Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biomimétisme'
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Beuvelot, Johanne. "Biomimétisme, Cytocompatibilité et Cytodynamique." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00542399.
Full textSilva, Sergio Junio da. "Le biomimétisme au-delà de l'inspiration formelle : recommandations aux designers de produits pour une intégration du biomimétisme dans le processus de développement de produits." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67959.
Full textThe product designer is a key player in the operationalization of sustainable development (Ahmad et al., 2018a). Through its design and manufacturing activities, it now has an ethical responsibility to put on the market products with a lower environmental, social and ethical impact. Nevertheless, the approaches currently available to it to create products with a lower environmental impact have certain limitations and it doesn't allow it to respond, in a global and systemic way, to the challenges of sustainable development (Van Den Abeele, 2011; Cucuzzella, 2011). Ecodesign, the main approach taught and used in product design, which aims to reduce the environmental impacts of products throughout their life cycle offers solutions that generally work in the short and medium-term (Cucuzzella, 2011), taking less account of social, ethical and economic issues, which are intrinsic to sustainable development. Biomimicry, which draws its inspiration from nature to solve human problems (Benyus, 2019), represents a relevant approach to be explored in order to help product designers respond more systemically to the challenges of sustainable development. In this context, the main objective of this study is to analyze the potential of integrating biomimicry in the product design process. A qualitative descriptive research design was used in this study to meet the objective of the study. Initially, three semi-directed interviews with renowned experts in biomimicry, one in France, one in Brazil and one in Canada were conducted in order to understand their vision of the use of biomimicry and the limits they perceive. In a second step, a critical analysis of the terms biomimicry, biomimetics, bionics and bio-inspired design, the main terms used in the literature to qualify an approach inspired by nature was carried out in order to propose recommendations leading to a new, more complete and complex definition of biomimicry. In a third step, based on the data from the interviews combined with a brief analysis of the main biomimicry methods used in product design, several avenues leading to the identification of exploratory steps for a new conceptual methodological approach called Bio-DNA are presented.
da, Silva Sérgio Junio. "Le biomimétisme au-delà de l'inspiration formelle : recommandations aux designers de produits pour une intégration du biomimétisme dans le processus de développement de produits." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67959.
Full textThe product designer is a key player in the operationalization of sustainable development (Ahmad et al., 2018a). Through its design and manufacturing activities, it now has an ethical responsibility to put on the market products with a lower environmental, social and ethical impact. Nevertheless, the approaches currently available to it to create products with a lower environmental impact have certain limitations and it doesn't allow it to respond, in a global and systemic way, to the challenges of sustainable development (Van Den Abeele, 2011; Cucuzzella, 2011). Ecodesign, the main approach taught and used in product design, which aims to reduce the environmental impacts of products throughout their life cycle offers solutions that generally work in the short and medium-term (Cucuzzella, 2011), taking less account of social, ethical and economic issues, which are intrinsic to sustainable development. Biomimicry, which draws its inspiration from nature to solve human problems (Benyus, 2019), represents a relevant approach to be explored in order to help product designers respond more systemically to the challenges of sustainable development. In this context, the main objective of this study is to analyze the potential of integrating biomimicry in the product design process. A qualitative descriptive research design was used in this study to meet the objective of the study. Initially, three semi-directed interviews with renowned experts in biomimicry, one in France, one in Brazil and one in Canada were conducted in order to understand their vision of the use of biomimicry and the limits they perceive. In a second step, a critical analysis of the terms biomimicry, biomimetics, bionics and bio-inspired design, the main terms used in the literature to qualify an approach inspired by nature was carried out in order to propose recommendations leading to a new, more complete and complex definition of biomimicry. In a third step, based on the data from the interviews combined with a brief analysis of the main biomimicry methods used in product design, several avenues leading to the identification of exploratory steps for a new conceptual methodological approach called Bio-DNA are presented.
Meunier, Antoine. "Les foldamères comme mimes de la seconde sphère de coordination des hydrogénases [Fe-Fe]." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0826/document.
Full textThe ability to replicate enzymatic activity with a synthetic molecule is a highly sought after goal in modern chemistry. However, it remains a big challenge even in case of activation of small molecules. In the case of hydrogen, some bacteria can use it as energy carrier by means of enzymes called hydrogenases that can reversely make or break the bond of hydrogen molecules and are made of earth abundant metals. As hydrogen could be used for the same purpose of energy storage in our society, hydrogenases caught interest of scientific community. To date, most biomimetic hydrogenase models mainly focus on first coordination sphere modifications to fine-tune structure and physical properties. However, point mutation studies indicate that several of the amino acid residues surrounding the enzyme active site are required for structural stability or high turnover frequencies. It shows how mimicking second coordination sphere could improve the capabilities of synthetic catalysts. Our approach used aromatic oligoamide foldamers as helical scaffolds around an inspired 2Fe2S4cluster. Convergent synthesis of the final molecule and structural studies in the solid state (x-ray) and in solution (NMR, IR) as well as the dynamic behaviour are reported. Modifications of the first coordination sphere of the model complex in presence of the foldamer are also described, showing interactions between them
Peyret, Ariane. "Vésicules polymères biomimétiques : vers un biomimétisme cellulaire structurel et fonctionnel." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0712/document.
Full textAmphiphilic block copolymers can self-assemble into vesicles, also called polymersomes.These vesicles have been developed and studied for many years especially in the field of drugloading and controlled release. More recently, their use as cell mimics have attracted a lot ofattention, mainly because polymersomes exhibit many advantages in contrast to their lipidicanalogues (liposomes). In such, compartmentalized polymer systems have especially beendeveloped as structural mimics of cells. These systems have found applications as bioreactorsthat can confine cascade chemical or enzymatic reactions. However, a major goal that stillremains to achieve is to find ways to trigger the beginning of these chemical reactions insidethe compartmentalized structures. The work carried out during this PhD thesis was actually totackle this challenge. A synthetic asymmetric lipid – polymer membrane, that mimics themembrane of biological cells was developed and the emulsion-centrifugation protocol wasfollowed to prepare biomimetic compartmentalized structures. In addition, two different waysto control the independent release of multiple species from individual compartments weredeveloped, based on temperature or light activation. Lastly, co-encapsulation of synthetic cells(polymersomes) and biological cells were performed in 3D media with the aim to study theircompatibility for co-culture experiments
Peyroux, Eugénie. "Complexes dinucléaires de cuivre : biomimétisme et réactivité vis-à-vis de l'oxygène." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30064.
Full textTyrosinase, a type 3 copper-containing enzyme, shows catechol oxidase and phenol oxidase activities with reduction of dioxygen into water. The catalytic species is thought to involve a dicopper-[mu]-[êta]²-[êta]²-peroxo intermediate. Biomimetic dinuclear copper complexes with hexadentate amino-ligands with a flexible diphenyl spacer was designed, synthesized and characterized. The crystallographic structures of the copper (II) complexes were solved. The reactivity of theses compounds with oxygen was studied by oxygenation of copper (I) complexes or by peroxide shunt on copper (II) complexes. For these complexes the UV-Vis spectroscopy experiments pointed out the rapid formation of complex-oxygen adducts that can be: [mu]-[êta]²-[êta]²-peroxo or 2-hydroxy-2-hydroperoxypropane. Eventually, an inhibition study of tyrosinase was realized with the hydroxypyridin-N-oxide. We propose a mechanism for tyrosinase inhibition which takes into account the inhibitor binding to active site copper atoms
Boutin, Luc. "Biomimétisme, génération de trajectoires pour la robotique humanoïde à partir de mouvements humains." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Boutin-Luc/2009-Boutin-Luc-These.pdf.
Full textThe true reproduction of human locomotion is a topical issue on humanoid robots. The goal of this work is to define a process to imitate the human motion with humanoid robots. In the first part, the motion capture techniques are presented. The measurement protocol adopted is exposed and the calculation of joint angles. An adaptation of three existing algorithms is proposed to detect the contact events during complex movements. The method is valided by measurements on thirty healthy subjects. The second part deals with the generation of humanoid trajectories imitating the human motion. Once the problem and the imitation process are defined, the balance criterion of walking robots is presented. Using data from human motion capture, the reference trajectories of the feet and ZMP are defined. These paths are modified to avoid collision between feet, particularly in the case of executing a slalom. Finally an inverse kinematics algorithm developed for this problem is used to determine the joint angles associated with the robot reference trajectories of the feet and ZMP. Several applications on robots HOAP-3 and HRP-2 are presented. The trajectories are validated according to the robot balance through dynamic simulations of the computed motion, and respecting the limits of actuators
Pontani, Léa-Laetitia. "Etude biomimétique du cortex cellulaire et ses applications." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922820.
Full textTrichet, Léa. "Biomimétisme du mouvement cellulaire : cytosquelette d'actine, de MSP (Major Sperm protéin) et de ParM." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077103.
Full textThis thesis is a study of three different types of cytoskeleton involved in cell migration and division: actin, MSP (Major Sperm Protein) and ParM cytoskeletons. In all three cases, the organization of molecular components into macromolecular assemblies generates large scale movements. The approach used in this thesis involves simplified in vitro Systems, which allow for the controlled study of the biochemical and physical parameters involved in cytoskeleton-based processes. The results obtained with these biomimetic Systems, in conjunction with the comparison with theoretical predictions, enable us to determine which parameters are most relevant. In the first part of this manuscript, we study the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton using an oil-water interface as a substrate to mimic the fluid properties of the cell membrane. We show that the effect of VASP, a molecule présent at the leading edge of the cell and at adhesion sites, is to decrease the anchoring of the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. This study shows that the dynamics of attachment of the cytoskeleton and the movement of actin polymerization activators on the membrane are key elements controlling actin based movement. The second part presents preliminary results concerning the identification of molecules involved in the polymerization of the non conventional MSP cytoskeleton, which drives the migration of the C. Elegans sperm cells. The third part of this thesis deals with the creation of a simulation of the ParM cytoskeleton, required for R1 plasmid segregation in Escherichia coli before the division of the bacterium
Michel, Aurélie. "Objets-environnements, des interfaces biomimétiques entre arts plastiques et design, en France, de 1993 à nos jours." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0420.
Full textThe observation of the actual artistic productions shows a trend towards a hybridization of disciplines. This statement concerns particularly a type of design practices which is increasingly shifting towards objects manufactured in small quantity, even in unique pieces questioning the relations between the users and their familiar spaces and more specifically their intimate sphere. Even though most designers reject the comparison of their production with plastic arts, we can see that some of them have adopted approaches similar to those of plasticians. The formulation of this hypothesis brings up the questions of the validity of classifications and the legitimacy of the laws presiding to their constitution. Furthermore, the production of designers who integrate similar approaches to those of artists is built on an evolutive mode, the object being developed towards art installation, a form of penetrability a spectator/user can experience. By examining the scales variations and the modular repetition creating a fluid architecture in Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec design, we can understand the shifts operated between the piece and the environment it builds. Scales manipulation questions at the heart of the space itself the established objects classifications as well as their hierarchization (in domestic space and in exhibitions too).These issues are specific to a type of practice, which the poetic uses, of diverted natural products and especially the three systems : vegetal, animal and mineral. The transposition of naturalistic practices aiming at bringing a change through the object ( in the sense of placing it out of the usual context ) derives from considerations around the processes of hybridization. Thus, when one looks at natural history writings, and, in particular, those of Aristotle, Pliny the Elder or the nomenclature of Carl von Linné, we notice the recurrence ( or” survivance” to use the expression initiated by Georges Didi- Huberman) of elements located in an in-between space. Those types that we can describe as “random practices” reveal a constant displacement of the norms and question the determination of the monster. At which moment, can we designate an element as being abnormal? Aren’t there objects which, while presenting all the characteristics of the monster, coincide nonetheless with established models ? The analysis of actual practices standing at a crossroad between plastic arts and design reveals a profound influence from this type of process for a scientific imaginary inspired by the theatrum mundi of the curiosities cabinets. Moreover, we can observe since the beginning of the 1990ies (in particular, following the constitution of the contemporary art collection “Curios & Mirabilia” by Hubert Martin, aiming at confronting a place charged with history , Oiron Castle, to the production of various artists) a resurgence of exhibitions using curio cabinets forms. The aim is to renew the interest in artifacts and especially the relations of those manufactured objects and the poetic universe of nature, a manifestation of visceral attachment to primitive origins. Thus, the symbolic use of the figure of “zoophytes” or animal-plants, mentioned in the most ancient natural history treaties helps to show the transversality of artistic practices trying to dismantle the partitions between disciplines by placing the object as an entity at the crossroad between the creation processes. Through artists, designers and actors of institutions interviews, we can identify too major types of practices inscribed in a fertile prolongation of nature : a type of art which uses the formal aspects of flora and fauna to create a common vocabulary for art and design, alongside with a type of production transposing natural mechanisms which become creation protocols applied to the conception of objects
Lachaud, Fabien. "Vers la photoxydation de l'eau. Systèmes biomimétiques de la paire His190/TyrZ du photosystème II. Complexes à base de ruthénium et de métaux de transition." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112151.
Full textThe use of fossil energy is one of the nowadays important problems. Hydrogen is one of the possible answer of that problem. To produce hydrogen, one can imagine a system that oxydise water like in photosynthesis, and reduce proton like in hydrogenase. To mimic the electrons transfer that occur in photosystem II, we've synthesised and studied a ruthenium(+II) complex. That complex shows two photoinduced electron transfer in presence of an electron acceptor, in neutral and basic pH. In acidic pH, only one transfer has been observed. We've modified that complex to add a phenol fonction. The two new ruthenium complexs have been studied. They've shown two photoinduced electron transfer, and the resulting radical has been caracterised by EPR. We've also synthesised two plynuclear complexs, with one ruthenium(+II) moity and a dimer of manganese (+II) or copper(+II) ions. The preliminary studies of those two complexs make us hope they could accumulate more than one oxydative equivalent
Cadelis, François. "Etude de biomimétisme et interactions moléculaires par l'utilisation des techniques séparatives : Interrelations colorants-chélates de métaux." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD265.
Full textThe growing number of applications of reactive dyes in preparative and analytical biotechnology has prompted a number of studies designed to establish the underlying basis for the biospecific interactions observed between dyes and proteins. The aim of the present work is to better understand the interaction of rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase with an azo dye Procion Red HE-3B and its structural variants in order to follow the significance of the terminal rings of Procion Red HE-3B for the interaction. The dyes employed belong to the class of pseudo-biospecific (or biomimetic) ligands. Simple analytical techniques like affinity chromatography, affinity partitioning, enzyme kinetics and difference spectroscopy were employed to study the complex physico-chemical aspects of these interactions. Moreover, the influence of another class of biomimetic ligands namely metals was also employed in studying the dye-protein interactions. The negatively charged sulfonic acid group at the terminal rings of Procion Red HE-3B enhances the affinity of the ligand for LDH significantly. The removal of this sulfonic acid group from the terminal rings decreases the affinity to LDH and improves the competitive effect of NAD+. This approach, using very simple analytical techniques, presents a considerable contribution in the field of molecular interactions between dyes and proteins. Ln the future, using the same techniques, it would be interesting to study other cofactor dependant enzymes. This would eventually allow proposing a general mechanism for the interactions between proteins and triazine dyes
Thomé, Magali. "Réplication de structures naturelles multi-échelles et multifonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066206.
Full textThe present study deals with the replication of multiscale and multifunctional natural structures. These natural structures are wings of Morpho rhetenor, Morpho menelaus and Papilio ulysse butterflies, and those of Cicada orni cicada. Such structures are composed of smaller structures at different scales, from centimetre to nanometre, and to each of these scales is associated a property or a function. This we call multifunctionality. This multifunctionality is expected to become a property of our future objects or materials, and can be achieved by two different ways: to make the material(s) chemical composition of the object more complex (composite, hybrid organic-inorganic materials) and/or to make its architecture more complex (structuration). Although it is possible to achieve the first (chemical composition), we have so far been unable to successfully make multiscale structures with our current structuration techniques (lithography for example). Therefore, to increase the properties of a system characterised by a multiscale structure seen in nature, we have made replicas of the natural structures previously presented in inorganic materials (TiO2 and SiO2). That is to say, very different materials in comparison with the natural chitin-protein complex. To do this, three methods were used: a sol-gel solution deposition in the natural structures, a physical vapor deposition and a direct mineralization of the wings structure, which is inspired by natural biomineralization processes
Orain, Pierre-Yves. "Contribution du précurseur 1,10-phénanthroline à l’élaboration de modèles de l’hydrogénase à fer seul." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2036.
Full text[FeFe]-hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze proton reduction into hydrogen at high rates in relatively mild conditions. The report of the structure of the active site in 1990’s renewed the chemistry of iron carbonyl thiolale compounds, initially explored in 1930’s. In fact, in the last few years, a huge work devoted to the development of biomimetic models in order to better understand and reproduce, in a long term, the excellent catalytic properties of this biological system. The work reported in this dissertation is based on the exploration of different aspects of the reactivity of the enzyme
Gautier, Clémentine. "Approches biologiques et physico-chimiques des interactions silice/organismes vivants." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066028.
Full textAvenier, Frédéric. "Etude mécanistique des réactions de transfert d'oxygène et d'amine catalysées par des complexes dinucléaires de fer : biomimétisme et catalyse." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10087.
Full textPontani, Lea-Laetitia. "Etude Biomimétique du cortex cellulaire et ses applications." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922820.
Full textKergourlay, Emmanuelle. "Apatites nanocristallines biomimétiques carbonatées pour applications médicales : de la synthèse des poudres aux revêtements par projection dynamique à froid (Cold Spray)." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0005.
Full textAtmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) coatings of hydroxyapatite (HA) are considered as standard coatings in the field of orthopedic implants. However, some studies have shown that these coatings contained secondary phases resulting from the decomposition of HA during the spraying process, which could potentially limit the lifetime of implants. Moreover, nosocomial infections have been reported a few years after surgery. Although HA has osteoconductive properties, it has a different chemical composition and crystal characteristics from those of bone mineral (non-stoichiometric; carbonated and poorly crystallized). Biomimetic nanocrystralline apatites, on the contrary, offer the advantage to possess a surface hydrated layer analogous to that identified in bone mineral which can be functionalized. A carbonated nanocrystalline apatite similar to bone mineral "BNAc" and a silver doped biomimetic apatite "AgBNAc" were synthesized for this study, which could potentially accelerate osseointegration of implants (BNAc and AgBNAc) and prevent nosocomial infections (AgBNAc). In order to preserve the physicochemical characteristics of these powders, thermically unstable and very reactive, an industrial low temperature deposition process was selected: the Cold Spray. In contrast with other thermal spray processes, it has the advantage of spraying unmelted particles through a supersonic gas jet. Biomimetic apatite coatings with physicochemical properties similar to the powders were obtained by Cold Spray. Preliminary tests of biocompatibility and adhesion were also carried out on these coatings : the Cold Spray process seems to be a promising method preserving the characteristics of biomimetic nanocrystalline apatites and offering the possibility to produce industrial coatings with a potential to improve implants osseointegration and resistance to infections
El, Daou Hadi. "Une approche biométrique pour la modélisation et la commande d'un quadrupède." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066041.
Full textClaverie, Laure Nayélie. "Une approche biomimétique de la perception tactile chez les rongeurs." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066114/document.
Full textRodents use their facial whiskers to probe their environment by touch. Any contact induces both slow quasi-static and fast vibratory mechanical stresses that propagate down to the base of vibrissae where dedicated mechanoreceptors detect them. It is this phase of mechanical transduction of the tactile information operated by the whiskers, prior to any neural coding, that we have studied here. By combining biomimetic experiments and theoretical modeling, we have sought to separate the relative contributions of both slow and fast components, for the detection and localization of objects, as well as the perception of textures. One of the challenges of this work was to understand what determines from a mechanical point of view, rodents remarkable temporal and spatial precision.For this, we have first studied the shock dynamic between a whisker and an object and shown that the radial position of the object could be encoded both in the rate of change of the quasi-static component of the base torque as well as in the amplitude and frequency of the induced vibrations. In addition, by mimicking the whisking mode adopted by rodents, we have shown that using the vibratory component allows rodents to detect contacts faster and more robustly.We then studied the perception of elementary textures and showed that the maximum variation of the base torque depends univocally on their size. Experiments on anesthetized rats, combining whisker optical tracking and cortical neural activity measurements, led us to propose an encoding mechanism of texture perception where the surface topography is modulated by the vibration properties of the whiskers and demodulation occurs at a neuronal level
Michel, Aurélie. "Objets-environnements, des interfaces biomimétiques entre arts plastiques et design, en France, de 1993 à nos jours." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0420.
Full textThe observation of the actual artistic productions shows a trend towards a hybridization of disciplines. This statement concerns particularly a type of design practices which is increasingly shifting towards objects manufactured in small quantity, even in unique pieces questioning the relations between the users and their familiar spaces and more specifically their intimate sphere. Even though most designers reject the comparison of their production with plastic arts, we can see that some of them have adopted approaches similar to those of plasticians. The formulation of this hypothesis brings up the questions of the validity of classifications and the legitimacy of the laws presiding to their constitution. Furthermore, the production of designers who integrate similar approaches to those of artists is built on an evolutive mode, the object being developed towards art installation, a form of penetrability a spectator/user can experience. By examining the scales variations and the modular repetition creating a fluid architecture in Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec design, we can understand the shifts operated between the piece and the environment it builds. Scales manipulation questions at the heart of the space itself the established objects classifications as well as their hierarchization (in domestic space and in exhibitions too).These issues are specific to a type of practice, which the poetic uses, of diverted natural products and especially the three systems : vegetal, animal and mineral. The transposition of naturalistic practices aiming at bringing a change through the object ( in the sense of placing it out of the usual context ) derives from considerations around the processes of hybridization. Thus, when one looks at natural history writings, and, in particular, those of Aristotle, Pliny the Elder or the nomenclature of Carl von Linné, we notice the recurrence ( or” survivance” to use the expression initiated by Georges Didi- Huberman) of elements located in an in-between space. Those types that we can describe as “random practices” reveal a constant displacement of the norms and question the determination of the monster. At which moment, can we designate an element as being abnormal? Aren’t there objects which, while presenting all the characteristics of the monster, coincide nonetheless with established models ? The analysis of actual practices standing at a crossroad between plastic arts and design reveals a profound influence from this type of process for a scientific imaginary inspired by the theatrum mundi of the curiosities cabinets. Moreover, we can observe since the beginning of the 1990ies (in particular, following the constitution of the contemporary art collection “Curios & Mirabilia” by Hubert Martin, aiming at confronting a place charged with history , Oiron Castle, to the production of various artists) a resurgence of exhibitions using curio cabinets forms. The aim is to renew the interest in artifacts and especially the relations of those manufactured objects and the poetic universe of nature, a manifestation of visceral attachment to primitive origins. Thus, the symbolic use of the figure of “zoophytes” or animal-plants, mentioned in the most ancient natural history treaties helps to show the transversality of artistic practices trying to dismantle the partitions between disciplines by placing the object as an entity at the crossroad between the creation processes. Through artists, designers and actors of institutions interviews, we can identify too major types of practices inscribed in a fertile prolongation of nature : a type of art which uses the formal aspects of flora and fauna to create a common vocabulary for art and design, alongside with a type of production transposing natural mechanisms which become creation protocols applied to the conception of objects
Pascaud, Patricia. "Apatites nanocristallines biomimétiques comme modèles de la réactivité osseuse : étude des propriétés d'adsorption et de l'activité cellulaire d'un bisphosphonate, le tiludronate." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1921/.
Full textBisphosphonates (BPs) are currently administrated to treat diseases involving bone disorders such as osteoporosis or Paget's disease. However, the interactions between bisphosphonate molecules and apatite nanocrystals of bone are not well understood. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between one bisphosphonate, tiludronate and nanocrystalline apatites with different compositions as bone mineral models in order to clarify the adsorption and release of BPs on/from bone mineral analogues and to evaluate the effect of such associations on osteoblast and osteoclast cells cultures. Several nanocrystalline apatites (NCA) corresponding to young and mature bone mineral models were synthesized and characterized. The adsorption of tiludronate onto NCA, corresponded to a Langmuir type isotherm. Only a very small fraction of the adsorbed molecules was released in water. The uptake of tiludronate molecules was associated with a linear increase of phosphate ions in the adsorbing solution, indicating that the main reaction was an ion exchange process involving surface anions. The proportion of ions involved in this exchange reaction depended on the nature of the bone mineral models. Based on these results a modification of the adsorption reaction including the ion exchange with phosphate ions was proposed. A model of the adsorption process is proposed, based on the literature and several nanocrystals surface models, suggesting an interaction in two steps: a binding of phosphonates groups with calcium ions on the apatite surface associated with the loss of protons from the adsorbing molecules and the release of surface phosphate ions to maintain some surface charge equilibrium. In order to study the effects of apatite nanocrystals with different compositions and with or without adsorbed tiludronate on cells cultures, apatite pellets were obtained by uniaxial compression. Human osteoprogenitor cells (HOP), human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSC) and murine osteoclasts were cultured on these apatitic substrates. The results indicated that osteoblasts proliferation was stimulated by adsorbed tiludronate molecules whereas creation of resorption pits by osteoclasts was inhibited. No difference in cell behaviour was noticed on the different bone analogues. Moreover, an evolution of the physico-chemical characteristics of the apatitic substrate during cell culture was observed, highlighting the existence of dynamic interactions possibly similar to bone mineral evolution. This work contributes to clarify the reaction mechanisms between bisphosphonates and biomimetic apatites and to evaluate in vitro conditions for drug delivery system
Sauvage, Pascal. "Étude de la locomotion de C. elegans et perturbations mécaniques du mouvement." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178366.
Full textSimon, Camille. "Des cellules biomimétiques pour étudier les déformations de membrane induites par l'actine." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02863923.
Full textCell membrane deformations are essential to ensure cellular processes such as motility, division, intracellular transport and signalling. These deformations range from global shape changes such as cell rounding or elongation during cell division, to protrusions and invaginations, which allow the cell to probe its environment and uptake external components, respectively. Strikingly, membrane deformations rely on the activity of the cytoskeleton, and in particular actin, a biopolymer that forms a dynamical network. The precise role of actin and its implication in the different mechanisms at work during cell shape changes still need to be elucidated. To address this, I take an alternative approach to the complexity of cells and I use an in vitro reconstituted system to mimic shape changes with a minimal set of components: lipids and purified proteins. A branched actin network is grown at the surface of giant unilamellar vesicles, thereafter called liposomes. With this biomimetic system, I control experimental parameters such as membrane tension, varied by applying an osmotic shock, and actin network architecture, varied by modifying the protein composition. In the first part of my work, actin dynamics occur at the outer surface of the liposome and I obtain a wide variety of cell-like membrane deformations, from global shape changes of liposomes to micron scale deformations that are reminiscent of dendritic filopodia and endocytic intermediates in cells. Combining experiments and theoretical modelling, our results unveil the mechanisms of actin-driven membrane deformations, and more precisely the role of tension and network architecture. In the second part, I encapsulate the actin machinery in a liposome in an attempt to reproduce the invasion of the bacteria Shigella flexneri. To push further in the knowledge of the details of the initiation of membrane deformations, I present, in the third part, a microfluidic device, still in development, to follow precisely in real time all the steps of actin polymerization and cell-like shape changes. Once optimized, this device will provide a useful tool for other dynamical studies where micron-size objects need to be isolated
Sun, Quan. "Actionneurs flexibles biomimétiques sensibles à de multiples stimuli." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0459.
Full textNature uses various mechanisms in living organisms to create deformations(actuation) and conversely to convert them into information (detection).Inspired by these natural organisms, we have developed biomimetic sensorsand actuators. Initially, micro-cantilevers have been designed and simulatedfrom Multiphysics FEM analysis to achieve specific shape and movement.Based on these simulations results, organic MEMS capable of complexshapes have been manufactured using PDMS elastomer joined to a polymericsubstrate (SU-8 epoxy resin) micromachined by photolithography. Thisapproach makes it possible to induce three-dimensional deformations(twisting, curling, bending) in a controlled manner according to their design.The entire 3D actuators movements were characterized via Python-Open CVimage treatment to analyze their movement kinetic. In order to get furtherinsight into the kinetics of actuation driven by the swelling of PDMS, analyticalfits based on a two-rate diffusion process was used to describe the twistingkinetics of the actuator when placed in VOCs saturated vapors. Finally,additional 3D motions were achieved using an origami approach by addingcreases that behave as hinges in soft structures providing further flexibilityand novel controlled motion in specific directions in continuum structures
Lalanne-Jacquet, Muriel. "Développement de prodrogues glycérolipidiques en vue de l'amélioration de la biodisponibilité orale de la didanosine." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA114839.
Full textDidanosine is a nucleoside analogue largely used for the HIV treatment. Because of its poor membrane absorption and high hepatic first pass metabolism, it suffers from a poor bioavailability. Two didanosine glycerolipidic prodrugs were synthesized to increase diffusion through enterocytes and avoid hepatic first pass metabolism, in order to enhance didanosine bioavailability. After the synthesis of these 2 prodrugs, their physico-chemical characterization revealed a typical triglycerides organization, an amphiphilic character and a low solubility in water, or oil. They could be efficiently incorporated in liposomes. Their biomimetism was established after incubation with porc pancreatin and metabolism evaluation with HPLC tandem mass spectrometry
Amouroux, Mathilde. "Synthèse catalytique des hydroxyacides en C3 par oxydation chimio-enzymatique du glycérol et du carbonate de glycérol sous atmosphère enrichie en oxygène ou sous air ambiant en milieu aqueux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0047.
Full textThe current need for fertilization products, and particulary for the treatment of plant deficiencies, is constantly increasing. However, more and more environmentally concerned, industries producing these food complements aim at finding more sustainable treatment solutions both in preparing these substances and in controlling their degradation once on crops. Moreover, it is established that plant cells can be considered as true molecular factories. For example, the C3 hydroxy acids produced by the cellular machinery have many chelating and transport properties. The presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic functions give them the ability to enclose the metals and to allow their displacement through all the compartments of the cells and also through the different organs of the plant. Moreover, as they are involved in biological reactions (respiration, photosynthesis), these molecules can potentially be used in cellular metabolism or degraded. The work presented herein has been designed with the aim of producing the most similar hydroxy C 3 –acids’s plant molecules by establishing a chemo-enzymatic catalysis. Inspired by biological and chemical natural processes, we have developed a protocol for manufacturing hydroxy acids from glycerol and glycerol carbonate under natural conditions ie in water, at low temperature and at atmospheric pressure. We have also produced hydroxy acids such as glyceric acid, 2-oxo1,3-dioxolan-4-carboxylic acid and glycerol carbonate hemiacetal. The thesis also allowed us to develop a complete analytical method for the observation and the quantification of the majority of C3 hydroxy acids, produced according to our operating protocol. This method combines global characterization techniques such as HPLC, HPIC and more complex analyses such as HR-LCMS and 1D and 2D NMR. We have also optimized the synthesis of C3 hydroxyacids from glycerol and glycerol carbonate through the implementation of an experimental design. Our bioinspired molecules are potential complexing agents that could be used in agronomy, in order to replace the current chelating molecules obtained from petrochemistry, known for having harmful impact on agricultural soils
Piotrowski, Violaine. "Protéines de soie de Bombyx ou d’araignée, naturelles ou modifiées, et fibres de cellulose comme renfort in situ de composites bioinspirés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R033.
Full textSynthetic composites consist on a resin and a reinforcement by short or long industrial fibers. Laminated or woven long fibers provide the best possible reinforcement but require a long and complex industrial process for the processing of the composites. Short fibers can be mixed directly into the resin and can form a composite in a single step by photopolymerization or by thermal polymerization. However, the mechanical properties of such composites are considerably lower compared to those obtained by long-fiber reinforcement. The alternative studied in this thesis is the reinforcement of composites by biomimicry, i.e. by natural long fibers introduced as a homogeneous liquid, which become fibers at a solid state during the composites manufacturing process This process could provide the design of composites with macroscopic reinforcement using the ease of production for short fibers composites. In this thesis project, two types of biopolymers were studied: cellulose (and its derivative cellulose acetate), a polysaccharide often used for composite reinforcement, and silk proteins (fibroin H, MaSp1) which are one of the most resistant natural fibers. Fibroin H was extracted from fresh cocoons of the Bombyx mori silkworm and the spider silk protein MaSp1 from Nephila clavipes was produced by bioengineering in E. coli. Polymerizable ionic liquids and a photocleavable surfactant, able to reversible solubilize of biomolecules, were synthesized. Reinforced films from ionic liquids and biomolecules were synthesized and characterized. Finally, composites reinforced with industrial microfibers or biological fibers have been manufactured. The measurement of mechanical properties demonstrated superior reinforcement by biological fibers
Piotrowski, Violaine. "Protéines de soie de Bombyx ou d’araignée, naturelles ou modifiées, et fibres de cellulose comme renfort in situ de composites bioinspirés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR033.
Full textSynthetic composites consist on a resin and a reinforcement by short or long industrial fibers. Laminated or woven long fibers provide the best possible reinforcement but require a long and complex industrial process for the processing of the composites. Short fibers can be mixed directly into the resin and can form a composite in a single step by photopolymerization or by thermal polymerization. However, the mechanical properties of such composites are considerably lower compared to those obtained by long-fiber reinforcement. The alternative studied in this thesis is the reinforcement of composites by biomimicry, i.e. by natural long fibers introduced as a homogeneous liquid, which become fibers at a solid state during the composites manufacturing process This process could provide the design of composites with macroscopic reinforcement using the ease of production for short fibers composites. In this thesis project, two types of biopolymers were studied: cellulose (and its derivative cellulose acetate), a polysaccharide often used for composite reinforcement, and silk proteins (fibroin H, MaSp1) which are one of the most resistant natural fibers. Fibroin H was extracted from fresh cocoons of the Bombyx mori silkworm and the spider silk protein MaSp1 from Nephila clavipes was produced by bioengineering in E. coli. Polymerizable ionic liquids and a photocleavable surfactant, able to reversible solubilize of biomolecules, were synthesized. Reinforced films from ionic liquids and biomolecules were synthesized and characterized. Finally, composites reinforced with industrial microfibers or biological fibers have been manufactured. The measurement of mechanical properties demonstrated superior reinforcement by biological fibers
Pinck, Stéphane. "Conception de biofilms bactériens artificiels électroactifs en vue d’optimiser les réactions de transferts extracellulaires d’électrons." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0344/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD work was to design an artificial electroactive biofilm in order to optimize extracellular electron transfers (EET) by artificially reconstituting the biofilm in the presence of exogenous materials. A biocomposite material was proposed from the self-assembly of the bacteria Shewanella oneidensis with carbon nanotubes and cytochrome c (extract from bovine heart). The self-assembly was first studied by diffusion light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. These analyzes showed the importance of the cytochrome c in the assembly and organization of the biocomposite. Bacterial viability was studied and metabolic activity was characterized with the help of electrochemistry. The current at the anode was 10 and 4 times higher with the artificial biofilm (0.027 A m2) than with film composed with bacteria alone (0.003 A m2) or associated with cytochrome c (0.007 A m2). Artificial biofilm was also tested with Pseudomonas fluorescens instead of S. oneidensis, producing an oxidative current upon the addition of 1.5 mM glucose. That indicates cytochrome c has, in addition to its structuring role, an electron shuttle activity. Its redox potential, +254 mV (vs. NHE), was adapted to the oxidation of formate but was unsuitable for the reduction of fumarate. For this reason, it has been substituted by other cytochromes, c3DvH, c7Da, c553DvH, c3DdN, and c3Dg, possessing lower redox potentials, in the range of 20 mV to -400 mV. These cytochromes also varied at the level of their charge at neutral pH and allowed to validate the importance of the electrostatic forces in the assembly of the biocomposite. The optimal results obtained with c3DvH and c7Da showed the importance of the redox potential of the exogenous elements for the EET. We then replaced the cytochrome c with protamine. This non-electroactive protein allowed the assembly of the biocomposite by promoting direct electrons transfer between the bacteria and the different nanomaterials tested. The optimizations made it possible to reach cathodic currents of more than 12 A m2 in the presence of 50 mM of fumarate. The stability experiments showed the presence of a biotic current of 1.75 A m2 after 24 h of reduction of 50 mM of fumarate
Bailly, Antoine. "Elaboration et déformation de systèmes biomimétiques innovants." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870354.
Full textFaux, Damien. "Couplage modal pour la reproduction de la cinématique d'une aile d'insecte et la génération de portance d'un nano-drone bio-inspiré." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0007/document.
Full textThis work in the Nano-Air Vehicle field aims to design a small flying object directly inspired by the nature. For this purpose, a state of the art has been performed on insects flight mecanisms and has reviewed the overall artificial flapping wings solutions developped until today. The result of this analysis is on one hand, that insects use a specific wing kinematics which relies on a flapping motion and a twisting motion coupled in a quadrature phase shift and on the other hand, that the existing Nano-Air Vehicles do not exploit the dynamic behavior of their artificial wings to produce lift. The proposed concept in this research is a departure from those other works. It consists of a vibratory coupling in a quadrature phase shift of a flapping and a twisting mode applied on flexible artificial wings in order to reproduce a kinematics close to the insects ones with a single actuator. The used methodology resulted in the development of an analytic modeling which neglects the aerodynamic forces to calculate the dynamic behavior and dimension the prototype structure. Simulations highlighted the existence of eigen modes of the wings structure whose modal shapes match with the wanted flapping and twisting motion. Noteworthy fact, an optimization allowed to get those modes close in frequency while keeping a non-neglectible amplitude in such a way as to couple them and obtain the expected kinematics. The produced lift force is then estimated with an aeroelastic modeling which has shown that the maximum lift is obtained for two frequencies which provide a quadrature phase shift between the two modes. Those results are then validated by experimental measurements performed on a specific bench made according to the constraints due to the prototype in terms of sensitivity and dynamic behavior. The different generations of prototypes tested are produced with microfabrication process, allowing to integrate a wing membrane in parylene with a thickness comparable to the one existing in insects. The conclusion of this study is that we now have a prototype able to compensate its weight
Carboni, Michael. "Synthèse de modèles pour l'étude d'une nouvelle famille d'enzyme à fer et à manganèse." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00632024.
Full textJain, Purvi. "Sélection d'anticorps recombinants dirigés contre des matériaux inorganiques pour des applications en nanosciences." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772913.
Full textLouf, Jean-François. "Couplage poro-élastique et signaux hydrauliques dans les plantes : approche biomimétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4779/document.
Full textPlants are constantly subjected to external mechanical loads such as wind or touch and respond to these stimuli by modifying their growth and development. A fascinating feature of this mechanical-induced-growth response is that it is not only local, but also non-local: bending locally a stem or a branch can induce a very rapid modification of the growth far away from the stimulated area, suggesting the existence of a signal that propagates across the whole plant. The nature and origin of this signal is still not understood, but it has been suggested recently that it could be purely mechanical and originate from the coupling between the local deformation of the tissues and the water pressure in the vascular system. The objective of this work is to understand the origin of this hydro/mechanical coupling using a biomimetic approach. Artificial microfluidic branches have been developed, that incorporate the mechanical and hydraulic key features of natural ones. We show that the bending of these branches generates a steady overpressure in the whole system, which varies quadratically with the bending deformation. A simple model based on a mechanism analogue to tube ovalization enables us to predict this non-linear poroelastic response, and identify the key physical parameter at play, namely the elastic bulk modulus of the branch. Further experiments conducted on natural tree branches reveal the same phenomenology. Once rescaled by the model prediction, both the biomimetic and natural branches falls on the same master curve, showing the universality of the identified mechanism for the generation of hydraulic signals in plants
Bascans, Élodie. "Des voies durables et respectueuses de l'environnement pour la génération de nouveaux assemblages de biopolymères et la glycosylation de composés marins - selon une approche de biomimétisme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PAUU3035.
Full textTo face the adverse impacts of conventional chemistry and fossil-based products on human health and ecosystems, sustainable chemistry (biosynthesis) and bio-based (macro)molecules appear as endless sources of inspiration and innovation. Driven by bioinspired approaches, this project consisted of taking advantage of bacterial enzymes synthesizing polysaccharides of glucosyl units from sucrose to attempt two objectives: (1) the glucosylation of marine molecules for the development of novel UV filter products; and (2) the assembly of marine and bacterial polysaccharides physically cross-linked by tailor-made proteins. The first strategy is inspired by UV-absorbing molecules found in fish mucus and eyes while the second one is inspired by associations found in nature like bacterial peptidoglycans or crustacean crab exoskeleton. In the field of new UV filter products, the target molecules were mycosporines, secondary metabolites found in a wide variety of organisms. They are recognized for their high UV-absorbing properties and antioxidant activity. The aim was to mimic the natural glycosylation of mycosporines by assessing the feasibility of glucosylating these compounds with -transglucosylases from GH70 family and modulating the size of the carbohydrate moiety. Using the mycosporine-serinol (MSer(OH)) as starting molecule, one enzyme stood out from the twenty screened candidates with a remarkable conversion rate of 95%. The glucosylated products were characterized by NMR and mass spectroscopy, showing the addition of 1 to 3 glucosyl units, with the predominant product having two glucosyl units on the same carbon. In a second step, with the objective to extend the glucidic backbone, an enzymatic cascade was developed, again relying on the use of GH70 enzymes and sucrose as glucosyl donor. A wide range of glucosylated-MSer(OH) compounds were synthesized, varying both in linkage specificity and chain length (10 < DP < ~750,000). Interestingly, their photostability and antioxidant capacity are equivalent to those of free MSer(OH) or well-known antioxidants, and therefore, could compete commercial sunscreens. Notably, a MSer(OH) grafted to a dextran chain of more than 108 g/mol exhibited interesting rheological properties, very promising as compounds combining both UV filter capacity and texturizing properties for medical or cosmetic formulations. Regarding the second research axis, dextran, chitin, chitosan, and agarose were selected for their wide availability and unique properties in the field of biomaterials, especially for medical applications. The development of physical hydrogels by assembling these biopolymers relied on the development of protein cross-linkers named "bridges". Two libraries of four bridges, each with a specific affinity for a polymer, were designed by the association of two Carbohydrate Binding Modules (CBM) from enzymes that degrade or synthesize these polysaccharides, linked by a peptide sequence more or less flexible. These tailor-made proteins were recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified, and their affinities for their respective biopolymer was biochemically confirmed. Then, different hydrogels were made by assembling polysaccharides with these bridges, resulting in a visual difference in terms of texture and viscosity. These observations were supported by rheology and microscopy analyses. Notably, these dynamic hydrogels are shear-thinning and self-healing, which is very interesting for injectable hydrogels for delivering therapeutics. Overall, these first promising proofs of concept showed the potential of these novel bioinspired and innovative materials for different applications. The most interesting ones are envisioned in the field of healthcare. They could enable formulations that are respectful of both human health and ecosystems
Radavidson, Harisoa. "Vésicules lipidiques biomimétiques décorées par un assemblage multicouche nanocristaux de cellulose/xyloglucane : élaboration et caractérisation mécanique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV051/document.
Full textUnlike their animal counterparts, plant cells are surrounded by a thin polysaccharide-rich envelop called the primary wall, in which the main load-bearing structure is a network of cellulose microfibrils tethered by hemicellulose. This work aims at designing plant cell wall mimicking capsules that could be used as a model system in the mechanical characterization of this natural material. To do so, we used giant unilamellar vesicles with an average diameter of 20 µm as a template for the layer-by-layer deposition of cellulose nanocrystals (the microfibrils sub-elements) and xyloglucan (the most common hemicellulose) up to ten bilayers, the resulting capsules being characterized by confocal microscopy. Their deformation behaviour under osmotic stress could be observed : deflation of the capsules led to various morphologies, some of them similar to what is observed for thin deflated shells of isotropic material, while their response to swelling resembled that of a viscoelastic material. Nano-indentation experiments were eventually performed using an atomic force microscope to probe the stiffness of the capsules wall. Their Young’s modulus could be deduced from the force-depth curves and found to be in the 6-18 MPa range, which is in the same order of magnitude of values obtained with similar measurements done on natural plant cell walls
Gout, Jérôme. "Nouvelle approche biomimétique de sites actifs de métallo-enzymes à cuivre et à zinc utilisant des ligands-cavitands de type résorcinarène." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P641.
Full textThe work presented in this manuscript describes the synthesis and the study of a biomimetic system where the where the metallic ion is forced by a cavity, just like the active site of these enzymes just like the active site of mononuclear metalloenzymes. So, we synthetized a bowl-shaped resorcin[4]arene-based ligand whose the hydrophobic cavity defined by four aromatic units mimics the enzymatic pocket. The first is soluble in organic solvents, the second is water-soluble. At the large rim, three coordinating nitrogenous arms are fixed, constituting the first coordination sphere of the metal ion like the polyhistidine site present in the natural systems. The synthesis and the study of zinc (II) and copper (II) complexes with the organosoluble ligand showed a pentacoordinated environment around the metal center with the presence of two cis-open coordination sites, one is oriented inside the cavity, the second outside. The divalent metal ion in such an environment has a high Lewis acidity leading to easy deprotonation (Et3N) of protic ligands such as acetamide and water. A hydroxo-metal / aqua-metal equilibrium has been demonstrated based on the acidity of the medium. They act as receptors for neutral, monodentate or bidentate anionic molecules and can guide the coordination of these guest molecules according to their size or shape. Finally, it was shown that some of these complexes (hydroxo or amino) fix carbon dioxide. The copper complexes have a dicoordinated or tricoordinated environment around the metal depending on the presence or absence of exogenous ligands and are driven by a dynamic behavior. Also, the copper(I) center cordinates carbon monoxide by adopting a tetrahedral geometry leading to the stiffening of the system. This ligand can therefore stabilize the copper in both oxidation states despite a large change in the first coordination sphere, the complex benefiting from the protective and structuring effect of the cavity. Finally, preliminary studies in a solvent as competitive as water suggest that the “bowl complex” receptor is stable in aqueous medium and retains its properties or receptor. These results open interesting perspectives for the development of sensors and / or catalysts
Noguera, Philippe. "Etude du rôle de la protéine VASP dans la dynamique et la mécanique des réseaux d'actine avec un système biomimétique de la motilité cellulaire." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834288.
Full textCasas, ferrer Laura. "Microfluidic flow of biomimetic tissues." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONS001.
Full textWe designed a biomimetic prototissue as a model for cellular tissues that allows to identify the individual role of the different cellular constituents that play a role in the rheological behavior of tissues. The final goal is to characterize the flow behavior of this prototissue under microfluidic confinement. The first part of the Thesis focuses on the design and synthesis of the prototissue from the assembly of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs). The ligand-receptor system that we used to drive the assembly was provided by the streptavidin-biotin pair. We have demonstrated that by changing the streptavidin-to-biotin ratio, the number of vesicles in solution and the biotin concentration in the vesicle membrane it is possible to tune the size of the aggregates and the compactness of the tissue. We have also been capable of changing the morphology of the biomimetic tissue from 3D-shapes to a 2D-monolayer structure by changing the incubation method. An alternative adhesion system based on DNA tethers was also evaluated. It proved to be effective in tuning the adhesion between vesicles, and was found to allow the design of prototissue with a high level of compaction. In the second part of the Thesis, the rheology of this biomimetic tissue was tested by means of a microfluidic setup. Specifically, a controlled pressure was applied and the deformation of the aggregate as it flowed through a constriction was tracked. The change in the aggregate size and shape was calculated for small aggregates, which contributed to elucidate the nature of their elastic behavior. For larger aggregates, the forward motion of the aggregate front in a microfluidic constriction as a function of time was measured. It was possible to observe a viscoelastic behavior, that we compared to the one observed in soft epithelial tissues. Both the prototissue model and the tools we developed to characterize its rheology can be implemented in the future to investigate cellular tissues mechanical properties varying its key properties: the adhesion between individual cells, the mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton and the cellular activity
Bessot, Elora. "Structuration en 3D de phases cristal-liquides pour la formation biomimétique de tissus osseux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS161.
Full textBone is a hybrid material that combines a dense and organized organic matrix of collagen fibrils and a mineral network of hydroxyapatite. The formation of this hierarchical material has often been studied biologically. How to study it from a physicochemical point of view and thus be able to reproduce the organization at the suprafibrillar scale? We propose to identify these parameters by applying in vitro constraints to the mesophases of collagen in order to control the 3D spatial arrangement of the oriented domains. Microfluidic chambers mimicking compact bone and emulsion methods mimicking the cancellous bone-bone marrow interaction were used. These models made it possible to highlight the involvement, in particular, of confinement, collagen flow and network geometry in the resulting fibrillar organization. Microscopy techniques reveal that these biological organizations result from the texturization of collagen mesophases on a macroscopic scale through the observation of defects inherent in the geometry of the tissues. This study opens up perspectives in the understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms and the organization of in vivo anisotropic domains involved in morphogenesis and biomineralization. It opens up prospects for tissue engineering to repair larger defects and promote osteoinduction
Labour, Marie-Noëlle. "Collagène auto-assemblé en support 3D biomimétique fonctionnalisé pour la différenciation de cellules nerveuses." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13508/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to develop a 3D compartmented cell culture set-up that allow the differentiation of nerve cells and the growth of neurites in the matrix depth. Biomimetic materials enable the formation of controlled microenvironments that orient cell behavior. They are particularly interesting for fundamental studies that aim to study signaling pathways involved in physiologic or pathologic processes. We focused on Alzheimer's disease, in which dystrophic neurites are associated to amyloid plaques. No direct relationship has yet been established between Aβ aggregates-neurite interaction, neurite dystrophy and cell death. First, we described and characterized the structure and properties of fibrillar collagen matrices with adapted thickness. Then, we adjusted functionalization of these matrices with neurotrophic growth factors (NGF and BDNF). Two methods were studied: impregnation/release and covalent coupling. Cell morphology studies confirmed that these functionalized matrices were efficient supports for nerve cells differentiation (PC-12 and SH-SY5Y). Finally, we have characterized Aβ aggregates that were formed inside collagen matrices by coprecipitation of amyloid peptide and collagen and we studied their toxicity on neural cells
Lande, Aurélien de la. "Modélisation multiéchelle de monooxygénases à centres cuivreux non couplés : de l'activation du dioxygène au transfert électronique à longue distance." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066230.
Full textTurcaud, Sébastien. "Motifs de changement de forme contrôlés par des architectures de gonflement." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI005/document.
Full textNature provides an unlimited source of inspiration for engineers, either by exhibiting new solutions to existing problems or by challenging them to develop systems displaying new functionalities. Recent advances in the characterization and modeling of natural systems reveal new design principles, which can be increasingly mimicked by engineers thanks to the progress in the production and modeling of man-made materials. In this thesis, we are inspired by biological actuators (for example the pine cone) which change their shape under an external fluctuating stimulus as a result of their material architecture. Our goal is to explore the design space of the morphing of solid objects controlled by an imposed distribution of inelastic strain (eigenstrain). We focus on elongated and thin objects where one dimension is either much bigger or much smaller than the other two (rods and sheets) and restrict ourselves to the framework of linear elasticity. Patterns of shape change are usually induced by large transformations, which requires considering a nonlinear dependency between strain and displacements. This requires the use of numerical methods in order to predict the morphing patterns. We looked at relaxation of springs, energy minimization and finite-elements. These patterns were also illustrated using experimental methods such as pre-straining, thermal expansion and swelling. In the context of rod-like objects, two fundamental morphers are studied displaying bending and twisting respectively: benders and twisters. The standard mirror-symmetric bilayer eigenstrain architecture of benders can be smoothened in order to lower interfacial stress and modified in order to produce longitudinally graded or helical benders. By stacking benders in a honey-comb like manner, the relatively small mid-deflection of benders is geometrically amplified and produces relatively large displacements. According to finite-element simulations, the proposed rotationally-symmetric eigenstrain architecture of twisters displays a stretching-twisting instability, which is analyzed using energetical arguments. Similarly to benders, twisting can be varied along the longitudinal direction by grading the material properties along the twister. By combining benders and twisters, an arbitrary configuration of a rod can be obtained. In the context of sheets, we focus on diffusion-driven morphing, where the eigenstrain is applied progressively instead of instantaneously as motivated by experiments on thermo-responsive polymer bilayers. This leads to long-side rolling of rectangular shapes (instead of the standard short-side rolling of benders) and reveals a complex multi-step morphing process in the case of star shapes, where the edges wrinkle and bend and the initially flat star eventually folds into a three-dimensional structure (for example a pyramid). With the progress in designing new materials, the morphers presented in this thesis could be used in different fields, including the design of macroscopic structures for Architecture
Cognet, Vincent. "Optimisation des éoliennes à axe horizontal par l'utilisation de pales flexibles." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC218/document.
Full textWind energy is a rapidly growing branch of industry, playing a significant role in the development of renewable energies. However these machines are efficient only on a narrow working range. In order to adapt wind turbines to wind changes, some commercial machines are pitch controlled during rotation. This active control method extends the high-efficiency range and the total working range, and improves the starting phase, but it does not increase the maximum efficiency reached by a wind turbine with the fixed optimal pitch angle. However this method is complex and costly (design, construction, maintenance). Thus it becomes cost-effective only for large wind turbines. Research recently focused on passive pitch control. In this thesis, the contribution of chord wise flexible blades is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The thesis concentrates on: - the reconfiguration mechanism of the bio-inspired flexible blade : the deformation is the result of the competition between aerodynamic forces, which increase the pitch angle, and the centrifugal force, which reduces it. These two effects are governed by two dimensionless numbers, respectively the Cauchy number and the centrifugal number. - how to qualify and quantify the efficiency gains : a moderate flexibility extends the working range, and significantly increases wind turbine efficiency, up to 35% on the high-efficiency working range. An optimization procedure is presented, which aims at determining the optimal material to construct the blade. These improvements measured in steady regime are maintained on average when rotational speed is unsteady. Two characteristic times are identified: the reconfiguration time of the flexible blade and the time of variation of the rotational speed of the wind turbine
Hall, Nikita. "Synthèse, caractérisation et étude de la réactivité de complexes métalliques bio-inspirés à liaison Métal-Thiol." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV073/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the synthesis and characterisation of bio-inspired molecular complexescontaining metal alkyl thiolate bonds with the goal of modelling metalloenzymes. In particular,we have attempted to improve our knowledge on the role that the bound alkyl thiolate plays inmetalloenzymes, including, structural features, electronic properties and also reactivity of theassociated active sites. The bound alkyl thiolate undergoes two main reactions inmetalloenzymes; S-alkylation and S-oxygenation. From the isolation and characterisation of thecorresponding active sites, it can be seen that the reactivity of the bound alkyl thiolate dependsgreatly on the metallic ion. In this context, different Mn+-thiolate complexes have beensynthesized (VIII, VIV, VV, NiII, NiIII, CoII and CoIII), with either a tetradentate LN2S2 or a tridentateLNS2 ligand. Both ligands consist of aromatic nitrogen (bipyridine or pyridine) donor atom(s)and also two bulky S-thiolate donor atoms.We have shown that the CoII ion is a suitable structural substitute for Zn-containingmetalloenzymes, however, it is inappropriate as a functional substitute in the particular case ofS-alkylation. Furthermore, we have been able to structurally model the activation step of cobaltnitrile hydratase, with the incorporation of three oxygen atoms on a CoIII bis alkyl thiolatecomplex evidencing dissymmetrical S-oxygenation. In contrast, using vanadium and nickel,metal-peroxo species have been generated, without intramolecular S-oxygenation. This researchhas led to some of the first examples of active oxygen nickel and vanadium complexes usingalkyl thiolate ligands.We have also attempted to model very difficult reactions carried out by sulfur richmetalloenzymes, especially the activation and reduction of dinitrogen realised by nitrogenases.To model this enzyme, a VIII alkyl thiolate complex has been synthesised and its reactivityinvestigated. Preliminary results suggest that the reduced VII species has the ability to activateand reduce hydrazine into ammonia, which is proposed to be the final stage of dinitrogenreduction
Rollin-Martinet, Sabrina. "Développement de nouvelles biocéramiques par consolidation à basse température d'apatites nanocristallines biomimétiques." Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768461.
Full textAlcover, Charlotte. "Réseaux moléculaires et Chimie des Substances Naturelles : de l’isolement de composés inédits à de toutes nouvelles applications en synthèse biomimétique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS569.
Full textThe discovery of new natural products is a very long and expensive process ; it is therefore important to detect previously known compounds in the studied matrices, to avoid an useless second isolation. This is the aim of annotation (partial but quick identification of compounds) and of dereplication (application of annotation to avoid reisolation).Thanks to its unequaled sensibility and to the "big data" era, the high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry has become a reference technique in this field. Indeed, its use is generally implemented by informatic tools, as "molecular networking", because of the large amount of generated data.This thesis is divided into two parts : the first one deals with extraction of new compounds from a very well-known Apocynaceae plant, Picralima nitida. The second one is about the application of "molecular networking" to biomimetic chemistry in mixtures, especially about "3-alkylpiperidines" alkaloids
Hadrich, Ahdi. "Nouveaux hydrogels à base de polysaccharide obtenus par voie biomimétique ou par photoréticulation." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR017/document.
Full textIn the framework of an eco-responsible context and to take advantage of biocompatibility, notably in cosmetic and biomedical applications, we have developed new hydrogels based on neutral and anionic polysaccharides using two original routes. The first approach is biomimetic and consists of mimicking a natural development of hydrogels that is found in certain plants for which an enzyme, laccase, allows to create crosslinks by dimerization of phenolic compounds, in occurrence of ferulic acid (FA) present on arabinoxylans mucilage of cereal seeds for example. Thus, our work consisted in grafting ferulic acid via two different chemical ways that means imidazole and carbodiimide respectively for neutral or anionic polysaccharides. We functionalized three polysaccharides: pullulan or PUL (neutral model), carboxymethylpullulane or CMP (model anionic) and hyaluronic acid or HA (anionic of interest) with grafting rates of between 2 and 25%. The physicochemical study in diluted and semi-diluted regimes evidenced an associative behavior due to the amphiphilic character of the functionalized polysaccharides. The crosslinking in the presence of laccase, followed in situ thanks to rheology, has been successfully performed on the various envisaged systems with possible controls of kinetics, the final mechanical properties or the swelling of the hydrogels as a function of the neutral or charged nature of the polysaccharides, the degree of substitution in FA, the polymer concentration or the enzymatic activity. The synthesized derivatives have generally demonstrated interesting biological activities (antioxidant and cytocompatibility). The second approach is based on the possible photocrosslinking of polysaccharides (PUL, CMP and HA) functionalized by the grafting of mono or polyunsaturated fatty amine/acid (oleylamine, oleic acid and linoleic acid) via imidazole chemistry. If pullulan grafted with 2% of linoleic acid was found to be water-insoluble due to its neutral character, all other derivatives (i.e. anionic ones) with grafting rates of 3 and 10% showed good solubility in water. The physicochemical studies show a very strong associative character of these amphiphilic derivatives with the formation of physical gels in semi-diluted regime. Photocrosslinking has been demonstrated in situ thanks to rheology/UV irradiation in the presence of a Darocur 1173® photoinitiator. The preliminary results according to this photocrosslinking approach thus open interesting perspectives
Bami, Chatenet Yann. "Modélisation analytique du mouillage sur des topographies multi-échelles complexes pour le design biomimétique de surfaces superhydrophobes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ECDL0053.
Full textA drop of water rolls on the sacred lotus leaf but stay fiercely anchored onto a rose petal. Both surfaces display a complex morphology at the micrometric and nanometric scales. Therefore, one could ask: how are their wettability and their morphology related? The purpose of this dissertation is to carry out a biomimetic approach in order to conceive superhydrophobic surfaces and to better understand nature’s strategies. In a first part, vegetal surfaces have been characterized by directly observing the wetting state they produce with the help of confocal microscopy. We demonstrate the fact that the sacred lotus produces a metastable mixed-state wetting that is characterized by a finite equilibrium anchorage depth of triple lines. On the other hand, a Wenzel-Wenzel hierarchical wetting state is observed on the rose petal, in spite of what literature suggests. From these experiments, key questions have been highlighted and confronted to the current models available within the literature. In a second part, two approaches to capillary phenomena have been adapted to the study of a composite wetting state produced by a multiscale topography. We introduce a complete parameterization allowing us to tackle the problem of the mixed-state wetting and its stability, to predict the value of the equilibrium anchorage depth on the sacred lotus leaf and to identify the contribution of its nanoscale topography to its wetting. Then, we thoroughly describe the mechanisms underlying the advancing and receding motions of triple lines and their recursive propagation across every topographical scale constituting a surface by introducing the notion of precursor motion. We highlight the effect of the equilibrium anchorage depth on the contact angle hysteresis and the role played by topographical subscales on the robustness of the composite wetting state. Through the experimental study of model surfaces manufactured by photolithography, we compare our predictions to reality. Eventually, in a third part, the conclusions drawn from our model are transposed into technical specifications for the conception of robust superhydrophobic surfaces, the strategy of the sacred lotus leaf is thoroughly described and two promising manufacturing processes are proposed through the recrystallization of natural wax and two-photon polymerization