Journal articles: 'Bioreactor design'

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Fitzpatrick, John J. "Insights from Mathematical Modelling into Energy Requirement and Process Design of Continuous and Batch Stirred Tank Aerobic Bioreactors." ChemEngineering 3, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3030065.

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Bioreaction kinetics, oxygen transfer and energy modelling were applied to stirred tank aerobic bioreactors. This was done to investigate how key input design variables influence bioreactor size, feed and wasted substrate, and electrical energy requirements for aeration and cooling, and to compare batch and continuous modes of operation. Oxygen concentration in the liquid is a key input design variable, but its selection is challenging as it can result in design trade-offs. Reducing its value caused a decrease in electrical energy requirement, however this tended to increase the working volume of the bioreactor. The minimum or near-to-minimum total energy requirement for oxygen transfer occurred when operating at the onset of flooding throughout the bioreaction time. For typical KS values, continuous mode of operation required a much smaller bioreactor volume, due to higher operating cell concentration, and this is a major advantage of continuous over batch.

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Kırdök, Onur, Berker Çetintaş, Asena Atay, İrem Kale, Tutku Didem Akyol Altun, and Elif Esin Hameş. "A Modular Chain Bioreactor Design for Fungal Productions." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040179.

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Plastic bag bioreactors are single-use bioreactors, frequently used in solid culture fermentation. This study developed plastic bag bioreactors with more effective aeration conditions and particular connection elements that yield sensors, environmental control, and modular connectivity. This bioreactor system integrates the bags in a chain that circulates air and moisture through filtered connections. Within the present scope, this study also aimed to reveal that cultures in different plastic bags can be produced without affecting each other. In this direction, biomass production in the modular chain bioreactor (MCB) system developed in this study was compared to traditional bag systems. In addition, contamination experiments were carried out between the bags in the system, and it was observed that the filters in the developed system did not affect the microorganisms in different bags.

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Malhotra, Neeraj. "Bioreactors Design, Types, Influencing Factors and Potential Application in Dentistry. A Literature Review." Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 14, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x14666190111105504.

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Objectives:A variety of bioreactors and related approaches have been applied to dental tissues as their use has become more essential in the field of regenerative dentistry and dental tissue engineering. The review discusses the various types of bioreactors and their potential application in dentistry.Methods:Review of the literature was conducted using keywords (and MeSH) like Bioreactor, Regenerative Dentistry, Fourth Factor, Stem Cells, etc., from the journals published in English. All the searched abstracts, published in indexed journals were read and reviewed to further refine the list of included articles. Based on the relevance of abstracts pertaining to the manuscript, full-text articles were assessed.Results:Bioreactors provide a prerequisite platform to create, test, and validate the biomaterials and techniques proposed for dental tissue regeneration. Flow perfusion, rotational, spinner-flask, strain and customize-combined bioreactors have been applied for the regeneration of bone, periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementum, oral mucosa, temporomandibular joint and vascular tissues. Customized bioreactors can support cellular/biofilm growth as well as apply cyclic loading. Center of disease control & dip-flow biofilm-reactors and micro-bioreactor have been used to evaluate the biological properties of dental biomaterials, their performance assessment and interaction with biofilms. Few case reports have also applied the concept of in vivo bioreactor for the repair of musculoskeletal defects and used customdesigned bioreactor (Aastrom) to repair the defects of cleft-palate.Conclusions:Bioreactors provide a sterile simulated environment to support cellular differentiation for oro-dental regenerative applications. Also, bioreactors like, customized bioreactors for cyclic loading, biofilm reactors (CDC & drip-flow), and micro-bioreactor, can assess biological responses of dental biomaterials by simultaneously supporting cellular or biofilm growth and application of cyclic stresses.

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Christianson, Laura E., Richard A. Cooke, Christopher H. Hay, Matthew J. Helmers, Gary W. Feyereisen, Andry Z. Ranaivoson, John T. McMaine, et al. "Effectiveness of Denitrifying Bioreactors on Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 2 (2021): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14011.

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HighlightsDenitrifying woodchip bioreactors treat nitrate-N in a variety of applications and geographies.This review focuses on subsurface drainage bioreactors and bed-style designs (including in-ditch).Monitoring and reporting recommendations are provided to advance bioreactor science and engineering.Abstract. Denitrifying bioreactors enhance the natural process of denitrification in a practical way to treat nitrate-nitrogen (N) in a variety of N-laden water matrices. The design and construction of bioreactors for treatment of subsurface drainage in the U.S. is guided by USDA-NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 605. This review consolidates the state of the science for denitrifying bioreactors using case studies from across the globe with an emphasis on full-size bioreactor nitrate-N removal and cost-effectiveness. The focus is on bed-style bioreactors (including in-ditch modifications), although there is mention of denitrifying walls, which broaden the applicability of bioreactor technology in some areas. Subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors have been assessed as removing 20% to 40% of annual nitrate-N loss in the Midwest, and an evaluation across the peer-reviewed literature published over the past three years showed that bioreactors around the world have been generally consistent with that (N load reduction median: 46%; mean ±SD: 40% ±26%; n = 15). Reported N removal rates were on the order of 5.1 g N m-3 d-1 (median; mean ±SD: 7.2 ±9.6 g N m-3 d-1; n = 27). Subsurface drainage bioreactor installation costs have ranged from less than $5,000 to $27,000, with estimated cost efficiencies ranging from less than $2.50 kg-1 N year-1 to roughly $20 kg-1 N year-1 (although they can be as high as $48 kg-1 N year-1). A suggested monitoring setup is described primarily for the context of conservation practitioners and watershed groups for assessing annual nitrate-N load removal performance of subsurface drainage denitrifying bioreactors. Recommended minimum reporting measures for assessing and comparing annual N removal performance include: bioreactor dimensions and installation date; fill media size, porosity, and type; nitrate-N concentrations and water temperatures; bioreactor flow treatment details; basic drainage system and bioreactor design characteristics; and N removal rate and efficiency. Keywords: Groundwater, Nitrate, Nonpoint-source pollution, Subsurface drainage, Tile.

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Micheler, Carina M., Paulina A. Geck, Fiona Charitou, René Leix, Peter Foehr, Jan J. Lang, Nikolas J. Wilhelm, Jutta L. Tuebel, and Rainer H. H. Burgkart. "Bioreactor design for the mechanical stimulation by compression of 3D cell cultures." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2229.

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Abstract Bioreactors with a controlled physiological environment are being developed to study various cell processes. The influences of mechanostimulation on bone cell cultures can be investigated using a compression bioreactor. The developed bioreactor system applies a cyclic compression force to the specimen via an eccentrically mounted push rod. The compression force is monitored by a force sensor to detect changes in the material properties of the specimen. Depending on the piston setting, a stroke of 0.28 - 2.50 mm can be applied to the specimen. The bioreactor system was tested with a trial run of 18 days. A sample was continuously stimulated with a loading frequency of 2 Hz and a stroke of 1.50 mm. The sterility in the cell chamber as well as the functionality of the realised bioreactor stimulation system could be successfully confirmed

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Maxwell, Bryan, Laura Christianson, Richard A. C. Cooke, Mary Foltz, Niranga Wickramarathne, Ronnie Chacon, and Reid Christianson. "Nitrate Removal and Woodchip Properties across a Paired Denitrifying Bioreactor Treating Centralized Agricultural Ditch Flows." Water 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010056.

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Treatment of nitrate loads by denitrifying bioreactors in centralized drainage ditches that receive subsurface tile drainage may offer a more effective alternative to end-of-pipe bioreactors. A paired denitrifying bioreactor design, consisting of an in-ditch bioreactor (18.3 × 2.1 × 0.2 m) treating ditch base flow and a diversion bioreactor (4.6 × 9.1 × 0.9 m) designed to treat high-flow events, was designed and constructed in an agricultural watershed (3.2 km2 drainage area) in Illinois, USA. Flow and water chemistry were monitored for three years and the woodchip and bioreactor-associated soil were analyzed for denitrification potential and chemical properties after 25 months. The in-ditch bioreactor did not significantly reduce nitrate concentrations in the ditch, likely due to low hydraulic connectivity with stream water and sedimentation. The diversion bioreactor significantly reduced nitrate concentrations (58% average reduction) but treated only ~2% of annual ditch flow. Denitrification potential was significantly higher in the in-ditch bioreactor woodchips versus the diversion bioreactor after 25 months (2950 ± 580 vs. 620 ± 310 ng N g−1 dry media h−1). The passive flow design was simple to construct and did not restrict flow in the drainage ditch but resulted in low hydraulic exchange, limiting nitrate removal.

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Catapano, Gerardo, Juliane K. Unger, Elisabetta M. Zanetti, Gionata Fragomeni, and Jörg C. Gerlach. "Kinetic Analysis of Lidocaine Elimination by Pig Liver Cells Cultured in 3D Multi-Compartment Hollow Fiber Membrane Network Perfusion Bioreactors." Bioengineering 8, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8080104.

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Liver cells cultured in 3D bioreactors is an interesting option for temporary extracorporeal liver support in the treatment of acute liver failure and for animal models for preclinical drug screening. Bioreactor capacity to eliminate drugs is generally used for assessing cell metabolic competence in different bioreactors or to scale-up bioreactor design and performance for clinical or preclinical applications. However, drug adsorption and physical transport often disguise the intrinsic drug biotransformation kinetics and cell metabolic state. In this study, we characterized the intrinsic kinetics of lidocaine elimination and adsorption by porcine liver cells cultured in 3D four-compartment hollow fiber membrane network perfusion bioreactors. Models of lidocaine transport and biotransformation were used to extract intrinsic kinetic information from response to lidocaine bolus of bioreactor versus adhesion cultures. Different from 2D adhesion cultures, cells in the bioreactors are organized in liver-like aggregates. Adsorption on bioreactor constituents significantly affected lidocaine elimination and was effectively accounted for in kinetic analysis. Lidocaine elimination and cellular monoethylglicinexylidide biotransformation featured first-order kinetics with near-to-in vivo cell-specific capacity that was retained for times suitable for clinical assist and drug screening. Different from 2D cultures, cells in the 3D bioreactors challenged with lidocaine were exposed to close-to-physiological lidocaine and monoethylglicinexylidide concentration profiles. Kinetic analysis suggests bioreactor technology feasibility for preclinical drug screening and patient assist and that drug adsorption should be accounted for to assess cell state in different cultures and when laboratory bioreactor design and performance is scaled-up to clinical use or toxicological drug screening.

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Hartfiel, Lindsey M., Michelle L. Soupir, and Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Constant-Flow Woodchip Bioreactors." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 5 (2021): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14300.

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HighlightsTechno-economic analysis was performed for multiple scales of bioreactors operated under a variety of conditions.The unit cost decreased as the bioreactor size increased.The unit cost increased in bioreactors with longer HRTs and bypass flow due to reduced treatment capacity.One large bioreactor was more cost-effective than multiple smaller bioreactors.Abstract. Woodchip denitrification bioreactors are a relatively new, edge-of-field technology used to reduce nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) from subsurface tile drainage. The removal rate of nitrate is influenced by many factors, including temperature, dissolved oxygen, and hydraulic residence time (HRT). The objective of this study was to conduct a techno-economic analysis (TEA) for four scales of woodchip denitrification bioreactors operating at three HRTs (2, 8, and 16 h), designed with bypass flow or with a low probability of bypass flow, to determine the cost to remove 1 kg of NO3-N at each bioreactor scale and at each HRT. Several assumptions were made: the flow rate required to achieve a 2 h HRT on a per m3 basis could be achieved at all scales, the same mass removal of NO3-N was achieved on a per cubic meter basis, and the 2 h HRT did not have any bypass flow at each scale. With these assumptions, the lowest unit cost was observed for the large-scale bioreactor sized to have a low probability of bypass flow at 16 h HRT, with a resulting cost of $0.74 kg-1 NO3-N removed. The highest unit cost was observed for the pilot-scale bioreactor designed with bypass flow to achieve a 16 h HRT at a cost of $60.13 kg-1 NO3-N removed. At longer HRTs with bypass flow, a greater percent removal of nitrate has been observed with a lower mass removal rate. By having a low probability of bypass flow in the design, a higher mass removal and percent removal of nitrate were observed, leading to the above results. Contrasting this trend, the total and annual costs were highest for the large-scale bioreactor and lowest for the pilot-scale bioreactor. However, it was determined that 783%, 280%, and 54% increases in total cost for the pilot-, small-, and medium-scale bioreactors would be incurred to implement the number of bioreactors (66, 24, and 4, respectively) required to treat the same volume of flow as one large bioreactor. These results can be used to inform future design decisions and inform stakeholders of the approximate unit cost of installing a denitrifying woodchip bioreactor over a range of expected field conditions. While a larger bioreactor with a low probability of bypass flow may represent a more cost-effective investment, the potential for unintended, negative byproducts needs to be considered in the design. Keywords: Denitrification, Nitrate, Tile drainage, Water quality, Woodchip bioreactor.

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Catapano, Gerardo, Gionata Fragomeni, Giuseppe Falvo D’Urso Labate, Luigi De Napoli, Vincenza Barbato, Maddalena Di Nardo, Valentina Costanzo, Teresa Capriglione, Roberto Gualtieri, and Riccardo Talevi. "Do Bioreactor Designs with More Efficient Oxygen Supply to Ovarian Cortical Tissue Fragments Enhance Follicle Viability and Growth In Vitro?" Processes 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070450.

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Background: Autotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue is currently the main option to preserve fertility for cancer patients. To avoid cancer cell reintroduction at transplantation, a multi-step culture system has been proposed to obtain fully competent oocytes for in vitro fertilization. Current in vitro systems are limited by the low number and health of secondary follicles produced during the first step culture of ovarian tissue fragments. To overcome such limitations, bioreactor designs have been proposed to enhance oxygen supply to the tissue, with inconsistent results. This retrospective study investigates, on theoretical grounds, whether the lack of a rational design of the proposed bioreactors prevented the full exploitation of follicle growth potential. Methods: Models describing oxygen transport in bioreactors and tissue were developed and used to predict oxygen availability inside ovarian tissue in the pertinent literature. Results: The proposed theoretical analysis suggests that a successful outcome is associated with enhanced oxygen availability in the cultured tissue in the considered bioreactor designs. This suggests that a rational approach to bioreactor design for ovarian tissue culture in vitro may help exploit tissue potential to support follicle growth.

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Nielsen, Jens. "Bioreactor system design." FEBS Letters 369, no. 2-3 (August 7, 1995): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(95)90811-0.

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Nienow, Alvin W. "Basic bioreactor design." Trends in Biotechnology 11, no. 6 (June 1993): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(93)90142-v.

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Zhu, Liang, Zhenfeng Wang, Huanming Xia, and Hanry Yu. "Design and Fabrication of the Vertical-Flow Bioreactor for Compaction Hepatocyte Culture in Drug Testing Application." Biosensors 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11050160.

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The perfusion culture of primary hepatocytes has been widely adopted to build bioreactors for various applications. As a drug testing platform, a unique vertical-flow bioreactor (VfB) array was found to create the compaction culture of hepatocytes which mimicked the mechanic microenvironment in vivo while maintaining the 3D cell morphology in a 2D culture setup and enhancing the hepatic functions for a sustained culture. Here, we report the methodology in designing and fabricating the VfB to reach ideal bioreactor requirements, optimizing the VfB as a prototype for drug testing, and to demonstrate the enhanced hepatic function so as to demonstrate the performance of the bioreactor. This device enables the modular, scalable, and manufacturable construction of a functional drug testing platform through the sustained maintenance of model cells.

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Sirirak, Khanoksinee, Sorawit Powtongsook, Sudarat Suanjit, and Somtawin Jaritkhuan. "Effectiveness of various bioreactors for thraustochytrid culture and production (Aurantiochytruim limacinum BUCHAXM 122)." PeerJ 9 (May 27, 2021): e11405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11405.

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This study aimed to develop bioreactors for cultivation of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium limacinum BUCHAXM 122, that are low in cost and simple to operate. Obtaining maximum biomass and fatty acid production was a prerequisite. Three bioreactor designs were used: stirred tank bioreactor (STB), bubble bioreactor (BB) and internal loop airlift bioreactor (ILAB). The bioreactors were evaluated for their influence on oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), using various spargers, mixing speed, and aeration rates. Biomass and DHA production from STB, BB, ILAB were then compared with an incubator shaker, using batch culture experiments. Results showed that a bundle of eight super-fine pore air stones was the best type of aeration sparger for all three bioreactors. Optimal culture conditions in STB were 600 rpm agitation speed and 2 vvm aeration rate, while 2 vvm and 1.5 vvm aeration provided highest biomass productivity in BB and ILAB, respectively. Antifoam agent was needed for all reactor types in order to reduce excessive foaming. Results indicated that with optimized conditions, these bioreactors are capable of thraustochytrid cultivation with a similar efficiency as cultivation using a rotary shaker. STB had the highest kLa and provided the highest biomass of 43.05 ± 0.35 g/L at 48 h. BB was simple in design, had low operating costs and was easy to build, but yielded the lowest biomass (27.50 ± 1.56 g/L). ILAB, on the other hand, had lower kLa than STB, but provided highest fatty acid productivity, of 35.36 ± 2.51% TFA.

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Schirmer, Cedric, Rüdiger W. Maschke, Ralf Pörtner, and Dieter Eibl. "An overview of drive systems and sealing types in stirred bioreactors used in biotechnological processes." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 6 (March 2021): 2225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11180-7.

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AbstractNo matter the scale, stirred tank bioreactors are the most commonly used systems in biotechnological production processes. Single-use and reusable systems are supplied by several manufacturers. The type, size, and number of impellers used in these systems have a significant influence on the characteristics and designs of bioreactors. Depending on the desired application, classic shaft-driven systems, bearing-mounted drives, or stirring elements that levitate freely in the vessel may be employed. In systems with drive shafts, process hygiene requirements also affect the type of seal used. For sensitive processes with high hygienic requirements, magnetic-driven stirring systems, which have been the focus of much research in recent years, are recommended. This review provides the reader with an overview of the most common agitation and seal types implemented in stirred bioreactor systems, highlights their advantages and disadvantages, and explains their possible fields of application. Special attention is paid to the development of magnetically driven agitators, which are widely used in reusable systems and are also becoming more and more important in their single-use counterparts.Key Points• Basic design of the most frequently used bioreactor type: the stirred tank bioreactor• Differences in most common seal types in stirred systems and fields of application• Comprehensive overview of commercially available bioreactor seal types• Increased use of magnetically driven agitation systems in single-use bioreactors

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Ritonja, Jožef, Andreja Goršek, Darja Pečar, Tatjana Petek, and Boštjan Polajžer. "Dynamic Modeling of the Impact of Temperature Changes on CO2 Production during Milk Fermentation in Batch Bioreactors." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081809.

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Knowledge of the mathematical models of the fermentation processes is indispensable for their simulation and optimization and for the design and synthesis of the applicable control systems. The paper focuses on determining a dynamic mathematical model of the milk fermentation process taking place in a batch bioreactor. Models in the literature describe milk fermentation in batch bioreactors as an autonomous system. They do not enable the analysis of the effect of temperature changes on the metabolism during fermentation. In the presented extensive multidisciplinary study, we have developed a new mathematical model that considers the impact of temperature changes on the dynamics of the CO2 produced during fermentation in the batch bioreactor. Based on laboratory tests and theoretical analysis, the appropriate structure of the temperature-considered dynamic model was first determined. Next, the model parameters of the fermentation process in the laboratory bioreactor were identified by means of particle swarm optimization. Finally, the experiments with the laboratory batch bioreactor were compared with the simulations to verify the derived mathematical model. The developed model proved to be very suitable for simulations, and, above all, it enables the design and synthesis of a control system for batch bioreactors.

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Feyereisen, Gary W., Christopher Hay, Ulrike W. Tschirner, Keegan Kult, Niranga M. Wickramarathne, Natasha Hoover, and Michelle L. Soupir. "Denitrifying Bioreactor Woodchip Recharge: Media Properties after Nine Years." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 2 (2020): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13709.

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HighlightsWood media harvested from a nine-year-old denitrifying bioreactor were evaluated.Media physical changes had multiple causes and effects.Impacts of the physical changes may have been exacerbated by development of preferential flow.LCIs > 0.6 showed C quality declined but media still supported N removal.Abstract. There is a lack of information on denitrifying bioreactors treating subsurface drainage water at the end of their initial design life due to the relative newness of the technology and the relatively long estimated life. A denitrifying bioreactor (15 m L × 7.6 m W × 1.1 m D) installed in August 2008 in Greene County, Iowa, was recharged with new woodchips in November 2017 (age 9.25 years), providing the opportunity to evaluate the properties of the wood media at the end of design life. The objective was to pair a battery of physical, chemical, and nitrate-N removal tests on the wood media harvested from the bioreactor with field observations to assess likely reasons why denitrifying bioreactors treating tile drainage may need to be recharged. The two types of wood media harvested from the bioreactor (termed woodchips and mixed shreds) had median particle sizes (D50) of 12.1 and 7.7 mm, respectively, and saturated hydraulic conductivities of 4.2 ±3.0 and 3.1 ±1.0 cm s-1 (mean ± standard deviation), which were within the range of reported values for woodchips, albeit at the low end. The wood media carbon content and quality had degraded (e.g., lignocellulose indices of 0.63 to 0.74, nearing the range of decomposition stabilization), although batch tests suggested the robustness of wood as a carbon source to support nitrate removal (e.g., 65% nitrate concentration reduction in drainage water). Woodchip degradation along with sedimentation from the drainage system likely reduced conductivities over time. Development of preferential flow paths through the bioreactor was indicated by low bioreactor outflow rates (i.e., reduced permeability) and reduced hydraulic efficiency based on conservative tracer testing. These changes in media properties and linked impacts resulted in the need to recharge this bioreactor after nine years. Keywords: Denitrifying bioreactor, Hydraulic conductivity, Nitrate, Water quality.

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Nalepa, Krzysztof, Maciej Neugebauer, and Piotr Sołowiej. "Dedicated control and measurement system for bioreactors to study the composting process." E3S Web of Conferences 132 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913201018.

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During the composting process, waste biomass with high moisture content undergoes various transformation in the presence of oxygen. The composting process is analyzed in dedicated bioreactors which are air-tight facilities with external air supply. Subject to the type of composted plant material, biomass should be periodically turned to promote even aeration. The following information is required to build a model of the composting process: oxygen (air) uptake, moisture content of exhaust gas, production of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other gases in the composting process, and temperature distribution inside the bioreactor. A temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor is difficult to build due to challenging operating conditions including the airtight structure of a bioreactor, high moisture content, the operation of temperature sensors in a highly aggressive environment, problems with uninterrupted power supply for the monitoring system in a bioreactor. This article presents a patented temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor. The system’s design and structure are discussed, and recommendations for functional improvements are made.

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Grün, Christoph, Brigitte Altmann, and Eric Gottwald. "Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part I: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature Published between 2000 and 2020." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121656.

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Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. In this systematic review we analyze the literature in the field of eukaryotic 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors within the last 20 years. For this, we define complexity levels with regard to the cellular 3D microenvironment concerning cell–matrix-contact, cell–cell-contact and the number of different cell types present at the same time. Moreover, we examine the data with regard to the micro-bioreactor design including mode of cell stimulation/nutrient supply and materials used for the micro-bioreactors, the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques and the related cellular microenvironment, the cell types and in vitro models used. As a data source we used the National Library of Medicine and analyzed the studies published from 2000 to 2020.

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Dursun, Gözde, Muhammad Umer, Bernd Markert, and Marcus Stoffel. "Designing of an Advanced Compression Bioreactor with an Implementation of a Low-Cost Controlling System Connected to a Mobile Application." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060915.

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(1) Background: Bioreactors mimic the natural environment of cells and tissues by providing a controlled micro-environment. However, their design is often expensive and complex. Herein, we have introduced the development of a low-cost compression bioreactor which enables the application of different mechanical stimulation regimes to in vitro tissue models and provides the information of applied stress and strain in real-time. (2) Methods: The compression bioreactor is designed using a mini-computer called Raspberry Pi, which is programmed to apply compressive deformation at various strains and frequencies, as well as to measure the force applied to the tissue constructs. Besides this, we have developed a mobile application connected to the bioreactor software to monitor, command, and control experiments via mobile devices. (3) Results: Cell viability results indicate that the newly designed compression bioreactor supports cell cultivation in a sterile environment without any contamination. The developed bioreactor software plots the experimental data of dynamic mechanical loading in a long-term manner, as well as stores them for further data processing. Following in vitro uniaxial compression conditioning of 3D in vitro cartilage models, chondrocyte cell migration was altered positively compared to static cultures. (4) Conclusion: The developed compression bioreactor can support the in vitro tissue model cultivation and monitor the experimental information with a low-cost controlling system and via mobile application. The highly customizable mold inside the cultivation chamber is a significant approach to solve the limited customization capability of the traditional bioreactors. Most importantly, the compression bioreactor prevents operator- and system-dependent variability between experiments by enabling a dynamic culture in a large volume for multiple numbers of in vitro tissue constructs.

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Starodumov, Ilya, Irina Nizovtseva, Sergey Lezhnin, Sergey Vikharev, Vladislav Svitich, Pavel Mikushin, Dmitri Alexandrov, Nikolay Kuznetsov, and Dmitri Chernushkin. "Measurement of Mass Transfer Intensity in Gas–Liquid Medium of Bioreactor Circuit Using the Thermometry Method." Fluids 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7120366.

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The development of energy-efficient solutions for large-scale fermenters demands a deep and comprehensive understanding of hydrodynamic and heat and mass transfer processes. Despite a wide variety of research dedicated to measurements of mass transfer intensity in bubble flows, this research subject faces new challenges due to the topical development of new innovative bioreactor designs. In order to understand the fluid dynamics of the gas–liquid medium, researchers need to develop verified CFD models describing flows in the bioreactor loop using a progressive physical and mathematical apparatus. In the current paper, we represent the results of evaluating the key performance indicator of the bioreactor, namely the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) known as a parameter of dominant importance for the design, operation, scale-up, and optimization of bioreactors, using the developed thermometry method. The thermometry method under consideration was examined within a series of experiments, and a comparative analysis was provided for a number of various regimes also being matched with the classical approaches. The methodology, experiment results, and data verification are given, which allow the evaluation of the effectiveness and prediction of the fluid flows dynamics in bioreactors circuits and ultimately the operational capabilities of the fermenter line.

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Voitov, Evgeniy, Yuri Skolubovich, Victor Kravchenko, and Tamara Khalturina. "Tertiary wastewater treatment using bioreactors-clarifiers." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501055.

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The use of technical oxygen instead of air in biological treatment plants can increase their oxidizing ability. Bioreactor-clarifier is a new technical device for tertiary wastewater treatment with the use of oxygen. The design, operation principle and research results of the bioreactor-clarifier for tertiary treatment of urban wastewater are given The use of bioreactors-clarifiers for tertiary treatment of urban wastewater using dissolved technical oxygen allows intensifying the process of biochemical oxidation of organic substances in a contact weighed load and increasing the efficiency of wastewater treatment by BOD and other components.

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Wang, Da Shuai, Yu Tao Men, Li Lan Gao, Xin Dong, Jun Lu, and Chun Qiu Zhang. "A New Multifunctional Bioreactor Based on Linear Motor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 391 (September 2013): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.391.242.

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A bioreactor has provided a new way for the biomedical tissue engineering, and it is a device system that simulates the metabolism and movement of organisms to obtain target product in vitro. By reference and study of the bioreactors, based on the linear motor of high-precision and high-frequency characteristics, we have designed a bioreactor with varieties of biomechanical functions by using CAD design software, that is especially used in the tissue engineering for mechanical stimulation. The bioreactor can not only load on the cultures under rolling, sliding or their combination as well as tension and compression, but also on the cultures under high-frequency and dual-frequency forces. It will provide a more effective research platform for tissue culture and regeneration.

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Narayanan, C. M., and Aditi Pandey. "Studies on Biodiesel Synthesis Using Nanosilica Immobilised Lipase in Inverse Fluidized Bed Bioreactors." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 15, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 6072–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v15i1.7108.

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Biodiesel synthesis from neem oil and methyl acetate using lipase catalyst immobilised in nanosilica particles in a continuous inverse fluidised bed bioreactor of modified design has been analysed. The process has been simulated mathematically by developing a multiparameter software package and subsequently verified through pilot plant tests(experiments).The improved performance characteristics of the bioreactor of proposed design have been highlighted. Graphical data have been presented to illustrate the dependence of reactor performance on system/operating parameters such as substrate flow rate, catalyst loading and molar ratio of oil to acetate in the blend(substrate solution).The downflow mode of operation is an added advantage of these bioreactors which tends to reduce their operating cost. Due to the use of nanoparticles, the effectiveness factor is close to unity and consequently, the global rate of transesterification is more or less equal to the intrinsic rate. This enhances the performance efficiency of the bioreactor.

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Castro, Nelson, Margarida M. Fernandes, Clarisse Ribeiro, Vítor Correia, Rikardo Minguez, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez. "Magnetic Bioreactor for Magneto-, Mechano- and Electroactive Tissue Engineering Strategies." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123340.

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Biomimetic bioreactor systems are increasingly being developed for tissue engineering applications, due to their ability to recreate the native cell/tissue microenvironment. Regarding bone-related diseases and considering the piezoelectric nature of bone, piezoelectric scaffolds electromechanically stimulated by a bioreactor, providing the stimuli to the cells, allows a biomimetic approach and thus, mimicking the required microenvironment for effective growth and differentiation of bone cells. In this work, a bioreactor has been designed and built allowing to magnetically stimulate magnetoelectric scaffolds and therefore provide mechanical and electrical stimuli to the cells through magnetomechanical or magnetoelectrical effects, depending on the piezoelectric nature of the scaffold. While mechanical bioreactors need direct application of the stimuli on the scaffolds, the herein proposed magnetic bioreactors allow for a remote stimulation without direct contact with the material. Thus, the stimuli application (23 mT at a frequency of 0.3 Hz) to cells seeded on the magnetoelectric, leads to an increase in cell viability of almost 30% with respect to cell culture under static conditions. This could be valuable to mimic what occurs in the human body and for application in immobilized patients. Thus, special emphasis has been placed on the control, design and modeling parameters governing the bioreactor as well as its functional mechanism.

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Vanags, J., and A. Suleiko. "Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient Application in Characterisation of Bioreactors and Fermentation Processes." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0038.

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Abstract This review article covers the topics of evaluation and experimental determination of oxygen mass transfer coefficients (kLa) for their application in characterising bioreactors and fermentations processes. The article provides a comparison of different experimental approaches for determining kLa in bioreactors. Additionally, the influence of bioreactor design and fermentation parameters on kLa is discussed. The aim of the article is to provide useful information regarding the approaches for selecting bioreactors and their working regimes to achieve optimal fermentation results.

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Ambrosino, G., S. Varotto, S. Basso, D. Galavotti, A. Cecchetto, P. Carraro, A. Naso, et al. "ALEX® (Artificial Liver for Extracorporeal Xenoassistance): A New Bioreactor Containing a Porcine Autologous Biomatrix as Hepatocyte Support. Preliminary Results in an ex Vivo Experimental Model." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 10 (October 2002): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202501010.

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Long-term maintenance of viability and expression of differentiated hepatocyte function is crucial for bioartificial liver support. We developed a new bioreactor design (ALEX®), associated with a new extracellular autologous hepatocyte biomatrix (Porcine Autologous Biomatrix - PBM) support. To test this new bioreactor, we compared it to a standard BAL (Bio-Artificial Liver) cartridge in a ex vivo model using human plasma added to bilirubin, ammonium and lidocaine. A pathology study was performed on both bioreactors. The results suggest that ALEX® allows a maximal contact between the perfusing plasma and the liver cells and a proper hepatocyte support by a cell-to-matrix attachment. ALEX® is a suitable cell support bioreactor, guaranteeing long-term maintenance of the metabolic activity of hepatocytes when compared to a standard BAL cartridge.

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Pörtner, Ralf, Stephanie Nagel-Heyer, Christiane Goepfert, Peter Adamietz, and Norbert M. Meenen. "Bioreactor design for tissue engineering." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 100, no. 3 (September 2005): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.100.235.

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Campbell, Emily P., David R. Kasler, and Ahmed E. Yousef. "Maximizing Recovery of Paenibacillin, a Bacterially Produced Lantibiotic, Using Continuous Foam Separation from Bioreactors." Foods 11, no. 15 (July 31, 2022): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152290.

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Industrial production of paenibacillin, and similar rare antimicrobial peptides, is hampered by low productivity of the producing microorganisms and lack of efficient methods to recover these peptides from fermentor or bioreactor end products. Preliminary data showed that paenibacillin was preferentially partitioned in foam accumulated during growth of the producer, Paenibacillus polymyxa, in aerated liquid media. This research was initiated to improve the production and recovery of paenibacillin in bioreactors by maximizing partitioning of this antimicrobial agent in the collected foam. This was completed through harvesting foam continuously during paenibacillin production, using modified bioreactor, and optimizing bioreaction conditions through response surface methodology (RSM). During initial screening, the following factors were tested using 400 mL inoculated media in 2 L bioreactors: medium (tryptic soy broth, TSB, with or without added yeast extract), airflow (0 or 0.8 L/min; LPM), stir speed (300 or 500 revolution/min; RPM), incubation temperature (30 or 36 °C), and incubation time (16 or 24 h). Results showed that airflow, time, and stir speed had significant effects (p < 0.05) on paenibacillin recovery in the collected collapsed foam (foamate). These factors were varied together to follow the path of steepest assent to maximize paenibacillin concentration. Once the local maximum was found, RSM was completed with a central composite design to fine-tune the bioreaction parameters. The optimization experiments proved that the significant parameters and their optimal conditions for paenibacillin concentration in the foam were: incubation at 30 °C for 23 h with airflow of 0.95 LPM, and agitation speed of 450 RPM. These conditions increased paenibacillin concentration, predicted by RSM, from 16 µg/mL in bioreaction without foam collection to 743 µg/mL collected in foamate. The optimized conditions also almost doubled the yield of paenibacillin measured in the foam collected from a bioreaction run (12,674 µg/400 mL bioreaction) when compared to that obtained from a run without foam collection (6400 µg/400 mL bioreaction). Results of this study could improve the feasibility of commercial production and downstream processing of paenibacillin and similar novel antimicrobial peptides. Availability of such peptides will eventually help in protecting perishable products against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.

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López-Pérez, P. A., M. I. Neria-González, and R. Aguilar-López. "Improvement of Activated Sludge Process Using a Nonlinear PI Controller Design via Adaptive Gain." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0129.

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AbstractThe goal of this work was to design an adaptive nonlinear proportional–integral (PI) controller to regulate the dynamics of an aerobic wastewater bioreactor, providing a mathematical sketch of proof of the convergence of the control scheme. Adequate operating regions were determined and the corresponding steady-state points were studied via phase portrait and bifurcation analysis. The proposed controller was applied to a wastewater treatment plant to regulate dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and, indirectly, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the bioreactor; the recirculation flow rate was considered as the manipulated variable. The implementation was based on the mathematical bioreactor’s model, which was experimentally verified; it describes COD dynamics, DO, biomass, recirculation biomass concentrations, and temperature. The obtained results, via numerical simulations, showed that the proposed control law is able to control DO concentration; this control exhibited better performance in comparison to a linear one.

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Kordas, Marian, Maciej Konopacki, Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz, Adrian Augustyniak, Daniel Musik, Krzysztof Wójcik, Magdalena Jędrzejczak-Silicka, and Rafał Rakoczy. "Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Analysis in BioFlow® Bioreactor Systems." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101311.

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Biotechnological processes involving the presence of microorganisms are realized by using various types of stirred tanks or laboratory-scale dual-impeller commercial bioreactor. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer rate are crucial parameters describing the functionality and efficiency of bioreactors. Both parameters strictly depend on mixing applied during bioprocesses conducted in bioreactors. Establishing optimum hydrodynamics conditions for the realized process with microorganisms maximizes the yield of desired products. Therefore, our main objective was to analyze and define the main operational hydrodynamic parameters (including flow field, power consumption, mixing time, and mixing energy) and mass transfer process (in this case, gas–liquid transfer) of two different commercial bioreactors (BioFlo® 115 and BioFlo® 415). The obtained results are allowed using mathematical relationships to describe the analyzed processes that can be used to predict the mixing process and mass transfer ratio in BioFlo® bioreactors. The proposed correlations may be applied for the design of a scaled-up or scaled-down bioreactors.

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Nečiporenko, Anatolij, Feliksas Ivanauskas, Jurgita Dabulytė-Bagdonavičienė, Arvydas Povilaitis, and Valdas Laurinavičius. "NITRATE REMOVAL IN WOODCHIP DENITRIFICATION BIOREACTOR – AN APPROACH COMBINING MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PI CONTROL." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 30, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.15295.

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A mathematical model of nitrate removal in woodchip denitrification bioreactor based on field experiment measurements was developed in this study. The approach of solving inverse problem for nonlinear system of differential convection-reaction equations was applied to optimize the efficiency of nitrate removal depending on bioreactor’s length and flow rate. The approach was realized through the developed algorithm containing a nonlocal condition with an incorporated PI controller. This allowed to adjust flow rate for varying inflow nitrate concentrations by using PI controller. The proposed model can serve as a useful tool for bioreactor design. The main outcome of the model is a mathematical relationship intended for bioreactor length selection when nitrate concentration at the inlet and the flow rate are known. Custom software was developed to solve the system of differential equations aiming to ensure the required nitrate removal efficiency.

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Salazar-Rojas, Teresa, and María Porras-Acosta. "Bioreactor design from an Obsolete Autoclave." Revista Tecnología en Marcha 27 (June 1, 2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/tm.v27i0.2009.

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<p class="p1">Una de las metodologías existentes para el tratamiento de residuos sólidos es la descomposición bacteriana en un ambiente controlado, bajo condiciones especiales y anaerobias, en un equipo conocido como biorreactor. El equipo presenta un costo importante de inversión cuando su uso requiera experimentación continua y con materias varias. </p><p class="p1">Este artículo detalla el proceso de construcción de un prototipo de biorreactor piloto, con todas las características necesarias para su funcionalidad, partiendo de una autoclave obsoleta. Con el fin de dar ejemplo de cómo se puede extender la vida útil de un material de desecho y, además, minimizar costos al obtener un equipo 100% funcional. </p>

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Wang, Tao, Bruce S. Gardiner, Zhen Lin, Jonas Rubenson, Thomas B. Kirk, Allan Wang, Jiake Xu, David W. Smith, David G. Lloyd, and Ming H. Zheng. "Bioreactor Design for Tendon/Ligament Engineering." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 19, no. 2 (April 2013): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0295.

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Klasson, K. T., M. D. Ackerson, E. C. Clausen, and J. L. Gaddy. "Bioreactor design for synthesis gas fermentations." Fuel 70, no. 5 (May 1991): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(91)90174-9.

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Uyar, Basar. "Bioreactor design for photofermentative hydrogen production." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 39, no. 9 (May 3, 2016): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-016-1614-9.

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Zhelykh, Vasyl, Yurij Furdas, Stepan Shapoval, Olena Savchenko, and Volodymyr Shepitchak. "ENERGY SAVING OF MODULAR BUILDINGS WITH THE HELP OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES." Theory and Building Practice 2021, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2021.02.082.

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Ukraine has significant land resources for agriculture and is able to provide its population not only with food but also with raw materials for bioenergy. The article presents a graph of heat capacities and the distribution of heat flows in a bioreactor. The dependences for determining the heat fluxes of flat and cylindrical surfaces are presented. The article outlines the present state of utilization of fallen leaves of trees. The method of utilization by anaerobic fermentation is proposed. The design of bioreactors and the main factors influencing the methane formation process are considered. The methodology for calculating the biogas production process is presented. The productivity of the bioreactor has been determined, depending on the temperature of the raw material and the time of hydraulic resistance

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Böhme, Andrea, Felix Schütze, Sabine Sauer, and Andreas H. Foitzik. "Fabrication and Validation by Micromilling for Bioreactor Prototyping." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2448.

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Bioreactor systems for cultivating cells in Life Sciences have been widely used for decades. Recently, there is a trend towards miniaturization, disposables and even micro platforms that fulfill increasing demands strongly aiming for production and testing of novel pharmaceutical products. Miniaturized bioreactors allow low power consumption, portability and reduced space requirements and utilize smaller volumes of reagents and samples [1,2]. A recursive strategy is necessary for optimizing the design and the manufacture of such miniaturized bioreactors. For the fabrication of these prototypes utilized micro-milling. Micro milling is a mechanical process which is commonly applied to create micro-structures in metals, e.g. aluminum and steel, or polymers, e.g. poly carbonate substrates. The structures and geometries are generated by utilizing computer aided design. By means of computer-aided manufacturing, the machining operations are implemented and then transferred to the machine tool. The machine tool moves the cutting tools with certain speeds, feeds and traverse ranges to the substrate. Micro milling has the advantage that the materials are generally not degraded by chemical substances, heating procedures or electromagnetic radiation.

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Ashok, Anup, Kruthi Doriya, Devulapally Ram Mohan Rao, and Devarai Santhosh Kumar. "Design of solid state bioreactor for industrial applications: An overview to conventional bioreactors." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 9 (January 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2016.10.014.

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Feitkenhauer, H., R. Maleski, and H. Märkl. "Airlift-reactor design and test for aerobic environmental bioprocesses with extremely high solid contents at high temperatures." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0454.

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Bioprocesses at high temperatures gained considerably in importance within the last years and several new applications for aerobic, extreme thermophilic environmental bioprocesses are emerging. However, this development is not yet matched by adequate bioreactor designs, especially if it comes to the treatment of solids. In this communication we propose the use of airlift reactors to bridge this gap. The design of an internal draught tube bioreactor (AreaRiser/AreaDowncomer. 1; Height/Diameter . 8) is described in detail. The influence of the temperature on gas hold-up, liquid velocity and mixing characteristics was investigated. It was shown that this reactor could hold up to 1 t quartz sand per m3 in suspension at moderate aeration rates. Despite the decreasing oxygen solubility, the oxygen transfer rate increased with rising temperature due to the improved mass transfer parameters. With rising solid content, the oxygen transfer rate increased and reached a maximum at a solid content of about 140 kg m-3 before it decreased again. However, it is only slightly reduced at the highest solid contents. The results demonstrate that aerobic bioprocesses at high temperatures are not only feasible, but can be very efficient if carried out in proper bioreactors.

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Salehi-Nik, Nasim, Ghassem Amoabediny, Behdad Pouran, Hadi Tabesh, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Nooshin Haghighipour, Nahid Khatibi, Fatemeh Anisi, Khosrow Mottaghy, and Behrouz Zandieh-Doulabi. "Engineering Parameters in Bioreactor’s Design: A Critical Aspect in Tissue Engineering." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/762132.

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Bioreactors are important inevitable part of any tissue engineering (TE) strategy as they aid the construction of three-dimensional functional tissues. Since the ultimate aim of a bioreactor is to create a biological product, the engineering parameters, for example, internal and external mass transfer, fluid velocity, shear stress, electrical current distribution, and so forth, are worth to be thoroughly investigated. The effects of such engineering parameters on biological cultures have been addressed in only a few preceding studies. Furthermore, it would be highly inefficient to determine the optimal engineering parameters by trial and error method. A solution is provided by emerging modeling and computational tools and by analyzing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrient and metabolism waste material transports, which can simulate and predict the experimental results. Discovering the optimal engineering parameters is crucial not only to reduce the cost and time of experiments, but also to enhance efficacy and functionality of the tissue construct. This review intends to provide an inclusive package of the engineering parameters together with their calculation procedure in addition to the modeling techniques in TE bioreactors.

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Zaburko, J., G. Łagód, M. K. Widomski, J. Szulżyk-Cieplak, B. Szeląg, and R. Babko. "Modeling and optimizations of mixing and aeration processes in bioreactors with activated sludge." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2130, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2130/1/012027.

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Abstract Mixing aimed at homogenization of the volume of bioreactors with the activated sludge is of great importance for the proper course of the wastewater treatment process. It affects both the efficiency of pollutants removal and the properties of the activated sludge related to its sedimentation. The mixing process in bioreactors can be carried out in different ways. In batch bioreactors in the aeration phase or flow bioreactors in aerobic chambers, mixing is carried out through aeration systems. These systems should aerate the activated sludge flocs for efficient biological treating of wastewater, as well as effectively homogenize the volume of the bioreactor. Hence, it is important to choose such a design of the aeration system and its operation settings that provide the amount of air ensuring the exact amount of oxygen for the implementation of technological processes, counteract sedimentation of sludge at the bottom of the reactor, are reliable as well as economical in operation (demand of electric energy). The paper presents the model studies aimed at optimization of the design and settings of aeration and mixing systems used in active sludge bioreactors.

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Bähr, Cornelia, Elisabeth Stammen, Sarah Zahlten, Stefan Böhm, Klaus Dilger, and Jochen Büchs. "Refining bioreactor design using autoclavable glass bonding." Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 02, no. 04 (2011): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/abb.2011.24034.

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Macdonald, Gareth John. "Bioreactor Design Adapts to Biopharma's Changing Needs." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 39, no. 7 (July 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.39.07.11.

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Hvoslef-Eide, Anne Kathrine, Odd Arild S. Olsen, Ragnhild Lyngved, Cristel Munster, and Petter H. Heyerdahl. "Bioreactor design for propagation of somatic embryos." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 81, no. 3 (June 2005): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-6647-0.

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Show, Kuan-Yeow, Duu-Jong Lee, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Bioreactor and process design for biohydrogen production." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 18 (September 2011): 8524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.055.

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Leonard, Elissa K., Vincent H. Pai, Philip Amberg, Jens Gardner, and Elizabeth J. Orwin. "Design and validation of a corneal bioreactor." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 109, no. 12 (July 18, 2012): 3189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.24587.

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Ritonja, Jožef, Andreja Goršek, and Darja Pečar. "Use of a Heating System to Control the Probiotic Beverage Production in Batch Bioreactor." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010084.

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Fermentation is a crucial bioengineering process, existentially important for modern society. The most commonly used production unit for this process is the batch bioreactor. Its main advantage is unsophisticated construction, which unfortunately results in its incapability of controlling the transient state of the fermentation process. Control of the fermentation can significantly improve the quality of the product and the economy of the process; therefore, it is useful for bioreactors to be equipped with a control system. Based on the experimental results, we used an optimization method to identify a mathematical model that describes the impact of the bioreactor’s temperature on the fermentation’s transient process. The obtained model was applied for the design and synthesis of the closed-loop control system. Simulations and experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed control system. In this way, we can ensure the consistent quality of the produced probiotic product, increase the amount of the product, and shorten the fermentation time. The original results display the feasibility of the closed-loop control of the batch bioreactor’s fermentation process by changing the temperature. So far, the process has been carried without a closed-loop control system. The problem is current and has not yet been solved sufficiently. There are many attempts published; one of the last shows the possibility of controlling the fermentation process by changing the oxygen supply, which is more complex and expensive for realization than the solution from our study.

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Fu, Liwei, Pinxue Li, Hao Li, Cangjian Gao, Zhen Yang, Tianyuan Zhao, Wei Chen, et al. "The Application of Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives." Stem Cells International 2021 (January 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621806.

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Tissue engineering (TE) has brought new hope for articular cartilage regeneration, as TE can provide structural and functional substitutes for native tissues. The basic elements of TE involve scaffolds, seeded cells, and biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. However, there are some limitations of TE; what most important is that static cell culture on scaffolds cannot simulate the physiological environment required for the development of natural cartilage. Recently, bioreactors have been used to simulate the physical and mechanical environment during the development of articular cartilage. This review aims to provide an overview of the concepts, categories, and applications of bioreactors for cartilage TE with emphasis on the design of various bioreactor systems.

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Johnson, Bruce R., and Glen T. Daigger. "Integrated nutrient removal design for very low phosphorus levels." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 9 (November 1, 2009): 2455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.618.

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The State of Washington has found that the Spokane River is DO impaired, and is requiring dischargers to reduce phosphorus inputs to the river. Spokane County elected to build a new water recovery facility with a target effluent total phosphorus level of 50 μg/L on a seasonal average basis. Spokane County elected to use a private company to design/build and operate their facility. The very low nutrient requirements, and lack of historical operating information, necessitated an integrated approach to the nutrient removal design while considering the risks and benefits of the various treatment options. The process selection evaluated membrane bioreactors and tertiary membranes for the primary liquids process in combination with chemical and/or biological phosphorus removal. The final process selection included chemically enhanced primary treatment, membrane bioreactor with metal salts, and dewatering liquor treatment with an innovative post aerobic digestion step.

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von Ahnen, Mathis, Per Bovbjerg Pedersen, and Johanne Dalsgaard. "Nitrate removal from aquaculture effluents using woodchip bioreactors improved by adding sulfur granules and crushed seashells." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 9 (April 3, 2018): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.148.

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Abstract This study examined the effects on nitrate removal when adding sulfur granules and crushed seashells to a woodchip bioreactor treating aquaculture effluents. Using a central composite design, the two components were added at three levels (0.000, 0.125 and 0.250 m3/m3 bioreactor volume) to 13 laboratory-scale woodchip bioreactors, and a response surface method was applied to find and model the optimal mixture ratios with respect to reactor performance. Adding 0.125 m3/m3 sulfur granules improved the total N removal rate from 3.27 ± 0.38 to 8.12 ± 0.49 g N/m3/d compared to pure woodchips. Furthermore, the inclusion of crushed seashells together with sulfur granules helped to maintain the pH above 7.4 and prevent a production (i.e., release) of nitrite. According to the modeled response surfaces, a sulfur granule:crushed seashell:woodchip mixture ratio containing about 0.2 m3 sulfur granules and 0.1 m3 crushed seashells per m3 reactor volume would give the best results with respect to high N removal and minimal nitrite release. In conclusion, the study showed that N removal in woodchip bioreactors may be improved by adding sulfur granules and seashells, contributing to the optimization of woodchip performance in treating aquaculture effluents.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bioreactor design'

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