Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biorhythmus'

Differences in Drosophila courtship song components are considered to play an important role in species sexual isolation, because of the observed lack of variation within individuals of a species, and the relatively large differences between closely related species. When a male courts a female, a song is produced, usually consisting of a hum song and trains of pulses. Song recordings from the 8 members of the D. melanogaster subgroup, as well as from several types of interspecific hybrid crosses reveal that the Interpulse Intervals (IPIs) oscillate rhythmically about their mean, in a species-specific fashion, as courtship progresses. Various other song components, such as Intrapulse Frequency (IPF), Sine Song Frequency (SSF), Cycles per Pulses (CPP), Mean Burst Duration (MBD), and Mean Interburst Interval (MIBI) which are also thought to contribute to the maintenance of species-specific differences, thus sustaining species barriers were also studied in different species. Hybridisation between species gave evidence for possible X-linked factors in song rhythms, but generally, autosomal factors appear to be involved in controlling the other song characters. Another behavioural trait that may contribute to the species isolation of the members of the melanogaster subgroup are the circadian locomotor activity patterns. Locomotor activity profiles in constant darkness conditions revealed species-specific differences between the species in the period of their circadian oscillator, while locomotor activity profiles in light/dark cycles demonstrated phenotypic differences between the various species of the melanogaster subgroup. Hybridisations were used to assess the relative contribution of maternal and paternal factors. The overall species pattern of activity appeared to be determined by the sex-chromosomes, whereas other characteristics were primarily autosomally controlled. The implication of these findings on song and circadian behavioural cycles with respect to the current molecular analysis of circadian clock genes is discussed.

Background. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic syndrome, characterized by lasting and diffuse chronic musculoskeletal pain. It is defined as a “central sensitization syndrome”, characterized by an increased sensitivity in the central nervous system to several stimuli. Some psychological factors worse or facilitate the adaptation and pain management in FM. In order to provide a rationale to implement further psychological and psycho-educational interventions to reduce FM impact, improving pain severity and quality of life (QOL), the aims of the present study was: 1) to verify the role of high alexithymia and low sense of coherence (SOC) as determinants (risk factors) for a severe FM impact, severe pain (current and in the last week), severe pain impact and poor QOL; 2) to evaluate the associations between the dysregulation of biological and social rhythms (eating, sleeping, daily life and social activities), FM impact, pain severity (current and in the last week), pain impact and QOL. Methods: Correlational, case-control study. 50 women with FM were assessed with FIQ (FM impact), FIQ “pain” item (pain severity in the last week), (VAS (current pain severity), TAS-20 (alexithymia), SOC (sense of coherence), SF-12 (QOL), SF-12 “pain” item (pain impact), BRIAN (biological rhythms). Results: FM impact, related pain and QOL were negatively correlated with SOC (p<0.01), positively with alexithymia (p<0.05) and dysregulation of biorhythms (p<0.01). Furthermore, subject with high alexithymia and low sense of coherence (risk factors) were more likely to have severe FM impact, severe pain in the last week and poor QOL (p<0.05) after controlling for potential confounders such as age, marital status, education level, occupation. Conclusions: psychological factors, such as alexithymia and sense of coherence, as well as behavioral factors, such as those implied in the regulation of biological and social rhythm,s play a significant role in FM impact, pain perception and QOL. Further studies are needed to point out the efficacy of psychological interventions on pain management and QOL of people with FM.

Дисертація присвячена розв'язанню актуальній проблеми сучасної патологічної фізіології – особливостям синтезу епіфізарного та екстрапінеального мелатоніну та обґрунтуванню його ролі в гормональних та імунних механізмах виразкової хвороби шлунка у щурів різної статі та віку. Встановлено циркануальний ритм секреції мелатоніну в щурів обох статей різного віку та циркануальний ритм секреції тестостерону в щурів-самців усіх вікових групах. Визначено, що на тлі світлового десинхронозу, виразкового ураження шлунка та поєднанні десинхронозу та виразкового ураження шлунка, відбувається достовірне зниження вмісту мелатоніну в сироватці крові щурів обох статей усіх вікових груп, а особливо у щурів-самців віком 9 міс. Під впливом різних патологічних станів рівень тестостерону в крові навпаки підвищується у щурів усіх вікових груп різної статі при максимальному рівні тестостерону в щурів-самців віком 9 та 15 міс щодо інтактного контролю. Найсильніший негативний зворотній кореляційний зв’язок між рівнями мелатоніну і тестостерону виявлено у 9- та 15-місячних самців в осінній період та при всіх патологічних станах. Визначено, що мелатонін-продукуючи клітини шлунка морфологічно представлені трьома типами клітин та переважно знаходяться у фундальному відділі органа. Незалежно від статі їхня кількість восени менша, ніж узимку, при цьому у самців їх значно менше, ніж у самок в обидва сезони. Десинхроноз, виразкове ураження шлунка та їх поєднання призводить до статистично достовірного зменшення загальної кількості мелатонін-продукуючих клітин як у самців, так і у самок. Найбільше зниження цього показника виявили у групах самців 9- та 15-місячного віку. Проведено дослідження показників імунної системі та окислювального гемостазу при пошкодженні різних джерел синтезу мелатоніну та обґрунтована схема лікування виразкової хвороби з додаванням до стандартної терапії екзогенного мелатоніну.
Диссертация посвящена решению актуальной проблемы современной патологической физиологии – особенностям синтеза эпифизарного и экстрапинеального мелатонина и обоснованию его роли в гормональных и иммунных механизмах язвенной болезни желудка у крыс разного пола и возраста. Установлен цирканнуальний ритм секреции мелатонина у крыс разного пола и возраста и цирканнуальний ритм секреции тестостерона у крыс-самцов во всех возрастных группах. Определено, что на фоне светового десинхроноза, язвенного поражения желудка и сочетании десинхроноза и язвенного поражения желудка, происходит достоверное снижение мелатонина в сыворотке крови крыс обоего пола всех возрастов, а особенно, у крыс-самцов в возрасте 9 мес. Под влиянием различных патологических состояний уровень тестостерона в крови наоборот повышается у крыс всех возрастных групп разного пола при максимальном уровне тестостерона у крыс-самцов в возрасте 9 и 15 мес по отношению к интактному контролю. Очень сильная обратная корреляционная связь между уровнями мелатонина и тестостерона определена у 9- и 15-месячных самцов в осенний период и при всех патологических состояниях. Установлено, что мелатонин-продуцирующие клетки желудка морфологично представлены тремя типами клеток и преимущественно находятся в фундальном отделе органа. Независимо от пола их количество осенью меньше, чем зимой, при этом у самцов значительно меньше, чем у самок в оба сезона. Десинхроноз, язвенное поражение желудка и их сочетание приводят к статистически достоверному уменьшению общего количества мелатонин-продуцирующих клеток как у самцов, так и у самок. Наибольшее снижение этого показателя определено в группах самцов 9- и 15-месячного возраста. Проведено исследование показателей иммунной системы и окислительного гемостаза при повреждении различных источников синтеза мелатонина и обоснована схема лечения язвенной болезни с добавлением к стандартной терапии экзогенного мелатонина.
The thesis is devoted to the solution of the actual problem of modern pathological physiology – the peculiarities of the synthesis of epiphyseal and ekstrapineal melatonin and substantiation of its role in the hormonal and immune mechanisms of gastric ulcer in rats of different sex and age. By the results of the study the circannual rhythms of secretion of melatonin in rats of both sexes and all ages with the lowest levels of melatonin in the blood in autumn and spring and the highest content in summer and winter were determined. In all age groups studied the highest level of melatonin in the blood of both males and females in all seasons was determined at age of 3 months, the lowest level was in rats at the age of 20 months. At the same time, the decrease in the content of melatonin was observed in the male active reproductive age of 9 months – 127.28±5.11 pmol/L. It was found that on the background of light desynchronosis there was a significant reduction of the melatonin content in the blood serum in rats of both sexes and all ages. The maximum decrease of melatonin in desynchronosis was found in male rats aged 9 months – by 31 % (p≤0.05), as well as in rats of both sexes aged 20 months – by 23 % in males and 24 % in females (p≤0.05) compared to the intact control. In ulcerative lesions the melatonin levels in the blood serum of all age groups decreased in male rats by 22–43 %, and in female rats by 21–23 % compared to the control (p≤0.05). The greatest reduction of the melatonin level was revealed in male rats aged 9 and 20 months – by 39 % and 43 %, respectively (p≤0.05). The combination of ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane of the stomach with desynchronosis led to the reduction of the melatonin content in the blood serum in rats of all age groups rats compared to the intact animals, animals with desynchronosis and animals with ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa, especially in male rats aged 9 and 15 months. The circannual rhythm of secretion of testosterone in male rats was high in autumn and low in winter in all age groups. In male rats the highest testosterone level was determined in animals aged 9 and 15 months in autumn (7.57±0.53 nmol/l and 6.77±0.48 nmol/l) corresponding to the period of physiological desynchronosis. In light desynchronosis and ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa there was a significant increase in the testosterone content in rats of all age groups and sexes at the maximum level of testosterone in male rats aged 9 and 15 months (desynchronosis – 4.81±0.37 nmol/l and 5.09±0.33 nmol/l; ulcerative lesions 5.95±0.76 nmol/l and 5.81±0.40 nmol/l, respectively) (p≤0.05) compared to the intact control. The study of extrapineal source of the melatonin synthesis – melatonin-producing cells of the gastric mucosa – was conducted in rats of different sex and age. It was found that melatonin-positive-labeled cells were located in the basal and middle sections of tubular glands of the gastric mucosa, they were presented by three types of cells and were mainly in the fundic part rather than in the pyloric one. In desynchronosis, ulcerative lesions of the stomach and their simultaneous effects there was a significant reduction in the total amount of melatonin-positive-labeled cells in different parts of the gastric mucosa in rats of different sex and age, the greatest reduction of these cells was observed in the groups of males aged 9 and 15 months. It was found that desynchronosis was a significant factor in the oxidative homeostasis disorder in rats of different age and sex as a result of oxidative stress, especially in male rats aged 9 months. In desynchronosis the levels of TBA-reagents (by 1.3 times) increased reducing the activity of SOD and catalase in the blood (by 1.6 times). Desynchronosis led to changes in the immunological reactivity of the organism, and it was confirmed by the decrease of the percentage of T-lymphocytes in the blood due to T-suppressors (by 1.3 times), and the increase of the level of B-lymphocytes (by 1.2 times). It may indicate intensification of the humoral immune response to antigens of different nature. In ulcerative lesions of the stomach the indicators characterizing subpopulations of blood lymphocytes had the opposite direction: in the total decrease of T-lymphocytes there was an increase of T-suppressors (by 1.2 times) with a decrease in T-helpers (by 1.9 times) and B-lymphocytes (by 2 times), indicating a disorder of both cellular and humoral immunity in the experimental animals. Based on the results of the studies the scheme has been proposed for the relationship between melatonin and testosterone, which explains the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease in men aged 29-40 years, and the scheme for treating peptic ulcer with addition of exogenous melatonin to the standard therapy has been substantiated.

This dissertation focuses on monitoring a one year body weight change among adolescent males (15 20 years old) depending on their chronological type. Probands filled in a questionnaire and were divided in two groups ("early birds" and "night owls). Night owls get up later and are more active in the afternoon and in the evening. By contrast, early birds get up earlier and their activity during the afternoon and evening is gradually fading. Theoretical part clarifies key words of study. Practical part explains methods, procedures and aims but mainly results and practical recommendations of the whole dissertation.

碩士
國立陽明大學
生理學研究所
98
Metabolic syndrome refers to a cluster of metabolic disorders that include abdominal obesity, increased fasting plasma levels of glucose and triglycerides (TG), decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as elevated blood pressure. The concentrations of blood glucose, lipid, and circulation hormones display daily fluctuation. Clinical studies have found that plasma glucose and insulin requirements were stable throughout the night but abruptly increased between 5 to 9 AM in diabetic subjects, which represent an exaggeration of a normal diurnal rhythm in glucose homeostasis. The aims of this study were to demonstrate and depict the time sequence of metabolic profile changes in rats during the progression of insulin resistance, and to observe whether the biorhythm of the metabolic parameters were affected by dietary intervention. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either standard chow (control group) or high-fructose diet (fructose group). During the 15 weeks of study period, blood pressure was monitored once or twice a week, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in those odd weeks. Meanwhile, fasting blood samples were collected every week at 2 and 10 hours after zeitgeber time (ZT), designated as ZT 2 and ZT 10, respectively. Our results have shown that abnormal metabolic profiles induced by fructose diet feeding were present in a chronological order as following: hyperleptinemia/ hypertriglycemia, hyperinsulinemia/ elevated area under the curve (AUC) for insulin in the OGTT, hypertension, and elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA). Results on multiple regression analysis suggested that plasma TG levels played an important role in the early stage of this insulin resistance model. For the biorhythm study, we found that plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin were all significantly higher at ZT 10 than at ZT 2 in both groups; however, plasma FFA shown an opposite pattern. Plasma TG levels were not significantly different between ZT 2 and ZT 10 in both groups, yet it slightly raised at ZT 10 in fructose group suggesting extension of fructose-diet feeding might lead to changes on biorhythm of TG. Through time sequence and biorhythm observation on these metabolic factors allow us to further understand the causal relationship and pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.

This diploma thesis deals with changes in body weight during the year depending on circadian typology of adolescent girls. The theoretical part focuses on the specification of the development period of adolescence, body weight, biorhythms and sleep. The research is particularly concerned with oscillation of body weight during the adolescent girls period of one calendar year depending on the influence of different seasons. A partial survey of the research subject is the relationship between BMI and individual chronotype. Specifically, it was examined whether chronotype Lark lower average BMI during the period of one calendar year than the owl chronotype. The research section provides further knowledge on the composition and eating chronotype, and in terms of rationality and regularity of catering. One of the subjects of the thesis is also chronotype influence the dietary habits of individuals, namely their unsuitability.

The thesis is tracking changes in body weight of 15 to 20-year-old male adolescents during one calendar year in the context of a season and typology of a personality in the circadian rhythm area where probands are figuratively categorized into ?larks? whose activity is the highest in the morning hours and ?owls?, in other words people who are more active in the afternoon and evening hours. The theoretical part of the thesis tries to clear key concepts of the research work and the whole thesis alone. The practical part of the thesis explains and describes specific procedures, methods, results, goals and practical recommendations of the project.

This thesis deals with monitoring changes of body weight of adolescent girls at the age of 16 20 years old through one calendar year in the context of a season of the year and chronotypology of a personality. According to this typology the monitored people are divided into so called "larks", who are more active early in the morning and during the day and "owls" whose activity rises in the evening and at night. The theoretical part deals with circadian rhythms, their function, role in the life of an individual and also their disorders. It focuses on a developmental specification of adolescent girls, lifestyle in this period of life, changes of body weight and diet. Another part is the meaning of the sleep, its need and associated with good sleep habits and sleep hygiene. In the practical part there is described a methodology along with the results of the research and employment of this project in practice.

The main objective of the diploma thesis was to create a project of a tutorial on the subject of animal and human biorhythms. The tutorial is intentioned as an additional biology curriculum at grammar schools. Analysis of teaching biorhythms in secondary Biology schoolbooks used in the Czech Republic preceded a composition of this tutorial. Processing literary research based on reading Czech and foreign-language literature was another theoretical resource. The tutorial is divided into three parts {--} {\clqq}Animal Biorhythms``, {\clqq}Human Biorhythms`` and {\clqq}Seasonal Animal Biorhythms``. Some parts of the tutorial were verified in practice.