Academic literature on the topic 'Bioprophylaxis'

The possibilities of using enterosorbents as mineral additives for bioprophylaxis and prevention of heavy metal retention in the body due to possible food contamination as a result of ecosystem biobalance and their accumulation in livestock bioproducts are analyzed. The dynamics of changes in physiological parameters of the body of experimental animals under the influence of heavy metals depending on the used enterosorbents as effective preventive measures that can reduce the level of lead in the blood and liver of animals in intoxication to control levels.

Introduction and purpose of the study. Analysis of statistical data, dynamics of absolute and integrated indicators of anthropogenic and technogenic loading on the environment indicates that the ecological situation in Ukraine can be characterized as a crisis. In Ukraine, the ecological crisis is unfolding in the context of limiting natural resources, economic instability, exacerbating social and political problems, the lack of moral foundations in many members of society, and the intensive pollution of the human environment by negative factors, including mutagens and teratogens. Taking into account the above, the urgency of the problem of the interconnection of the environmental state of the environment and the state of health of the population is increasing.The hypothesis of scientific research. It is anticipated that the poorly investigated are the social consequences of environmental threats and challenges, and the state of social consciousness in the field of the environmental paradigm of health is not sufficiently taken into account.The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of negative environmental (anthropogenic) factors on the basic indicators of public health and the means of their elimination and minimization through bioprophylaxis and the formation of ecological consciousness. Methods of research: theoretical analysis, synthesis, comparison and comparison in order to determine the state of disclosure of the research problem in the scientific literature, quantitative indicator of the state of health of the population – health index, study of expert surveys.Results: the risks of negative environmental impact on human health are disclosed. The dependence of health and the environment on certain indicators is shown. The relationship between ecological factors and the development of modern diseases is revealed. The group of diseases related to the environmental impact have been analyzed. The leading role in etiology and pathogenesis of diseases of heredity and the state of the environment has been determined.Conclusions: The current ecological crisis in Ukraine is related to the influence of the complex of environmental and professional-production factors in combination with stress, neuro-psychological overloads. Today, there are many environmental challenges and threats that cause deterioration of physical and mental health, threatening the nation's gene pool. The deterioration of the environment leads to an increase in ecologically dependent chemical pathology and the emergence of new ecologically conditioned diseases.

Introduction. The potential danger of combined effect of lead and fluorine to human health motivates the search and experimental substantiation of physiologically acceptable ways of bioprophylaxis directed to preventing or reducing the negative effect on the organism. Objective: the study of the dynamics of the metabolic and functional state of the liver under conditions of combined effect of lead and fluorine without application of bioprotectors and on the background of bioprotectors application. Material and Methods. 4 series of researches were carried out on white rats, each according to the orthogonal planning scheme 22. Lead and fluorine were administered by intragastric within 30 days: in the first series — without bioprotectors application, in the second series — on the background of pectin application, in the third series — pectin and calcium application, in the fourth series — the complex of pectin, calcium and triovit application. The level of diene conjugates, the active products of thiobarbituric acid, the activities of superoxide dis-mutase and catalase, the index of general antioxidant activity in the liver tissue, the activities of alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum, concentration of urea were determined at the 15th and 30th day of the experiments, the integral coefficient of antioxidant defense and the type of combined action were calculated. Results. The combined effect of lead and fluorine leads to an imbalance between the indicators of lipoperox-idation and antioxidant activity of the liver tissue, the increased activities of alanine aminotransferases and aspartate aminotransferases, the phase changes in alkaline phosphatase activity, and urea concentration in serum. The application of pectin did not affect the indicators. Pectin and calcium have improved the mechanisms of antioxidant system and the activity of enzymes. The complex of pectin, calcium and triovit normalizes metabolic processes in the liver tissue and improves its functional state. The type of the combined action depends on the registered effect, the duration of the stress factor and the applied bioprotektor. Conclusion. The optimal prophylactic effect under the combined action of lead and fluorine is achieved with the help of a complex of pectin, calcium and triovit. Key Words: lead, fluorine, combined effect, pectin, calcium, triovit, indicators of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, enzyme activity.

Les pesticides de nouvelle génération sont le plus souvent épandus à de faibles doses et en mélange. Peu d’études se sont intéressées jusqu’à présent à l’effet de ces mélanges sur la biodégradation et la toxicité de chaque pesticide et/ou métabolite. Le but de ces travaux de thèse était d’étudier les voies de biotransformation de chacun des trois herbicides d’un mélange constitué de mésotrione (β-tricétone), nicosulfuron (sulfonylurée) et S-métolachlore (chloroacétanilide) utilisé sur les cultures de maïs, ainsi que la toxicité (test Microtox ® ) des herbicides et de leurs métabolites, seuls et en mélanges. L’identification des métabolites de la mésotrione chez la souche Bacillus megaterium Mes11 et une étude de protéomique différentielle ont suggéré l’implication de nitroréductases dans la première étape de la biotransformation de cet herbicide, rôle confirmé ensuite par la caractérisation structurelle et fonctionnelle de deux enzymes capables de transformer la mésotrione : les nitroréductases NfrA1 et NfrA2, appartenant à la sous-famille NfsA-FRP des Nitro-FMN réductases. La voie de biotransformation du nicosulfuron a, quant à elle, été étudiée chez la souche Pseudomonas fluorescens SG-1 isolée à partir de sol agricole, capable de transformer cet herbicide par co-métabolisme. Cette biotransformation conduit à la formation de deux métabolites majoritaires issus du clivage de la liaison sulfonylurée du nicosulfuron, l’un deux (l’ADMP, 2-amino-4,6-diméthoxypyrimidine) présentant une toxicité 20 fois supérieure à celle de la molécule mère. Nous avons également étudié qualitativement et quantitativement la biotransformation de la mésotrione et du nicosulfuron par la souche Mes11 séparément ou en mélange, et en présence ou non de S-métolachlore Les résultats ont montré un effet négatif de la mésotrione sur la biotransformation du nicosulfuron et un effet positif du S-métolachlore sur la biotransformation de la mésotrione. Tous les mélanges d’herbicides testés ont montré des effets synergiques pour la toxicité vis-à-vis de A. fischeri, tandis que les mélanges de métabolites (avec ou sans S-métolachlore) étaient majoritairement synergiques ou antagonistes. La dernière partie des travaux de thèse est focalisée sur le développement d’une technique préventive de traitement de la pollution par les pesticides d’origine agricole (bioprophylaxie). Nous avons fait la preuve de concept de cette technique par une étude en microcosmes de sol. L’épandage simultané de l’herbicide 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique) et de la souche Cupriavidus necator JMP134 capable de le minéraliser a en effet permis de réduire le temps de demi-vie de ce composé d’un facteur 3, tout en conservant son activité herbicide<br>The new-generation pesticides are often sprayed at low dosages and in mixtures. Up to now, a few studies focused on the effect of these mixtures on the biodegradation and the toxicity of each pesticide and/or metabolite. The aim of this Ph.D. work was to study the biotransformation of each herbicide of a mixture composed of mesotrione (β-triketone), nicosulfuron (sulfonylurea) and S-metolachlor (chloroacetanilide) applied on maize crops, as well as the toxicity (Microtox® test) of the herbicides/metabolites alone or in mixture. The identification of mesotrione metabolites by the strain Bacillus megaterium Mes11 and a differential proteomic approach suggested the role of nitroreductases in the first step of mesotrione biotransformation. This was confirmed by the structural and functional characterization of two enzymes able to biotransform mesotrione: the NfrA1 and NfrA2 nitroreductases, belonging to the NfsA-FRP sub-family of Nitro-FMN reductases. The biotransformation pathway of nicosulfuron has been elucidated for the strain Pseudomonas fluorescens SG-1 isolated from an agricultural soil and able to co-metabolically biotransform nicosulfuron. Two major metabolites resulting from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge were identified, one of them (ADMP, 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine) presenting a 20-fold higher toxicity than the parent compound. The simultaneous biotransformation of mesotrione and nicosulfuron by the strain Mes11 was also qualitatively and quantitatively studied, showing a negative effect of mesotrione on nicosulfuron biotransformation, and a positive effect of S-metolachlor on mesotrione biotransformation. All parent compound mixtures tested resulted in synergistic effects towards A. fischeri, while metabolite mixtures (with or without S-metolachlor) were mostly synergistic or antagonistic. The last part of the PhD work was devoted to the development of a preventive technique for the treatment of pollutions caused by agricultural pesticides (bioprophylaxis). We made the proof of concept of this method by using a soil microcosm study. The simultaneous spreading of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) herbicide and the strain Cupriavidus necator JMP134 able to mineralize it allowed a 3-fold reduction of 2,4-D half-life in soil, while preserving its herbicide activity