authors therefore compared C7–T1 fixation using a C-7 transfacet screw/T-1 pedicle screw construct with a construct composed of pedicle screws at both levels. Methods Each rigid posterior screw/rod construct was placed in 7 human cadaveric C6–T2 specimens (14 total). Specimens were tested in normal condition, after 2-column instability, and once fixated. Nondestructive, nonconstraining pure moments (maximum 1.5 Nm) were applied to induce flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while recording 3D motion optoelectronically. The entire construct was then loaded to failure by dorsal linear force. Results There was no significant difference in angular range of motion between the 2 instrumented groups during any loading mode (p > 0.11, nonpaired t-tests). Both constructs reduced motion to < 2° in any direction and allowed significantly less motion than in the normal condition. The C-7 facet screw/T-1 pedicle screw construct allowed a small but significantly greater lax zone than the pedicle screw/rod construct during lateral bending, and it failed under significantly less load than the pedicle screw/rod construct (p < 0.001). Conclusions When C-7 transfacet screws are connected to T-1 pedicle screws, they provide equivalent stability of constructs formed by pedicle screws at both levels. Although less resistant to failure, the transfacet screw construct should be a viable alternative in patients with healthy bone.

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Kwak, Dae-Kyung, Sun-Hee Bang, Won-Hyeon Kim, Sung-Jae Lee, Seunghun Lee, and Je-Hyun Yoo. "Biomechanics of subtrochanteric fracture fixation using short cephalomedullary nails: A finite element analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0253862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253862.

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A finite element analysis was performed to evaluate the stresses around nails and cortical bones in subtrochanteric (ST) fracture models fixed using short cephalomedullary nails (CMNs). A total 96 finite element models (FEMs) were simulated on a transverse ST fracture at eight levels with three different fracture gaps and two different distal locking screw configurations in both normal and osteoporotic bone. All FEMs were fixed using CMNs 200 mm in length. Two distal locking screws showed a wider safe range than 1 distal screw in both normal and osteoporotic bone at fracture gaps ≤ 3 mm. In normal bone FEMs fixed even with two distal locking screws, peak von Mises stresses (PVMSs) in cortical bone and nail constructs reached or exceeded 90% of the yield strength at fracture levels 50 mm and 0 and 50 mm, respectively, at all fracture gaps. In osteoporotic bone FEMs, PVMSs in cortical bone and nail constructs reached or exceeded 90% of the yield strength at fracture levels 50 mm and 0 and 50 mm, respectively, at a 1-mm fracture gap. However, at fracture gaps ≥ 2 mm, PVMSs in cortical bone reached or exceeded 90% of the yield strength at fracture levels ≥ 35 mm. PVMSs in nail showed the same results as 1-mm fracture gaps. PVMSs increased and safe range reduced, as the fracture gap increased. Short CMNs (200 mm in length) with two distal screws may be considered suitable for the fixation of ST transverse fractures at fracture levels 10 to 40 mm below the lesser trochanter in normal bone and 10 to 30 mm in osteoporotic bone, respectively, under the assumptions of anatomical reduction at fracture gap ≤ 3 mm. However, the fracture gap should be shortened to the minimum to reduce the risk of refracture and fixation failure, especially in osteoporotic fractures.

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SOMBRA, LUIS PIMENTEL, RICARDO TEIXEIRA E. SILVA, THIEGO PEDRO FREITAS ARAÚJO, et al. "TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE S2-ALAR-ILIAC SCREW TECHNIQUE IN BRAZILIAN MEN." Coluna/Columna 18, no. 3 (2019): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1808-185120191803196377.

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ABSTRACT Objective The use of pedicle screws was a milestone for modern spinal surgery. This type of fixation, due to its superior biomechanics, gave greater fixation power, greater capacity to withstand the pulling forces and, therefore, greater stability and lower rates of pseudoarthrosis. Fixation of the lumbosacral junction, even with the development of these new implants, remains a challenge mainly because the considerable rates of pseudoarthrosis. The use of iliac screws solves the biomechanical difficulties. However, its use shows high rates of surgical wound problems. The S2-Alar-Iliac screw (S2AI) came as a solution to these complications. The lack of studies about anatomical and anthropometric parameters in the Brazilian population justifies the study. Methods Eleven hip tomographies of Brazilian adult males were analyzed by four evaluators. The right and left sides were considered. In each patient, measurements were made of greater and shorter bone length, greater and smaller bone diameter, distance from the entry point to the skin, sagittal and axial angles related to the hypothetical insertion of an S2AI screw and compared to the same measurements obtained with the iliac screw. Results The mean bone length was 136.7 mm, the greatest bone diameter was 24.8 mm, the smallest bone diameter was 19.7 mm and the distance from the screw to the skin was 42.1 mm for the S2AI screw. Conclusions The obtained data present an average of the sample that can be useful in the decision of the surgical technique in the studied group. Level of evidence I; Diagnostic Studies (Anatomical Investigation).

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BAILEY, C. A., J. H. KUIPER, and C. P. KELLY. "Biomechanical Evaluation of a New Composite Bioresorbable Screw." Journal of Hand Surgery 31, no. 2 (2006): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.10.015.

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A new bioresorbable composite cannulated screw has been developed for small bone fracture fixation. The LG (“Little Grafter”) screw is manufactured from Biosteon™, which is a composite of poly l-lactic acid and hydroxyapatite. This study aimed to compare interfragmentary compression generated by this new screw with conventional metal screws commonly used in scaphoid fracture fixation. Four small metallic screws were compared with the LG screw, using a bone model produced from rigid polyurethane foam. The screws included the Acutrak, Asnis III, Herbert and Herbert–Whipple screws. The mean maximum compression forces for the LG screw, the Asnis and the Acutrak were comparable (LG 32.3 N, Asnis 32.8 N, Acutrak 38.3 N), whereas those using the Herbert and the Herbert–Whipple screw were significantly lower (Herbert 21.8 N, Herbert–Whipple 19.9 N). The bioresorbable LG screw has been shown to have good compressive properties compared to commonly used small bone fragment compression screws.

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Sulong, Muhammad Syawal Aiman, Ardiyanshah Syahrom, and Zulfadzli Zakaria. "Study of Locking Compression Plate Through Biodegradable Implant." Journal of Medical Device Technology 1, no. 1 (2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jmeditec.v1n1.18.

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Orthopaedic implant biomechanics research is booming, especially in bone fixation. Fixation involves securing a plate to a broken bone. The femur fractured mostly. Long bone fractures can be difficult to cure despite technological and medical breakthroughs. This study analyses the performance and optimal screw arrangement for biodegradable locking compression plate. This study compares biodegradable bone plate materials to identify the best (Iron, Zinc and Magnesium). SolidWorks models fracture repair plates and fixes them in a normal walking condition to a mid-ship fracture. Further, finite element analysis was performed on models with homogeneous and isotropic bone and plate. Simulation was done using COMSOL programme and screws. Idealized poroelastic 3D FE femoral model with 5 mm fracture gap and plate-screw design. We saw stress and displacement. The minimal von Mises stress and deformation for 6 screws. Under pure zinc and magnesium load, the highest von Mises stress was 7.94 MPa and the maximum deformation was 0.08 mm, proving that iron was the best material. Based on finite element analysis, the LCP can offer mechanical stability for comminuted fractures, fixing the bone block and promoting bone healing.

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Jacquemart, Nicolas, Alexandre Fossati, Thomas Van den Wijngaert, Albert Sylvain Wembou, and Olivier Cornu. "Femoral Neck Fracture Non-Union: Treatment with Bone Marrow Concentrate, Demineralized Bone Matrix, and Morselized Allograft and Angular Stable Fixation. Report of 2 Cases." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 14, no. 11 (2024): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2024.v14.i11.4902.

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Introduction: Femoral neck fractures in young adults, particularly Pauwels’ 3 fractures with angles exceeding 70°, pose challenges in determining optimal surgical interventions due to limited clinical trial data. Complications such as avascular necrosis, non-union, and shortening hinder the healing process. Existing fixation methods, including multiple cannulated screws and sliding hip screws, have shown non-union rates of nearly 9% in young patients. Bone healing relies on various factors, both patient-independent and patient-dependent, and deficient bone regeneration may necessitate interventions such as cellular supplementation. Case Report: Two cases of Pauwels’ 3 fractures in young individuals were treated with a multimodal approach involving mechanical stabilization and biological supplementation. Delayed fracture consolidation and non-union were observed in the initial surgical interventions, leading to the consideration of total hip arthroplasty. However, a second option, involving dynamic hip screw fixation, morselized bone allograft, demineralized bone matrix, and bone marrow concentrate, was chosen based on the patient’s age and absence of femoral head necrosis. Both patients successfully achieved bone union and full recovery 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion: The cases underscore the importance of treating femoral neck fractures based on biomechanical principles and highlight the significance of restoring a favorable biological and mechanical environment for fracture healing. A comprehensive approach involving growth factors, bone scaffolds, and mesenchymal stem cells is crucial, along with considerations for the diamond concept, encompassing biomechanics, vascularity, patient factors, and prior bone infection. Keywords: Femoral neck fracture, non-union, angular dynamic stable fixation, bone marrow concentrate, demineralized bone matrix, morselized cancellous bone.

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Dudko, O. "THE COMPUTER MODELING STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CONTACT SURFACES OF METAL OR POLIMERIC SCREWS AND CORTICAL BONE TISSUE." Bukovinian Medical Herald 28, no. 3 (111) (2024): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.28.3.111.2024.3.

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The continuous growth of fracture rates and surgeries with the use of screws requires modern approaches to improve treatment results. The interaction between a screw and bone tissue is one of the critical factors that affects the stability of a fracture and remains not thoroughly researched until now. The computer modeling method allows for studying precisely the strains and deformities in the contact areas of metal screws, polymeric screws, and cortical bone.Material and methods. The computer modeling was performed in Autodesk Fusion 360 for biomechanical interactions of 3.5 mm AO screws made of stainless steel and polyamide-12 (P-12) with monocortical diaphyseal part of long tubular bone. The static stress study was performed for different loads applied in the pull-out direction with the bonded contact used between the screw and the bone. The displacement and strains were revealed in different parts of the screw thread and surrounding bone tissue for the force applied along the screw axis in the range from 100 N to 1000 N.Results. The increase of the force resulted in stress and strains in the screw and surrounding bone tissue, and the maximum force values can lead to unstable fixation. It was determined that polymeric P-12 screws in all study cases were affecting the bone with less contact pressure than metal screws. In the superficial bone areas this difference was more significant – 24.8 %, and in the deep bone areas it was 8.9 %. The areas of von Mises stress in both superficial and deep parts of polymeric screws were in the range from 1.414 MPa to 20.74 MPa which was lower than that of metal screws (3.484 MPa to 56.24 MPa).Conclusions. Polymeric P-12 screws will fix bone fractures better under low intensive but long-lasting loads, as their destructive effect on bone tissue around screws will be less than of metal ones. On the other hand, metal screws will have the advantage to resist the short lasting but intensive “peak” loads. The less stress areas in the polymeric screw can somehow compensate the lower mechanical strength parameters of P-12 material.Perspective of further research. The obtained results can be taken into account during orthopedics surgeries when screws are used for fixation, as well as for further biomechanical studies.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biomechanics of bone screws"

Ciocanel, Despina E. "Atlantoaxial instability : biomechanical evaluation of T-Plate versus transarticular screw fixation." Connect to full-text via OhioLINK ETD Center, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=mco1116798081.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Medical College of Ohio, 2005. "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences." Major advisor: Nabil Ebraheim. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: iii, 57 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 35-42,49-56.

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Desai, Krishna P. "A Biomechanical Comparison of Locking Compression Plate Constructs with Plugs/Screws in Osteoporotic Bone Model." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1271706065.

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Mayo, Andrew. "A biomechanical study of top screw pullout in anterior scoliosis correction constructs." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/17152/1/Andrew_Elton_Mayo_Thesis.pdf.

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Top screw pullout is a significant problem in anterior scoliosis correction, with rates of 5-15% reported in the literature. The Mater Misericordiae Hospital in Brisbane currently has a series of 125 patients with scoliosis treated by thoracoscopic anterior fusion, instrumentation and correction between April 2000 and August 2007. In this series 11 top screws are known to have pulled out (a rate of 8.8%), with six occurring in the first week, and all within 6 weeks, suggesting that the problem is one of excessive static force rather than fatigue. This thesis describes a biomechanical investigation into the mechanics of vertebral body screw pullout in anterior scoliosis surgical constructs. Previous biomechanical studies of vertebral body screws have evaluated their resistance to either straight pullout or cephalo-caudad compression forces, however the aim of this study was to assess screw resistance to more realistic loading conditions, namely pullout of initially angled screws, and pullout where the motion path is an arc rather than a straight axial pullout, as would be expected in a single rod anterior construct. The first series of experiments involved straight and angled pullout tests using synthetic bone. In the angled tests, both locked and free-to-pivot configurations were tested. The second series of experiments tested the effect of cephalo-caudad pre-compression (the actual deformity correction step performed during surgery) on subsequent axial pullout strength. A third series of experiments performed arc pullouts using synthetic bone, and the final series of experiments tested the pullout resistance of a newly proposed screw position configuration against the standard screw positioning using ovine lumbar vertebrae. Synthetic bone testing revealed that for initially angled pullout, resistance is greatest as the screw angle approaches 0 (ie a direct axial pullout). Cephalo-caudad pre-compression reduced subsequent pullout strength for cases where a staple was not used under the screw head, but if a staple was used the pre-compression did not decrease pullout force significantly. Arc pullout resistance was greatest when the screw was angled at 10 cephalad, and the mean pullout strength for the proposed screw configuration using ovine lumbar vertebrae (1864N) was almost double that of the standard screw positioning (993N). The clinical implication of this study is that top screw pullout resistance can be maximised by placing the top screw as close as possible to the top endplate and the bottom screw as close as possible to the bottom endplate, although this will have detrimental effects on the pullout of the second screw should the top screw pull out. Screw angulation is a less important factor but any angulation should be in a cephalad direction and around 10º in magnitude. The experimental results also suggest that the use of a staple may play a role in preventing cephalo-caudad pre-compression forces from reducing screw resistance to subsequent pullout forces.

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Mayo, Andrew. "A biomechanical study of top screw pullout in anterior scoliosis correction constructs." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17152/.

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Dudko, O. G. "Biomechanical evaluation of mechanical strength of metal and PLA/PGA screws used for internal fixation of long bone fractures." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18649.

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Mannanal, Subash Kuriakose. "Biomechanical Evaluation of Hybrid Locked Plating for Humeral Shaft Fracture Fixation." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1259180169.

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Rosa, Rodrigo César. "Influência do preparo do orifício piloto e da freqüencia de colocação do implante no seu torque de inserção e resistência ao arrancamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17142/tde-07012008-132540/.

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência do diâmetro do orifício piloto e a freqüência da colocação dos implantes no torque de inserção e na resistência ao arrancamento. Foram utilizados parafusos de 5, 6 e 7mm do sistema USS de fixação vertebral, os quais foram inseridos nos corpos de prova de madeira, poliuretana, polietileno e osso bovino. Para inserção dos implantes foram confeccionados com broca orifícios piloto com diâmetros menor, igual e maior que o diâmetro interno do parafuso. O torque de inserção dos parafusos avaliado nos corpos de prova de madeira foi mensurado por meio de torquímetro com capacidade de 5Nm, e nos demais corpos de prova foi utilizado torquímetro de 2Nm. Os ensaios mecânicos de arrancamento dos parafusos foram realizados utilizando máquina universal de ensaio Emic? e Software Tesc 3.13 para análise dos resultados, utilizando células de carga com capacidade de 2000 N e 20000 N, selecionadas de acordo com a resistência mecânica de cada corpo de prova, e com velocidade de aplicação de força de 2 mm/min. Os valores do torque de inserção dos parafusos de 5, 6 e 7mm de diâmetro externo, nos diferentes materiais, apresentaram maiores valores de torque na primeira inserção, com exceção dos corpos de prova de poliuretana com orifício piloto de 5,5mm. O diâmetro do orifício piloto em relação ao diâmetro interno do parafuso apresentou influência no torque de inserção dos implantes, nos diferentes corpos de prova, observando maior torque de inserção nos corpos de prova com orifício piloto menor que o diâmetro interno do parafuso e menor torque de inserção nos corpos de prova com diâmetro do orifício piloto maior que o diâmetro interno do parafuso. A força máxima de arrancamento nos parafusos de 5, 6 e 7mm de diâmetro externo, inseridos nos diferentes corpos de prova, apresentaram maiores valores na primeira inserção nos diferentes diâmetros de orifício piloto. O diâmetro do orifício piloto em relação ao diâmetro interno do parafuso apresentou influência na força máxima de arrancamento dos implantes, nos diferentes corpos de prova, observando maior força de arrancamento nos corpos de prova com orifício piloto menor que o diâmetro interno do parafuso e menor força de arrancamento nos corpos de prova com diâmetro do orifício piloto maior que o diâmetro interno do parafuso. Podemos concluir que a freqüência de colocação dos implantes influencia na qualidade da ancoragem. A realização de menor freqüência de colocação dos implantes proporciona uma melhor fixação. A perfuração do orifício piloto com instrumental de menor diâmetro, em relação ao diâmetro interno do parafuso, tende a apresentar melhor fixação do parafuso que a perfuração com diâmetro maior. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the diameter of the pilot hole and the frequency of screw placement on pullout out resistance and insertion torque of the pedicle screw. Pedicle screws of 5, 6 and 7mm of the USS system for vertebral fixation were inserted into wood, polyurethane, polyethylene and bovine bone. The pilot hole for screw insertion was drilled with small, equal and wider than the internal diameter of the screw. The insertion torque was measured in the wood test bodies used a torquímetro with capacity of 5Nm, and other test bodies was used a torquimetro of 2Nm. Mechanical pullout assays were performed using a universal testing machine rehearsals of screws pullout were accomplished using universal machine Emic® and Software Tesc 3.13 for analysis of the results. Load cells were using with capacity of 2000 N and 20000 N, selected in agreement with the mechanical resistance of each test bodies. A constant displacement rate of 2mm/min was applied until failure. The values of the insertion torque of the screws of 5, 6 and 7mm of external diameter, in the different materials, they presented highest insertion torque in the first insert, in the different materials, except for the polyurethane test bodies with pilot hole of 5,5mm. The diameter of the pilot hole in relation to the internal diameter of the screw exerts an influence in the torque of insert of the implants. We observed highest insert torque in the test bodies with smaller pilot hole than the internal diameter of the screw and smaller insert torque in the proof bodies with diameter of the wider pilot hole than the internal diameter of the screw. The pullout resistance of the screws of 5, 6 and 7mm of external diameter performed highest values in the first screw insert, in the different diameters of pilot hole and test bodies. The diameter of the pilot hole in relation to the internal diameter of the screw exerts an influence in the pullout resistance of the implants. The highest pullout resistance was observed in the test bodies with smaller pilot hole than the internal diameter of the screw. The smaller pullout resistance was observed in the test bodies with diameter of the larger pilot hole than the internal diameter of the screw. We can conclude that the frequency of placement of the implants influences in the quality of the anchorage. The accomplishment of smaller frequency of placement of the implants provides a better fixation. The perforation of the pilot hole with instrumental of smaller diameter, in relation to the internal diameter of the screw, tends to present better fixation of the screw than the perforation with larger diameter.

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Garcia, Bonilla Alvaro Antonio. "Ex-vivo Equine Medial Tibial Plateau Contact Pressure with an Intact Medial Femoral Condyle, with a Medial Femoral Condylar Defect, and After Placement of a Transcondylar Screw through the Condylar Defect." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397472874.

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Malan, Freddie. "An in vitro biomechanical comparison between intramedullary pinning and the use of plates in the dachshund tibia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24914.

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The dachshund, a chondrodystrophic dog breed, presents a unique challenge in the treatment of tibial fractures by having short and curvaceous tibiae, leading to high implant failure risk. In this study, intramedullary pins with full cerclage wires as an option in the treatment of oblique diaphyseal tibial fractures was studied in vitro. This fixation technique was biomechanically compared with the current gold standard in internal stabilization, namely bone plates and screws. Twenty tibiae recovered from adult dachshund cadavers were randomly allocated into two groups of ten bones each. Oblique fractures running in a proximo-cranial-disto-caudal direction in the middle third of the tibial diaphysis were simulated by osteotomy and each bone repaired by using one of the following methods: <ul> <li> Pre-bent intramedullary pin, filling 40% to 60% of the medullary cavity at its narrowest point, inserted normograde and combined with a set of three full cerclage wires (group 1).</li> <li> Lag screw at the osteotomy site, combined with a six hole 2.7 mm contoured dynamic compression plate and cortical screws in neutral mode (group 2).</li> </ul> Each test specimen was subjected to a two point single cycle axial compression test by applying a standardized, increasing compression load to the point of fixation failure or bone collapse. A stress-strain graph for each test specimen was drawn from the raw data. Radiographs and digital photographs were made pre-osteotomy, post-osteotomy, post-repair and post-test, and modes of failure noted for each test specimen. Stress (applied load) and strain (deformation) at yield, ultimate strength, and at failure were determined for each test specimen from the stress-strain graphs and the mean values statistically compared between the groups using the ANCOVA method. Significance levels of p < 0.05 were used, while p < 0.1 and p < 0.01 were also indicated. In group 1, 50% specimens failed due to unraveling or slippage with displacement of the cerclage wires, 30% due to bone fracture at a cerclage wire, and 20% due to bone fracture elsewhere. In group 2, 80% specimens failed due to bone fracture at one or more of the screw holes, whereas 20% failed due to bone fracture not directly associated with implants. No bone plate or screw underwent plastic (permanent) deformation, whereas 80% of the intramedullary pins and 30% of the cerclage wires underwent plastic deformation. Mean stress at the yield point in groups 1 and 2 were 0.323 MPa and 0.403 MPa respectively, at the point of ultimate strength 0.383 MPa and 0.431 MPa respectively, and at the failure point 0.345 MPa and 0.403 MPa respectively. Mean strain at the yield point in groups 1 and 2 were 0.296% and 0.362% respectively, at the point of ultimate strength 0.412% and 0.472% respectively, and at the failure point 0.713% and 0.838% respectively. Clinically, there was an indication that plates and screws were more resistant to deformation by the loads applied than intramedullary pins and cerclage wires. However, statistically, there were no significant differences in stress at yield (p = 0.299), ultimate strength (p = 0.275), or failure (p = 0.137) between the two groups. Similarly, there were no significant differences in strain at yield (p = 0.684), ultimate strength (p = 0.778), or failure (p = 0.505) between the two groups. Main limitations of the study were the relatively small number of specimens tested, the smoothness of the osteotomy cuts which limited interdigitation between the fragments, and that only three of the five recognized loads acting on bones in vivo, were tested in vitro. In conclusion, this study did not show enough evidence to prove a significant difference between the two methods of fixation. Therefore, it is suggested that intramedullary pins and full cerclage wires be used as an acceptable alternative to bone plates and screws in the treatment of oblique mid-diaphyseal tibial fractures in chondrodystrophic dog breeds. Die dachshund, ‘n chondrodistrofiese honderas, bied ‘n unieke uitdaging in die behandeling van frakture van die tibia, deurdat hulle tibias kort en krom is, wat lei tot ‘n hoë risiko van inplantaat mislukking. In hierdie studie is intramedullêre penne met vol sirkeldrade as ‘n keuse in die behandeling van skuins frakture van die tibiale skag in vitro bestudeer. Hierdie tegniek van herstel is vergelyk met die huidige goue standaard in interne stabilisering, naamlik beenplate en skroewe. Twintig tibias wat van volwasse dachshund kadawers herwin is, is lukraak aan twee groepe van tien bene elk toegewys. Skuins frakture in ‘n proksimo-kranio-disto-koudale rigting in die middelste derde van die tibiale skag is nageboots deur ‘n osteotomie, waarna elke been herstel is deur die gebruik van een van die volgende metodes: <ul> <li> Vooraf gebuigde intramedullêre pen, wat 40% tot 60% van die murgholte by die dunste punt vul, normograad geplaas en gekombineer met ‘n stel van drie vol sirkeldrade (groep 1).</li> <li> Trekskroef by die osteotomie area, gekombineer met ‘n ses-gat 2.7 mm gekontoerde dinamiese drukplaat en kortikale skroewe geplaas op neutrale wyse (groep 2).</li> </ul> Elke toetsmonster is onderwerp aan ‘n twee-punt enkel siklus aksiale druktoets deur die toepassing van ‘n gestandardiseerde, verhogende druklading tot by die punt van fiksasie breuk of kollaps van die been. ‘n Druk-spanning grafiek vir elke toetsmonster is vanaf die rou data saamgestel. X-straalfoto’s en digitale foto’s van elke been is pre-osteotomie, post-osteotomie, post-herstel and post-toets geneem en die maniere van faal vir elke toetsmonster aangeteken. Druk (toegepaste lading) en spanning (vervorming) by meegee (“yield”), treksterkte (“ultimate strength”) en faal (“failure”) is vir elke toetsmonster bepaal vanaf die druk-spanning grafieke en die gemiddelde waardes statisties vergelyk tussen die groepe deur gebruik te maak van die ANCOVA metode. Beduidenis vlakke van p < 0.05 is gebruik, terwyl p < 0.1 en p < 0.01 ook aangedui is. In groep 1 het 50% toetsmonsters gefaal as gevolg van losgaan of gly van die sirkeldrade met verplasing, 30% as gevolg van beenfrakture by ‘n sirkeldraad, en 20% as gevolg van beenfrakture elders. In groep 2 het 80% toetsmonsters gefaal as gevolg van beenfrakture by een of meer skroefgate, terwyl 20% gefaal het as gevolg van beenfrakture wat nie direk met die inplantate geassosieer is nie. Geen beenplaat of skroef het plastiese (permanente) vervorming ondergaan nie, terwyl 80% van die IM penne en 30% van die sirkeldrade plastiese vervorming ondergaan het. Gemiddelde druk by die meegeepunt in groepe 1 en 2 was 0.323 MPa en 0.403 MPa onderskeidelik, by die punt van treksterkte 0.383 MPa en 0.431 MPa onderskeidelik, en by die faalpunt 0.345 MPa en 0.403 MPa onderskeidelik. Gemiddelde spanning by die meegeepunt in groepe 1 en 2 was 0.296% en 0.362% onderskeidelik, by die punt van treksterkte 0.412% en 0.472% onderskeidelik, en by die faalpunt 0.713% en 0.838% onderskeidelik. Klinies was daar ‘n indikasie dat plate en skroewe meer weerstandbiedend was teen vervorming deur die toegepaste ladings as intramedullêre penne en sirkeldrade. Statisties was die druk wat die toetsmonster laat meegee (p = 0.299), en die druk by die treksterkte- (p = 0.275) en faalpunte (p = 0.137) egter nie beduidend verskillend tussen die twee groepe nie. Net so was die spanning by die meegee- (p = 0.684), treksterkte- (p = 0.778) en faalpunte (p = 0.505) nie beduidend verskillend tussen die twee groepe nie. Hoof beperkings van die studie was die relatief klein getal monsters wat getoets is, die gladheid van die osteotomie-snitte wat interdigitasie tussen die fragmente beperk het, en dat slegs drie van die vyf erkende ladings wat op bene in vivo inwerk, in vitro getoets kon word. Laastens het hierdie studie nie genoeg getuienis opgelewer om ‘n beduidende verskil te bewys trussen die twee metodes van herstel nie. Derhalwe word voorgestel dat IM-penne en vol sirkeldrade gebruik word as aanvarbare alternatief tot beenplate en skroewe in die behandeling van skuins midskag tibia frakture in chondrodistrofiese honderasse. Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. Companion Animal Clinical Studies unrestricted

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Sasaki, Sandra Umeda. "Estudo comparativo entre dois métodos de tratamento da lesão do ligamento cruzado posterior por avulsão óssea na tíbia : amarrilho artroscópico e fixação com parafuso por via posterior aberta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-19042007-115606/.

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Atualmente, os bons resultados na lesão do ligamento cruzado posterior por avulsão óssea na tíbia associam-se ao tratamento cirúrgico e precoce. A técnica convencional é a fixação com parafuso pela via de acesso posterior do joelho, com abordagem direta das estruturas vasculares e nervosas da região. Neste estudo experimental em 20 joelhos de cadáveres, buscamos apresentar uma alternativa com amarrilho por via artroscópica, comparando-o com a técnica convencional, através da inspeção direta e de testes biomecânicos. Houve falha na fixação de apenas um exemplar de cada método e medidas de deslocamento tibial posterior (p=0,23) e rigidez média (p=0,28) sem diferenças significativas entre as duas técnicas. Concluímos ser o amarrilho artroscópico viável e uma alternativa no tratamento desta lesão. Nowadays, good results on the management of posterior cruciate ligament bony avulsion of the tibia are associated with early surgical repair. The usual method of treatment is the open posterior approach with screw fixation, wich requires popliteal neurovascular bundle direct manipulation. This study presents a new arthroscopic suture and compares it with the conventional technique, using biomechanical tests and direct inspection in cadaveric specimens (20 knees). On both methods there was a fixation fail in one knee. The analisys of tibial posterior displacement (p=0,23) and stiffness (p=0,20) were similar for the two methods. The Arthroscopic suture presented is an effective reattachment method for this fracture pattern.

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Books on the topic "Biomechanics of bone screws"

Wang, X., J. S. Nyman, X. Dong, H. Leng, and M. Reyes. Fundamental Biomechanics in Bone Tissue Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02579-2.

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1934-, Cowin Stephen C., ed. Bone mechanics. CTC Press, 1989.

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D, Johnson Kenneth, ed. Biomechanics in orthopedic trauma: Bone fracture and fixation. M. Dunitz, 1994.

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E, Asnis Stanley, and Kyle Richard F, eds. Cannulated screw fixation: Principles and operative techniques. Springer, 1996.

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C, Mow Van, Ratcliffe Anthony, and Woo Savio L-Y, eds. Biomechanics of diarthrodial joints. Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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IUTAM Symposium on Synthesis in Bio Solid Mechanics (1998 Copenhagen, Denmark). IUTAM Symposium on Synthesis in Bio Solid Mechanics: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 24-27 May 1998. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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Maher, Suzanne A. Modelling the morphological features of the cement/bone interface in hip replacements. University College Dublin, 1996.

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1922-, Harvey J. Paul, and Games Robert F, eds. Clinical and laboratory performance of bone plates. ASTM, 1994.

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Hu, Yizhong. Microstructure and Biomechanics of the Subchondral Bone in the Development of Knee Osteoarthritis. [publisher not identified], 2021.

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(Matthias), Rapp M., and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. The Double Dynamic Martin Screw (DMS): Adjustable Implant System for Proximal and Distal Femur Fractures. Steinkopff, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biomechanics of bone screws"

Pawluk, R. J., and H. M. Dick. "Application of Strain Gage Augmeted Screws for Evaluation of Long Bone Internal Fixation." In Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7432-9_63.

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Xu, X. X., J. Cordey, B. A. Rahn, W. J. Ziegler, and S. M. Perren. "Stripping of Thread in Bone by Commercial Cortical Self-Tapping and Pretapped Screws." In Biomechanics: Basic and Applied Research. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3355-2_75.

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Santa-María, Ana L., Marzouk Agharbi, Carlos B. Thams, and Oscar Martel. "Biomechanical Study of the Addition of the Interferential Screw in the Repair of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_19.

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AbstractThe surgery of the biceps brachii anchors the tendon to the bone, usually using sutures and/or screws. The usual technique is to drill a tunnel in the radius and secure the tendon in it using a small metal piece (button). However, it is also possible to add an interference screw in the bone tunnel to increase the fixation capacity. The objective of this work has been to evaluate the improvement of the repair of the biceps brachii tendon with the use of an interference screw. To this end, reconstructions of the distal tendon were carried out using bones and tendons of animal origin and tested cyclically. The results indicate that adding the screw reduces the displacement and increases the loading capacity significantly. Therefore, the addition of the interference screw is recommended, especially in young and active patients.

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Lee, Jae Hyup, Hyun Seung Ryu, Dong Soo Lee, Kug Sun Hong, Bong-Soon Chang, and Choon Ki Lee. "Biomechanical and Histomorphometric Study of the Bone-Screw Interface of Calcium Pyrophosphate Coated Titanium Screws." In Bioceramics 17. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-961-x.219.

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Lee, S. J., B. J. Kim, S. Y. Kwon, and G. R. Tack. "Biomechanics of Bone Cement Augmentation with Compression Hip Screw System for the Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures." In Computational Science - ICCS 2004. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25944-2_138.

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Fung, Yuan-Cheng. "Bone and Cartilage." In Biomechanics. Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2257-4_12.

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Oda, Juhachi, Jiro Sakamoto, Kazuhiro Aoyama, Yasunobu Sueyoshi, Katsuro Tomita, and Takeshi Sawaguchi. "Mechanical Stresses and Bone Formation." In Biomechanics. Springer Japan, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68317-9_6.

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Reddy, Sudheer, Michele Dischino, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Biomechanics - Part I." In Bone Pathology. Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-347-9_3.

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Samuel, Solomon Praveen, George R. Baran, Yen Wei, and Brian L. Davis. "Biomechanics - Part II." In Bone Pathology. Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-347-9_4.

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Morita, Masafumi, and Tadashi Sasada. "Fatigue Fracture Mechanism of Cancellous Bone." In Biomechanics. Springer Japan, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68317-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biomechanics of bone screws"

Singh, Amandeep, Manmohan Singh, Salavat R. Aglyamov, David Mayerich, and Kirill V. Larin. "Assessing the stiffness of intact bone marrow with noncontact optical coherence elastography." In Optical Elastography and Tissue Biomechanics XII, edited by Kirill V. Larin and Giuliano Scarcelli. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3043090.

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Weriono, Weriono, Hendery Dahlan, Eka Sahputra Roni, and Meifal Rusli. "A Finite Element Analysis of the Pedicle Screw Displacement on Spine Implant with Varying Frictional Contact." In International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanic in Engineering 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-v7mvra.

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Displacement can occur for a variety of reasons, including pedicle screw detachment from the spine, damaged pedicle screws, the supporting rod detaching from the pedicle screw, and broken supporting rods. The relationship between displacement and screw threads indicates that the displacement of the screw is a measure of thread movement, and the smaller the pitch (the space between the two screw threads), the lower the displacement of the screw. Results from a normal bone simulation using MSC-Marc show that variations in pedicle screws under tensile load result in a displacement of 5.53x10-5 mm for single-threaded conical pedicle implants, with no greater coefficient of friction than single-threaded cylindrical implants, which have a displacement of 1.62x10-6 mm. When a tensile load is applied to an osteopenia bone, a single-threaded conical implant with no coefficient of friction results in a displacement of 3.45x10-5 mm as opposed to a cylindrical implant. The higher contact force reinforces the pedicle screw's interface with the bone, making it less likely to detach due to the pedicle screw's tensile force. When applying tensile forces and bending moments to a single-threaded conical implant with a single-threaded cylindrical implant, the displacement increases as the friction coefficient rises

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Shepherd, Duncan E. T., and Alan J. Johnstone. "How Extreme Locking of Intramedullary Nails Affects the Overall Biomechanics of Intramedullary Nail Systems." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58162.

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Intramedullary nails are tube-like implantable medical devices that are commonly used to treat long bone fractures. Interlocking screws, that pass from one side of the bone to the other, through holes at either end of the nail, provide additional stability. Newer designs of intramedullary nails have screws placed more extremely. The aim of this study was to use mechanics to analytically investigate how extreme locking of intramedullary nails affects the overall biomechanics of intramedullary nail systems. The nail was modelled as a tube of various sizes. The deflection of the nail from axial compression, bending and torsion was determined as the working length of the nail was varied. The screw was modelled as a simple beam, built-in at both ends. The deflection of the screw was determined as the medullary width was varied. Placing interlocking screws more extremely in intramedullary nails increases the working length of the nail and leads to the use of longer screws, since at the bone extremities, the width of the medullary cavity increases. An increased working length leads to increased rotation of the nail. The use of longer screws leads to increased deflection of the screw and an increased bending moment that has to be resisted by the bone cortex. Extreme locking of intramedullary nails changes the biomechanics of the nail system, and may well have clinical implications in terms of fracture healing.

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Buckenmeyer, Laura E., Kristophe J. Karami, Ata M. Kiapour, Vijay K. Goel, Constantine K. Demetropoulos, and Teck M. Soo. "Biomechanical Effects of Lumbar Pedicle Screw Insertion Depth on Screw Loosening and Fulcrum Location." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14324.

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Osteoporosis is a critical challenge in orthopedic surgery. Osteoporotic patients have an increased risk of loosening and failure of implant constructs due to a weaker bone-implant interface than with healthy bone. Pullout strength of pedicle screws is enhanced by increased screw insertion depth. However, more knowledge is needed to define optimal pedicle screw insertion depth in relation to screw-bone interface biomechanics and the resulting loosening risk. This study evaluates the effects of screw length on loosening risk in the osteoporotic lumbar spine.

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James, Thomas P., and Brendan A. Andrade. "Is Synthetic Composite Bone a Substitute for Natural Bone in Screw Bending Tests?" In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65498.

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Composite replica bones have been used extensively for biomechanical studies. These studies normally rely upon the overall tensile, compressive, and bending strength of large replica bones, such as the tibia and femur. In this study, highly localized behavior of composite bone was scrutinized by examining the material’s response to cortical screws in bending. Of interest was localized deformation of the composite material as compared to the response of natural bone under similar loading conditions. Cortical screw deflection in a laminated composite bone was compared to deflection in a bovine bone under quasi-static loading. The laminated composite bone consisted of short glass fiber reinforced epoxy as a cortical bone substitute, while polyurethane foam was used as a cancellous bone substitute. A new laser projection method was used to make comparative measurements of the slope of the screw head near to the applied load. Initial results indicate that composite bone is a reliable substitute for natural bone in quasi-static studies of cortical screw deflection.

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Hashemi, A., and A. Shirazi-Adl. "3D Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Knee Joint Implants." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0424.

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Abstract The finite element (FE) method has been used in orthopaedic biomechanics to investigate the fixation role of different design parameters in total knee replacement (TKA). Previous FE model studies used 2D, axisymmetric and 3D models to represent the geometry while neglecting many essential features. They simulated the bone-implant interface as frictionless, perfectly bonded or with idealized Coulomb’s friction model. The model of screws and posts have also been neglected altogether or inadequately considered in these studies. To overcome these limitations, the objective of the present study was set to develop a detailed 3D FE model of the knee bone-implant structure including all the interacting components in an immediate postoperative period without bony ingrowth to predict the micromotion at the bone-implant interface and stress distribution within the bone and the polyethylene insert.

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Assari, Soroush, Kurosh Darvish, and Asif M. Ilyas. "A Biomechanical Study of Scaphoid Headless Screws." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53854.

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Scaphoid fractures are the most common fracture of the carpus [1].Headless screws are favored for internal fixation in the treatment of displaced or unstable fractures, because they are embedded below the articular surface of the bone, reducing tissue irritation and immobilization. Compression plays an important role in fracture stability, maintaining gap reduction and also accelerating the healing of cancellous bone [3]. There are several types of screwsbeing used in practice and it is of clinical interest to know how different they are in generating and maintaining the compression force.

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Tia, Samuel Q., Jennifer M. Buckley, Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, Jeffrey C. Lotz, and Shane Burch. "A Novel Technique for Measuring Pedicle Screw Forces In Situ." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192219.

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Long posterior fusion constructs in the lumbar spine cause substantial posteriorly directed loading of the supporting pedicle screws, particularly during patient bending activities. Although there are numerous documented accounts of clinical failure at the pedicle screw-bone interface [1,2], the in situ pull-out strength of pedicle screws in long surgical constructs has not been characterized. Previous biomechanical studies have quantified pedicle screw pull-out force in cadaveric models through destructive testing or in nondestructive cases, through the use of custom-machined pedicle screws instrumented with strain gages [3–6]. However, these techniques involve altering screw geometry and may fail to properly simulate in vivo mechanical loading conditions. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a sensor system for measuring pedicle screw pull-out forces in long posterior constructs in situ during multi-segmental cadaveric testing.

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Huxman, Connor, April Armstrong, Gary Updegrove, Gregory Lewis, and Jared Butler. "Compression Plating of Long Bone Fractures with Flexure-Based Compliant Locking Plates." In 2024 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2024-1085.

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Abstract A novel flexure-based compliant bone plate is proposed for long bone fracture compression. Locking screws can be used in all screw holes while compression is generated through pretensioning of flexible elements in the plate. Performance differences are characterized for the use of both titanium alloy and stainless steel in the proposed plate. Biomechanical simulations are performed with finite element analysis to determine the fracture surface compression characteristics. The proposed compliant plating technology may offer unique benefits of both locked and compression plating.

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Natarajan, Raghu N., Nelson Oi, Luc Curylo, Gunnar B. J. Andersson, and Howard An. "Biomechanical Analyses of Corpectomy and Anterior Cervical Plating: A FEM Study to Assess Stability, Implant and Bone Graft Stresses in Short and Long Constructs." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32623.

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Anterior corpectomy of the cervical vertebral body is an established procedure to decompress the spinal cord for cervical spondylotic myelopathy, traumatic and neoplastic cases. Following corpectomy at one or more levels, the spinal column is typically reconstructed by strut grafting and plating. Modern plate-screw fixation systems provide improved rigidity, but complications still may occur such as screw loosening, screw pull-out, nonunion, construct failure, and injuries to adjacent vital structures. The stability of the plate-screw constructs as wells as the stresses and strains in the implant and bone graft depend on many factors including the number of motion segments fused, presence of intermediate screws and loading direction. It is hypothesized that the shorter constructs provide greater stability and reduced stresses in the implant and bone graft as compared to longer constructs, and intermediate screws in the longer constructs improve the stability. This study will investigate the biomechanical effects of plate-screw fixation in both short and long anterior fusion constructs, using a validated multi-segment cervical finite element model.

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