Academic literature on the topic 'Biopharmaceutical Classification System – BCS'

The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) is a very important tool to replace the traditional in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro dissolution assays during multisource product development. This paper compares the most recent harmonized guideline for biowaivers based on the biopharmaceutics classification system and the BCS regulatory guidelines in Latin America and analyzes the current BCS regulatory requirements and the perspective of the harmonization in the region to develop safe and effective multisource products. Differences and similarities between the official and publicly available BCS guidelines of several Latin American regulatory authorities and the new ICH harmonization guideline were identified and compared. Only Chile, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina have a more comprehensive BCS guideline, which includes solubility, permeability, and dissolution requirements. Although their regulatory documents have many similarities with the ICH guidelines, there are still major differences in their interpretation and application. This situation is an obstacle to the successful development of safe and effective multisource products in the Latin American region, not only to improve their access to patients at a reasonable cost, but also to develop BCS biowaiver studies that fulfill the quality standards of regulators in developed and emerging markets.

Polyphenols are natural organic compounds produced by plants, acting as antioxidants by reacting with ROS. These compounds are widely consumed in daily diet and many studies report several benefits to human health thanks to their bioavailability in humans. However, the digestion process of phenolic compounds is still not completely clear. Moreover, bioavailability is dependent on the metabolic phase of these compounds. The LogP value can be managed as a simplified measure of the lipophilicity of a substance ingested within the human body, which affects resultant absorption. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), a method used to classify drugs intended for gastrointestinal absorption, correlates the solubility and permeability of the drug with both the rate and extent of oral absorption. BCS may be helpful to measure the bioactive constituents of foods, such as polyphenols, in order to understand their nutraceutical potential. There are many literature studies that focus on permeability, absorption, and bioavailability of polyphenols and their resultant metabolic byproducts, but there is still confusion about their respective LogP values and BCS classification. This review will provide an overview of the information regarding 10 dietarypolyphenols (ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, cirsimaritin, daidzein, resveratrol, ellagic acid, and curcumin) and their association with the BCS classification.

Pharmacological therapy is essential in many diseases treatment and it is important that the medicine policy is intended to offering safe and effective treatment with affordable price to the population. One way to achieve this is through biowaiver, defined as the replacement of in vivo bioequivalence studies by in vitro studies. For biowaiver of new immediate release solid oral dosage forms, data such as intestinal permeability and solubility of the drug are required, as well as the product dissolution. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a scientific scheme that divides drugs according to their solubility and permeability and has been used by various guides as a criterion for biowaiver. This paper evaluates biowaiver application, addressing the general concepts and parameters used by BCS, making a historical account of its use, the requirements pertaining to the current legislation, the benefits and risks associated with this decision. The results revealed that the use of BCS as a biowaiver criterion greatly expands the therapeutics options, contributing to greater therapy access of the general population with drug efficacy and safety guaranteed associated to low cost.

Glimepirid (GMP) merupakan obat antidiabetika oral golongan sulfonilurea generasi ketiga yang mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan efek samping hipoglikemia yang kecil. Namun GMP termasuk ke dalam Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) kelas II yang memiliki kelarutan praktis tidak larut dalam air sehingga berpengaruh pada laju disolusi dan bioavailabilitasnya. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kelarutan GMP yaitu dengan pembentukan kompleks inklusi menggunakan betasiklodekstrin (BCD). Penentuan terbentuknya kompleks inklusi GMP-BCD menggunakan beberapa konsentrasi larutan BCD yang semakin meningkat dalam dapar asetat 0,01 M pH 6,2 dan dapar fosfat 0,01 M pH 7,4 yang diteliti dengan metode kelarutan dan ditentukan secara spektrofotometri ultraviolet pada panjang gelombang serapan maksimum 228 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelarutan GMP meningkat dengan semakin meningkatnya konsentrasi BCD dengan harga tetapan stabilitas kompleks pada pH 7,4 lebih sebesar 0,650 lebih besar dari pada pH 6,2 yaitu sebesar 0,237 .

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biopharmaceutical drug properties suitable for orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). The net charge at pH 7.4, log D_6.5, the highest dose strength, solubility in water, dose number, and elimination t_1/2 of 57 ODT drugs and 113 drugs of immediate-release (IR) formulations were compared. These drugs were classified according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). A lower dose strength and a longer elimination t_1/2 have been observed as characteristic properties of ODTs. The proportion of basic drugs was higher in the ODTs than in the IR. A significant difference was not observed between the ODT and the IR formulation for log D_6.5, solubility in water, and dose number. The distributions of the ODT and IR formulations among each BCS class were similar, suggesting that an ODT can be developed regardless of the BCS class of a drug</span>.

Almost all orally administered drugs are absorbed across the intestinal mucosa. The Caco-2 monolayers are used as an in vitro model to predict drug absorption in humans and to explore mechanism of drug absorption. The Caco-2 cells are derived from a human colon adenocarcinoma and spontaneously differentiate to form confluent monolayer of polarized cells structurally and functionally resembling the small intestinal epithelium. For studying drug permeability, Caco-2 cells are seeded onto the Transwell inserts with semipermeable membrane and grown to late confluence (21 days). After determination of cell viability, the integrity of monolayer is checked by phenol red permeability and by 14C-mannitol permeability. The transport from apical to basolateral (AP-BL) and basolateral to apical (BL-AP) is studied by adding the diluted drug on the apical or basolateral side and withdrawing the samples from the opposite compartment, respectively, for HPLC analysis or liquid scintillation spectrometry. Ca2+- free transport medium is used to determine paracellular component of the drug transport. On the basis of permeability and solubility, drugs can be categorized into four classes of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). For certain drugs, the BCS-based biowaiver approach can be used which enables to reduce in vivo bioequivalence studies.

Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-based biowaiver are meant to reduce the need for establishing in vivo bioequivalence in situations where in vitro data may be considered to provide a reasonable estimate of the relative in vivo performance of two products. The BCS is a scientific approach designed to predict medicinal absorption based on the aqueous solubility and intestinal absorptive characteristics of the Pharmaceutical product. To ensure interchangeability, the multisource product must be therapeutically equivalent to the comparator product. Types of in vivo equivalence studies include comparative pharmacokinetic studies, comparative pharmacodynamic studies and comparative clinical studies. This article briefly explains the BCS based biowaiver requirements in six major African countries i.e. Zimbabwe, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Botswana and Tanzania which facilitates regulatory medicine approval process when the dossier (application) is approved based on evidence of equivalence other than In vivo studies.

Background: We assessed the feasibility of using crystal-liquid fugacity ratio (CLFR) as an alternative parameter for intestinal permeability in the biopharmaceutical classification (BCS) of passively absorbed drugs. Methods: Dose number, fraction of dose absorbed, intestinal permeability, and intrinsic dissolution rate were used as the input parameters. CLFR was determined using thermodynamic parameters i.e., melting point, molar fusion enthalpy, and entropy of drug molecules obtained using differential scanning calorimetry. Results: The CLFR values were in the range of 0.06-41.76 mole percent. There was a close relationship between CLFR and in vivo intestinal permeability (r > 0.8). CLFR values of greater than 2 mole percent corresponded to complete intestinal absorption. Applying CLFR versus dose number or intrinsic dissolution rate, more than 92% of tested drugs were correctly classified with respect to the reported classification system on the basis of human intestinal permeability and solubility. Conclusion: This investigation revealed that the CLFR might be an appropriate parameter for quantitative biopharmaceutical classification. This could be attributed to the fact that CLFR could be a measure of solubility of compounds in lipid bilayer which was found in this study to be directly proportional to the intestinal permeability of compounds. This classification enables researchers to define characteristics for intestinal absorption of all four BCS drug classes using suitable cutoff points for both intrinsic dissolution rate and crystal-liquid fugacity ratio. Therefore, it may be used as a surrogate for permeability studies. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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Most active pharmaceutical ingredients are made largely for being administered orally. A major challenge for medicinal products development containing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) with low solubility, especially Class II according to Biopharmaceutical Classification System - BCS, is to add technology to the development process in order to increase the bioavailability of these APIs and at the same time ensure their stability. Thus, the objective was to develop analytical methods to characterize lyophilized solid dispersions of ibuprofen obtained by using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxymethylpropylcellulose (HPMC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, comparing them in terms of thermal stability. The dispersions were characterized correlating the data obtained by the following techniques: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry Coupled to a Photovisual System (DSC-photovisual), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TG) and Vibrational Absorption using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate possible physical and/or chemical interaction between the ibuprofen and its excipients. For thermal stability evaluation, the products were subjected to dynamic thermogravimetric analysis, by applying Osawa kinetic model, and to isothermal analysis by Arrhenius model at temperatures of 125, 130, 135, 140 and 145 °C, showing zero order kinetics reaction for the drug in the two models applied. According to the data obtained from the thermal analysis for the characterization and stability, the lyophilized solid dispersions containing PEG as a dispersing agent were more stable. The DSC and FTIR data showed the absence of physical and chemical interaction between the formulation components.
A maioria dos insumos farmacêuticos ativos é viabilizada em grande parte para serem administrados por via oral. Um dos grandes desafios para o desenvolvimento de medicamentos contendo Insumos Farmacêuticos Ativos (IFAs) com baixa solubilidade, em especial os de Classe II relacionados no Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica – SCB, é agregar tecnologias ao processo de desenvolvimento no sentido de aumentar a biodisponibilidade destes IFAs ao mesmo tempo que possa garantir a estabilidade dos mesmos. Assim, objetivou-se desenvolver metodologias analíticas para caracterizar dispersões sólidas liofilizadas de ibuprofeno obtidas com carboximetilcelulose (CMC), hidroximetilpropilcelulose (HPMC) e polietilenoglicol (PEG) 6000, comparando-as em termos de estabilidade térmica. As dispersões foram caracterizadas correlacionando-se os dados obtidos pelas técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), calorimetria exploratória diferencial acoplada ao sistema fotovisual (DSC-fotovisual), termogravimetria (TG) e espectroscopia vibracional de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), a fim de investigar possíveis interações físicas e/ou químicas entre o ibuprofeno e seus excipientes. Para avaliação da estabilidade térmica, os produtos foram submetidos à análise termogravimétrica dinâmica, aplicando-se o modelo cinético de Osawa, e isotérmica pelo modelo de Arrhenius nas temperaturas de 125, 130, 135, 140 e 145 °C, apresentando cinética de reação de ordem zero para o fármaco nos dois modelos aplicados. De acordo com os dados obtidos a partir da análise térmica para caracterização e estabilidade, as dispersões sólidas liofilizadas contendo PEG como agente dispersante mostraram-se mais estáveis. Nos dados de DSC e FTIR mostraram a ausência de interação física e química entre os componentes da formulação.

Human errors are an expected result of operations performed by individuals and frequently lead to accidents and other catastrophic events. The problem is that the current process used to investigate and mitigate human errors in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industries is not effective, as it does not include the effects of human factors found to be effective in aviation and nuclear power organizations. The human factors and classification system (HFACS) was created for the investigations of accidents using the Swiss cheese model of accident causation as a theoretical framework. The purpose of this quantitative, inter-rater reliability study was to demonstrate the utility of the HFACS for human error investigations in the biopharmaceutical industry. The research questions focused on the level of agreement between independent raters using HFACS, as well as the difference in the level of agreement across different areas of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes. In a fully crossed design, raters evaluated a stratified sample of 161 incident records further analyzed using Cohen's kappa, percentage agreement, and a 1-way analysis of variance test with Scheffe post hoc tests. Study results indicated the reliability of the modified HFACS taxonomy, which included no statistical difference (p < .05) with substantial Cohen's kappa values of .66. The social benefit of this study may stem from biopharmaceutical manufacturers using these findings to decrease human errors, improve the safety and reliability of their processes, decrease manufacturing costs, and support the development of drugs to address the unmet medical needs of society.

A avaliação da classe biofarmacêutica dos fármacos assume importância na política de medicamentos genéricos, já que as características de solubilidade e permeabilidade de um fármaco, conforme definidas pelo Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB), constituem critério essencial para bioisenção na obtenção de registro de genéricos. O propósito do trabalho foi o de determinar a classe biofarmacêutica dos fármacos benzilato de anlodipino, fluconazol e cloridrato de fluoxetina, por meio da determinação de seus parâmetros de solubilidade e permeabilidade. Para o teste de solubilidade, foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos para a quantificação do benzilato de anlodipino, fluconazol e cloridrato de fluoxetina em água e nos tampões farmacopéicos pH 1,2; pH 4,5;pH 6,8 e 7,5. O estudo de solubilidade foi realizado pelo método shake flask num período de 72 horas de agitação a 37°C. A maior dose comercializada no mercado é de 10 mg, 200 mg e 20 mg respectivamente para o besilato de anlodipino, fluconazol e cloridrato de fluoxetina. Os valores de solubilidade para o besilato de anlodipino nos meios avaliados foram de 0,88 a 2,35 mg/mL enquanto intervalo da razão dose: solubilidade (D: S) foi de 4,24 mL a 11,36 mL. Para o fluconazol os valores de solubilidade foram: 8,22 a 14,4 mg/mL, e o intervalo da razão D: S foram de 13,38 mL a 24,33 mL. Já para o cloridrato de fluoxetina a solubilidade foi de 5,12 a 44,36 mg/mL, e o intervalo razão D: S foram de 0,45 a 3,91 mL. De acordo com o SCB, para classifacar um fármaco como de alta solubilidade a dose mais alta cormecializada do fármaco deve ser solúvel em 250 mL de meio aquoso na faixa de pH de 1 a 7,5 a 37º C e um fármaco é considerado como de alta permeabilidade quando a sua fração absorvida seja ≥ 90%. De acordo com esse critério, ambos os fármacos apresentam alta solubilidade. A avaliação da permeabilidade dos fármacos foi realizada por meio da determinação do fluxo de fármaco através de segmentos intestinais de ratos, isolados e contidos em câmaras de difusão vertical da plataforma manual para testes de permeabilidade. Os valores de permeabilidade aparente (Papp) obtidos nos experimentos indicam que o besilato de anlodipino e o fluconazol são fármacos de baixa permeabilidade, portanto, classe III e o cloridrato de fluoxetina alta permeabilidade, classe I.
The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) concept was established by Amidon and co-workers (1995) and BCS allows expectations regarding correlation between in vitro dissolution data and in vivo bioavailability data. According to the BCS, three major factors govern drug bioavailability: the drug aqueous solubility, the ability of the drug molecules to permeate biologic membranes and drug dissolution from the dosage form. Solubility criteria defined by the FDA to classify a drug as highly soluble requires the highest dose strength to be soluble in 250 mL of aqueous media over the pH range of 1-7.5 at 37°C and a drug is considered with high permeability when its fraction absorbed is ≥ 90%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the solubility and permeability of amlodipine benzylate, fluconazole and fluoxetine hidrochoride in order to determine them BCS class. The solubility study was performed using the drug over a 72 hours period of agitation as the shake flask method at 37 °C. The results from solubility values are given in mg/mL and dose: solubility ratio is given in mL. The highest dose marketed is 10 mg, 200 mg and 20 mg, respectively for the amlodipine besylate, fluconazole and fluoxetine hydrochloride. The solubility values for the amlodipine besylate in the tested aqueous media range from 0.88 to 2.35 mg/mL, while dose solubility ratio (D: S) values range from 4.24 to 11.36 mL. The values for fluconazole solubility were 8.22 to 14.4 mg/mL, and the D: S was 13.38 to 24.33 mL. The fluoxetine hydrochloride solubility is range from 5.12 to 44.36 mg/mL, and the ratio D: S from 0.45 to 3.91 mL. According to BCS all the drugs have high solubility. The evaluation of the drugs permeability was performed by determining the drug flow through the rat intestinal segments, isolated and contained in vertical diffusion chambers platform for manual testing permeability. The apparent permeability values (Papp) obtained in the experiments indicate that the amlodipine besylate and fluconazole are low permeability drugs and fluoxetine hydrochloride high permeability. Considering Solubility and permeability assay, amlodipine besylate and fluconazole are Class III and fluoxetine hydrochloride is Class I.

A permeabilidade através do epitélio intestinal tem se tornado um importante aspecto a ser determinado nas avaliações biofarmacotécnicas envolvendo fármacos e medicamentos. A técnica mais empregada para essa determinação in vitro é aquela que utiliza a cultura de células Caco-2. Entretanto, ainda são discutíveis as condições para a realização desses experimentos, uma vez que a padronização das mesmas é fator fundamental para a confiabilidade dos resultados. Nesta tese, foram avaliadas as condições para realização dos estudos de permeabilidade através de membranas de células Caco-2 para a rifampicina, principal fármaco utilizado no tratamento da tuberculose. Para tanto, foram investigados fatores tais como a citotoxicidade da rifampicina em diferentes concentrações, a influência da concentração do fármaco sobre a permeabilidade, do pH de realização dos experimentos e da presença de proteínas do muco intestinal, além da influência de proteínas plasmáticas. Foi também investigado o potencial indutor da rifampicina sobre a expressão da glicoproteína-P (Pgp) e seu impacto na permeabilidade da própria rifampicina. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos utilizando membranas de células Caco-2 provenientes da American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) cultivadas em placas Transwel®, a quantificação da fração permeada foi por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com métodos validados. A análise da indução da expressão da Pgp foi realizada por PCR-RT. Demonstrou-se que as concentrações da rifampicina (10,0; 25,0 e 50,0 µg/mL) não ocasionaram danos às células Caco-2 no estudo de citotoxicidade pela técnica que emprega o sal do brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazoli)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio (MTT). As concentrações de rifampicina (5,0; 10,0 e 25,0 µg/mL) não resultaram em valores estatisticamente diferentes de permeabilidade aparente (Papp) em células Caco-2 nas condições do estudo. A rifampicina apresentou valor de Papp significativamente maior em pH 6,8 dentre os valores de pH avaliados (5,8 ; 6,8; 7,4). A presença de muco simulado e de soro fetal bovino não resultou em valores de permeabilidade significativamente distintos do resultado obtido sem a sua adição ao experimento. A expressão da Pgp em células Caco-2 é induzida pela adição da rifampicina (10µg/mL), ocasionando diminuição da sua permeabilidade por mecanismo de efluxo. Pelos resultados de permeabilidade obtidos em todas as condições avaliadas, a rifampicina pode ser considerada um fármaco de alta permeabilidade de acordo com o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica.
The permeability through the intestinal epithelium has become an important aspect to be determined in evaluations involving drugs and pharmaceutical products. The most common technique for this determination in vitro is one that uses the culture of Caco-2 cells. Nevertheless, the conditions for carrying out such experiments are still questionable, since the standardization of them is essential to the reliability of the results. In this thesis, we evaluate the conditions for the studies of permeability of rifampicin through membranes of Caco-2 cells, the main drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. To this end, we examined factors such as cytotoxicity of rifampicin at different concentrations, the influence of drug concentration on the permeability, as well as the pH of the experiments, the presence of proteins of intestinal mucus, and the influence of plasma proteins. It was also investigated the potential of rifampicin on the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and its impact on the permeability of rifampicin itself. The studies were developed using membranes of Caco-2 cells from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) grown on plates Transwel®, and the quantification of the fraction of drug permeated was obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with validated methods. The analysis of induction of expression of Pgp was performed by RT-PCR. It was demonstrated that the concentrations of rifampicin (10,0; 25,0 and 50,0 µg/mL) did not cause damage to Caco-2 cells in the study of the cytotoxicity technique that uses a bromide salt of 3 - (4,5-dimethyl-2 - thiazol) -2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT). The concentrations of rifampicin (5,0; 10,0 and 25,0 µg/mL) did not result in statistically different values of apparent permeability (Papp) in Caco-2 cells under the conditions of the study. Rifampicin showed a value of Papp significantly higher at pH 6.8 in comparison with other measured pH values (5,8 and 7,4). The presence of mucus simulated and fetal calf serum did not result in permeability values significantly different from the result obtained without its addition to the experiment. The expression of P-gp in Caco-2 cells is induced by the addition of rifampicin (10 µg/ml), decreasing its permeability by efflux mechanism. Taking into account the results of permeability obtained in all conditions, the rifampicin can be considered a high permeability drug according to the biopharmaceutical classification system.