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Journal articles on the topic 'Biomedical Nanorobotics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Rajesh S. R. "Applications of nanorobotics in medical and industrial automation." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 2 (2021): 263–70. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.2.0204.

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Nanorobotics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that combines nanotechnology, robotics, and biomedical engineering to develop microscopic robotic systems capable of performing precise and controlled operations at the nanoscale. This paper explores the diverse applications of nanorobots in medicine, particularly in targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgeries, and early disease detection, highlighting their potential to enhance treatment efficacy while reducing side effects. Additionally, the role of nanorobotics in industrial automation is examined, focusing on their contributions to precision manufacturing, material manipulation, and quality control in nanofabrication processes. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate advancements in nanorobotic design, functionality, and integration with artificial intelligence for autonomous decision-making. The study also identifies key challenges, including fabrication complexities, energy efficiency, control mechanisms, and biocompatibility concerns, which must be addressed for widespread adoption. Figures, tables, and bar charts are utilized to present data on current developments, technological barriers, and projected future trends. Finally, the paper discusses emerging opportunities in nanorobotics, emphasizing its transformative potential in medicine, industry, and beyond.

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Li, Mi, Ning Xi, Yuechao Wang, and Lianqing Liu. "Progress in Nanorobotics for Advancing Biomedicine." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 68, no. 1 (2021): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.2990380.

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Sharma, Manish Kumar, and Rashmi Gupta. "Nanorobotics: The Future of Medicines." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i01.10.

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Nano-robots are the technology of creating machines or robots close to the microscopic scale to nanometer. Nano-robots is a truly multidisciplinary field which comprises of the simultaneous advantage of medicinal and robots knowledge disciplines will merge including robots, and mechanical, chemical and biomedical engineering, chemistry, biology, physical science and mathematics or arithmetic. Nano-robots medicine is therapeutically more effective, individualized, dose reduced and more affordable medicine. Nano-robots medicines are being developed to improve drug bioavailability. Target drug delivery is currently the most advanced application of Nano-robots in medicine. Nanotechnology is being used to produce new generations of biomaterial scaffolds that can encourage or support cell growth and differentiation into often complex tissue types. Nano-robots medicine include targeting semi-metallic or metallic nanoparticles, e.g. silica, iron or gold, to tumor sites and then activating them by external means, e.g. light, magnetic field, ultrasound, to produce heat or soft radiation locally that can destroy the cancer cells in situ gene therapy cell therapy. Nano medicines are better imaging-techniques and other diagnostic tools Nano-robots opens up new ways for vast and abundant research work in which many. Nanorobots have strong potential to revolutionize healthcare to treat disease in future.

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Dong, Lixin, Arunkumar Subramanian, and Bradley J. Nelson. "Carbon nanotubes for nanorobotics." Nano Today 2, no. 6 (2007): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1748-0132(07)70169-x.

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Grifantini, Kristina. "The State of Nanorobotics in Medicine." IEEE Pulse 10, no. 5 (2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpuls.2019.2937150.

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Lenaghan, S. C., Yongzhong Wang, Ning Xi, et al. "Grand Challenges in Bioengineered Nanorobotics for Cancer Therapy." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 60, no. 3 (2013): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2013.2244599.

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Taha, Bakr Ahmed, Ali J. Addie, Ehsan M. Abbas, et al. "Biophotonics and nanorobotics for biomedical imaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and therapy." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 60-61 (December 2024): 100678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2024.100678.

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Wei, Chunyun, Zhuoran Zhang, Xian Wang, Haojian Lu, and Jiangfan Yu. "Editorial for the Special Issue on Fundamentals and Applications of Micro/Nanorobotics." Micromachines 15, no. 11 (2024): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15111303.

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Cavalcanti, Adriano, Bijan Shirinzadeh, and Luiz C. Kretly. "Medical nanorobotics for diabetes control." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 4, no. 2 (2008): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2008.03.001.

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Researcher. "NANOSCALE INNOVATIONS: RECENT ADVANCES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY." International Journal of Research In Computer Applications and Information Technology (IJRCAIT) 7, no. 2 (2024): 854–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14045551.

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Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, has emerged as a transformative force in materials science and medicine. This article explores cutting-edge developments in nanomaterials and their applications across multiple sectors. We examine the properties and potential of carbon nanotubes and graphene in creating stronger, lighter materials for aerospace and electronics. The advent of self-healing materials and smart coatings, enabled by nanotechnology, promises to revolutionize construction and infrastructure maintenance. In the medical field, we analyze breakthroughs in targeted drug delivery systems, early disease detection using nanosensors, and the application of nanomaterials in regenerative medicine. The potential of nanorobotics in minimally invasive surgery and personalized medicine is also discussed. Furthermore, we explore future prospects in energy efficiency, environmental remediation, and consider the ethical implications of these advancing technologies. This comprehensive review underscores nanotechnology's pivotal role in addressing global challenges and its potential to reshape industries, while also highlighting the need for continued research into long-term safety and societal impacts.

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Mrinalini, Madoori, Madarapu Naresh, Seelam Prasanthkumar, and Lingamallu Giribabu. "Porphyrin-based supramolecular assemblies and their applications in NLO and PDT." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 25, no. 05n06 (2021): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424621500243.

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Tetrapyrrolic systems largely inspired by nature have attracted much attention in organic electronics and biomedical applications owing to their planar structure and extended [Formula: see text]-conjugated double bonds. As a result, delocalization of [Formula: see text]-electron cloud leads the excellent optical absorption and fluorescent properties. Nonetheless, the utilization of non-covalent interactions result in the self-assembled nanostructures providing applications in bioimaging and electronics. In this review, it is demonstrated that the recent reports on the self-assembly in tetrapyrrolic systems via supramolecular interactions lead to well-defined nanoarchitectures. Moreover, the importance of porphyrin based derivatives in nanoelectronics and chemotherapeutic applications is reported. Therefore, the inclination of tetrapyrroles towards the design and development of novel supramolecular nanostructures are considered the hallmark for nanorobotics, shape memory polymers and bionic arms.

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Cavalcanti, A., and R. A. Freitas. "Nanorobotics Control Design: A Collective Behavior Approach for Medicine." IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience 4, no. 2 (2005): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2005.850469.

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Detholia, Krunal K. "Advancements in Micro-Swimmers: Transforming Drug Delivery and Exploring Novel Pharmaceutical Applications." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 06 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem36151.

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This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the field of microswimmers, an emerging area at the intersection of robotics, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. Microswimmers, which are propelled by various mechanisms including magnetic fields, acoustic waves, and chemical reactions, demonstrate unique capabilities that position them as promising candidates for a wide range of applications. This paper discusses the design principles, propulsion mechanisms, and control strategies of microswimmers, with a focus on their potential for targeted drug delivery, environmental sensing, and minimally invasive medical procedures. Additionally, the review critically examines the challenges associated with scaling, navigation, and biocompatibility, and explores future prospects in these areas. By synthesizing recent research findings, this review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the current state of microswimmer technology, thereby paving the way for future advancements in this transformative field. Keywords: Microswimmers, Targeted drug delivery, Nanotechnology, Biomedical applications, Navigation strategies, Nanorobotics, Therapeutic applications, Micro-scale robotics

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Curtis, A. S. G. "Comment on "Nanorobotics Control Design: A Collective Behavior Approach for Medicine." IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience 4, no. 2 (2005): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2005.850471.

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Mandal, T. K., and V. Patait. "Utilization of Nanomaterials in Target Oriented Drug Delivery Vehicles." Journal of Scientific Research 13, no. 1 (2021): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v13i1.47690.

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The present investigation deals with the fundamentals of nanorobots, its fabrication, and possible utilization in a different target-oriented drug delivery vehicles. Details of various types of nanorobots and their specific applications are studied in this research. The use of nanorobots in cancer treatment, target-oriented drug delivery, medical imaging, and in new health sensing devices has also been studied. The mechanism of action of nanorobots for the treatment of cancerous cells as well as the formulation and working functions of some recently studied nanorobots are investigated in this work. This paper reviews the research in finding the suitable nanorobotic materials, different fabrication processes of nanorobots, and the current status of application of nanorobots in biomedical, especially in the treatment of cancers. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been observed to be used as novel drug delivery vehicle materials. The future perspectives of nanorobots for the utilization in drug delivery are also addressed herewith.

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Yang, Zhan, Tao Chen, Yaqiong Wang, Lining Sun, and Toshio Fukuda. "Carbon nanotubes pickup by van der Waals force based on nanorobotics manipulation inside SEM." Micro & Nano Letters 11, no. 10 (2016): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2016.0287.

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Hu, Yong. "Self-Assembly of DNA Molecules: Towards DNA Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications." Cyborg and Bionic Systems 2021 (October 19, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9807520.

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DNA nanotechnology takes DNA molecule out of its biological context to build nanostructures that have entered the realm of robots and thus added a dimension to cyborg and bionic systems. Spurred by spring-like properties of DNA molecule, the assembled nanorobots can be tuned to enable restricted, mechanical motion by deliberate design. DNA nanorobots can be programmed with a combination of several unique features, such as tissue penetration, site-targeting, stimuli responsiveness, and cargo-loading, which makes them ideal candidates as biomedical robots for precision medicine. Even though DNA nanorobots are capable of detecting target molecule and determining cell fate via a variety of DNA-based interactions both in vitro and in vivo, major obstacles remain on the path to real-world applications of DNA nanorobots. Control over nanorobot’s stability, cargo loading and release, analyte binding, and dynamic switching both independently and simultaneously represents the most eminent challenge that biomedical DNA nanorobots currently face. Meanwhile, scaling up DNA nanorobots with low-cost under CMC and GMP standards represents other pertinent challenges regarding the clinical translation. Nevertheless, DNA nanorobots will undoubtedly be a powerful toolbox to improve human health once those remained challenges are addressed by using a scalable and cost-efficient method.

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Lei, Yuning, Cedric Clevy, Jean-Yves Rauch, and Philippe Lutz. "Large-Workspace Polyarticulated Micro-Structures Based-On Folded Silica for Tethered Nanorobotics." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 7, no. 1 (2022): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3118470.

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Hortelao, AC, C. Simó, M. Guix, et al. "Swarming behavior and in vivo monitoring of enzymatic nanomotors within the bladder." Science Robotics 6, no. 52 (2021): 2823. https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abd2823.

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Enzyme-powered nanomotors are an exciting technology for biomedical applications due to their ability to navigate within biological environments using endogenous fuels. However, limited studies into their collective behavior and demonstrations of tracking enzyme nanomotors in vivo have hindered progress toward their clinical translation. Here, we report the swarming behavior of urease-powered nanomotors and its tracking using positron emission tomography (PET), both in vitro and in vivo. For that, mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing urease enzymes and gold nanoparticles were used as nanomotors. To image them, nanomotors were radiolabeled with either I-124 on gold nanoparticles or F-18-labeled prosthetic group to urease. In vitro experiments showed enhanced fluid mixing and collective migration of nanomotors, demonstrating higher capability to swim across complex paths inside microfabricated phantoms, compared with inactive nanomotors. In vivo intravenous administration in mice confirmed their biocompatibility at the administered dose and the suitability of PET to quantitatively track nanomotors in vivo. Furthermore, nanomotors were administered directly into the bladder of mice by intravesical injection. When injected with the fuel, urea, a homogeneous distribution was observed even after the entrance of fresh urine. By contrast, control experiments using nonmotile nanomotors (i.e., without fuel or without urease) resulted in sustained phase separation, indicating that the nanomotors' self-propulsion promotes convection and mixing in living reservoirs. Active collective dynamics, together with the medical imaging tracking, constitute a key milestone and a step forward in the field of biomedical nanorobotics, paving the way toward their use in theranostic applications.

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Cavalcanti, A., and R. A. Freitas. "Authors' Reply to “Comment on `Nanorobotics Control Design: A Collective Behavior Approach for Medicine'”." IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience 4, no. 2 (2005): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2005.850470.

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Puru, Malhotra, and Shahdadpuri Nimesh. "Nano Robots for Continuous Blood Glucose Diagnosis." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 6 (2019): 1023–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3589229.

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Diabetes has established itself among the deadliest diseases of the century. Many Leading Fatal diseases are majorly caused or supported by this metabolic disorder. Diabetes has become very common over the years, showing a rapid increase in the number of cases. The increasing trends clearly show that there is a demand to come up with some new efficient methods to support its treatment procedures. Tedious and painful methods for its monitoring on a daily basis has to be carried out by people suffering from it which involves pricking their fingers many times a day, increasing the possibilities of infections and side effects. Nanorobotics can give a potential alternative for its diagnosis which ensures better levels of safety standards as compared to current available methods. In this review, we will present a concept for continuous measuring of blood glucose levels with nano bots which will stay in the bloodstream and report results to an external system which can be further analysed. The bots will have a structure of a multiwall carbon nanotube. Researchers have been actively working on the development of this field and hence this novel idea will be actively used within the public when it passes its first human trial. The run to construct such nano structures is on and with advancements with each passing day they are expected to hit the markets for public use after the estimated time of 5 years. Puru Malhotra | Nimesh Shahdadpuri "Nano Robots for Continuous Blood Glucose Diagnosis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29262.pdf

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Tang, Daitian, Xiqi Peng, Song Wu, and Songsong Tang. "Autonomous Nanorobots as Miniaturized Surgeons for Intracellular Applications." Nanomaterials 14, no. 7 (2024): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14070595.

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Artificial nanorobots have emerged as promising tools for a wide range of biomedical applications, including biosensing, detoxification, and drug delivery. Their unique ability to navigate confined spaces with precise control extends their operational scope to the cellular or subcellular level. By combining tailored surface functionality and propulsion mechanisms, nanorobots demonstrate rapid penetration of cell membranes and efficient internalization, enhancing intracellular delivery capabilities. Moreover, their robust motion within cells enables targeted interactions with intracellular components, such as proteins, molecules, and organelles, leading to superior performance in intracellular biosensing and organelle-targeted cargo delivery. Consequently, nanorobots hold significant potential as miniaturized surgeons capable of directly modulating cellular dynamics and combating metastasis, thereby maximizing therapeutic outcomes for precision therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the propulsion modes of nanorobots and discuss essential factors to harness propulsive energy from the local environment or external power sources, including structure, material, and engine selection. We then discuss key advancements in nanorobot technology for various intracellular applications. Finally, we address important considerations for future nanorobot design to facilitate their translation into clinical practice and unlock their full potential in biomedical research and healthcare.

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Liu, Xuejia, Yizhan Jing, Chengxin Xu, et al. "Medical Imaging Technology for Micro/Nanorobots." Nanomaterials 13, no. 21 (2023): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13212872.

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Due to their enormous potential to be navigated through complex biological media or narrow capillaries, microrobots have demonstrated their potential in a variety of biomedical applications, such as assisted fertilization, targeted drug delivery, tissue repair, and regeneration. Numerous initial studies have been conducted to demonstrate the biomedical applications in test tubes and in vitro environments. Microrobots can reach human areas that are difficult to reach by existing medical devices through precise navigation. Medical imaging technology is essential for locating and tracking this small treatment machine for evaluation. This article discusses the progress of imaging in tracking the imaging of micro and nano robots in vivo and analyzes the current status of imaging technology for microrobots. The working principle and imaging parameters (temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and penetration depth) of each imaging technology are discussed in depth.

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Wang, Longchen, Zheying Meng, Yu Chen, and Yuanyi Zheng. "Engineering Magnetic Micro/Nanorobots for Versatile Biomedical Applications." Advanced Intelligent Systems 3, no. 7 (2021): 2000267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000267.

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Li, Ting, Chun Mao, Jian Shen, and Min Zhou. "Three laws of design for biomedical micro/nanorobots." Nano Today 45 (August 2022): 101560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101560.

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H. K, Vidya. "Reinforcement learning for optimization of nanorobot navigation in bloodstreams." Nanoscale Reports 8, no. 1 (2025): 17–20. https://doi.org/10.26524/nr.8.7.

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Nanorobots represent a revolutionary advancement in the field of nanomedicine, with immense potential for applications such as targeted drug delivery, disease detection, and even microsurgery. However, the efficient navigation of these nanorobots through the human bloodstream presents significant challenges due to the dynamic and complex nature of blood flow, vessel morphology, and cellular components. Reinforcement learning (RL), a powerful machine learning technique, offers an effective means of addressing these challenges by enabling autonomous decision-making in the navigation process. This article explores the application of RL algorithms to optimize the navigation of nanorobots within the bloodstream. By modeling the vascular environment and defining appropriate reward functions, RL can enable nanorobots to learn adaptive navigation strategies that maximize efficiency, minimize energy consumption, and avoid collisions. Through this framework, the article discusses the potential of RL to enhance the capabilities of nanorobots, improving their effectiveness in real-world biomedical applications.

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Xu, Ke, and Bing Liu. "Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (July 20, 2021): 756–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.59.

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As a research field of robotics, micro/nanorobots have been extensively studied in recent years because of their important application prospects in biomedical fields, such as medical diagnosis, nanoscale surgery, and targeted therapy. In this article, recent progress on micro/nanorobots is reviewed regarding actuation technologies. First, the different actuation mechanisms are divided into two types, external field actuation and self-actuation. Then, a few latest achievements on actuation methods are presented. On this basis, the principles of various actuation methods and their limitations are also analyzed. Finally, some key challenges in the development of micro/nanorobots are summarized and the next development direction of the field is explored.

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Yu, Hao, Wentian Tang, Guanyu Mu, et al. "Micro-/Nanorobots Propelled by Oscillating Magnetic Fields." Micromachines 9, no. 11 (2018): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110540.

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Recent strides in micro- and nanomanufacturing technologies have sparked the development of micro-/nanorobots with enhanced power and functionality. Due to the advantages of on-demand motion control, long lifetime, and great biocompatibility, magnetic propelled micro-/nanorobots have exhibited considerable promise in the fields of drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and environmental remediation. The magnetic fields which provide energy for propulsion can be categorized into rotating and oscillating magnetic fields. In this review, recent developments in oscillating magnetic propelled micro-/nanorobot fabrication techniques (such as electrodeposition, self-assembly, electron beam evaporation, and three-dimensional (3D) direct laser writing) are summarized. The motion mechanism of oscillating magnetic propelled micro-/nanorobots are also discussed, including wagging propulsion, surface walker propulsion, and scallop propulsion. With continuous innovation, micro-/nanorobots can become a promising candidate for future applications in the biomedical field. As a step toward designing and building such micro-/nanorobots, several types of common fabrication techniques are briefly introduced. Then, we focus on three propulsion mechanisms of micro-/nanorobots in oscillation magnetic fields: (1) wagging propulsion; (2) surface walker; and (3) scallop propulsion. Finally, a summary table is provided to compare the abilities of different micro-/nanorobots driven by oscillating magnetic fields.

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Pané, Salvador, Pedro Wendel-Garcia, Yonca Belce, Xiang-Zhong Chen, and Josep Puigmartí-Luis. "Powering and Fabrication of Small-Scale Robotics Systems." Current Robotics Reports 2, no. 4 (2021): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43154-021-00066-1.

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Abstract Purpose of Review The increasing number of contributions in the field of small-scale robotics is significantly associated with the progress in material science and process engineering during the last half century. With the objective of integrating the most optimal materials for the propulsion of these motile micro- and nanosystems, several manufacturing strategies have been adopted or specifically developed. This brief review covers some recent advances in materials and fabrication of small-scale robots with a focus on the materials serving as components for their motion and actuation. Recent Findings Integration of a wealth of materials is now possible in several micro- and nanorobotic designs owing to the advances in micro- and nanofabrication and chemical synthesis. Regarding light-driven swimmers, novel photocatalytic materials and deformable liquid crystal elastomers have been recently reported. Acoustic swimmers are also gaining attention, with several prominent examples of acoustic bubble-based 3D swimmers being recently reported. Magnetic micro- and nanorobots are increasingly investigated for their prospective use in biomedical applications. The adoption of different materials and novel fabrication strategies based on 3D printing, template-assisted electrodeposition, or electrospinning is briefly discussed. Summary A brief review on fabrication and powering of small-scale robotics is presented. First, a concise introduction to the world of small-scale robotics and their propulsion by means of magnetic fields, ultrasound, and light is provided. Recent examples of materials and fabrication methodologies for the realization of these devices follow thereafter.

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Zhang, Yinglei, Yuepeng Zhang, Yaqian Han, and Xue Gong. "Micro/Nanorobots for Medical Diagnosis and Disease Treatment." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (2022): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050648.

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Micro/nanorobots are functional devices in microns, at nanoscale, which enable efficient propulsion through chemical reactions or external physical field, including ultrasonic, optical, magnetic, and other external fields, as well as microorganisms. Compared with traditional robots, micro/nanorobots can perform various tasks on the micro/nanoscale, which has the advantages of high precision, strong flexibility, and wide adaptability. In addition, such robots can also perform tasks in a cluster manner. The design and development of micro/nanorobots and the integration of surface functionalization, remote drive system, and imaging tracking technology will become a key step for their medical applications in organisms. Thus, micro/nanorobots are expected to achieve more efficient and accurate local diagnosis and treatment, and they have broad application prospects in the biomedical field. This paper aims to introduce relevant driving methods of micro/nanorobots preparation in detail, summarizes the progress of research in medical applications, and discusses the challenges it faces in clinical applications and the future direction of development.

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Arvidsson, Rickard, and Steffen Foss Hansen. "Environmental and health risks of nanorobots: an early review." Environmental Science: Nano 7, no. 10 (2020): 2875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0en00570c.

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Nanorobots for biomedical applications have experienced extensive research and rapid development during the last decade, up to a point where they can now deliver cargos to designated sites in organisms under laboratory conditions.

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Aye, Seaim, and Yusuke Sato. "Therapeutic Applications of Programmable DNA Nanostructures." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (2022): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020315.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanotechnology, a frontier in biomedical engineering, is an emerging field that has enabled the engineering of molecular-scale DNA materials with applications in biomedicine such as bioimaging, biodetection, and drug delivery over the past decades. The programmability of DNA nanostructures allows the precise engineering of DNA nanocarriers with controllable shapes, sizes, surface chemistries, and functions to deliver therapeutic and functional payloads to target cells with higher efficiency and enhanced specificity. Programmability and control over design also allow the creation of dynamic devices, such as DNA nanorobots, that can react to external stimuli and execute programmed tasks. This review focuses on the current findings and progress in the field, mainly on the employment of DNA nanostructures such as DNA origami nanorobots, DNA nanotubes, DNA tetrahedra, DNA boxes, and DNA nanoflowers in the biomedical field for therapeutic purposes. We will also discuss the fate of DNA nanostructures in living cells, the major obstacles to overcome, that is, the stability of DNA nanostructures in biomedical applications, and the opportunities for DNA nanostructure-based drug delivery in the future.

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Qiu, Famin, and Bradley J. Nelson. "Magnetic Helical Micro- and Nanorobots: Toward Their Biomedical Applications." Engineering 1, no. 1 (2015): 021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-eng-2015005.

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Cao, Hiep Xuan, Van Du Nguyen, Jong-Oh Park, Eunpyo Choi, and Byungjeon Kang. "Acoustic Actuators for the Manipulation of Micro/Nanorobots: State-of-the-Art and Future Outlooks." Micromachines 15, no. 2 (2024): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15020186.

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Compared to other actuating methods, acoustic actuators offer the distinctive capability of the contactless manipulation of small objects, such as microscale and nanoscale robots. Furthermore, they have the ability to penetrate the skin, allowing for the trapping and manipulation of micro/nanorobots that carry therapeutic agents in diverse media. In this review, we summarize the current progress in using acoustic actuators for the manipulation of micro/nanorobots used in various biomedical applications. First, we introduce the actuating method of using acoustic waves to manipulate objects, including the principle of operation and different types of acoustic actuators that are usually employed. Then, applications involving manipulating different types of devices are reviewed, including bubble-based microrobots, bubble-free robots, biohybrid microrobots, and nanorobots. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives for the development of the field.

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Naik, Mudavath Hanuma, Jala Satyanarayana, and Raj Kumar Kudari. "Nanorobots in drug delivery systems and treatment of cancer." Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials 7, no. 2 (2024): 2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/can.v7i2.2539.

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Cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death globally, and the countries with low-to-middle income account for most cancer cases. The current diagnostic tools, including imaging, molecular detection, and immune histochemistry (IHC), have intrinsic limitations, such as poor accuracy. However, researchers have been working to improve anti-cancer treatment using different drug delivery systems (DDS) to target tumor cells more precisely. Current advances, however, are enough to meet the growing call for more efficient drug delivery systems, but the adverse effects of these systems are a major problem. Nanorobots are typically controlled devices made up of nanometric component assemblies that can interact with and even diffuse the cellular membrane due to their small size, offering a direct channel to the cellular level. The nanorobots improve treatment efficiency by performing advanced biomedical therapies using minimally invasive operations. Chemotherapy’s harsh side effects and untargeted drug distribution necessitate new cancer treatment trials. The nanorobots are currently designed to recognize 12 different types of cancer cells. Nanorobots are an emerging field of nanotechnology with nanoscale dimensions and are predictable to work at an atomic, molecular, and cellular level. Nanorobots to date are under the line of investigation, but some primary molecular models of these medically programmable machines have been tested. This review on nanorobots presents the various aspects allied, i.e., introduction, history, ideal characteristics, approaches in nanorobots, basis for the development, tool kit recognition and retrieval from the body, and application considering diagnosis and treatment.

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Wang, Zhongbao, Zhenjin Xu, Bin Zhu, et al. "Design, fabrication and application of magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots: a review." Nanotechnology 33, no. 15 (2022): 152001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac43e6.

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Abstract Magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots are typical micro- and nanoscale artificial devices with favorable attributes of quick response, remote and contactless control, harmless human-machine interaction and high economic efficiency. Under external magnetic actuation strategies, they are capable of achieving elaborate manipulation and navigation in extreme biomedical environments. This review focuses on state-of-the-art progresses in design strategies, fabrication techniques and applications of magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots. Firstly, recent advances of various robot designs, including helical robots, surface walkers, ciliary robots, scaffold robots and biohybrid robots, are discussed separately. Secondly, the main progresses of common fabrication techniques are respectively introduced, and application achievements on these robots in targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery and cell manipulation are also presented. Finally, a short summary is made, and the current challenges and future work for magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots are discussed.

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Manjunath, T. C., Pavithra G., Ravi Rayappa, Rajasekhar Koyyeda, Satvik M. Kusagur, and Praveen N. "Medical Robots & its Applications in the Current Health Sector." Journal of Analog and Digital Devices 5, no. 3 (2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joadd.2020.v05i03.001.

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A concise survey of the nanorobots that are right now utilized in biomedical designing to fix different sorts of infections is being introduced. In the unique situation, we are completing a writing review for the therapy of malignant growth utilizing the nano-innovation idea. How we have picked is the association of nanotechnology and medication. The blend of nanotechnology into medicine is likely going to get some new challenges helpful treatment. Nanorobot is an amazing vision of medication in the future. The most excellent nanomedicine incorporates the use of nanorobots as little scope trained professionals. Headway in nanotechnology may permit us to construct fake red platelets called Respirocytes equipped for conveying oxygen and carbon dioxide atoms (i.e., elements of normal platelets). Respirocytes are nanorobots, little mechanical contraptions proposed to take a shot at the nuclear level. Respirocytes can give a short replacement to trademark platelets on the occasion of an emergency. Thusly respirocytes will change the treatment of coronary ailment. We can envision a day when you could implant billions of these nanorobots that would skim around in your body. A champion among the most reasonable and practically feasible achievements is the remedy for development which is one of the essential communities of this work. Nanorobots could convey and convey a lot of hostile to disease drugs into carcinogenic cells without hurting sound cells, lessening the results identified with flow treatments.

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Ghanbari, Ali. "Bioinspired reorientation strategies for application in micro/nanorobotic control." Journal of Micro-Bio Robotics 16, no. 2 (2020): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12213-020-00130-7.

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Abstract Engineers have recently been inspired by swimming methodologies of microorganisms in creating micro-/nanorobots for biomedical applications. Future medicine may be revolutionized by the application of these small machines in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases. Studies over the past decade have often concentrated on propulsion generation. However, there are many other challenges to address before the practical use of robots at the micro-/nanoscale. The control and reorientation ability of such robots remain as some of these challenges. This paper reviews the strategies of swimming microorganisms for reorientation, including tumbling, reverse and flick, direction control of helical-path swimmers, by speed modulation, using complex flagella, and the help of mastigonemes. Then, inspired by direction change in microorganisms, methods for orientation control for microrobots and possible directions for future studies are discussed. Further, the effects of solid boundaries on the swimming trajectories of microorganisms and microrobots are examined. In addition to propulsion systems for artificial microswimmers, swimming microorganisms are promising sources of control methodologies at the micro-/nanoscale.

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Abdelaziz, Mostafa, and Maki Habib. "Electromagnetic Actuation for a Micro/Nano Robot in a Three-Dimensional Environment." Micromachines 13, no. 11 (2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13112028.

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Micro/nanorobots have several potential biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, minimal invasiveness, and moving within narrow and complex areas. To achieve these desirable applications, precise path tracking and controlling magnetic micro/nanorobots within blood vessels is a crucial but challenging point. In this paper, a three-dimensional electromagnetic actuation system composed of three pairs of Helmholtz coils and three pairs of Maxwell coils is proposed. A closed-loop control algorithm is proposed to enhance trajectory tracking of a micro/nanorobot. Different simulation experiments were carried out using Simulink to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. Different trajectories were tested in tracking two-dimensional and three-dimensional reference trajectories. The results showed that by using the developed algorithm and electromagnetic actuation system, a micro/nanorobot can follow the desired trajectory within a maximum error of 13 μm.

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Baki, Abdulkader, Frank Wiekhorst, and Regina Bleul. "Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles Engineering for Biomedical Applications—A Review." Bioengineering 8, no. 10 (2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8100134.

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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been developed and applied for a broad range of biomedical applications, such as diagnostic imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, gene therapy and tissue repair. As one key element, reproducible synthesis routes of MNPs are capable of controlling and adjusting structure, size, shape and magnetic properties are mandatory. In this review, we discuss advanced methods for engineering and utilizing MNPs, such as continuous synthesis approaches using microtechnologies and the biosynthesis of magnetosomes, biotechnological synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles from bacteria. We compare the technologies and resulting MNPs with conventional synthetic routes. Prominent biomedical applications of the MNPs such as diagnostic imaging, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery and magnetic actuation in micro/nanorobots will be presented.

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Park, Gippeum, Ken Karl Zhang, and Hwunjae Lee. "Review: Consideration of nanomedicine, Its Past and Future, and Its Application Possibilities." Journal of Medical Imaging 6, no. 1 (2023): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31916/sjmi2023-01-04.

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Nanomedicine is a field that integrates nanotechnology with medicine to revolutionize healthcare. This emerging field promises to improve medical care by facilitating biomedical research, enabling targeted drug delivery, and advancing regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine refers to the use of nanotechnology in medical applications, combining disciplines such as medicine, physics, biology, chemistry, engineering, and optics to diagnose and treat diseases in a more efficient and precise manner. Nanomedicine utilizes nanomaterials, such as nanoshells, nanobiosensors, nanovaccines, nanorobots, and nanocapsules, for various biomedical applications.In conclusion, nanomedicine has the potential to greatly impact healthcare by revolutionizing diagnosis, treatment, and overall medical care [9]. Furthermore, it has the potential to address current limitations in conventional therapies by offering selectivity in targeting tissues, controlled drug release, and protection against premature invivo degradation.

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Abdul, Rehman Khan, Sarfraz Sadaf, Naimatullah, et al. "Applications of Nanotechnology in the Field of Biomedical Sciences for the Treatment of Different Diseases." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 7, no. 6 (2020): 18–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13956368.

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Nanotechnology is an advanced and rising field of science that has many applications in different fields of biomedical sciences. Different diseases like Cancer, Diabetes. Malaria, HIV, Cardiovascular diseases etc. are treated by various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology has a considerable impact on human health care. The applications of various nanomaterials such as biosensors, nanomedicine, CNTs, spions, magic bullets, nanorobots, trojan horses, and NPG have been discussed in this paper. Around the end future, nano strategies are discussed to overcome challenges looked in this field

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Vartholomeos, Panagiotis, Matthieu Fruchard, Antoine Ferreira, and Constantinos Mavroidis. "MRI-Guided Nanorobotic Systems for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 13, no. 1 (2011): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124724.

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Nehru, Sushmitha, Ranjita Misra, and Maharshi Bhaswant. "Multifaceted Engineered Biomimetic Nanorobots Toward Cancer Management." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 8, no. 2 (2022): 444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01352.

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Wu, Ruoxuan, Yi Zhu, Xihang Cai, Sichen Wu, Lei Xu, and Tingting Yu. "Recent Process in Microrobots: From Propulsion to Swarming for Biomedical Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (2022): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091473.

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Recently, robots have assisted and contributed to the biomedical field. Scaling down the size of robots to micro/nanoscale can increase the accuracy of targeted medications and decrease the danger of invasive operations in human surgery. Inspired by the motion pattern and collective behaviors of the tiny biological motors in nature, various kinds of sophisticated and programmable microrobots are fabricated with the ability for cargo delivery, bio-imaging, precise operation, etc. In this review, four types of propulsion—magnetically, acoustically, chemically/optically and hybrid driven—and their corresponding features have been outlined and categorized. In particular, the locomotion of these micro/nanorobots, as well as the requirement of biocompatibility, transportation efficiency, and controllable motion for applications in the complex human body environment should be considered. We discuss applications of different propulsion mechanisms in the biomedical field, list their individual benefits, and suggest their potential growth paths.

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Mertz, Leslie. "Enhancing Therapeutic Delivery Using Micro- and Nanorobots." IEEE Pulse 14, no. 2 (2023): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpuls.2023.3269754.

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Lv, Yu, Ruochen Pu, Yining Tao, et al. "Applications and Future Prospects of Micro/Nanorobots Utilizing Diverse Biological Carriers." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (2023): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14050983.

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Targeted drug delivery using micro-nano robots (MNRs) is a rapidly advancing and promising field in biomedical research. MNRs enable precise delivery of drugs, addressing a wide range of healthcare needs. However, the application of MNRs in vivo is limited by power issues and specificity in different scenarios. Additionally, the controllability and biological safety of MNRs must be considered. To overcome these challenges, researchers have developed bio-hybrid micro-nano motors that offer improved accuracy, effectiveness, and safety for targeted therapies. These bio-hybrid micro-nano motors/robots (BMNRs) use a variety of biological carriers, blending the benefits of artificial materials with the unique features of different biological carriers to create tailored functions for specific needs. This review aims to give an overview of the current progress and application of MNRs with various biocarriers, while exploring the characteristics, advantages, and potential hurdles for future development of these bio-carrier MNRs.

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A.V.S., Himabindu, Krupamai G., Pravallika K., et al. "Nanorobotics in Targeted Drug Delivery System." Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, March 5, 2025, 95–100. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5713.2025.00016.

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Nanorobotics is a new field of study that has the potential to improve targeted delivery to specific parts of the body. Nanorobots are extremely small devices (50-100 nm diameter) designed to deliver medications to specific cells or tissues, potentially increasing treatment efficacy while reducing toxic effects. Advantage of nanorobots is that they can be equipped with sensors that detect changes in their surroundings, allowing medications to be released precisely when and where they are required. This study also discusses their potential impact on targeted drug delivery, disease diagnosis and biomedical applications.

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Elnaggar, Ahmed, Seungyeop Kang, Mingzhen Tian, Bing Han, and Meysam Keshavarz. "State of the Art in Actuation of Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications." Small Science, February 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202300211.

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The emergence of micro/nanorobotics stands poised to revolutionize various biomedical applications, given its potential to offer precision, reduced invasiveness, and enhanced functionality. In the face of such potential, understanding the mechanisms that drive these tiny robots, especially their actuation techniques, becomes critical. Although there is a surge in research dedicated to micro/nanorobotics, there exists a gap in consolidating the diverse actuation strategies and their suitability for biomedical applications. This comprehensive review seeks to bridge this gap by providing an in‐depth evaluation of the current actuation techniques employed by micro/nanorobots, particularly emphasizing their relevance and potential for clinical translation. The discussion starts by elucidating the different actuation strategies, ranging from magnetic, electric, acoustic, light‐based, to chemical and biological mechanisms. Then, various examples and meticulous assessment of each technique are offered, spotlighting their respective merits and limitations within a biomedical context. This review illuminates the transformative capabilities of these actuation methods in medicine. It not only highlights the progress made in this burgeoning field but also underscores the areas that require further exploration and development.

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