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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biopiracy'
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1
Bastuck, Christian. "Biopiracy' and Patents - Developing Countries' fears are exaggerated." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4532.
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This thesis will examine such ''biopiracy' patents' and tries to evaluate whether the criticisms related with them are true and whether and how far these patents have indeed negative impacts on indigenous communities and developing countries. It will be shown that the fear of the slogan 'biopiracy' is exaggerated since the criticisms related with it are largely unjustified and since there is no direct impact on indigenous communities or developing countries. Even the few negative impacts can be resolved by the developing countries with the help of suitable national legislation. Thus, developing countries should rather enact appropriate legislation to make use of the available TRIPS regulations to promote innovation in their own territory to benefit better from their resources than it is the case up to now. [...]
2
Runguphan, Titima. "Biopiracy in Asia: a case study of India and Thailand." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29521920.
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Chapell, Jodie. "Biopiracy in Peru : tracing biopiracies, theft, loss and traditional knowledge." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654546.
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This thesis concerns the different ideas, and relationships -to people, plants and knowledge - that -'biopiracy' brings together in Peru. Through assessing different concerns over the use of 'traditional knowledge', the thesis examines the multiple meanings of biopiracy which emerge through particular bundles of relationships. Contribution is made to existing literature concerning indigenous peoples and biodiversity by illustrating the complexity and multiplicity of understandings of 'biopiracy'. The thesis identifies contested meanings of 'biopiracy' and produces a typology of 'biopiracies' through an application ofTsing's (2005) concept of 'friction', and also an analysis of 'biopiracy' as an empirical subject of enquiry in the patent system. In Part One I consider 'biopiracy' and 'traditional knowledge' in international debates, and so establish the main ideological concepts that frame 'global' biopiracy. The thesis explores the plurality of biopiracy by providing nuanced accounts of 'biopirates' and 'traditional knowledge'. Part Two, is an analysis of the work of the Peruvian National Commission Against Biopiracy. This section examines the role of patent searches and of knowledge registers in producing accounts of biopiracy that: reify traditional knowledge, fracture connections with indigenous communities, and that represent the economic interests of the state. The thesis presents a quantitative account of original patent research into 'biopiracy', with an accompanying qualitative analysis that highlights the connections produced - and denied - through 'biopiracy work'. The final section presents ethnographic data from two Amazonian communities - San Francisco de Yarinacocha, and Calleria. This data indicates that particular forms of relationships to people, plants, and knowledge are privileged, as well as cast aside in the mobilisation of 'biopiracy'. Chapter Six presents an analysis of two distinct 'biopiracies': 'Biopiracies of theft' and 'biopiracies of economic opportunity'. These in turn characterise the different, contingent features of 'biopiracy' in Peru.
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Hamilton, Christopher John. "Knowledge, ownership and life : the relationship between biopiracy and intellectual property rights." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485555.
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This thesis describes and accounts for the contemporai-y politics that take shape around the emergence of new regimes of intellectual property ~hts (IPRs) seeking patents on life fonns through an analysis of disputes that have been framed.in.tenns: ofbiopiracy. It studies biopiracy as a tenn which serves as a vector to gather to it a cascade. of concerns about the ambivalent. promises that emerge at the intersection of science, nature and IPR, but also at the intersection of , the developed and the developing· worlds. Though an analysis of the historical trajectory of the tenn coupled with a focused look at cases where allegations of biopiracy have been made by activist groups, it analyses the consequences of the concept's deployment, thus clarifying the lines of contes!ation and identifying some of their economic, political, social, cultural, legal and ethical underpinnings. The first component of this thesis builds on sociological work which addresses the nature/culture separation and extends this work to apply it to IPR regimes, thus making theoretical inroads into emerging notions of biocapital, the bioeconomy and biosociality. As such, it contributes to an understanding of the role of IPR and of the nature/culture separation therein. The second part of this thesis analyses the use of the term 'biopiracy' in the, media and demonstrates how the use of the term has been characterized by a clustering around several key cases which were deliberately chosen to exemplify the process of biopiracy. The third area addressed by this thesis deals with the specific implications that the allegation of biopiracy has had. It shows that the allegation of biopiracy has been 'taken up' widely across multiple spectra, which has led towards the generation of a variety of proposed solutions to the challenges it generates, solutions inherently bound to how biopiracy is itself problematized.
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Christian, Nigel David. "From biopiracy to bioprospecting : an historical sociology of the search for biological resources." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1122/.
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With the 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity humanity's ongoing search for biological resources became subject to global regulation. The collection of biological materials for use in agriculture and medicine by one nation from another became conditional on criteria of informed consent, benefit-sharing, and the preservation of environments. This practice has become known as bioprospecting. Collections of biological materials and/or of 'traditional' knowledge of how to utilize them which did not meet the Convention's requirements henceforth became known as biopiracy. The thesis takes its structure from the Convention, which is treated as marking a shift from historical biopiracy to contemporary bioprospecting. The thesis is that critics of the Convention who oppose it and the forms of bioprospecting which it mandates in terms of neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism have misunderstood the character of contemporary economic and political power. The thesis argues that although contemporary bioprospecting is not practiced, as the Convention requires it to be, in ways that are 'fair and equitable', it cannot be understood as a neo-imperialist practice. Instead, the thesis concludes that the Convention should be understood in the context of new forms of governance and sovereignty. The Convention facilitates planet management and supports the exercise of biopower. Several cases studies of imperialist biopiracy are presented and their social impacts are discussed in contrast to contemporary bioprospecting. A broad range of historical and sociological literature is brought together for the first time. The history of the transition from biopiracy to bioprospecting is described and discussed in terms of several social, epistemological/technological, scientific, political and economic changes, respectively: the transition from imperialism to globalization, a shift away from exploitation of 'nature' toward management of 'biodiversity', the transition from natural history to ecological science, the appearance of environmentalist concerns in national and global politics, the completion of the globalization of capitalist property relations and the demise of the notion of biological resources as the 'common heritage of humankind'.
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Dal, Monico Sara <1993>. "Biopiracy, or the misappropriation of traditional knowledge for profit: a human rights perspective." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14374.
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L'elaborato si propone di indagare una specifica domanda, ovvero se la biopirateria possa annoverarsi tra le violazioni di diritti umani. Sebbene una definizione condivisa non esista tutt’ora, per biopirateria s’intende l’appropriazione indebita di conoscenza tradizionale e risorse genetiche appartenenti a comunità indigene, in molti casi brevettate conseguentemente, da parte di multinazionali e/o istituti di ricerca per fini commerciali. La tesi si propone, partendo da una ricerca delle origini della pirateria stessa, di analizzare lo sviluppo di questo fenomeno recente, procedendo con l’identificazione degli attori maggiormente coinvolti nel processo. In seguito, il terzo capitolo propone un approfondimento del contesto giuridico internazionale, spaziando dalla Convenzione sulla Diversità Biologica, alla Proprietà Intellettuale e i Diritti Culturali. Infine, prima di portare alcuni casi concreti di episodi di biopirateria, il quarto capitolo può considerarsi lo snodo principale dell’elaborato, in cui la domanda iniziale trova risposta.
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Kapepiso, Fabian S. "From fable to court: tracing the curation of indigenous knowledge in a biopiracy case." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27885.
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This dissertation presents a constructivist grounded theory study of curation and biopiracy of medicinal knowledge about Hoodia. Hoodia is a succulent cactus used by the San people for sustenance and medicinal purposes, and a victim of biopiracy as indigenous knowledge of its properties has been patented with the aim of commercialisation. The purpose of this study was to generate a theory or framework that explores and explains the processes involved in curation and application of indigenous medicinal knowledge in the scientific, legal and commercial knowledge domains. The colonial 'discoveries' and records of the Hoodia species by Carl P. Thunberg, Francis Masson, as well as the recorded experience of Rudolf Marloth, in a Renaissance Humanist tradition, led to scientific experiments by the CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) and commercial trials in an attempt to develop slimming drugs for commercialisation. A landmark royalty and benefit-sharing agreement in 2002/3 awarded intellectual property compensation to the San community for commercial exploitation of their traditional knowledge. Although there have been several Master's and Doctoral research studies about Hoodia, minimal or no attention have been directed toward the curation of information in a biopiracy case. Science has sought to capitalise undocumented indigenous knowledge by applying for patents and developing pharmaceutical drugs using indigenous medicinal knowledge obtained from local people. Using a grounded theory methodology, data was collected through an unstructured interview, reviews of literature and theoretical sampling to extract relevant concepts and themes. The study then identified key players and knowledge domains that added new layers of information and knowledge to traditional knowledge in relation to Hoodia use. The study traces the movement of indigenous knowledge from the San to the CSIR, from CSIR to the commercial entities Phytopharm, Pfizer and Unilever, through the licencing of a patent on Hoodia. An emergent theory based on the concept of palimpsest suggests that erasures of the existing traditional knowledge occurred as new layers of knowledge were added or applied. These erasures took the form of (1) renaming the Hoodia species with Greek or Latin names instead of adopting the indigenous names (Renaissance Humanism), and (2) adding new meaning and complicated symbols, resulting in codification of existing indigenous knowledge (Post Modernism). The main themes emanating from the application of palimpsest as a framework present pressing issues such as de-contextualisation and re-codification of indigenous knowledge, resulting in the erosion of benefits for its originators.
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Holtheuer, Laura. "Biopiracy and Native Title: An Exploration of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and Indigenous Knowledge Protection." Thesis, Business Law, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/30003.
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The exploitation of Indigenous Knowledge is pervasive and widespread. Despite its
significance and value however, the current legal frameworks available for its protection fail
to offer a comprehensive regime which fundamentally accommodates for the unique
characteristics that underlie Indigenous Knowledge. This thesis critically examines the
protective frameworks currently available in Australia for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Peoples’ Knowledge of plant-based biological resources and traditional medicine, mainly
environmental laws, intellectual property rights, and human rights. Although their inadequacy
has been continually demonstrated, regulatory research in Australia has primarily focused on
recommending developments to the current frameworks available, disregarding the unique
characteristics and fundamental principles of the knowledge they seek to protect.
This thesis aims to fill the gap in the research concerning the protection of Indigenous
Knowledge systems through an exploration of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) and the
feasibility of incorporating Indigenous Knowledge protection within its scope, justified by the
interconnected and land-related nature of Knowledge and Indigenous ways of life. The analysis
is framed around the definition of native title contained in s 223(1) of the Native Title Act 1993
(Cth) and draws from jurisprudential interpretations to determine whether it could encompass,
and therefore protect, Indigenous Knowledge pertaining to plant-based biological resources
and traditional medicine specifically. Through case study application, this thesis illustrates and
concludes that the s 223(1) native title definition has the scope to protect Indigenous
Knowledge of plant-based biological resources. While the success of applying this conclusion
in practice remains severely limited given the inequality and imbalance of power amongst
Indigenous Peoples and ‘settler’ Australians that still permeates the legal context and
Australian society more widely, recent developments in this space indicate a growing social
and political demand for much needed change which may act as the vehicle through which to
grant Indigenous Peoples rights to their knowledge under the native title framework.
9
Iaderozza, Fábio Eduardo 1961. "Neoliberalismo, sistema de Patentes e a liberalização do biomercado emergente no Brasil na década de 1990 : a privatização do conhecimento tradicional e da biodiversidade nacional." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287757.
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Orientador: Arlete Moysés RodriguesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:02:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iaderozza_FabioEduardo_D.pdf: 2091120 bytes, checksum: 5e774c7d975681b8c7cc33a3dc84a509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: A década de 1990 assistiu ao predomínio de ideais liberais-globalizantes, cuja principal marca foi o processo de privatização nas suas mais variadas formas. A pressão exercida por países do centro para a adoção de um sistema de propriedade industrial mais adequado aos interesses de grupos hegemônicos, fez surgir uma nova legislação sobre Propriedade Industrial no Brasil que abriu a possibilidade para se privatizar as riquezas naturais contidas em território nacional, como aquelas oriundas da biodiversidade, bem como o conhecimento tradicional associado. Levando-se em conta os avanços que estão ocorrendo em áreas como biotecnologia e engenharia genética, tidas como muito promissoras em meio aos novos domínios do capital, o fato de possuir ou ter acesso à biodiversidade tornou-se estratégico para a reprodução ampliada do capital. Diante dessa constatação, a tese analisa o processo histórico no qual se observa à crescente mercantilização da natureza, cujo resultado é a ampliação da produção de mercadorias a partir de suas riquezas, não para atender as necessidades humanas, mas aos interesses do capital. Com os Direitos de Propriedade Industrial cria-se a possibilidade de apropriação, por parte de grandes empresas transnacionais, das riquezas naturais existentes em dado território. Com isso, impõe-se uma nova forma de dominação, não diretamente nas terras, mas no acesso aos recursos genéticos patenteados, expropriando as comunidades tradicionais e os países biodiversos de seus conhecimentos e de suas riquezas. Consideramos esse tipo de apropriação a versão contemporânea dos enclosures, dado que a propriedade cercada e o monopólio são os objetivos finais
Abstract: The 1990s faced the predominance of liberal-globalizing ideals, whose main result was the process of privatization in its many forms. The pressure exerted by core countries for the adoption of a system more appropriate industrial property to the interests of hegemonic groups, introduced a new legislative industrial property law in Brazil that opened the possibility of privatizing the natural resources contained in the national territory, such as those arising from biodiversity and the associated traditional knowledge. Taking into consideration the advances that are occurring in areas such as biotechnology and genetic engineering, considered as very promising among the new domain of the capital, the fact of possessing or having access to biodiversity has become strategic for the expanded reproduction of the investment. Considering this fact, the thesis analyzes the historical process in which one observes the increasing commodification of nature, the result of which is the expansion of commodity production from their resources, not to meet human needs, but to the meet the capital interests. The industrial property rights creates the possibility of proprietorship by large transnational companies of the existing natural resources in a given territory. With this, a new form of domination is imposed, not directly on the land, but on the access of the patented genetic resources, expropriating traditional communities and the biodiverse countries of their knowledge and their resources. We consider this type of ownership the contemporary version of the enclosures, as the fenced property and monopoly are the ultimate goals
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Geografia
10
Doyle, Anastasia Roxane. "Access and control of biodiversity in the context of biopiracy: the case of pelargonium sidoides in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76321.
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The purpose of this research is to explore access and control of biodiversity in the context of biopiracy with specific reference to the case of pelargonium sidoides in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. The research is informed by the increased appropriation of local biodiversity and indigenous knowledge by industry as well as global debates on promoting sustainable resource utilisation and sustainable rural livelihoods. This study adopts a two-pronged conceptual approach mainly, Marx’s Ecology and the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework (SRLF). The former provides useful insights into the processes and dynamics of power asymmetries between developed and developing countries, capital accumulation, inherent displacement and the predatory nature of capitalism. Whilst the latter addresses how livelihoods are fashioned in a holistic way. As a significant starting point the South African political economy is examined through the lens of the two economies debate. This research is primarily qualitative using in-depth interviews, observations and archival research as the primary data collection techniques. Preliminary site visits were conducted to negotiate access. Key informants of the study were representatives of the core groups (interested and affected stakeholders) involved in the case of pelargonium sidoides. Specifically, participants included representatives from the Imingcangathelo Community Development Trust and the Masakhane Community Property Association, local harvesters, local community members, monitoring and enforcement environmental officers, plant breeders (cultivators), scientists, local businessmen involved in natural resource trade, academics, legal representatives and non-governmental organisations. The Rhodes University research ethical guidelines were followed accordingly. The findings of the study suggest that trade in pelargonium sidoides is influenced by a complex and dynamic interplay between the state-industry-rural elite coalitions. Moreover, that this activity is largely centralised and exclusionary. This process is depicted in the unsustainable utilisation of pelargonium sidoides and other natural resources, the dismantling of local livelihoods, exploitation of harvesters and an incoherent environmental governance structure. At the core of this unequal system of exchange is industry, which effectively functions to generate profits whilst dispossessing peripheral communities such as the Masakhane community. The study therefore, argues that in order for local communities to access the trade there needs to be a shift in this system of unequal exchange. Not only regarding beneficiation, but in building community capacity and becoming involved as critical stakeholders in the governance of resources in the study area. The study found that there are competing narratives that inform the status and sustainability of pelargonium sidoides. Furthermore, given the current trajectory of the Masakhane community’s struggle for land, access to natural resources and exclusion from decision-making regarding pelargonium sidoides, the area will continue to be underdeveloped with concomitant poverty, inequality and comprised rural livelihoods.
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Roumet, Rachel. "Le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle à l'épreuve du biopiratage : l'exemple de l'exploitation des vertus thérapeutiques des plantes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GREND005.
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Au cours des dernières décennies, un certain nombre de brevets déposés sur des médicaments à base de plantes se sont vus dénoncés comme des cas de « biopiratage ». Ils sont en effet accusés de constituer une appropriation indue des connaissances de peuples autochtones sur les vertus thérapeutiques de plantes. Il est vrai qu'en droit positif, les produits phytopharmaceutiques peuvent répondre aux conditions légales de la brevetabilité, quand les savoirs médicinaux ne font l'objet d'aucun mécanisme de réservation. En réaction à ces pratiques prolifèrent donc des initiatives visant à définir les instruments juridiques qui permettraient de faire bénéficier les peuples autochtones des fruits de l'exploitation de leurs connaissances. Le droit international s'est ainsi récemment enrichi d'accords visant à la protection des savoirs traditionnels, parmi lesquels la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique de 1992, prolongée par le Protocole de Nagoya en octobre 2010. Les principes posés doivent cependant être traduits en des règles concrètes pour être mis en œuvre. C'est pourquoi, à différents niveaux, les acteurs proposent voire développent leurs propres instruments pour tenter d'apporter une réponse au problème du biopiratage, à la fois dans et en dehors du système de protection de la propriété intellectuelle. Ce sont les modalités d'introduction de ces différents mécanismes en droit positif qu'il s'agit ici d'étudier. Pour ce faire, l'analyse économique du droit est convoquée pour évaluer les tenants et les aboutissants de réformes qui, pour se trouver à la frontière entre les droits de la propriété intellectuelle, de l'environnement, du développement et du commerce international, soulèvent des questions juridiques imprégnées de considérations éthiques, politiques et économiquesOver the past decades, several patents granted for plant-based medicine have been denounced as “biopiracy” based on the assertion that they misappropriated indigenous people's knowledge over plants' therapeutic properties. Indeed, in the current state of law, while the pharmaceuticals may be the subject of patent law, medicinal knowledge is not the subject of any proprietary regime. Therefore, many initiatives have been suggested that aim at defining the appropriate legal instruments to ensure that a sharing of the benefits is imposed on pharmaceutical companies when utilising medicinal knowledge. The principle that the traditional knowledge associated with medicinal plants requires legal protection has already found expression in a number of political outputs, including such major international agreements as the “Convention on Biological Diversity” signed in 1992. This has been further developed with the Nagoya Protocol adopted in October 2010. However, the principles in these conventions still need to be translated into a concrete legal framework to be fully enforceable. This is why it is equally important to study legal practice to see how various actors can explore ways of dealing with the biopiracy issue, both within and outside the existing intellectual property system. This study assesses the legal accuracy of these posited options at the intersection of intellectual property, environmental, development and international trade laws. It uses an economic analysis of law to evaluate the background and the outcomes of reforms that raise not only legal, but also economic, political, and ethical burning issues
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Cunha, Lucas Muzio Vieira. "Da norma à ação: conflito pelo acesso aos recursos genéticos da Amazônia (Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e Venezuela)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-25062018-150045/.
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É histórica a exploração dos recursos naturais dos países periféricos pelos centrais. No seio da atual Divisão Internacional do Trabalho essa exploração foi ganhando maior regulamentação dentro de alguns países. Os países da bacia hidrográfica amazônica, ricos em recursos genéticos, podem considerar o acesso a estes recursos em seus territórios lícito, como quando uma empresa ou pesquisador cumprem todos os requisitos burocráticos e práticos que constam na lei, mas pode ser também ilícito, o que configura biopirataria. A diferença nessa classificação sobre os usos do território tem sido matéria de polêmicas internacionais em um contexto geral de queda de barreiras comerciais e de descoberta do potencial econômico de recursos naturais antes desprezados pelo mercado. Este acesso envolve relações em diferentes escalas e com diversos atores que compõem o sistema geopolítico internacional, com regulamentações em acordos internacionais, regionais e com leis nacionais. Entre estes atores destacam-se grandes corporações, Estados e populações tradicionais competindo desigualmente pelo controle ou pela influência sobre o território. A simples forma de se apropriar e até mesmo de descrever uma planta, por exemplo, já reflete diferentes estratégias para o controle e classificação do território: tal planta poderia ser simultaneamente avaliada pelo seu potencial econômico e pelas suas propriedades científicas, ou pelo risco do seu desaparecimento e pela defesa de seu isolamento em relação aos homens, ou ainda pela antiguidade e pela permanência de usos comunitários e empíricos de suas folhas e raízes para garantir a manutenção do modo de vida de um grupo tradicional. Dentro desse quadro, os objetivos do trabalho são compreender os desdobramentos do ordenamento jurídico sobre recursos genéticos na região amazônica. Faremos esse trabalho por intermédio de acordos internacionais, leis nacionais e publicações de autores que trabalham o tema recursos genéticos na Amazônia.The exploration of the natural resources of the peripheral countries by the central ones is historical. Within the current Labor International Division, this exploitation has been gaining more regulation in some countries. The countries in the Amazon basin, which are rich in genetic resources, may consider legal access to these resources in their territories, such as when a company or a researcher meets all the bureaucratic and practical requirements which are contained in the law, but the access may also be illegal, which constitutes biopiracy. The difference in this classification of land uses has been the subject of international controversy in a general context of the end of commercial barriers and in the discovering of the economic potential of natural resources previously despised by the market. This access involves relations at different scales and with different actors that participates the international geopolitical system, with regulations in regional and international agreements, and national laws. Among these actors stand out large corporations, national states and traditional populations competing unequally for control or influence over the territory. The simple way of framing and even describing a plant, for example, are enough to expose different strategies for the control and classification over the territory: such a plant could be evaluated simultaneously by its economic potential and its scientific properties, or by the risk of its disappearance and the defense of their isolation in relation to humans, or the antiquity and permanence of communitarian and empirical uses of its leaves and roots to guarantee the maintenance of the way of life of a traditional group. Within this framework, the objectives of this work are to understand the unfolding of the legal order on genetic resources in the Amazon region. We will do this work based on international agreements, national laws and publications of authors working on genetic resources in the Amazon.
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Gelles, Jan-David. "Patentes de invención, nuevas tecnologías y la apropiación privada del conocimiento público." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118121.
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In this working paper an examination is made of the logical balance of the deductive argument that commonly appears in various economic texts to justify a system of patents of invention. The examination mentioned should be applied in times of radical technological change in the world to avoid a priori extensions of the legal and institutional protection provided by a system of patents of invention based on past technological realities. The result of the examination shows partial lack of balance when proper account is taken of the financial expenses and coordination efforts by governments as well as of the free distribution of useful knowledge in the fields of biotechnology and the Internet. To refer to that non-legitimate appropriation of public knowledge by the private sector the term ‘epistemo-piracy’ is coined by analogy with ‘bio-piracy’ of common use. The fields of biotechnology and the Internet were chosen because they are preponderant to explain the rise in the number of patents of invention in the world.En este documento de trabajo se plantea un examen de equilibrio lógico del argumento deductivo utilizado de manera corriente en diversos textos económicos para alentar un sistema de patentes de invención. Asimismo se propone que dicho examen de equilibrio se debe aplicar en épocas de cambio radical en la realidad tecnológica mundial para evitar extensiones apriorísticas de la protección legal e institucional que confiere un sistema de patentes de invención basado en realidades tecnológicas pasadas. El resultado del examen planteado arroja desequilibrio parcial cuando se toman en cuenta los gastos de financiamiento y la coordinación gubernamental, así como la distribución gratuita de los conocimientos útiles obtenidos en los campos de la biotecnología e Internet. Para referirse a esa apropiación indebida de conocimientos de dominio público por parte del sector privado se acuña la palabra epistemo-piratería, por analogía con bio-piratería de uso común. Los campos tecnológicos antes mencionados fueron escogidos porque son preponderantes para explicar el incremento en el número de patentes de invención registrados en el nivel global.
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Pancheri, Ivanira. "Biopirataria: reflexões sobre um tipo penal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-09102014-141846/.
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O foco do presente Doutorado cinge-se ao tema Biopirataria reflexionando sob a criação de um respectivo tipo penal. Não obstante a ausência de uma conceituação jurídica uníssona sobre Biopirataria parte-se da concepção primordial de um acesso irregular ao Patrimônio Genético e ainda, aos Conhecimentos Tradicionais associados. Não se olvide todavia que, ao lado destes dois grandes nortes, comportamentos outros igualmente conformam a problemática, demandando coibição, ad exemplum, a não repartição dos benefícios, ou ainda, a anormalidade no uso do Patrimônio Genético ou dos Conhecimentos Tradicionais associados, na remessa para o exterior, no transporte e armanezamento do Patrimônio Genético, na divulgação dos Conhecimentos Tradicionais associados e, enfim, variadas condutas contra a Administração da Biodiversidade. Sob uma metodologia monotemática, teórica e científica, investiga-se infindável material bibliográfico para solver assunto contemporâneo e político. A partir de duas premissas, quais sejam, o princípio do menor custo moral que funda eticamente toda a altercação sobre a interação homem e natureza e ainda, o inestimável valor do fato avaliado que justifica a incidência do Direito Penal, alcançou-se a ilação acerca da imprescindibilidade de um concernente tipo penal. Destarte, o deslinde é no sentido de uma incriminação, cujo Bem Jurídico Penal capital sagra-se como sendo a Biodiversidade, perfilhada esta como a diversidade biológica, sem esquecer contudo, de todo um cogente arcabouço tanto jurídico nacional e internacional quanto sócio-econômico para ofertar amparo à resolução desta controvérsia.The focus of this doctoral thesis is on the subject of Biopiracy and the same time it is a reflection about the establishment of a specific criminal offense. Despite the absence of a unison legal concept on Biopiracy, it starts from the primordial conception of an irregular access to genetic heritage and also to its associated Traditional Knowledge. We should not forget however that, along these two great guidelines, there are other type of behaviors that compound to the problem, which demand restraints, ad exemplum: not sharing the benefits, or even, abnormal use of Genetic Heritage and of its associated Traditional Knowledge in the remittance abroad, in the transport and the storage of Genetic Heritage, in the dissemination of associated traditional knowledge and, finally, in various procedures which are against the administration of Biodiversity. According to the theoretical, scientific and monothematic methodology, we researched endless bibliographic material to settle this contemporary political issue. From two premises, namely, the principle of the lower moral cost on which are based, ethically speaking, all altercation on the interaction between man and nature and also the priceless value of the evaluated fact, which justifies the incidence of criminal law, a conclusion was reached, and it is regarding the indispensability of a relative criminal offense. Thus, the inquiry is regarding criminality, whose capital Legal goods are consecrated as being Biodiversity, endorsed as biodiversity, without forgetting, however, an entire cogent framework both of the national and international judicial branches and of the socio-economic development to offer support to the resolution of this controversy.
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Santos, Marcelo Loeblein dos. "Conhecimentos tradicionais indígenas: a biopirataria no Brasil frente ao processo de globalização." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2008. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/287.
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Este trabalho analisa a relação estabelecida entre os Portugueses e os Indígenas logo após o descobrimento do Brasil. Muitas atrocidades foram cometidas contra os povos indígenas, aniquilando sua organização social, sua cultura e acabando com a vida de milhares de índios. Os índios são conhecedores da biodiversidade brasileira e sempre viveram em harmonia com a natureza. Porém, essa rica biodiversidade corre perigo, afinal sua proteção legal, tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países, ainda encontra-se em fase de criação. Assim como correm perigo também os conhecimentos tradicionais indígenas, que frente a biopirataria e a uma lei de patentes que não os reconhece, inviabilizando seu registro, ficam a mercê de empresas multinacionais que, desconsiderando a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica e a Medida Provisória 2.186-16-2001, se apropriam desses conhecimentos sem a anuência desses povos e sem fazer a justa repartição de seus benefícios. Diante disso, faz-se necessária a criação de um regime jurídico diferenciado, sui generis, a partir da realidade de cada povo e com a participação dos mesmos, como um mecanismo de proteção para a efetivação do respeito ao povo indígena, garantindo-lhes o usufruto exclusivo de suas terras, a preservação de seus conhecimentos, de sua identidade, sua cultura e conseqüente sustentabilidade, especialmente contra o processo de globalização hegemônica e os efeitos da biopirataria. Olhar para os povos indígenas e as comunidades tradicionais e reconhecê-las como potenciais defensores da diversidade biológica é um caminho para que novas políticas sejam implementadas na busca de garantir um futuro de bases sustentáveis para essas populações e para toda humanidade.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-20T16:02:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcelo L dos Santos.pdf: 9025717 bytes, checksum: 1a4c0e762e913d76574b583fe88a906c (MD5)
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This work analyses the relationship between the Portuguese and the Indians soon after the discovery of Brazil. Many atrocities were committed against indigenous peoples, annihilating their social organization, their culture and ending with the lives of thousands of Indians. The Indians are familiar deep Brazilian biodiversity, and have always lived in harmony with nature. But that rich biodiversity is danger, at last their legal protection, both in Brazil and in other countries, is still in the process of creation. As is also the danger indigenous traditional knowledge, biopiracy in front of a law of patents than those acknowledges, making impossible their record, are the mercy of multinational corporations which, disregarding the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Provisional Measure 2.186-16-2001 , appropriate the knowledge of these people without the permission and without making a fair distribution of its benefits. In front of these, it is necessary to create a legal regime differentiated, sui generis, created from the reality of each nation and with the participation of the same, as a mechanism of protection for the effectiveness of respect for indigenous people, guaranteeing them the exclusive use of their lands, the preservation of their knowledge, their identity, their culture and consequent sustainability, especially against the hegemonic process of globalization and the effects of biopiracy. Looking to indigenous peoples and traditional communities and recognize them as potential supporters of biological diversity is a way for that new politics are implemented in seeking to ensure a future with sustainable bases for these people and for all humanity.
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Silva, Matheus Moreira da. "Etnomatemática e relações comerciais na formação de professores indígenas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8242.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Understanding the process of subalternation and exploration of commercial relations and biodiversity in the indigenous context, in the face of Western influence, is to perceive the process of colonization of Brazil in 1500, as well as its structural organization. This work presents reflections on the traditional commercial relations of some indigenous ethnic groups in the light of Ethnomathematics, in the course of Intercultural Education of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG). The main purpose is to verify the contributions of the contextual theme "Culture and Commerce", of the Intercultural Education course of the UFG, referring to the commercial relations practiced by the Indians in the traditional context as well as in the surrounding society. From the reflections, in the development of this research, we realize that the Ethnomathematics, in a training bias, allows the indigenous teacher to perceive the cultural and commercial differences inside and outside their context. Knowing that indigenous knowledge and trade have received innumerable influences from the most diverse civilizations regarding the loss of intangible heritage through the practice of biopiracy and its traditional trade relations; the considerations established here allow indigenous peoples greater freedom and autonomy in the face of certain "patterns" of behaviors capable of dealing with the economic transformations provoked by the dominant Western culture.
Entender o processo de subalternação e exploração das relações comerciais e da biodiversidade no contexto indígena, em face à influência ocidental, é perceber o processo de colonização do Brasil em 1500, além de sua organização estrutural. Este trabalho traz reflexões sobre as relações comerciais tradicionais de algumas etnias indígenas à luz da Etnomatemática, no curso de Educação Intercultural da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). O propósito central é verificar as contribuições do tema contextual “Cultura e Comércio”, do curso de Educação Intercultural da UFG, referentes às relações comerciais praticadas pelos indígenas tanto no contexto tradicional quanto na sociedade envolvente. A partir das reflexões, no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, percebemos que a Etnomatemática, num viés de formação, propicia ao professor indígena perceber as diferenças culturais e comerciais dentro e fora de seu contexto. Sabendo-se que o conhecimento e o comércio indígena receberam inúmeras influências das mais diversas civilizações no que tange à perda do patrimônio imaterial por meio da prática da biopirataria e de suas relações comerciais tradicionais; as ponderações aqui estabelecidas possibilitam aos povos indígenas uma maior liberdade e autonomia frente a determinados “padrões” de comportamentos capacidade de lidar com as transformações econômicas provocadas pela cultura ocidental dominante
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Moody, Oluwatobiloba Oluwayomi. "The Nagoya protocol: a possible solution to the protection of traditional knowledge in biodiverse societies of Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3647_1367480696.
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There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their
Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on
how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo
s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,
spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local
peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous
communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to
ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge
from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the
insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as
contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in
biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and
seeks these answers within the context of Africa.
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Kuti, Temitope Babatunde. "Towards effective multilateral protection of traditional knowledge within the global intellectual property framework." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6339.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain, unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal frameworks. Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected. This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.
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Kuti, Temitope Babatunde. "Towards effective Multilateral protection of traditional knowledge within the global intellectual property framework." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6245.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain, unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal frameworks. Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected. This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.
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Peyen, Loïc. "Droit et biopiraterie. Contribution à l'étude du partage des ressources naturelles." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0005.
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Sources de convoitises, les ressources naturelles font parfois l'objet d’actes de prédation tels que la biopiraterie. Le phénomène, de plus en plus médiatisé, mais encore largement sous-étudié, est souvent dénoncé comme un véritable pillage des ressources naturelles. En fait, même si elle recouvre une réalité plurielle, la pratique de la biopirateriepeut être caractérisée comme un accaparement des ressources naturelles. Saisie comme telle, il est permis de comprendre comment elle est née et a évolué, ce qui est du plus grand intérêt pour son appréhension. Aussi, parce que la biopiraterie interroge les modalités de partage des ressources naturelles, elle contribue à un renforcement des dimensions solidaristes du statut juridique de ces ressources. Cependant, si des règles existent, elles ne sont pas pleinement satisfaisantes. Cette situation invite à une réflexion plus globale sur le statut juridique de l'environnement et conduisant à le considérer, juridiquement, comme un bien communBecause they are highly desired, natural resources are subjected to acts of predation, like biopiracy. The phenomenon draws more and more attention but is still not much studied. It is often condemned as real plundering of natural resources. Indeed, even if it covers a pluralist reality, the biopiracy practice can be characteristic of a monopolizing of naturalresources. Thus, it is possible to understand how it emerged and developed, which is important to comprehend it. Furthermore, biopiracy raises the question of the sharing conditions of natural resources and thereby contributes to strengthen the solidarist dimensions of the natural resources legal status. However, current rules are insufficient. This situation is inviting for a general reflection about the legal status of the environment that leads to consider it as a common good
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Silveira, Carolini Guedes Barros da. "Conhecimento tradicional associado ao recurso genético: os desafios da legislação brasileira na tutela de interesses coletivos." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2007. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2650.
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Previous issue date: 2007-08-21With the international dilemma formed, on the one hand, the countries, holders of technology, supported on the devices of the Agreement of the Rights of Intellectual Properties Related to Trade of the World Commerce Organization in order to guarantee that the genetic resources be considered common patrimony of humanity and, on the other hand, the countries, holders of genetic resources, sticked to the Convention on Biological Resources, based on the sovereignity principle of the State to explore its own resources, Law becomes fundamentally important in the intermediation of such antagonistic interests. This conflict is materialized by means of the practice known as biopiracy, which involves as much the genetic resource as the knowledge related to the mentioned resource, damaging mostly countries like Brazil. With the ratification of the Convention of Biological Diversity in 1994 and the edition of the legislation MP nº 2.186-16 in 2001, Brazil regulated affairs that involve the traditional knowledge related to genetic resource. But will this legislation take into account the interests of traditional populations? With the aim to analyse the applicability of Brazilian legislation which regulates the acess to traditional knowledge related to genetic resource of two native populations who inhabit the surroundings of Benjamin Constant city, located in the region of High Solimões River, in Amazonas, Brazil, one denominated Aldeia Kokama, of Kokama ethnic group, and the other Native community of Novo Paraíso, of Ticuna ethnic group. This research founded on the Sociological concept of Law, developed by Bourdieu (1989), and as logical sustainability the systemic abordage of Morin (2002), and employing the case study methodology, more specifically of two cases: the legislation and the human group. Thus, with the development of the research, it was been observed that Brazilian legislation, the MP nº 2.186-16, presents conceptual inaccuration and lack of practicability. With regard to the native populations of Nova Aliança and of Novo Paraíso, it was observed that these human groups develop a relation of community and live daily in an environment little modified in a region of Amazonian Forest which contains high concentration of biodiversity, demonstrating a great knowledge on the genetic resources that sorround them. Nevertheless, their lack of information and of legislative knowledge render impossible the application of such legislation rules and, consequently, the demand of their rights. The analysis of Brazilian legislation which regulates the acess to traditional knowledge related to genetic resource and of the native populations of Nova Aliança and of Novo Paraíso showed the correspondence between both, but with sorrowful confirmation of the inapplicability of the legislation for these people, caused mainly by the lack of information they showed regarding the rights due to them.
Com o dilema internacional formado, de um lado os países detentores de tecnologia, apoiados nos dispositivos do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados com o Comércio (TRIPS), da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), para garantir que os recursos genéticos sejam considerados patrimônio comum da humanidade, e de outro os países de origem de recursos genéticos, agarrados à Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB), baseada no princípio de soberania dos Estados para explorar seus próprios recursos, o Direito torna-se de fundamental importância na intermediação de interesses tão antagônicos. Esse conflito é materializado pela prática conhecida como biopirataria, a qual engloba tanto o recurso genético propriamente dito como o conhecimento que o envolve e, por isso, atinge sobremaneira países como o Brasil. Com a ratificação da CDB em 1994 e a edição da MP nº 2.186-16 em 2001, o Brasil regulamentou questões que envolvem o conhecimento tradicional associado ao recurso genético. Mas será que essa legislação mantém correspondência com os interesses das populações tradicionais? Com o intuito de analisar a aplicabilidade da legislação brasileira que regulamenta o acesso ao conhecimento tradicional associado ao recurso genético em duas populações indígenas localizadas no município de Benjamin Constant, região do Alto Solimões do estado do Amazonas, autodenominadas Aldeia Kokama Nova Aliança, de etnia kokama, e Comunidade Indígena Novo Paraíso, de etnia tikuna, utilizamos como base teórica desta pesquisa o conceito sociológico de Direito desenvolvido por Bourdieu (1989) e como sustentabilidade lógica a abordagem sistêmica de Morin (2002), tendo sido empregada a metodologia estudo de caso, mais especificamente de dois casos: a legislação e o grupo humano. Nesse sentido, com o desenvolvimento do estudo, pode-se dizer que a legislação brasileira, aqui representada pela MP nº 2.186-16, apresenta imprecisão conceitual e falta de executividade. No que tange às populações indígenas de Nova Aliança e de Novo Paraíso, afirma-se que são grupos humanos que transmitem uma relação de coletividade e por conviverem diariamente com um ambiente natural pouco modificado, em uma zona da F loresta Amazônica de alta concentração de biodiversidade, demonstram ter um grande conhecimento sobre os recursos genéticos que os cercam. No entanto, a falta de informação e preparação legislativa desses povos impossibilita a aplicação de tais normas e, conseqüentemente, a exigência de seus direitos. A análise da legislação brasileira que regulamenta o acesso ao conhecimento tradicional associado ao recurso genético e das populações indígenas de Nova Aliança e de Novo Paraíso demonstrou correspondência entre ambas, mas com a triste constatação de negativa de aplicabilidade da legislação a esses povos, ocasionada principalmente pela falta de informação que evidenciaram quanto aos direitos assegurados a eles
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Rehnlund, Mathilde. "In the Best of Worlds : Benefit sharing and sustainable development in Babati, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2256.
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Genetic resources are vital to all people, but especially the poor. They are also important for biodiversity, in turn a key factor in sustainable development. Since 1980, the bio industries have utilized genetic resources in their work, for example on pharmaceuticals, and patented their findings. This has created mistrust and malcontent among biodiverse poor countries in the South. To promote biodiversity protection and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the usage of genetic resources, the Convention of Biological Diversity requests an international regime. Negotiations for the Access and Benefit Sharing regime began in 2001 and have intensified as its end date, 2010, draws nearer.
People in Babati, Tanzania are as dependant on traditional medicine, which utilizes wild genetic resources, as they are on modern medicine. The status in the regime of communities such as those of Babati is principally important if sustainable development is to be reached. The greatest issue for the model currently under negotiation to deal with in order to truly promote sustainable development is equity.
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Obertan, Paméla. "Les stratégies de contestation des pays en voie de développement face à l'universalisation des brevets sur le vivant." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0642/document.
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Selon les théories classiques du pouvoir, les relations asymétriques favorisent généralement l’acteur le plus puissant en termes de ressources. Toutefois, la partie la plus puissante au niveau de la force et des ressources ne gagne pas toujours dans les négociations. Cela dépend de plusieurs facteurs et notamment des tactiques de négociation de la partie la plus faible. Notre thèse vise justement à analyser un certain nombre de stratégies de négociations que peuvent mener les parties les plus faibles pour obtenir des gains. Afin d’illustrer nos propos, nous avons choisi l’exemple donné par un certain nombre de pays en voie de développement (PVD) pour contester le brevet sur le vivant contenu dans l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de la propriété intellectuelle (ADPIC). Notre objectif a été de comprendre les principales stratégies qu’ils ont employées pour remettre en question cette norme et la rééquilibrer. Afin de réaliser ce travail, nous nous sommes servis du concept d’hégémonie de Gramsci et de cadre emprunté à la littérature des mouvements sociaux. Cela nous a permis de poser l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’Accord sur les ADPIC constitue une norme hégémonique qui avantage essentiellement quelques pays développés et des entreprises internationales. Cependant, cette domination se cache derrière un discours universel et positif visant à susciter une forte adhésion. Ainsi, dans un tel cas de figure, les PVD ne peuvent pas espérer la remettre en question sans un changement de perception. Il faut donc que les règles perçues comme justes et immuables soient cadrées comme injustes et mutables, pour que les pays décident de les contester. Nous avons alors testé cette hypothèse à travers une analyse de contenu du discours officiel des PVD à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce. Ce travail nous a permis d’observer que le cadrage est un instrument important pour lutter contre l’hégémonie d’une norme. En effet, il offre la faculté de montrer que le brevet sur le vivant, loin de présenter que des avantages, est aussi une source de problèmes auxquels il faut apporter des solutions. Le cadre constitue aussi un bon moyen pour élaborer des propositions normatives alternatives. Toutefois, nous avons constaté que cette stratégie est insuffisante pour traduire les propositions des PVD en normes contraignantes. Afin d’obtenir certains changements normatifs, l’élaboration de coalitions s’avère particulièrement pertinente pour les PVD. De même, nous avons noté que les PVD qui demandent des changements normatifs quand la structure des opportunités politiques est ouverte ont plus de chance d’obtenir satisfaction de leurs revendications. La présente thèse nous offre ainsi un portrait général de stratégies de négociation et démontre que sous certaines conditions les parties les plus faibles peuvent obtenir certains gains dans une négociation asymétriqueAccording to the classical theories of power, asymmetrical relations generally favor the most powerful actor in terms of resources. However, the most powerful in terms of strength and resources part does not always win in negotiations. This depends on several factors, including negotiation tactics of the weaker party. Our thesis aims to analyze different type of negotiation strategies that weaker parties can use to obtain some benefit. To illustrate this point, we chose the example set by a number of developing countries (DV) to challenge the patenting of life contained in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Our goal was to understand the key strategies they have used to question this norm and rebalance it. To make this work, we used the concept of hegemony conceptualized by Gramsci and the concept of framework borrowed from the literature of social movements. This tool has allowed us to make the assumption that TRIPS is a hegemonic norm that mainly benefit to few developed countries and international companies. However, this domination is hidden by the norms thanks to universal and positive discourse which help to generate strong adhesion. Thus, in such a case, developing countries can’t expect to challenge this norm without a change of perception. It is therefore necessary that the rules perceived as fair and immutable are framed as unjust and mutable, so that countries decide to challenge it. We then tested this hypothesis through a content analysis of the DC’s official discourse at the World Trade Organization. This work has allowed us to observe that the framing is an important tool in the fight against the norm’s hegemony. Indeed, it offers the possibility to show that the patenting of life, far from presenting just a source of benefits, is also a source of problems that need solutions. The frame is also a good way to develop alternative normative propositions. However, we found that this strategy is insufficient to translate DC’s proposals into binding norms. In order to obtain changes in the agreement, building coalitions is particularly relevant for DC. Furthermore, we noted that DC which require regulatory changes when the structure of political opportunities is opened are more likely to obtain what they want. This thesis offers us a general picture of negotiations strategies and reveal that under certain conditions the weaker parties can get some gains in an asymmetrical negotiation
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Ulaner, Magnus. "Privatiseringen av de växtgenetiska allmänningarna : Konsekvenserna av regimkomplexet kring växtgenetiska resurser för bönders rättigheter och matsäkerhet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-17472.
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This thesis discusses the global regime complex concerning the management of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and how different regimes concerning these resources cooperate or stand in opposition to each other. Because of changes in US patent law and the establishment of TRIPS, patent claims over plant genetic resources has increased dramatically globally. This, amongst other things, in turn has lead to the development of CBD which in turn lead to the creation of access and benefit laws in many countries. To create a free flow of genetic resources for food and agriculture the ITPGRFA, with its multilateral system, were negotiated. The aim of this thesis is to investigate which consequences the regime complex concerning plant genetic resources for food and agriculture can have on the rights of small farmers, agricultural research and food security in the global South. The thesis shows how patents and strict access laws creates a situation where more and more actors has exclusive rights which excludes others from using these, for the global food security, essential resources. Further it is shown that there also are processes going on within the UPOV that risk to take away farmers right to save seeds, and thereby make them dependent on the more and more monopolistic global seed markets dominated by a few multinational corporations. It is established that ITPGRFAs multilateral system is an opening in this hyperownership of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; but that the international community at the same time has to see to that the patent claims on plant genetic resources not violate farmers’ rights to their resources.Denna uppsats behandlar det globala regimkomplexet för förvaltningen av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk, samt hur avtalen rörande dessa resurser samverkar eller står i motsättning till varandra. I och med förändringar i amerikansk patentlagstiftning och upprättandet av TRIPS har patentanspråk på växtgenetiska resurser ökat dramatiskt, vilket i sin tur påverkade tillkomsten av CBD vilken innefattar upprättandet av lagstiftning rörande tillträde till och den rättvisa fördelningen av nyttor härstammande från, genetiska resurser. För att möjliggöra ett relativt fritt flöde av växtgenetiska resurser har ITPGRFA med dess multilaterala system fram förhandlats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser den nuvarande globala förvaltningen av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk kan få för jordbruksforskning, småbönders rättigheter och matsäkerhet i Syd. Uppsatsen visar på hur patent och tillträdeslagstiftningar skapar en situation där fler och fler parter innehar rättigheter att utestänga andra från att nyttja dessa, för den globala matsäkerheten, essentiella resurser. Vidare visas på hur det samtidigt pågår processer inom UPOV som riskerar att undanta bönder rätten att spara utsäde och därmed göra dem beroende av de i allt högre grad monopolartade frömarknaderna, vilka domineras av att fåtal multinationella företag. Här konstateras även att ITPGRFAs multilaterala system är en öppning i detta hyperägande, men att det internationella samfundet samtidigt måste försäkra att patentanspråk inte kränker bönders rättigheter till sina resurser.
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Paiva, Toledo André de. "Les grands enjeux contemporains du droit international des espaces maritimes et fluviaux et du droit de l'environnement : de la conservation de la nature à la lutte contre la biopiraterie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020084/document.
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Le droit international de l’environnement est fondé sur deux principes fondamentaux qui sont le principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et le principe de la conservation de la nature. La conjoncture économique contemporaine se caractérise par la systématique violation de ces normes juridiques à travers la surexploitation et la pollution des écosystèmes, ainsi que l’accès clandestin aux ressources biologiques, c’est-à-dire, la biopiraterie. Cette thèse a été développée spécialement à partir des discussions sur la gestion quantitative des ressources biologiques biotiques (la faune et la flore) et des ressources biologiques abiotiques (l’eau), ainsi qu’à partir d’analyses sur le problème de la pollution. Ces analyses sont cependant toujours en connexion avec la surexploitation et la biopiraterie, qui sont vraiment deux des grands enjeux contemporains du droit international de l’environnement. Afin de démontrer combien ces questions environnementales sont désormais de portée universelle, tous les régimes d’utilisation des ressources ont été étudiés, qu’ils soient relatifs à l’air, à la mer ou à la terre. L’on a ainsi pu vérifier l’existence d’un système juridique commun de l’utilisation des ressources biologiques fondé sur la coopération internationale, la bonne foi et le devoir de ne pas causer un préjudice aux autres États, outre les deux principes fondamentaux supra. Toutes ces normes juridiques de gestion de la nature sont matérialisées dans les accords internationaux d’utilisation d’une ressource biologique fondés sur les notions de quotas de durabilité et de quotas nationaux d’exploitation. Par conséquent, les États ont la capacité d’assurer le respect du droit international de l’environnement en assurant la conservation de la nature et la lutte contre la biopiraterieEnvironmental international law is based on two fundamental principles: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the principle of conservation of nature. The contemporary global economy is characterized by systematic violations of these legal norms through overexploitation and pollution of ecosystems, as well as the clandestine access to biological resources, or biopiracy. This thesis has been especially developed from discussions on the quantitative management of biotic biological resources (fauna and flora) and abiotic biological resources (water), in spite of the analysis on pollution, which can be found in the body of the thesis. The latter analysis is, however, always connected with the overexploitation and biopiracy, which are actually two major contemporary issues of environmental international law. For the demonstration of the generalization of these environmental issues, all regimes relating to the use of resources have been examined, independently of whether they concern the air, the sea, or land. That which could be verified is the existence of a common legal system for the use of biological resources based, in addition to the two fundamental principles mentioned supra, on international cooperation, good faith and the duty not to cause transboundary harm to other States. All these legal norms on nature management are established in international agreements on the use of a biological resource based on the notion of sustainability quotas and national quotas of exploitation. Therefore, States may control the compliance with environmental international law by ensuring the conservation of nature and the fight against biopiracy
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Ekandzi, Nilce. "La protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle dans l’espace OAPI." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020014.
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Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux c’est-à-dire l’aspect de la médecine traditionnelle portant sur des connaissances relatives au médicament traditionnel à base de plantes, qui part de la collecte des végétaux jusqu’au produit final, constituent un élément important dans la réalisation de la couverture des besoins de santé publique. En Afrique, les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux contribuent selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) à hauteur de 80% des besoins de santé des populations. Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux représentent une source d’informations notamment dans la perspective d’une éradication des maladies endémiques du continent africain. L’OMS, et l’Union africaine (UA) voient dans les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux une piste de recherche en vue du développement de nouveaux médicaments à des prix abordables. Leur importance est aussi constatée au niveau de l’industrie du médicament où ils représentent 30% de la recherche dans l’industrie pharmaceutique et l’essentiel des informations dans le secteur des phytomédicaments. Cette appétence pour les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux ainsi que la médiatisation des actes de biopiraterie, ont contribué à renforcer leur valeur (sur les plans scientifique, économique, social et politique) et à justifier la nécessité de les protéger. Cependant, contrairement à la tendance actuelle des pays africains, l’Organisation africaine de la propriété intellectuelle (OAPI), à travers son Accord de Bangui révisé, ne dispose pas de mécanismes de propriété intellectuelle permettant une protection satisfaisante des droits des détenteurs de savoirs traditionnels médicinaux (tradipraticiens, familles, communautés autochtones et locales). Face à ce qui s’apparente à un vide juridique, il convient de s’interroger sur le régime juridique à mettre en place. Autrement dit, quel système sui generis de protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux faut-il envisager pour les pays membres de l’OAPI? C’est à cette interrogation que la présente étude se propose d’apporter des éléments de réponses. L’objectif visé sera de démontrer, dans le cadre d’une démarche prospective prenant appui notamment sur les droits de l’homme, le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle, le droit civil, le droit de la biodiversité, et les lois nationales, en particulier, celles de la République du Congo (Brazzaville), qu’il est possible d’établir au sein de l’OAPI un régime juridique cohérent et adapté à même de répondre aux besoins et attentes des différents acteurs intervenant dans l’exploitation de ces créations intellectuellesTraditional medical knowledge, which is the aspect of traditional medicine relating to the knowledge of plant-based therapy and which goes from collecting plants to issuing a finished product, is a key component for providing health care coverage for all. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medical knowledge contributes about 80% of primary health care in Africa. Traditional medical knowledge is perceived as a valuable source of information useful to eradicate African endemic diseases. The WHO and the African Union (AU) consider that traditional medical knowledge is a serious way for researchers to develop new and affordable drugs. Traditional medicinal knowledge is also important for the drug industry where it represents 30% of the researches made in the pharmaceutical sector and constitutes the main source of information in the herbal medicine sector. The drug industry’s increasing interest for traditional medical and the huge media coverage for biopiracy cases strengthened the (scientific, economic, social and politic) value of traditional medicinal knowledge and contribute to justify their protection. However contrary to the current trend in many African countries, it appears that the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) and the Bangui Agreement, does not provide any suitable legal protective mechanism for the intellectual property rights of the holders of traditional medical knowledge (traditional healers, families, indigenous and local communities).In view of the limits and weaknesses of the intellectual property mechanisms to provide an effective protection to traditional medicinal knowledge’s holders, it is quite legitimate to question the legal mechanism or system to implement. In other words, what type of sui generis protection OAPI members can enact to protect traditional medicinal knowledge? This is the question that the present study intends to answer. The aim is to demonstrate from a prospective approach with regards to human rights, international intellectual property law, civil law, biodiversity law, and national laws, in particular the ones of the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), that it is possible to build a coherent and adapted legal regime
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Ekandzi, Nilce. "La protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle dans l’espace OAPI." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020014.
Full textAbstract:
Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux c’est-à-dire l’aspect de la médecine traditionnelle portant sur des connaissances relatives au médicament traditionnel à base de plantes, qui part de la collecte des végétaux jusqu’au produit final, constituent un élément important dans la réalisation de la couverture des besoins de santé publique. En Afrique, les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux contribuent selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) à hauteur de 80% des besoins de santé des populations. Les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux représentent une source d’informations notamment dans la perspective d’une éradication des maladies endémiques du continent africain. L’OMS, et l’Union africaine (UA) voient dans les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux une piste de recherche en vue du développement de nouveaux médicaments à des prix abordables. Leur importance est aussi constatée au niveau de l’industrie du médicament où ils représentent 30% de la recherche dans l’industrie pharmaceutique et l’essentiel des informations dans le secteur des phytomédicaments. Cette appétence pour les savoirs traditionnels médicinaux ainsi que la médiatisation des actes de biopiraterie, ont contribué à renforcer leur valeur (sur les plans scientifique, économique, social et politique) et à justifier la nécessité de les protéger. Cependant, contrairement à la tendance actuelle des pays africains, l’Organisation africaine de la propriété intellectuelle (OAPI), à travers son Accord de Bangui révisé, ne dispose pas de mécanismes de propriété intellectuelle permettant une protection satisfaisante des droits des détenteurs de savoirs traditionnels médicinaux (tradipraticiens, familles, communautés autochtones et locales). Face à ce qui s’apparente à un vide juridique, il convient de s’interroger sur le régime juridique à mettre en place. Autrement dit, quel système sui generis de protection des savoirs traditionnels médicinaux faut-il envisager pour les pays membres de l’OAPI? C’est à cette interrogation que la présente étude se propose d’apporter des éléments de réponses. L’objectif visé sera de démontrer, dans le cadre d’une démarche prospective prenant appui notamment sur les droits de l’homme, le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle, le droit civil, le droit de la biodiversité, et les lois nationales, en particulier, celles de la République du Congo (Brazzaville), qu’il est possible d’établir au sein de l’OAPI un régime juridique cohérent et adapté à même de répondre aux besoins et attentes des différents acteurs intervenant dans l’exploitation de ces créations intellectuellesTraditional medical knowledge, which is the aspect of traditional medicine relating to the knowledge of plant-based therapy and which goes from collecting plants to issuing a finished product, is a key component for providing health care coverage for all. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medical knowledge contributes about 80% of primary health care in Africa. Traditional medical knowledge is perceived as a valuable source of information useful to eradicate African endemic diseases. The WHO and the African Union (AU) consider that traditional medical knowledge is a serious way for researchers to develop new and affordable drugs. Traditional medicinal knowledge is also important for the drug industry where it represents 30% of the researches made in the pharmaceutical sector and constitutes the main source of information in the herbal medicine sector. The drug industry’s increasing interest for traditional medical and the huge media coverage for biopiracy cases strengthened the (scientific, economic, social and politic) value of traditional medicinal knowledge and contribute to justify their protection. However contrary to the current trend in many African countries, it appears that the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) and the Bangui Agreement, does not provide any suitable legal protective mechanism for the intellectual property rights of the holders of traditional medical knowledge (traditional healers, families, indigenous and local communities).In view of the limits and weaknesses of the intellectual property mechanisms to provide an effective protection to traditional medicinal knowledge’s holders, it is quite legitimate to question the legal mechanism or system to implement. In other words, what type of sui generis protection OAPI members can enact to protect traditional medicinal knowledge? This is the question that the present study intends to answer. The aim is to demonstrate from a prospective approach with regards to human rights, international intellectual property law, civil law, biodiversity law, and national laws, in particular the ones of the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), that it is possible to build a coherent and adapted legal regime
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李彥群. "A Study on Biopiracy and the Regulation of Access to Genetic Resources." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42862539486301155506.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
94
As biological technology advances, uses of genetic resources have been expanding. While genetic resources play significant roles in sectors ranging from food and agriculture to medicine and bring on considerable commercial interests, from the access and manipulation thereof has emerged an issue called “biopiracy”, which is related to the conservation of biodiversity, the modification of patent regime, the protection of traditional knowledge and other topics. Therefore, the issue of biopiracy is gathering international concerns. Meanwhile many nations have adapted laws and regulations on access to genetic resources in response. Taiwan, blessed with high-level biodiversity and genetic resources while faced with the problem of biopiracy, should undertake reseaches on biopiracy and the regulation of access to genetic resources in order to protect its valuable resources from appropriation. This study is to discuss and define “biopiracy”, evaluate the possibility and necessity of an access regulation countering biopiracy, review the basic principles and issues related thereto of such regulation, and to look to the current state of regulations in Taiwan and the Draft Act on Genetic Resources presented by several scholars. It has seven chapters to accomplish these goals. Chapter One serves as an introduction to this study. Chapter Two discusses and defines in the context of this study “biopiracy”. Chapter Three evaluates this issue and the need for national legislation from an economic point of view. Chapter Four turns to the experiences of other nations implementing access regulations. Chapter Five presents and discusses the basic principles of access regulation. Chapter Six demonstrates the need for Taiwan to enhance regulation and comments on the Draft Act. Finally, Chapter Seven provides conclusions of this study. In general, this study concludes that biopiracy represents the failure for the market of genetic resources. Mending such market failure will not only help achieve sustainable use of genetic resources but provide economical incentives for the nations and their people that own such resources. National access regulations or access laws must be in place if the principles and objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are to be fulfilled. Current regulations in Taiwan are far from efficiency over this issue and a regulation specifically dealing with such issue is needed. This study finds the Draft Act, while further improvement is still required, suitable for the need for Taiwan to effectively manage and regulate access to its genetic resources.
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Hsu, Chuan-Yi, and 許全義. "From Biopiracy to Equitable Bioprospecting: Constructing A Legal Regime for Medicine Research, Access, and Benefit-sharing." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29310622499669286015.
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碩士國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
95
The thesis has analysed the main issues in the design of national legal systems and institutions for bioprospecting. It focus on the economic exchange process of actors in bioprospecting and the structure of the drug industry as the main basis for conducting the analysis. In order to promoting optimal contracting for drug R&D, it has defined the right of the traditional knowledge. Using the theory of cumulative innovation and evidence listed in investigations of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, it argues for a narrower definition for traditional knowledge, in the sense of ethnobotanical knowledge in the case of drug research. It shows that when traditional knowledge is defined in this way, two main incentive effects accrue: to keep the knowledge pool in its entirety and the incentive to reveal valuable information. Thus defined, the right can take the form of either a trade secret or a community intellectual property right. This does not mean, however, that knowledge which falls outside the purview of ethnobotanical knowledge should not be protected. In fact, the thrust should be on conducting similar excercises in the case of traditional agricultural knowledge vis-��-vis agricultural biotechnology, traditional folklore vis-��-vis the music industry, and so on. However, a well-defined right with an easily segregable set of benificiaries is only the first step. A large onus rests on the design of institutions that will put this right into an enforceable framework. Whatever mode of intellectual property option is chosen for the right, the institutions have two major tasks: that of representing the communities effectively and of providing for rules of contract that take into account the difficulties of dealing with information as a resource. In other words, they should minimize principle-agent problems between communities and the access authority, and try to eradicate many of the market imperfections, especially related to information asymmetries and uncertainty. Access institutions could play a critical role in providing contractual mechanisms to deal with information asymmetries and uncertainty. They can help signal the quality of genetic resources and ethnobotanical knowledge, and can also screen for contract-worthy firms. It has been shown that when access institutions add value to in situ genetic diversity by way of creating inventories of genetic resources, and sort out the interface between ethnobotanical knowledge and modern drug research by investing in ethnobotanical databases, they can facilitate better bargaining conditions amongst parties. The problem of monitoring profits to ensure that the firm then still shares profits with the communities and the access authorities can be enforced through mechanisms such as the international certification systems and other contractual provisions, for example, adopting the contract mechanism of the optimal risk-sharing rather than the incentive-efficient one.
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Rojahn, Julia [Verfasser]. "Fair shares or biopiracy? : developing ethical criteria for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from crop genetic resources / von Julia Rojahn, geb. Denger." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1001988825/34.
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Djemba, Kandjo Joseph. "La nécessité d'associer la biopiraterie à la criminalité environnementale pour une meilleure protection des ressources génétiques et des savoirs traditionnels en droit international." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22569.
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Lenkabula, Puleng. "Bioprospecting and intellectual property rights on African plant commons and knowledge: a new form of colonization viewed from an ethical perspective." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/719.
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This study engages in an ethical examination of contemporary socio-ecological and economic issues which takes seriously the plight of Africa, African communities, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. It studies the impact of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights regimes on the protection, use, access to, and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. The study also examines the ways in which northern multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their agents prospect and convert African resources (biological commons and indigenous knowledge) into their intellectual property as well as private property. It argues that the transfer of African biological commons and indigenous knowledge is exacerbated by economic globalisation and the neo-colonial mentality of conquest concealed under the guise of commerce.
The study demonstrates through concrete case studies the tactics used by northern multinational corporations to claim these resources as their intellectual property rights and private property. It observes that the privatisation of biological commons and indigenous knowledge only brings about nominal or no benefits to African communities who have nurtured and continue to nurture them. It also observes that this privatisation results in fewer benefits for biodiversity as they lead to the promotion of monoculture, i.e. commercialisation of all things. To address the injustice and exploitative implications of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights, the study recommends the adoption and implementation of the African model law, the establishment of defensive intellectual property rights mechanisms, and the strategy of resistance and advocacy. It suggests that these measures ought to be grounded on the African normative principle of botho and the Christian ethical principle of justice.Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics
D.Th.(Theological Ethics)
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Mercer, Henrique. "L’accès et le partage des avantages des savoirs traditionnels en Amérique latine : comment les droits de propriété intellectuelle peuvent empêcher la biopiraterie." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11389.
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