Journal articles: 'Biosecurity practices'

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Aleri, J. W., and M. Laurence. "A description of biosecurity practices among selected dairy farmers across Australia." Animal Production Science 60, no. 14 (2020): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19340.

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Aims The study investigated critical biosecurity control points and dairy farmers’ motivations towards biosecurity practices among selected dairy farmers across Australia. Methods A questionnaire template was administered via an online survey. A three-stage process was used to develop the questionnaire by pooling of potential questions, selection and reduction of the questions to fit an 8–10 min survey. Key results A total of 55 responses were obtained. Mixed species rearing was practiced on 69% of the farms, with a majority keeping either sheep or beef cattle within the same property as dairy cattle. Approximately half of the farms (49%) did not provide formal training to new staff on aspects of animal health, as well as not conducting bull breeding soundness. Most of the farms (98%) required staff to use personal protective equipment, such as overalls and gumboots, but only a few of the farms (34%) had designated areas to clean footwear and a system for recording visitors (17%). Record keeping pertaining to animal health, maintenance of good fences and use of vendor declaration forms was practiced in a majority of the farms. The practice of quarantining new stock before mixing with other stock was practiced in only 45% of the farms. Monthly herd health visits by a veterinarian were utilised by 55% of the farms. Multivariable analysis showed positive significant associations between mixed species rearing with the practice of regular pest control (P = 0.004) and use of footbaths (P = 0.024) and no biosecurity plan (P = 0.025). Furthermore, a positive significant association was also recorded on the presence of a biosecurity plan and the presence of a designated area to clean footwear (P = 0.002) and no regular deworming (P = 0.024). Animal and human health reasons were the main motivators for implementing and maintaining ‘best practice’ biosecurity practices, whereas government regulation was the lowest motivator. Conclusions It is concluded that the biosecurity practices were variable, and animal and human health reasons were the primary motivators for instituting biosecurity practices. Implications There is a need to continue educating farmers on the importance of biosecurity practices.

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Morley, Paul S. "Biosecurity of veterinary practices." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 18, no. 1 (March 2002): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00009-9.

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Maye, Damian, and Kin Wing (Ray) Chan. "On-farm biosecurity in livestock production: farmer behaviour, cultural identities and practices of care." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200063.

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Definitions of biosecurity typically include generalised statements about how biosecurity risks on farms should be managed and contained. However, in reality, on-farm biosecurity practices are uneven and transfer differently between social groups, geographical scales and agricultural commodity chains. This paper reviews social science studies that examine on-farm biosecurity for animal health. We first review behavioural and psychosocial models of individual farmer behaviour/decisions. Behavioural approaches are prominent in biosecurity policy but have limitations because of a focus on individual farmer behaviour and intentions. We then review geographical and rural sociological work that emphasises social and cultural structures, contexts and norms that guide disease behaviour. Socio-cultural approaches have the capacity to extend the more commonly applied behavioural approaches and contribute to the better formulation of biosecurity policy and on-farm practice. This includes strengthening our understanding of ‘good farming' identity, tacit knowledge, farmer influence networks, and reformulating biosecurity as localised practices of care. Recognising on-farm biosecurity as practices of biosecure farming care offers a new way of engaging, motivating and encouraging farmers to manage and contain diseases on farm. This is critical given government intentions to devolve biosecurity governance to the farming industry.

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Wicaksono, Ardilasunu, Etih Sudarnika, and Chaerul Basri. "Kondisi Biosekuriti Tempat Penjualan Burung Terkait Avian Influenza di Wilayah Jakarta." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.34701.

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The aims of this study were to identify biosecurity condition and to analyse the relation of bird vendors characteristics toward biosecurity practices and biosecurity condition related to Avian influenza in Jakarta bird markets. Data were collected from four bird markets in Jakarta using randomly interview method of 75 respondents and observe the biosecurity practices in bird markets. Data were analysed using chi-square test and gamma test to analyse the relation between bird vendors’ characteristics and biosecurity condition. The result showed that 69,3% of bird vendors did the biosecurity practice in moderate level and only 10,7% did it well, meanwhile, most of bird kiosks (53,5%) in Jakarta got the poor category of biosecurity level. Beside that, bird vendors’ characteristics which has the significant relation (p<0,05) were age (p=0,003), education level (p=0,007), training (p=0,047), knowledge (p=0,000) and attitude (p=0,000) toward biosecurity condition related to Avian influenza in Jakarta bird markets.

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Bingham, Nick, Gareth Enticott, and Steve Hinchliffe. "Biosecurity: Spaces, Practices, and Boundaries." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 7 (July 2008): 1528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a4173.

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Maduka, C. V., I. O. Igbokwe, and N. N. Atsanda. "Appraisal of Chicken Production with Associated Biosecurity Practices in Commercial Poultry Farms Located in Jos, Nigeria." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1914692.

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A questionnaire-based study of chicken production system with on-farm biosecurity practices was carried out in commercial poultry farms located in Jos, Nigeria. Commercial and semicommercial farms had 75.3% and 24.5% of 95,393 birds on 80 farms, respectively. Farms using deep litter and battery cage systems were 69 (86.3%) and 10 (12.5%), respectively. In our biosecurity scoring system, a correct practice of each indicator of an event scored 1.00 and biosecurity score (BS) of each farm was the average of the scores of biosecurity indicators for the farm, giving BS of zero and 1.00 as absence of biosecurity and optimal biosecurity, respectively. Semicommercial farms had higher BS than commercial farms. The flock size did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the mean BS. Disease outbreaks correlated (r=-0.97) with BS, showing a tendency of reduction of disease outbreaks with increasing BS. Outbreaks were significantly (p<0.05) associated with deep litter system. In conclusion, the chicken production system requires increased drive for excellent biosecurity practices and weak points in the biosecurity could be ameliorated by extension of information to farmers in order to support expansion of chicken production with robust biosecurity measures that drastically reduce risk of disease outbreak.

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Kim, Myung Ja, C. Michael Hall, and Mark Bonn. "Does International Travel Frequency Affect COVID-19 Biosecurity Behavior in the United States?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084111.

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High-quality biosecurity practices are critical to restarting international tourism. Effective market segmentation improves the communication and efficacy of health advice. Travel frequency is an important basis for health-related consumer segmentation, as it is closely related to risk of greater exposure to infectious diseases. Theoretically grounded studies of tourist biosecurity behavior and travel frequency have largely been neglected, although insights into practices and attitudes are especially relevant for coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) health responses. Therefore, this research constructed and tested a conceptual model applying Value–Attitude–Behavior theory to US travelers to see whether the frequency of international travel affected tourist COVID-19 related biosecurity behavior. US respondents were drawn from a panel using a quota sampling technique according to the age and gender of American outbound tourists. An online survey was administered in September 2020. The responses (n = 395) of those who traveled internationally within five years were analyzed utilizing partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with multi-group analysis. Travel frequency significantly affects biosecurity behavior. High travel frequency (≥8 trips) has the strongest effect of value on biosecurity attitudes, personal norms, social norms, and biosecurity social norms, leading to biosecurity behaviors. Biosecurity behaviors pertaining to medium travel frequency (4–7 trips) are significantly influenced by personal norms. At low travel frequency (1–3 trips) levels, biosecurity behaviors are stimulated by biosecurity attitudes and social norms, showing the highest predictive power among the three groups. This work provides insights into international travel consumer biosecurity practices and behavior. From a market segmentation perspective, the levels of international travel frequency have various influences on biosecurity values, attitudes, personal norms, social norms, and behaviors. The biosecurity behaviors of low-frequency travelers are found to be the most significant of the three groups, suggesting that individuals who travel less frequently are more likely to practice responsible COVID-19 biosecurity behavior.

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Mateo, Jonalyn P., Iona Campbell, Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook, Maria Rovilla J. Luhan, Victor Marco Emmanuel N. Ferriols, and Anicia Q. Hurtado. "Understanding biosecurity: knowledge, attitudes and practices of seaweed farmers in the Philippines." Journal of Applied Phycology 33, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 997–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02352-5.

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AbstractFarmers are one of the most important components of any plant-based cultivation industry. The Philippines is one of the world’s major producers of red carrageenophyte algae and has tens of thousands of farmers involved in this industry. The production of algae such as Kappaphycus and Eucheuma increased significantly from the early 1970s, when the industry was established, before declining from the mid-2000s, due to a number of reasons, including disease and epiphyte outbreaks. The introduction of biosecurity measures has been one approach used to tackle this decline. Biosecurity-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of the seaweed farmers were assessed in the four highest seaweed producing regions in the Philippines: (1) Tawi-Tawi, (2) Palawan, (3) Zamboanga and (4) Bohol. Analyses showed that seaweed farmers from Tawi-Tawi had relatively higher KAP mean scores than the other three sites. Palawan and Bohol farmers, however, scored lower on their knowledge, higher on their attitude and highest on their practices compared with the other areas. Farmers from Zamboanga scored the lowest in both their attitude and practice mean scores, although their knowledge score was one of the highest. This is the first KAP assessment applied to the seaweed farming industry globally and the results, in which the farmers’ biosecurity-related knowledge and practices, which scored “Fair” (50–75%) across all the regions, and their attitudes, which scored predominantly “Good” (> 75%) suggest that there is potential to raise the score for biosecurity practices. This assessment highlights how biosecurity challenges are currently addressed by seaweed farmers in the Philippines and suggests how the KAP survey could be used as a tool by policymakers and scientists to address gaps in biosecurity management practices.

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Ornelas-Eusebio, Erika, Gary García-Espinosa, Karine Laroucau, and Gina Zanella. "Characterization of commercial poultry farms in Mexico: Towards a better understanding of biosecurity practices and antibiotic usage patterns." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0242354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242354.

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Mexico is one of the world’s major poultry producing countries. Two significant challenges currently facing the poultry industry are the responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials, and the potential occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks. For example, repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3 have occurred in poultry since its first detection in Mexico in 2012. Both of these challenges can be addressed through good husbandry practices and the application of on-farm biosecurity measures. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the biosecurity measures practiced across different types of poultry farms in Mexico, and (ii) to collect information regarding antimicrobial usage. A cross-sectional study was carried out through on-farm interviews on 43 poultry farms. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed to characterize the farms based on their pattern of biosecurity practices and antimicrobial usage. Three clusters of farms were identified using an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. In each cluster, a specific farm type was predominant. The biosecurity measures that significantly differentiated the visited farms, thus allowing their clusterization, were: the use of personal protective equipment (e.g. face masks, hair caps, and eye protection), the requirement for a hygiene protocol before and after entering the farm, the use of exclusive working clothes by staff and visitors, footbath presence at the barn entrance, and the mortality disposal strategy. The more stringent the biosecurity measures on farms within a cluster, the fewer the farms that used antimicrobials. Farms with more biosecurity breaches used antimicrobials considered critically important for public health. These findings could be helpful to understand how to guide strategies to reinforce compliance with biosecurity practices identified as critical according to the farm type. We conclude by providing certain recommendations to improve on-farm biosecurity measures.

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Tasie, C. M., G. I. Wilcox, and A. E. Kalio. "Adoption of biosecurity for disease prevention and control by poultry farmers in Imo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v18i2.6.

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The study assessed the adoption of biosecurity for disease prevention and control by poultry farmers in Imo State. The objectives of study were to: ascertain the socio - economic characteristics of poultry farmers in Imo State; identify sources of informationon biosecurity measures adopted by poultry farmers for disease prevention and control in Imo State; ascertain biosecurity measures adopted by poultry farmers for disease prevention and control in Imo State; determine factors influencing adoption of biosecurity practices. A research survey of 60 owners and managers of poultry farms was used. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select samples for the study and data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Logit regression). The study revealed that most of the poultry farmers in the study area were male and married and that these farmers were still intheiractiveandproductiveageand most of them were educated. Majority of the poultry farmers in the study area were micro and small scale farmers and have considerable experience in poultry production and are members of farmers’ groups with profit motive as their farming enterprise objective. Majority of the poultry farmers had training in livestock management and most of the respondents did not receive any extension visit for the past two years up to the date of data collection and that the practice of biosecurity in the study area is high. Farmers association, veterinary officers, Internet and researchers are the significant sources of information on biosecurity to the poultry farmers in the study area. Age, cooperative membership, experience in poultry farming, training, farm size, education and access to credit significantly influenced the adoption of biosecurity practices in the study area. Any increase in the level of these variables would increase the level of adoption of biosecurity practices for disease prevention and control in the study area. Based on the findings of the this study, it is recommended that aggressive sensitization of the poultry farmers through seminars, workshops and conferences by relevant authorities on the advantages of adoption of biosecurity measures in their farms and encouraging fellow farmers to do so.

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Kambey, Cicilia S. B., Iona Campbell, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Adibi R. M. Nor, Phaik E. Lim, and Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook. "An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02020-3.

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AbstractIndonesia is the world largest producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma; however, this country is facing significant challenges such as disease outbreaks, epiphyte infestations and a loss in seedling quality. Biosecurity practices have been widely adopted in other aquaculture sectors and when enforced can help to limit the introduction and spread of diseases and pests. To assess current capacity for biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia, a systematic analysis of policy frameworks including legislation, regulatory tools, and national standards was conducted. Biosecurity themes and risks were used to evaluate current national biosecurity content. The results identified major challenges faced by the industry in order to implement biosecurity policies in practice. Barriers to implementation included unspecific reference to the seaweed aquaculture sector, limited variety of approaches to biosecurity, limited use of up-to-date scientific evidence, insufficient guidance for the use of precaution and insufficient inclusion of specific biosecurity hazards. In general, although national regulations are currently under revision, current policies indicate a lack of clarity where biosecurity is included. Six recommendations are suggested to incorporate proactive biosecurity actions into current frameworks, with the aim of improving the health and sustainability of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia.

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Sami Ahmed Mohammed Arabi and Mohammed Ahmed Eltayeb Gumaa. "Biosecurity practices in commercial poultry farms located in ElFashir Locality- Sudan." Open Access Research Journal of Biology and Pharmacy 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjbp.2021.1.1.0016.

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This study was conducted to assess the biosecurity practices in commercial poultry farms in the locality of ElFashir, North Darfur State Sudan. Thirty two farms biosecurity tests were used, biosecurity practices were evaluated in poultry farms using the checklist and organized questionnaires administered to commercial poultry farmers. Simple descriptive statistics were used (frequencies and percentages) to summarize and display the results. The results showed that 62.5% of the farms used the floor brooding system of the birds; 59.4% open barns; The domestic stock in access to the farm site 68.8%; Pets or wildlife birds have access to inside of barns or feed storage 71.9%; yearly water quality is not checked by a reputable laboratory 96.9%; employees have routine contact with other poultry species 84.4%; regular cleaning and disinfection of feeders and drinkers washing is done mainly by soap in addition to water. 43.8%; employees and their families with other people on poultry housing site 100%; poultry production, feed consumption, and mortality records are kept, but not reviewed daily 18.8%; there is untrimmed vegetation and debris within barn(s) 81.2%; vehicle flow designated way traffic onto premises and off premises 100% and perimeter fencing and gate present but not always locked or guarded or fence not completed 56.25%. The study concluded that there is a severe weakness in the application of biosecurity practices in its three branches isolation, cleaning disinfecting and traffic control. The adopted hygiene and traffic control measurement were all within the high and medium biosecurity risk limits whereas mismanagement resembled 60.4% the highest risk of biosecurity practices among the studies in commercial poultry farms of ElFashir Locality. Therefore, it is strongly recommended for local authorities to intervene with qualified teams of poultry professional and experts to train poultry farmers, managers and attendees on importance of implementing sound biosecurity practices.

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Hinchliffe, Steve, and Nick Bingham. "Securing Life: The Emerging Practices of Biosecurity." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, no. 7 (July 2008): 1534–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a4054.

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Sanderson, Michael W., David A. Dargatz, and Franklyn B. Garry. "Biosecurity practices of beef cow-calf producers." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217, no. 2 (July 2000): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.185.

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Clark, Nigel. "Mobile Life: Biosecurity Practices and Insect Globalization." Science as Culture 22, no. 1 (March 2013): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2013.776366.

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Oluwasusi, J. O., K. R. Nwosu, and B. F. Olajuyigbe. "Determinants of biosecurity utilisation among small scale broiler farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i1.2765.

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Predictors of biosecurity utilization among broiler farmers are of concern on the need for guaranteed safe meat supply to consumers, guarding against epidemics and sustainability of profitable poultry enterprise. Therefore, this study looked into the determinants of biosecurity utilization among broiler farmers in Ekiti State. Multistage and random sampling techniques were used to select 135 respondents for the study; data were collected using structured interview schedule, frequency counts, percentages, PPMC' and linear regression. Majority (60.7%) of the respondents was males, young (31-40years), more than half (51.1% and 53.3%) were married and had poultry as their primary occupation. Majority (67.4% and 65.9%) always sourced information on biosecurity practices from friends and had high level of biosecurity awareness. Non-compliance of visitors with parking of cars away from the poultry house was rated as a very serious constraint to biosecurity utilization. Level of education (β=0.621), poultry experience (β=0.416), membership of organization (β=0.511), income level (β=0.401), awareness of biosecurity (β=0.317) and constraints to biosecurity utilization (β=0.266) were contributors to utilization of biosecurity for broiler production. Hence, further information on biosecurity practices for broiler production and how the respondents can market their broilers effectively should be provided by public extension agents and channeled through poultry association.

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Oluwasusi, J. O., K. R. Nwosu, and B. F. Olajuyigbe. "Determinants of biosecurity utilisation among small scale broiler farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 43, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v43i2.894.

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Predictors of biosecurity utilization among broiler farmers are of concern on the need for guaranteed safe meat supply to consumers, guarding against epidemics and sustainability of profitable poultry enterprise. Therefore, this study looked into the determinants of biosecurity utilization among broiler farmers in Ekiti State. Multistage and random sampling techniques were used to select 135 respondents for the study; data were collected using structured interview schedule, frequency counts, percentages, PPMC and linear regression. Majority (60.7%) of the respondents was males, young (31-40years), more than half (51.1% and 53.3%) were married and had poultry as their primary occupation. Majority (67.4% and 65.9%) always sourced information on biosecurity practices from friends and had high level of biosecurity awareness. Non-compliance of visitors with parking of cars away from the poultry house was rated as a very serious constraint to biosecurity utilization. Level of education (β=0.621), poultry experience (β =0.416), membership of organization (β =0.511), income level (β =0.401), awareness of biosecurity (β =0.317) and constraints to biosecurity utilization (β =0.266) were contributors to utilization of biosecurity for broiler production. Hence, further information on biosecurity practices for broiler production and how the respondents can market their broilers effectively should be provided by public extension agents and channeled through poultry association.

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Ragland, D., R. M. Pogranichniy, O. S. Yurchenko, V. V. Bashinskiy, A. P. Gerilovych, and D. Brown. "Assessment of biosecurity policies and practices for the control of African swine fever virus on Ukrainian pig farms." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2020-6-4-4.

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With monetary support from the United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA FAS), an investigative effort was undertaken to document the biosecurity practices employed by commercial pig producers in Ukraine to prevent the introduction of African swine fever virus (ASFV) on their farms. The cohort of farms selected and evaluated were owned by producers who were active members of the Association of Ukrainian Pig Breeders (AUPB). The assessment of biosecurity policies and practices consisted of an interview and in-person completion of a questionnaire that evaluated various aspects of biosecurity practices used on pig farms in Ukraine. The results of the interviews and completion of survey questionnaires support the conclusion that Ukrainian pig producers recognize the importance of farm biosecurity as it relates to preventing ASFV introduction on their farms and all the participating farms had biosecurity policies that were in force at the time of completion of the questionnaire. However, the results also support the conclusion that significant gaps in understanding about biosecurity exists and that there is a need for more education of Ukrainian pig producers about this critical aspect of health management and disease control. The broad impact of the project detailed that prospective, more comprehensive work on Ukrainian pig farms is required to adequately assist producers with ASFV control and effective applications of biosecurity

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Iverson, Joel. "308 Communities of Practices as Preferred Sources of Biosecurity Information in Crisis Situations." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.080.

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Abstract Communities of practice create opportunities for interorganizational communication within an industry that are immediately adaptable to crisis situations. The collaborative efforts, for example, of extension agents, veterinarians, swine researchers, and industry groups that exist for promoting biosecurity on an ongoing basis can be intensified for responding to or preparing for outbreaks of such diseases as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus or African Swine Fever. This presentation explores the function of communities of practice in such crisis situations. Ultimately, the presentation provides a series of best practices for designing messages that effectively promote biosecurity through strategic communication.

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Brizee, Sabrina, Mark W. J. van Passel, Linda M. van den Berg, Daniel Feakes, Ana Izar, Kathryn Tham Bee Lin, Yuwana Podin, Zalini Yunus, and Diederik A. Bleijs. "Development of a Biosecurity Checklist for Laboratory Assessment and Monitoring." Applied Biosafety 24, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535676019838077.

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Introduction: Laboratory biosecurity is of continuously growing interest due to increasing concerns about deliberate misuse of biological materials and emerging biological risks. These risks continue to be magnified by globalization, the rapid pace of scientific development, and dual-use technologies. Worldwide laboratory capacities are expanding, which calls for concrete actions to improve laboratory biosafety and biosecurity practices to protect researchers and the community. Hence, laboratories require comprehensive biorisk management programs to minimize the risk of accidental and deliberate release of infectious biological materials. Objective: Malaysia has prioritized the concern of national biosecurity and aims to consolidate laboratory biosecurity performance to detect and prevent the deliberate release of biological agents. Methods: Two 3-day workshops were organized over the course of four months in which Malaysia collaborated with The Netherlands. This bilateral engagement aimed to integrate biosecurity practices in their national biorisk management programs, and resulted into a comprehensive biosecurity checklist for laboratory assessment and monitoring. Results: This biosecurity checklist is based on Malaysian and Dutch expert opinions and national and international guidelines and regulations. The biosecurity checklist is a survey-driven tool that consists of a set of concrete questions for each key biosecurity area, which are discussion points for assessment. Conclusion: We display a practical biosecurity checklist for laboratory assessment and monitoring. Although the presented checklist was the template for the specific Malaysia checklist, it could serve as a template for other countries.

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Munasinghe, M. Nalaka, Craig Stephen, Preeni Abeynayake, and Indra S. Abeygunawardena. "Shrimp Farming Practices in the Puttallam District of Sri Lanka: Implications for Disease Control, Industry Sustainability, and Rural Development." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/679130.

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Shrimp farming has great potential to diversify and secure income in rural Sri Lanka, but production has significantly declined in recent years due to civil conflicts, some unsustainable practices and devastating outbreaks of disease. We examined management practices affecting disease prevention and control in the Puttalam district to identify extension services outputs that could support sustainable development of Sri Lankan shrimp farming. A survey on 621 shrimp farms (603 operational and 18 nonoperational) was conducted within the Puttalam district over 42 weeks comprising a series of three-day field visits from August 2008 to October 2009, covering two consecutive shrimp crops. Fundamental deficits in disease control, management, and biosecurity practices were found. Farmers had knowledge of biosecurity but the lack of financial resources was a major impediment to improved disease control. Smallholder farmers were disproportionately constrained in their ability to enact basic biosecurity practices due to their economic status. Basic breaches in biosecurity will keep disease as the rate limiting step in this industry. Plans to support this industry must recognize the socioeconomic reality of rural Sri Lankan aquaculture.

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Renault, Véronique, Sébastien Fontaine, and Claude Saegerman. "Factors Determining the Implementation of Measures Aimed at Preventing Zoonotic Diseases in Veterinary Practices." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040436.

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Background: Zoonoses prevention relies mainly on the implementation of different biosecurity measures. This study aimed to assess the level of implementation of biosecurity measures by veterinary practitioners and students and to identify the possible behaviour change determinants. Methods: The data was collected through a cross-sectional survey (N = 382). Statistical analyses were implemented based on the Health Belief Model to identify the possible determinant of the behaviours and the explanatory variables of the perceptions. Results: The survey showed a good level of implementation of the biosecurity measures (median of 81%). The implementation was associated with a higher perception of the zoonoses’ susceptibility and the measures’ benefits, and with a lower perception of the zoonoses’ severity. The study also revealed that the decision to implement a measure was mainly taken on a case-by-case basis depending on the perceived risk of exposure related to a specific context or intervention. Conclusion: The main determining factors identified for the implementation of biosecurity measures (BSMs) were the risk susceptibility and the benefits of the biosecurity measures, which could be influenced by evidence-based communication. The methodology developed can be applied regularly and in other countries to better capture these changes in perceptions over time.

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Brandt, Aric W., Michael W. Sanderson, Brad D. DeGroot, Dan U. Thomson, and Larry C. Hollis. "Biocontainment, biosecurity, and security practices in beef feedyards." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.2.262.

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Madsen, Jennifer M., Nickolas G. Zimmermann, Jennifer Timmons, and Nathaniel L. Tablante. "Evaluation of Maryland Backyard Flocks and Biosecurity Practices." Avian Diseases 57, no. 2 (June 2013): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10428-101912-reg.1.

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Schulz, Lee, and Glynn Tonsor. "306 Economic perspectives on biosecurity decision-making." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.077.

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Abstract African swine fever and many other livestock diseases present a host of challenges with a myriad of private and public good considerations. Chief among these challenges is identifying what drives livestock producer, self-protecting biosecurity efforts. Biosecurity adoption is an example of a private behavior that generates positive spillovers affecting the supply of a public good, that is, disease prevention. Encouraging producers to undertake specific biosecurity practices has proven useful in containing previous outbreaks of livestock disease in the United States, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Motivating producers to change production and management practices when a disease is not currently present in the United States can be much more difficult because of the (perceived or actual) lower probability of risk. National surveys of livestock producers were conducted to gain insight into decisions regarding ongoing and prospective biosecurity investment. Findings suggest producer and operation characteristics and diverse views on expected frequency of disease outbreaks, anticipated disease duration, and possible financial impact on operations underlie current and likely future biosecurity adoption. Furthermore, results point to both policy (e.g., indemnity provisions and cost sharing strategies) and market signals (e.g. market access and/or premiums paid or discounts incurred) from upstream livestock buyers have potential to incentivize biosecurity efforts.

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Morêki, John Cassius, Gaseope Tidimalo, and Gare Mphothwe. "Assessment of Biosecurity Practices in Broiler Operations in South East and Kgatleng Districts, Botswana." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2014/6.

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Delpont, Mattias, Vincent Blondel, Luc Robertet, Hugues Duret, Jean-Luc Guerin, Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt, and Mathilde C. Paul. "Biosecurity practices on foie gras duck farms, Southwest France." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 158 (October 2018): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.07.012.

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Julio Pinto, C., and V. Santiago Urcelay. "Biosecurity practices on intensive pig production systems in Chile." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 59, no. 3 (June 2003): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00074-6.

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East, IJ. "Adoption of biosecurity practices in the Australian poultry industries." Australian Veterinary Journal 85, no. 3 (March 2007): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00113.x.

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Schembri, N., P. K. Holyoake, M. Hernández-Jover, and J. A. L. M. L. Toribio. "A qualitative study of the management and biosecurity practices of 13 interviewed pig owners selling via informal means in New South Wales, Australia." Animal Production Science 50, no. 9 (2010): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09226.

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There is increasing interest in the trading practices of producers who market pigs at live auction in Australia and the potential for infectious disease establishment and spread. The practices that underpin the commercial pork industry in Australia are well known. However, little is known about informal movements of pigs in Australia, and the biosecurity risks associated with pig production enterprises that utilise these methods of trade. The aim of this study was to qualitatively evaluate the biosecurity and pig-keeping practices of owners who trade pigs informally for Foot and Mouth Disease and Classical Swine Fever exposure and spread. Interviews were conducted with 13 pig owners who trade via informal means between April and June 2009. Information provided by producers was able to be validated for the six interviews conducted on-farm. There was limited application of recommended biosecurity practices on-farm and few kept health and management records. All interviewees reared other livestock species, such as ruminants and/or poultry, as well as pigs. Most interviewed owners claimed to quarantine introduced pigs from the main herd; however, few complied with industry recommendations. The results of this study suggest that pig owners (n = 13 interviewed) who currently trade their pigs informally pose few threats for the introduction of emergency animal disease. Pig keepers largely obtained their pig feed from reputable sources and appeared to have a sound understanding of swill feeding. However, the lack of on-farm biosecurity, variable quarantine practices and the failure to keep health records could play a role in the spread of an emergency animal disease if it was to be introduced. Further work is being undertaken to determine, qualitatively, the risk associated with the management practices undertaken by informal pig traders and Foot and Mouth Disease and Classical Swine Fever introduction and spread.

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MacLeod, Alan, and Nicola Spence. "Biosecurity: tools, behaviours and concepts." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 5 (December 14, 2020): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200343.

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COVID 19 has raised the profile of biosecurity. However, biosecurity is not only about protecting human life. This issue brings together mini-reviews examining recent developments and thinking around some of the tools, behaviours and concepts around biosecurity. They illustrate the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, demonstrating the interface between research and policy. Biosecurity practices aim to prevent the spread of harmful organisms; recognising that 2020 is the International Year of Plant Health, several focus on plant biosecurity although invasive species and animal health concerns are also captured. The reviews show progress in developing early warning systems and that plant protection organisations are increasingly using tools that compare multiple pest threats to prioritise responses. The bespoke modelling of threats can inform risk management responses and synergies between meteorology and biosecurity provide opportunities for increased collaboration. There is scope to develop more generic models, increasing their accessibility to policy makers. Recent research can improve pest surveillance programs accounting for real-world constraints. Social science examining individual farmer behaviours has informed biosecurity policy; taking a broader socio-cultural approach to better understand farming networks has the potential to change behaviours in a new way. When encouraging public recreationists to adopt positive biosecurity behaviours communications must align with their values. Bringing together the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors to address biosecurity risks in a common and systematic manner within the One Biosecurity concept can be achieved through multi-disciplinary working involving the life, physical and social sciences with the support of legislative bodies and the public.

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Simon-Grifé, M., G. E. Martín-Valls, M. J. Vilar, I. García-Bocanegra, M. Martín, E. Mateu, and J. Casal. "Biosecurity practices in Spanish pig herds: Perceptions of farmers and veterinarians of the most important biosecurity measures." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 110, no. 2 (June 2013): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.028.

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Emmanuel, Abayomi Akinola, Denloye Abiodun Akinpelu, Diagne Rokhaya, Diallo Sada, Ellis Maureen, Faye Elhadji Abdourahmane, Faye Ousmane, et al. "Strategic Harmonization of Training on Biosecurity for Laboratories in the ECOWAS Region." Proceedings 45, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020045012.

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Background: Good laboratory practices in terms of biosecurity and biosafety are essential for the protection of laboratory personnel, the populations and the environment. If not implemented, the risk of pathogen spreading from the laboratory is conceivable. In addition, in current African geopolitical context, the reliable practices such as the protection, control and tracking of valuable biological material will prevent their loss, theft, uncontrolled access and potential misuse. WAHO, with the support of KfW is implementing trainings of trainers on biosecurity in the ECOWAS region in a project called PROALAB. PROALAB team realized that many partners were aiming at implementing in parallel quite similar non internationally certified programs in the ECOWAS region. Therefore, PROALAB decided to organize a meeting of key stakeholders in order to pool efforts, avoid duplication, and harmonize strategies and procedures. Objective: Develop a harmonized strategy and harmonized procedures for the training of health professionals in biosecurity/biosafety and biohazard risk management in ECOWAS member countries to pass internationally certified biosafety and biosecurity examinations. Methods: Programs of each of the institutions were presented and discussed. A regional program on biosecurity/biosafety training was elaborated during group working and a regional program of certification of trainers was discussed and validated. A work plan and timeline were developed through group working. Results: In the ECOWAS region, some countries are more advanced in biosecurity training. Training is generally organized by national biosecurity associations with the support of the IFBA or other partners (WHO, FMx, PHE, etc.). Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Mali seem more advanced and could be solicited to organize training for less-advanced countries. The IFBA certification covers five domains: (1) Biorisk management, (2) biosecurity, (3) biosafety cabinet, (4) biological waste management and (5) biocontainment facility. The technical working group decided consensually that basic training for biosecurity managers in the laboratories should cover the first two domains. More advanced experts advising governments should be trained in the other domains progressively. Progressive training could be built on the 3 levels Nigerian/Ivoirian system of “basic-advanced-consolidated (or expert)” system. Existing module from WHO, FMx, IPD, IPCI and other ECOWAS countries should be adapted to match the international certification needs. Practical training should also be organized in the laboratory by the same institutions that will be allowed to deliver a practical certificate on behalf of WAHO. Conclusion: With the extension of laboratory activities in the context of strengthening the surveillance programs in the ECOWAS region, more expertise on biosecurity is needed. With the support of national biosecurity associations, WAHO could play a role in harmonizing reinforcing training on biosecurity and legislation.

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Dendoncker, Pierre-Alexandre, Christel Moons, Steven Sarrazin, Claire Diederich, Etienne Thiry, Tiny de Keuster, and Jeroen Dewulf. "Biosecurity and management practices in different dog breeding systems have considerable margin for improvements." Veterinary Record 183, no. 12 (July 25, 2018): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104996.

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To investigate the current management and biosecurity practices and identify possible differences between different types of breeders, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 102 Belgian dog breeding facilities ranging from small (less than 10 dams on site) to large-scale (more than 50 dams on site or at least 500 puppies sold yearly) breeders. Veterinary prophylactic protocols (ie, vaccination, endoparasite control, ectoparasitic treatments) were highly implemented (91.5 per cent, 92.6 per cent, 42.7 per cent, respectively) across all breeder categories. 13.8 per cent of all visited breeders reported to administer antimicrobials to each female post partum and 10.3 per cent reported to treat all puppies, or at least of one breed, systematically with antimicrobials. Large-scale breeders reported to employ staff more frequently (p<0.01), and appeared to be more familiar with the principles of biosecurity. They reported to apply disinfection (p<0.01) and hygienic measures (p=0.03) across all parts of the facility, and to quarantine newly acquired dogs (p<0.01) more often compared with small-scale breeders. Nonetheless, a moderate knowledge of and use of disinfection was recorded, as was the presence of pet dogs, breaking the compartmentalisation. Results of this study indicate that there is substantial room for improvement in hygiene and disease management across all categories of breeders. The characterisation of different types of dog breeders with respect to biosecurity and management practices is a first step towards improvement of dog husbandry and biosecurity measures. Tailored guidelines should permit breeders to further improve the health of breeding animals and puppies while reducing the risk of infectious disease outbreaks and associated expenses.

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Gillespie, Amy V., Stuart D. Carter, Roger W. Blowey, Gareth J. Staton, Tessa R. Walsh, and Nicholas J. Evans. "Measuring the impact of bovine digital dermatitis research on knowledge and practice of biosecurity during cattle foot-trimming." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 1 (February 2021): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000170.

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AbstractThis research communication reports the results from questionnaires used to identify the impact of recent research into the disinfection of cattle foot-trimming equipment to prevent bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) transmission on (a) biosecurity knowledge and (b) hygiene practice of foot health professionals. An initial questionnaire found that more than half of participating farmers, veterinary surgeons and commercial foot-trimmers were not considering hand or hoof-knife hygiene in their working practices. The following year, after the release of a foot-trimming hygiene protocol and a comprehensive knowledge exchange programme by the University of Liverpool, a second survey showed 35/80 (43.8%) farmers, veterinary surgeons and commercial foot-trimmers sampled considered they were now more aware of the risk of spreading BDD during foot- trimming. Furthermore, 36/80 (45.0%) had enhanced their hygiene practice in the last year, impacting an estimated 1383 farms and 5130 cows trimmed each week. Participants who reported having seen both the foot-trimming hygiene protocol we developed with AHDB Dairy and other articles about foot-trimming hygiene in the farming and veterinary press, were significantly more likely to have changed their working practices. Difficulties accessing water and cleaning facilities on farms were identified as the greatest barrier to improving biosecurity practices. Participants' preferred priority for future research was continued collection of evidence for the importance and efficacy of good foot-trimming hygiene practices.

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Stull, Jason W., Erin Bjorvik, Joshua Bub, Glenda Dvorak, Christine Petersen, and Heather L. Troyer. "2018 AAHA Infection Control, Prevention, and Biosecurity Guidelines*." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 54, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 297–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6903.

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ABSTRACT A veterinary team’s best work can be undone by a breach in infection control, prevention, and biosecurity (ICPB). Such a breach, in the practice or home-care setting, can lead to medical, social, and financial impacts on patients, clients, and staff, as well as damage the reputation of the hospital. To mitigate these negative outcomes, the AAHA ICPB Guidelines Task Force believes that hospital teams should improve upon their current efforts by limiting pathogen exposure from entering or being transmitted throughout the hospital population and using surveillance methods to detect any new entry of a pathogen into the practice. To support these recommendations, these practice-oriented guidelines include step-by-step instructions to upgrade ICPB efforts in any hospital, including recommendations on the following: establishing an infection control practitioner to coordinate and implement the ICPB program; developing evidence-based standard operating procedures related to tasks performed frequently by the veterinary team (hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, phone triage, etc.); assessing the facility’s ICPB strengths and areas of improvement; creating a staff education and training plan; cataloging client education material specific for use in the practice; implementing a surveillance program; and maintaining a compliance evaluation program. Practices with few or no ICPB protocols should be encouraged to take small steps. Creating visible evidence that these protocols are consistently implemented within the hospital will invariably strengthen the loyalties of clients to the hospital as well as deepen the pride the staff have in their roles, both of which are the basis of successful veterinary practice.

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Denis-Robichaud, J., D. F. Kelton, C. A. Bauman, H. W. Barkema, G. P. Keefe, and J. Dubuc. "Biosecurity and herd health management practices on Canadian dairy farms." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 10 (October 2019): 9536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15921.

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Denis-Robichaud, J., D. F. Kelton, C. A. Bauman, H. W. Barkema, G. P. Keefe, and J. Dubuc. "Canadian dairy farmers' perception of the efficacy of biosecurity practices." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 11 (November 2019): 10657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16312.

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Bottoms, Kate, Zvonimir Poljak, Cate Dewey, Rob Deardon, Derald Holtkamp, and Robert Friendship. "Evaluation of external biosecurity practices on southern Ontario sow farms." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 109, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.013.

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Paquette, CC, KA Schemann, and MP Ward. "Knowledge and attitudes of Australian livestock producers concerning biosecurity practices." Australian Veterinary Journal 98, no. 11 (August 4, 2020): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.13005.

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Can, Mehmet Ferit, and Nuri Altuğ. "Socioeconomic implications of biosecurity practices in small-scale dairy farms." Veterinary Quarterly 34, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2014.951130.

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Wu, Qianrong, Lee L. Schulz, and Glynn T. Tonsor. "Using Expert Knowledge to Understand Biosecurity Adoption Aimed at Reducing Tier 1 Disease Risks in the U.S. Livestock Industry." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n1p12.

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Using primary data from a survey of swine, beef cattle, and dairy industry experts in the United States, this study provides insights into adoption of biosecurity measures aimed at reducing Tier 1 disease risks. Experts believe the swine industry would see the highest and the beef cattle industry would see the lowest biosecurity adoption in the first year of a large Tier 1 disease outbreak. Risk reduction has a positive marginal effect on biosecurity adoption, and a firm’s own risk reduction matters as well as their closest neighbor’s risk reduction. Costs have a negative marginal effect on biosecurity adoption. A key reason explaining partial adoption might be that experts believe industry-wide biosecurity investment would likely bring benefits primarily to downstream sectors in the supply chain and producers would bare most of the costs. More educational materials available to explain Tier 1 disease risks and the benefits of risk mitigating biosecurity measures is found to be the least important factor for adoption and implementation of new, additional biosecurity measures. A producer or neighbor having personally experienced a Tier 1 disease on their operation, a producer’s view on their own likelihood of experiencing a Tier 1 disease given their current situation, and a producer’s view on effectiveness in reducing Tier 1 disease risks are found to be the most important factors. Understanding how several factors might impact biosecurity adoption aimed at reducing Tier 1 disease risks is necessary for the development of practices and policies that could reduce the impact of such disease incursions.

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Thompson, Rebekah. "Penning Pigs: Pig Rearing Practices, Biosecurity Measures, and Outbreaks of African Swine Fever in Central Uganda." Human Organization 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/1938-3525-80.1.17.

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In this article, I explore why a number of smallholder pig farmers in central Uganda decided not to implement the biosecurity measures advocated by veterinarians. I focus on the infectious disease, African swine fever, to illustrate how the biosecurity measures intended to limit the risk of disease, inadvertently constrained the future returns on pigs for farmers and their families. I draw on ethnographic research from Mukono, a district in central Uganda, to show how farmers considered pigs to be “quick money”—a type of household wealth that could be rapidly generated and liquidated with ease. I suggest that farmers’ conceptualization of their pigs as a specific type of wealth influenced the ways in which they integrated pigs into their lives and homes. Based on smallholder farmers’ accounts, I conclude this article by calling for a reconsideration of biosecurity measures as a universal solution for controlling diseases on farms. I argue that instead of designing protocols that separate species, disease prevention strategies need to recognize the ways in which different livestock animals become part of farmers’ lives and acknowledge how this influences farmers’ disease management practices.

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Ježek, Jožica, Petra Grabnar, Barbara Beci, Martina Klinkon, Marija Nemec, Jaka Jakob Hodnik, and Jože Starič. "Management Practices Affecting Calves Welfare on Farms in Slovenia." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 5 (2019): 1147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967051147.

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Calf rearing practices in Slovenian herds were investigated with questionnaire-based survey. The data was obtained from 293 farms in Slovenia about their management, especially milk and colostrum feeding protocol, manner of weaning, housing, hygiene on the farm and biosecurity measures. Majority of respondents think the colostrum supply is very important. In 77% of farms, calves receive the first colostrum meal within 2 hours after birth. Quality of colostrum is not considered in 59% of farms. The temperature of colostrum and milk check 73% of farmers, however majority do it manually without using thermometer. Farmers weans calves gradually, mostly considering the age at weaning (45%). Calves are weaned at mean age of 14.18 weeks. In 57.3% of farms, newborn calves are housed in individual pens. Thirty four percent of farmers are cleaning pens for newborn calves after each calf. Half of farmers observe their calves more than 15 minutes daily. Different biosecurity measures are used in 98% of farms. Many farmers are well aware that calf rearing management bear on later milk and meat production and some would need more persuasion to follow the appropriate management practices.

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Lott, M. J., and K. Rose. "Emerging threats to biosecurity in Australasia: the need for an integrated management strategy." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15040.

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The intersection of numerous global megatrends is driving the emergence of significantly more complex biosecurity challenges in Australasia. Additional legislative and management frameworks, coupled with dedicated funding sources, will be required to protect the region’s native biodiversity and the human activities that depend on it. This review explores how more comprehensive biosecurity initiatives might be implemented through the adoption of robust pre-border and border quarantine practices, the use of emerging technologies to improve border and post-border biosurveillance and monitoring, and the integration of multiple social, economic and ecological objectives into a more holistic management paradigm. This review also discusses the need for a multidisciplinary approach to biosecurity, driven by improved co-operation across government agencies, industry, community and scientific stakeholders, in order to safeguard the unique biological heritage of the Australasia region.

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Sarı, Mehmet, and Mustafa Saatcı. "Kaz Yetiştiriciliğinde Her Yönü ile Biyogüvenlik Prosedürleri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.35-41.2590.

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Efficient and profitable production in goose breeding is possible only with healthy flocks. There are many bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal diseases that cause serious losses in the geese, although there are species of geese that are least affected by bird in poultry. As in other poultry, the treatment of the goose is more expensive than conservation. For this reason, biosecurity procedures must be applied to minimize the emergence and spread of diseases, to save on the treatment of diseases, to improve herd health, to minimize animal deaths and to increase the profitability of the enterprise. These biosecurity procedures can be performed in two ways as routine and high risk. Routine biosecurity procedures are the prevention of the entry of disease factors into the farm, effective hygiene and sanitation program, effective immunization programs for the establishment of adequate immunity, working with qualified personnel, proper management of the herd management program and good control. High-risk biosecurity procedures are practices that should be done in a planned and scheduled manner in case of suspected and epidemic animal disease. In conclusion, if biosecurity procedures in goose breeding are performed effectively and disciplined, healthy flocks and more profitability should be taken into account.

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Yang, Qihui, Don M. Gruenbacher, Gary L. Brase, Jessica L. Heier Stamm, Scott A. DeLoach, and Caterina M. Scoglio. "Simulating human behavioral changes in livestock production systems during an epidemic: The case of the US beef cattle industry." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): e0253498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253498.

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Human behavioral change around biosecurity in response to increased awareness of disease risks is a critical factor in modeling animal disease dynamics. Here, biosecurity is referred to as implementing control measures to decrease the chance of animal disease spreading. However, social dynamics are largely ignored in traditional livestock disease models. Not accounting for these dynamics may lead to substantial bias in the predicted epidemic trajectory. In this research, an agent-based model is developed by integrating the human decision-making process into epidemiological processes. We simulate human behavioral change on biosecurity practices following an increase in the regional disease incidence. We apply the model to beef cattle production systems in southwest Kansas, United States, to examine the impact of human behavior factors on a hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The simulation results indicate that heterogeneity of individuals regarding risk attitudes significantly affects the epidemic dynamics, and human-behavior factors need to be considered for improved epidemic forecasting. With the same initial biosecurity status, increasing the percentage of risk-averse producers in the total population using a targeted strategy can more effectively reduce the number of infected producer locations and cattle losses compared to a random strategy. In addition, the reduction in epidemic size caused by the shifting of producers’ risk attitudes towards risk-aversion is heavily dependent on the initial biosecurity level. A comprehensive investigation of the initial biosecurity status is recommended to inform risk communication strategy design.

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Walker, W. L., W. B. Epperson, T. E. Wittum, L. K. Lord, P. J. Rajala-Schultz, and J. Lakritz. "Characteristics of dairy calf ranches: Morbidity, mortality, antibiotic use practices, and biosecurity and biocontainment practices." Journal of Dairy Science 95, no. 4 (April 2012): 2204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4727.

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Calderon Diaz, Julia A., Maria Rodrigues da Costa, and Edgar Garcia Manzanilla. "212 Biosecurity practices associated with negative farm status for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and swine influenza virus in farrow-to-finish pig farms." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.009.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to identify biosecurity practices associated negative status (-) for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv), and swine influenza virus (SIV) in pig farms. Biosecurity practices were assessed using the Biocheck.UGentTM questionnaire in 54 Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms. For each farm, a batch of pigs was observed at slaughter and blood samples were collected from 32 randomly selected pigs per farm at exsanguination. Serology analysis was performed using IDEXX ELISA kits and farms were classified with either positive or negative status for each of the respiratory diseases. Data were analysed using univariable logistic regression in PROC GENMOD of SAS v9.4. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and their associated 95% confidence interval (CI). Regularly cleaning materials used for disease treatment between litters (OR=8.2, CI=0.97-69.87), cleaning driving boards (OR=5.5, CI=1.07-28.20) and a maximal density of 3 pigs/m2 in the nursery were associated (P< 0.05) with an increased likelihood of MHYO(-). The feeding company meeting special hygienic requirements (OR=3.84, CI=1.14-12.95) and a strict all-in-all-out management in each finishing room (OR=3.84, CI=1.14-12.95) were associated (P< 0.05) with an increased likelihood of PRRSv(-). However, having disinfection baths between each room (OR=0.20, CI=0.06-0.68) and footbaths installed at the entrance of each building (OR=0.15, CI=0.04-0.52) were associated (P< 0.05) with decreased likelihood of PRRSv(-). Only allowing visitors’ access to the farm from a hygiene lock (OR=4.41, CI=1.04-18.71), and minimal piglet handling during lactation were associated with an increased likelihood of SIV(-) (P< 0.05). Results indicate that biosecurity practices regarding cleaning and disinfection and animal management are the most associated with a negative farm status for respiratory disease. It is possible that the biosecurity practices implemented in farms with lower likelihood for negative status were applied in a more ‘reactionary’ than ‘preventive’ manner.

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Lucas, Peri G., Brian J. Horton, David Parsons, and Anna L. Carew. "A regional model of sheep lice management practices to examine the impact of managing straying sheep combined with other management choices." Animal Production Science 57, no. 4 (2017): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15572.

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A model of lice management systems was used to investigate the potential benefits of improved fencing against straying sheep, used in conjunction with other management options for lice control. The impact of combined strategies was simulated over a 20-year period. Management options included in the model were: lice eradication rate, lice detection, intervention level, improved fencing to reduce straying sheep, and biosecurity of purchased sheep. The modelling found it was cost-effective to improve fences for an initial average cost of $20 000/property if the number of properties from which strays could enter was reduced by ≥40%, but for average Australian properties this represents less than 20% of the boundary replaced. In order for fencing to be a cost-effective part of lice management, the fencing must target sections of boundary fence that will provide the greatest protection from contact with neighbouring flocks. The model showed that improved biosecurity against straying sheep combined well with improved eradication rates. However, biosecurity for purchased sheep may be the most cost-effective option.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biosecurity practices'

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