Academic literature on the topic 'Biopolymers ; Drug delivery systems'

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biopolymers ; Drug delivery systems"

1

Liu, Weipeng. "Biopolymer-based ocular drug delivery systems." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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2

Sun, Xiaohua. "Biopolymer mediated drug delivery using a grafted cleavable linker." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708018.

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3

Fan, Dongmei. "Mesoporous silicon/biopolymer composities for orthopedic tissue engineering and drug delivery applications." [Fort Worth, Tex.] : Texas Christian University, 2008. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-12192008-090502/unrestricted/fan.pdf.

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4

Rivas, Cañas Manolo. "Hydroxyapatite-based materials for smart antitumor drug delivery systems, endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking : polymers and biopolymers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669665.

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Development of new drug molecule is expensive and time consuming. Improving safety efficacy ratio of “old” drugs has been attempted using different methods such as individualizing drug therapy, dose titration, and therapeutic drug monitoring. Delivering drug at controlled rate, slow delivery, targeted delivery are other very attractive methods and have been pursued vigorously. Now a new class of bioceramics based on calcium phosphate (CaP) salts is on the verge of being widely applied in the clinic. Among various types of CaP, hydroxyapatite (HAp) have attracted more attention in biomedical fields due to its exceptional features such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. Its "chemical similarity" with the mineralized phase of biologic bone makes it unique. HAp as an excellent carrier of osteoinductive growth factors and osteogenic cell populations. HAp can incorporate the drug molecules either physically or chemically so that the drug retains intact until it reaches to the target site. It could also gradually degrade and then deliver the drug in a controlled manner over time. So therefore, this bioceramic is an excellent candidate for targeted drug delivery regardless of its density. Careful selection of reaction conditions, reagent concentrations and adsorption agents often provides a degree of size and shape control in nanoparticles dissolution, and a considerable amount of recent research has been devoted to developing such methods. Delivery of drug carriers to the target cells can be only a part of the whole story of successful drug targeting. Some drug carriers may have to gain access to and get inside the cytoplasm of a target cell in order to release the drug at the optimum rate for the pharmacological effectiveness. In that sense, intracellular targeting is an important systemic targeting. On the other hand, in some pathologies, especially in cancer, cell defends itself actively by using molecular ‘pumps’ in cell membrane that actively expel drugs form the interior -multidrug resistance (MDR)- and therefore their impairment is likely to have a significant therapeutic benefit. Thus, understanding mechanism of intracellular localization is critical in developing some drug delivery systems. This release is strongly influenced by resistances to mass transfer, intracrystalline diffusion and adsorpted species. The main goal of this Thesis is to design an effective MDR reversing nanoparticulate drug delivery system consists of a HAp polymeric matrix from which the drug is released intracellularly.<br>El desarrollo de una nueva molécula de fármaco es costoso y consume mucho tiempo. Se ha intentado mejorar la tasa de eficacia de los medicamentos "antiguos" utilizando diferentes métodos, como la terapia con medicación individualizada, la titulación de dosis y la monitorización terapéutica de medicamentos. La administración de medicamentos a una tasa controlada, la liberación lenta y una mejor localización de la liberación son otros métodos muy atractivos y se han aplicado enérgicamente. Ahora, una nueva clase de materiales cerámicos a base de sales de fosfato de calcio (CaP) está a punto de ser ampliamente aplicada en la clínica. Entre los diversos tipos de CaP, la hidroxiapatita (HAp) ha atraído mucha atención en los campos biomédicos debido a sus características excepcionales, como la biocompatibilidad, la bioactividad, la osteoconductividad y la osteoinductividad.Su "similitud química" con la fase mineralizada del hueso biológico la hace única. La HAp, como un excelente portador de factores de crecimiento osteoinductivos y poblaciones de células osteogénicas. La HAp puede incorporar las moléculas del fármaco ya sea física o químicamente, de modo que el fármaco permanezca intacto hasta que llegue al sitio objetivo. También puede degradarse gradualmente y luego administrar el medicamento de manera controlada con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, este material es un excelente candidato para el transporte y la liberación controlada de fármacos. La selección cuidadosa de las condiciones de reacción, concentraciones de reactivos y agentes de adsorción a menudo proporciona un grado de control de tamaño y forma en la disolución de las nanopartículas, y se ha dedicado una cantidad considerable de investigaciones recientes al desarrollo de tales métodos.El estudio de liberación de fármacos a las células objetivo puede ser solo una parte de la historia completa de la focalización exitosa de dichos fármacos. Es posible que algunos portadores de fármacos tengan que acceder y entrar en el citoplasma de una célula diana para liberar el fármaco a la tasa óptima para la eficacia farmacológica. En ese sentido, la orientación intracelular es una orientación sistémica importante. Por otro lado, en algunas patologías, especialmente en el cáncer, las células se defienden activamente mediante el uso de "bombas" moleculares en la membrana celular que expulsan de forma activa los medicamentos del interior de la célula tumoral (mecanismos de resistencia MDR). Por lo tanto, el mecanismo de comprensión de la liberación intracelular de fármacos es crítico en el desarrollo de algunos sistemas de administración de fármacos. Esta liberación está fuertemente influenciada por las resistencias a la transferencia de masa, la difusión intracristalina y las especies adsorbidas. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es diseñar un sistema eficaz de administración de fármacos con nanopartículas reversibles de MDR que consiste en una matriz polimérica de HAp a partir de la cual el fármaco se libera intracelularmente
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5

Marquette, Sarah. "Stabilization and development of sustained-release formulations of protein/antibody for subcutaneous delivery." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209251.

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ABSTRACT<p><p>This project aimed at developing a drug delivery system (DDS) able to enhance the stability and<p>residence time in vivo of antibodies (Abs). The system will deliver drug by the subcutaneous<p>route (SC), while ensuring accurate control of the drug release and the resulting plasmatic level. This technology platform will allow to reduce frequency of injection, potentially decrease side effects and maintain high concentration of Abs which will improve life of patient having chronic disease such as autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Biodegradable synthetic polymer-based formulations (polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)) were selected as carriers for encapsulated Abs. This was because they offer good protection for the Abs and allow sustained release of the Abs for a controlled period of time. After the evaluation of different encapsulation methods such as the water-oil-in-water (w/o/w) and the solid-in-oil-inwater<p>(s/o/w) processes, the encapsulation of the Ab in solid state (s/o/w) appeared to be more appropriate for producing Ab-loaded PLGA microspheres (MS). It allowed us to maintain the<p>Ab in a monomeric conformation and to avoid the formation of unsoluble aggregates mainly present at the water/oil interface. The first part of the project was the optimization of both the method for producing the Ab solid particles (spray-drying process) and the encapsulation of these Ab solid particles into the polymeric MS (s/o/w process) by design of experiment (DoE). These optimizations were carried out using a bovine polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) as model molecule. In further optimization of the spray-drying process by (DoE), aqueous Ab solutions were spray-dried using a mini Spray-Dryer assembly with a 0.7 mm spray nozzle. In accordance with the particle size (d(0.5) ~5 μm), the stability (no loss of monomer measured by<p>size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and the yield of the spray-drying process (> 60 % w/w), the process parameters were set of follow: 3 mL/min as liquid feed flow rate, 130°C /75°C as inlet temperature (inlet T°) / outlet temperature (outlet T°), 800 L/h as atomization flow rate and<p>30 m3/h as drying air flow rate. For the s/o/w, the methylene chloride (MC) commonly used for<p>an encapsulation process was replaced by ethyl acetate (EtAc), which was considered as a more<p>suitable organic solvent in terms of both environmental and human safety. The effects of several processes and formulation factors were evaluated on IgG:PLGA MS properties such as: particle size distribution, drug loading, IgG stability, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Several formulations and processing parameters were also statistically identified as critical to get reproducible process (e.g. the PLGA concentration, the volume of the external phase, the emulsification rate, and the quantity of IgG microparticles). The optimized encapsulation<p>method of the IgG has shown a drug loading of up to 6 % (w/w) and an encapsulation efficiency<p>of up to 60 % (w/w) while preserving the integrity of the encapsulated antibody. The produced MS were characterized by a d(0.9) lower than 110 μm and showed burst effect lower than 50 %(w/w). In the second part of the project, the optimized spray-drying and s/o/w processes<p>developed with the IgG were applied to a humanized anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha<p>MAb to confirm the preservation of the MAb activity during these processes. The selected s/o/w method allowed us to produce MAb-loaded PLGA MS with an appropriate release profile up to 6 weeks and MAb stability. In order to maintain the Abs’ activity, both during encapsulation and<p>dissolution, the addition of a stabilizer such as trehalose appeared to be crucial, as did the<p>selection of the PLGA. It was demonstrated that the use of a PLGA characterized by a 75:25<p>lactide:glycolide (e.g. Resomer ® RG755S) ratio decreased the formation of low molecular weight species during dissolution, which led to preserve Abs activity through its release from the<p>delivery system. Furthermore, the release profile was adjusted according to the type of polymer<p>and its concentration. E.g. 10 % w/v RG755S allowed Ab MS with a release time of 6 weeks to<p>be obtained. The optimization of both the formulation and the encapsulation process allowed<p>maximum 13 % w/w Ab-loaded MS to be produced. It was demonstrated that the Ab-loaded PLGA MS were stable when stored at 5°C for up to 12 weeks and that the selection of the appropriate type of PLGA was critical to assuring the stability of the system. The better stability observed when using a PLGA characterized by a 75:25 lactide:glycolide ratio was attributed to<p>its slower degradation rate. Finally, the sustained release of Ab from the developed MS and the preservation of its activity was confirmed in vivo in a pharmacokinetic (pK) study realized in<p>rats. In conclusion, the application of the concept of entrapment into a polymer matrix for<p>stabilization and sustained release of biological compounds was demonstrated through this work.<p><p><p><p>RÉSUMÉ<p><p>Ce projet a pour but de développer un système de délivrance de médicament capable d’augmenter la stabilité et le temps de résidence in vivo des anticorps. Ce système sera administré par voie sous-cutanée et permettra un control précis de la libération du produit et de son niveau plasmatique. Cette plateforme technologique nous permettra de réduire la fréquence d’injection, de réduire potentiellement les effets secondaires et de maintenir des concentrations élevées en anticorps tout en améliorant la vie des patients atteints de maladies chroniques autoimmunes ou inflammatoires. Les formulations à base de polymères synthétiques, biodégradables (PLGA) ont été sélectionnés comme véhicules pour encapsuler les anticorps. Ils offrent en effet une bonne protection pour les anticorps and permettent une libération contrôlée de ceux-ci pendant une période définie. Après l’évaluation de différents méthodes d’encapsulation tels que les procédés d’eau-dans-huile-dans-eau (w/o/w) et solide-dans-huile-dans-eau (s/o/w), l’encapsulation des anticorps sous forme solide apparaissait plus apporpriée pour produire des microsphères de polymère chargées en anticorps. Cette technique nous permettait de maintenir l’anticorps sous sa forme monomérique et d’éviter la formation d’agrégats insolubles qui apparaissaient principalement à l’interface eau/huile. La première partie du projet a été d’optimiser à la fois la méthode nous permettant d’obtenir les anticorps sous forme de particules solides (spray-drying) et la méthode d’encapsulation de ces particules d’anticorps dans les microsphères de polymères. Cela a été réalisé par des plans d’expérience en utilisant une IgG bovine polyclonale comme molécule modèle. Durant l’optimisation du procédé de spray-drying,<p>les solutions aqueuses d’anticorps ont été atomisées en utilisant le mini Spray-Dryer assemblé avec une buse de pulvérisation d’un diamètre de 0.7 mm. En accord avec la taille particulaire (d(0.5) ~5 μm), la stabilité (absence de perte en monomère mesurée par chromatographie d’exclusion de taille et le rendement d’atomisation (> 60 % w/w), les paramètres d’atomisation ont été fixés: 3 mL/min pour le débit de liquide, 130°C /75°C pour la température d’entrée / température de sortie, 800 L/h pour le débit d’air d’atomisation et 30 m3/h pour le débit d’air de séchage. Pour le s/o/w, le dichlorométhane communément utilisé dans les procédés d’encapsulation a été remplacé par l’acétate d’éthyle qui est considéré comme un meilleure solvant organique en terme d’environnement et de sécurité. Les effets de plusieurs paramètres de fabrication ou de formulation ont été évalués sur les propriétés des microsphères polymériques d’anticorps (distribution de taille particulaire, taux de charge en anticorps, stabilité de l’anticorps et efficacité d’encapsulation). Plusieurs paramètres de fabrication et de formulation ont été statistiquement identifiés comme critiques pour obtenir un procédé reproductible (par exemple. La concentration en PLGA, le volume de phase externe, la vitesse d’émulsification et la quantité d’anticorps). La méthode d’encapsulation ainsi optimisée permettait d’obtenir un taux<p>de charge jusqu’à 6% (w/w) avec une efficacité d’encapsulation jusqu’à 60 % (w/w) tout en<p>préservant l’intégrité de l’anticorps encapsulé. Les microsphères produites étaient caractérisées<p>par un d(0.9) inférieur à 110 μm et montraient une libération après 24 h inférieure à 50 % (w/w).<p>Dans le seconde partie du projet, les procédés d’atomisation et d’encapsulation développés avec<p>l’IgG ont été appliqués à un anticorps monoclonal anti-TNF alpha humanisé pour confirmer la<p>conservation de l’activité de l’anticorps pendant ces procédés. La méthode s/o/w sélectionnée<p>permettait de produire des microsphères de PLGA chargées en anticorps avec un profil de libération jusqu’à 6 semaines et un maintien de la stabilité de l’actif. Afin de maintenir l’activité de l’anticorps, à la fois pendant le procédé d’encapsulation et pendant la libération, l’ajout d’un stabilisant tel que le tréhalose est apparu crucial ainsi que le choix du type de PLGA. Il a été démontré que l’utilisation du PLGA caractérisé par un ratio lactide :glycolide de 75 :25 (par exemple, Resomer ® RG755S) diminuait la formation d’espèces de faible poids moléculaire<p>pendant la dissolution. Cela contribuait à préserver l’activité de l’anticorps durant la libération à partir des microsphères. De plus, le profil de libération était modulé en fonction du type de polymère et de sa concentration. Par exemple, l’utilisation d’une solution à 10 % w/v RG755S conduisait à la production de microsphères d’anticorps avec un temps de libération sur 6<p>semaines. L’optimisation de la formulation et du procédé d’encapsulation a permis de produire<p>des microsphères avec des taux de charge en anticorps de maximum 13 % w/w. Il a été démontré<p>que ces microsphères, stockées à 5°C, étaient stables jusqu’à 12 semaines et que la sélection du<p>type de PLGA était critique pour assurer la stabilité du système. La meilleure stabilité a été<p>obtenue en utilisant le PLGA caractérisé par un ratio lactide :glycolide de 75 :25. Cela a été<p>attribué à sa plus faible vitesse de dégradation. Enfin, la libération contrôlée de l’anticorps à<p>partir de ces microsphères et la conservation de son activité ont été confirmées in vivo lors d’une<p>étude pharmacocinétique réalisée chez le rat. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de démontrer<p>l’application du concept d’ « emprisonnement » des composés biologiques dans des matrices<p>polymériques afin de les stabiliser et contrôler leur libération.<br>Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Eke, Gozde. "Biopolymer Based Micro/nanoparticles As Drug Carriers For The Treatment Of Skin Diseases." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613878/index.pdf.

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Controlled drug delivery systems are becoming increasingly interesting with the contribution of nanotechnology. In the case of transdermal applications the greatest limitation is the highly impermeable outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum. One promising method of controlled transdermal drug delivery of the skin therapeutics is the use of nanoparticles as carriers. Encapsulation of the drug, as opposed to classical topical application of creams or emulsions, allows the drug to diffuse into hair follicles where drug release can occur in the deeper layers of the skin. The aim of this study was to develop micro and nano sized carriers as drug delivery systems to achieve treatment for skin conditions like psoriasis, aging or UV damage, caused by radiation or health problems. Two different types of bioactive agents, retinyl palmitate (RP) and Dead Sea Water (DSW), were used by encapsulating in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) carriers. In some tests MgCl2 was used as a substitute for DSW when quantification was needed. Bioactive agent loaded nanospheres and nanocapsules were prepared with o/w and w/o/w methods in low micron (1.9 &micro<br>m), mid nano (426 nm) and nano (166 nm) sizes. Loading, encapsulation efficiency and release kinetics were studied. The encapsulation efficiency and loading values are low especially for the water soluble agents, DSW and MgCl2. It was observed that the capsules loaded with hydrophilic agents released their content in the first 24 h in aqueous media. The encapsulation efficiency and loading values for RP were higher because of the insolubility of the agent in water. In the in vitro studies carried out with L929 mouse fibroblast cells, the nano sized PHBV capsules were detected in the cytoplasm of the cells. Cell viability assay (MTT) for L929 cells showed a growth trend indicating that the particles were not cytotoxic and the values were close to the controls. Hemolytic activity was examined using human erythrocytes and micro/nanoparticles of PHBV were found to be non hemolytic. In vivo testing with BALB/c mice, nanocapsule penetration revealed that a small amount of nano sized particles penetrated the mice skin, despite the highly impermeable outer skin layer. As a result, PHBV micro/nanoparticles have a significant potential for use as topical drug delivery systems in the treatment of skin diseases.
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7

Ketkar, Amol Sharad. "Polymeric drug delivery systems /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487859879937796.

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8

Akhtar, Saghir. "Physicomechanical properties of bacterial P(HB-HV) polyesters and their uses in drug delivery." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235534.

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9

Chen, R. "Synthesis and in-vitro testing of pH-responsive biopolymers for drug delivery." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597562.

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pH-responsive membrane-disruptive polymers can facilitate effective drug delivery by releasing endocytosed materials from endosomes into the cytoplasm to avoid lysosomal degradation of sensitive bio-therapeutics or non-productive lysosomal accumulation. The work presented in this thesis involved optimisation of the molecular structure and compositions of an amphiphilic polyamide poly(<span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:150%'>L-lysine <i>iso</i>-phthalamide) to make it sufficiently membrane-lytic under mildly acidic conditions typical of the endosomal compartment (pH 5.0-6.8), but non-lytic at physiological pH. A wide range of biopolymers were designed and synthesised by grafting poly(<span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:150%'>L-lysine <i>iso</i>-phthalamide) with hydrophilic chains, such as amino-PEG (PA series) and its analogue Jeffamine M-1000<sup>®</sup> (PJ series), and hydrophobic amino acids, such as <span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:150%'>L-phenylalanine (PP series), <span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:150%'>L-leucine (PL series) and <span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:150%'>L-valine (PV series). The effects of the nature of carboxyl group modification, degree of grafting, and molecular weight on the pH, concentration and kinetic properties of the polymers were evaluated. The polymers can be tailored to be non-lytic at pH 7.4, whilst extremely membrane-lytic at mildly acidic pH within the range typical of endosomes (pH 5.0-6.8). For example, PP-75 (63 mol% grafted <span style='font-size:8.0pt;line-height:150%'>L-phenylalamine) was 4 times (on a weight basis) more efficient at haemolysis than melittin, a highly membrane-lytic bee venom peptide. The mechanisms of the polymers to disrupt the cell membrane were elucidated. The effects of polymer concentration, incubation time, the nature of carboxyl group modification and degree of grafting on the <i>in-vitro</i> cytotoxicity of the grafted polymers towards various cell types at both pH 7.4 and acidic pH were examined. Furthermore the subcellular distribution of the fluorescence labelled polymers and the release of model drugs (FITC and calcein) by the polymers were investigated.
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Mahé, Joaquim. "Modification chimique de la pectine : synthèse, caractérisations et applications en formulation galénique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK059.

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Actuellement, les études portant sur les polymères biosourcés comme les polysaccharides ne cessent de s’accroitre. En effet, ils apparaissent comme une alternative intéressante aux polymères pétrosourcés pour protéger notre environnement. Dans ce contexte, nos travaux ont été réalisés sur la pectine qui est un polysaccharide exclusivement d’origine végétale. Principalement composée dechaînes linéaires de monomères d'acide α-D-galacturonique, la pectine présente de nombreuses propriétés qui en font un bon candidat pour des applications pharmaceutiques. Cependant son utilisation reste limitée en raison de son caractère hydrophile. L’hydrophobisation de la pectine apparaît alors comme une réponse à cette problématique. La pectine a donc été modifiée par réaction d’estérification sur les groupements hydroxyles en utilisant de l'anhydride octénylsuccinique, apportant des chaines hydrophobes. Une caractérisation exhaustive a confirmé le greffage sur le squelette de la pectine (RMN1H, ATG, IR-FT, …). Ensuite, les pectines modifiées, avec différents taux de substitution, ont été utilisées pour développer des microsphères pour la voie orale et des films plastifiés pour une applicationcutanée. Afin d’évaluer l’intérêt de ces formulations, elles ont été chargées en curcumine, molécule modèle à caractère hydrophobe. Les pectines modifiées permettent d’obtenir des formulations avec des propriétés structurales conduisant à des cinétiques de libération différentes de celles de la pectine native. Toutefois, la modification doit être limitée afin de permettre la gélification nécessaire à la fabrication des formes galéniques testées<br>Currently, the interest in studying biosourced polymers such as polysaccharides has widely increased.Indeed, these materials are an interesting alternative to the petroleum derivatives polymer, to protectour environment. In this context, our work was conducted on pectin, which is a polysaccharideexclusively of plant origin. Mainly composed of linear chains of a 1,4-D-galacturonic acid monomers,pectin has many interesting properties that make it a good candidate for drug delivery systems.However, the high-water solubility of pectin reduces its ability to control drug release. Thus, the aim ofthis work was to increase the hydrophobicity of a natural pectin by chemical modification of thebackbone hydroxyl groups. This work presents an esterification route using octenyl succinic anhydridein order to graft hydrophobic segments on the polymeric backbone. The confirmation of the graftingand the rate of substitution was carried out using 1H NMR, TGA and FTIR. Then, the modified pectinsbearing different substitution rates, were used to develop new biomaterials for the formulation of drugdelivery systems (microspheres for the oral route and plasticized films for cutaneous application). Thenew formulations were loaded with curcumine which is hydrophobic drug model. Formulations obtainedfrom modified pectins show specific structural properties and lead to release kinetics different fromthose of the native pectin formulations. However, the modification rate has to be controlled in order toauthorize the ionotropic gelation to occur and the manufacturing of well-defined drug delivery systems
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