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1
Perrin, Laura, Ian Probert, Gerald Langer, and Giovanni Aloisi. "Growth of the coccolithophore <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> in light- and nutrient-limited batch reactors: relevance for the BIOSOPE deep ecological niche of coccolithophores." Biogeosciences 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2016): 5983–6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5983-2016.
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Abstract. Coccolithophores are unicellular calcifying marine algae that play an important role in the oceanic carbon cycle via their cellular processes of photosynthesis (a CO2 sink) and calcification (a CO2 source). In contrast to the well-studied, surface-water coccolithophore blooms visible from satellites, the lower photic zone is a poorly known but potentially important ecological niche for coccolithophores in terms of primary production and carbon export to the deep ocean. In this study, the physiological responses of an Emiliania huxleyi strain to conditions simulating the deep niche in the oligotrophic gyres along the BIOSOPE transect in the South Pacific Gyre were investigated. We carried out batch culture experiments with an E. huxleyi strain isolated from the BIOSOPE transect, reproducing the in situ conditions of light and nutrient (nitrate and phosphate) limitation. By simulating coccolithophore growth using an internal stores (Droop) model, we were able to constrain fundamental physiological parameters for this E. huxleyi strain. We show that simple batch experiments, in conjunction with physiological modelling, can provide reliable estimates of fundamental physiological parameters for E. huxleyi that are usually obtained experimentally in more time-consuming and costly chemostat experiments. The combination of culture experiments, physiological modelling and in situ data from the BIOSOPE cruise show that E. huxleyi growth in the deep BIOSOPE niche is limited by availability of light and nitrate. This study contributes more widely to the understanding of E. huxleyi physiology and behaviour in a low-light and oligotrophic environment of the ocean.
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Leblanc, Karine, Véronique Cornet, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Olivier Grosso, Sandra Hélias-Nunige, Camille Brunet, Hervé Claustre, Joséphine Ras, Nathalie Leblond, and Bernard Quéguiner. "Silicon cycle in the tropical South Pacific: contribution to the global Si cycle and evidence for an active pico-sized siliceous plankton." Biogeosciences 15, no. 18 (September 20, 2018): 5595–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5595-2018.
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Abstract. This article presents data regarding the Si biogeochemical cycle during two oceanographic cruises conducted in the tropical South Pacific (BIOSOPE and OUTPACE cruises) in 2005 and 2015. It involves the first Si stock measurements in this understudied region, encompassing various oceanic systems from New Caledonia to the Chilean upwelling between 8 and 34∘ S. Some of the lowest levels of biogenic silica standing stocks ever measured were found in this area, notably in the southern Pacific gyre, where Chlorophyll a concentrations are the most depleted worldwide. Integrated biogenic silica stocks are as low as 1.08±0.95 mmol m−2 and are the lowest stocks measured in the South Pacific. Size-fractionated biogenic silica concentrations revealed a non-negligible contribution of the pico-sized fraction (<2–3 µm) to biogenic silica standing stocks, representing 26%±12% of total biogenic silica during the OUTPACE cruise and 11%±9% during the BIOSOPE cruise. These results indicate significant accumulation in this size class, which was undocumented for 2005, but has since then been related to Si uptake by Synechococcus cells. Si uptake measurements carried out during BIOSOPE confirmed biological Si uptake by this size fraction. We further present diatoms community structure associated with the stock measurements for a global overview of the Si cycle in the tropical South Pacific.
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Claustre, H., A. Sciandra, and D. Vaulot. "Introduction to the special section Bio-optical and biogeochemical conditions in the South East Pacific in late 2004: the BIOSOPE program." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2008): 605–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-605-2008.
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Abstract. The objectives of the BIOSOPE (BIogeochemistry and Optics SOuth Pacific Experiment) project was to study, during the austral summer, the biological, biogeochemical and bio-optical properties of different trophic regimes in the South East Pacific: the eutrophic zone associated with the upwelling regime of the Chilean coast, he mesotrophic area associated with the plume of the Marquises Islands in the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) waters of this subequatorial area, and the extremely oligotrophic area associated with the central part of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). At the end of 2004, a 55-day international cruise with 32 scientists on board took place between Tahiti and Chile, crossing the SPG along a North-West South-East transect. This paper describes in detail the objective of the BIOSOPE project, the implementation plan of the cruise, the main hydrological entities encountered along the ~8000 km South East pacific transect and ends with a general overview of the papers published in this Biogeosciences special issue.
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Claustre, H., A. Sciandra, and D. Vaulot. "Introduction to the special section bio-optical and biogeochemical conditions in the South East Pacific in late 2004: the BIOSOPE program." Biogeosciences 5, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-679-2008.
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Abstract. The objectives of the BIOSOPE (BIogeochemistry and Optics SOuth Pacific Experiment) project was to study, during the austral summer, the biological, biogeochemical and bio-optical properties of different trophic regimes in the South East Pacific: the eutrophic zone associated with the upwelling regime off the Chilean coast, the mesotrophic area associated with the plume of the Marquises Islands in the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) waters of this subequatorial area, and the extremely oligotrophic area associated with the central part of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). At the end of 2004, a 55-day international cruise with 32 scientists on board took place between Tahiti and Chile, crossing the SPG along a North-West South-East transect. This paper describes in detail the objectives of the BIOSOPE project, the implementation plan of the cruise, the main hydrological entities encountered along the ~8000 km South East Pacific transect, and ends with a general overview of the 32 other papers published in this special issue.
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Guidi, L., G. Gorsky, H. Claustre, M. Picheral, and L. Stemmann. "Contrasting distribution of aggregates >100 μm in the upper kilometre of the South-Eastern Pacific." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2008): 871–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-871-2008.
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Abstract. Large sinking particles transport organic and inorganic matter into the deeper layers of the oceans. From 70 to 90% of the superficial particulate material is disaggregated within the upper 1000 m. This decrease with depth indicates that remineralization processes are intense during sedimentation. Generally, the estimates of vertical flux rely on the sediment trap data but difficulties inherent in their design, limit the reliability of this information. During the BIOSOPE study in the southeastern Pacific, 76 vertical casts using the Underwater Video Profiler (UVP) and deployments of a limited number of drifting sediment traps provided an opportunity to fit the UVP data to sediment trap flux measurements. We applied than the calculated UVP flux in the upper 1000 m to the whole 8000 km BIOSOPE transect. Comparison between the large particulate material (LPM) abundance and the estimated fluxes from both UVP and sediment traps showed different patterns in different regions. On the western end of the BIOSOPE section the standing stock of particles in the superficial layer was high but the export between 150 and 250 m was low. Below this layer the flux values increased. High values of about 30% of the calculated UVP maximum superficial flux were observed below 900 m at the HNLC station. The South Pacific Gyre exported about 2 mg m−2 d−1. While off Chilean coast 95% of the superficial matter was remineralized or advected in the upper kilometer, 20% of the superficial flux was observed below 900 m near the Chilean coast. These results suggest that the export to deep waters is spatially heterogeneous and related to the different biotic and abiotic factors.
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Guidi, L., G. Gorsky, H. Claustre, J. C. Miquel, M. Picheral, and L. Stemmann. "Distribution and fluxes of aggregates >100 μm in the upper kilometer of the South-Eastern Pacific." Biogeosciences 5, no. 5 (September 29, 2008): 1361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1361-2008.
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Abstract. Large sinking particles transport organic and inorganic matter into the deeper layers of the oceans. Between 70 and 90% of the aggregates exported from the surface mixed layer are disaggregated within the upper 1000 m. This decrease with depth indicates that fragmentation and remineralization processes are intense during sedimentation. Generally, the estimates of vertical flux rely on sediment trap data but difficulties inherent in their design limit the reliability of this information. During the BIOSOPE study in the south-eastern Pacific, 76 vertical casts using the Underwater Video Profiler (UVP) and deployments of drifting sediment traps provided an opportunity to fit the UVP data to sediment trap flux measurements. We applied the calculated UVP flux in the upper 1000 m to the whole 8000 km BIOSOPE transect. Comparison between the large particulate material (LPM) abundance and the estimated fluxes from both UVP and sediment traps showed different patterns in different regions. On the western end of the BIOSOPE section the standing stock of particles in the surface layer was high but the export between 150 and 250 m was low. Below this layer the flux values increased. High values of about 30% of the calculated UVP maximum surface zone flux were observed below 900 m at the HNLC station. The South Pacific Gyre exported about 2 mg m−2 d−1. While off Chilean coast 95% of the surface mixed layer matter was disaggregated, remineralized or advected in the upper kilometer, 20% of the surface zone flux was observed below 900 m near the Chilean coast. These results suggest that the export to deep waters is spatially heterogeneous and related to the different biotic and abiotic factors.
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Bonnet, S., C. Guieu, F. Bruyant, O. Prášil, F. Van Wambeke, P. Raimbault, T. Moutin, et al. "Nutrient limitation of primary productivity in the Southeast Pacific (BIOSOPE cruise)." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2008): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-215-2008.
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Abstract. Iron is an essential nutrient involved in a variety of biological processes in the ocean, including photosynthesis, respiration and dinitrogen fixation. Atmospheric deposition of aerosols is recognized as the main source of iron for the surface ocean. In high nutrient, low chlorophyll areas, it is now clearly established that iron limits phytoplankton productivity but its biogeochemical role in low nutrient, low chlorophyll environments has been poorly studied. We investigated this question in the unexplored southeast Pacific, arguably the most oligotrophic area of the global ocean. Situated far from any continental aerosol source, the atmospheric iron flux to this province is amongst the lowest of the world ocean. Here we report that, despite low dissolved iron concentrations (~0.1 nmol l−1) across the whole gyre (3 stations located in the center and at the western and the eastern edges), primary productivity are only limited by iron availability at the border of the gyre, but not in the center. The seasonal stability of the gyre has apparently allowed for the development of populations acclimated to these extreme oligotrophic conditions. Moreover, despite clear evidence of nitrogen limitation in the central gyre, we were unable to measure dinitrogen fixation in our experiments, even after iron and/or phosphate additions, and cyanobacterial nif H gene abundances were extremely low compared to the North Pacific Gyre. The South Pacific gyre is therefore unique with respect to the physiological status of its phytoplankton populations.
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Bonnet, S., C. Guieu, F. Bruyant, O. Prášil, F. Van Wambeke, P. Raimbault, C. Grob, et al. "Nutrients limitation of primary productivity in the Southeast Pacific (BIOSOPE cruise)." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 9, 2007): 2733–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2733-2007.
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Abstract. Iron is an essential nutrient involved in a variety of biological processes in the ocean, including photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric deposition of aerosols is recognized as the main source of iron for the surface ocean. In high nutrient, low chlorophyll areas, it is now clearly established that iron limits phytoplankton productivity but its biogeochemical role in low nutrient, low chlorophyll environments has been poorly studied. We investigated this question in the unexplored southeast Pacific, arguably the most oligotrophic area of the global ocean. Situated far from any continental aerosol source, the atmospheric iron flux to this province is amongst the lowest of the world ocean. Here we report that, despite low dissolved iron concentrations (~0.1 nmol l−1) measured across the whole gyre (3 stations situated in the center, the western and the eastern edge), photosynthesis and primary productivity are only limited by iron availability at the border of the gyre, but not in the center. The seasonal stability of the gyre has apparently allowed for the development of populations acclimated to these extreme oligotrophic conditions. Moreover, despite clear evidence of nitrogen limitation in the central gyre, we were unable to measure nitrogen fixation in our experiments, even after iron and/or phosphate additions, and cyanobacterial nifH gene abundances were extremely low compared to the North Pacific Gyre. The South Pacific gyre is therefore unique with respect to the physiological status of its phytoplankton populations.
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Moutin, T., D. M. Karl, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, P. Raimbault, B. A. S. Van Mooy, and H. Claustre. "Phosphate availability and the ultimate control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 26, 2007): 2407–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2407-2007.
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Abstract. Due to the low atmospheric input of phosphate into the open ocean, it is one of the key nutrients that could ultimately control primary production and carbon export into the deep ocean. The observed trend over the last 20 years, has shown a decrease in the dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) pool in the North Pacific gyre, which has been correlated to the increase in di-nitrogen (N2) fixation rates. Following a NW-SE transect, in the Southeast Pacific during the early austral summer (BIOSOPE cruise), we present data on DIP, dissolved organic phosphate (DOP), and particulate phosphate (PP) pools and DIP turnover times (TDIP) along with N2 fixation rates. We observed a decrease in DIP concentration from the edges to the centre of the gyre. Nevertheless the DIP concentrations remained above 100 nmol L−1 and TDIP were more than a month in the centre of the gyre: DIP availability remained largely above the level required for phosphate limitation. This contrasts with recent observations in the western Pacific Ocean at the same latitude (DIAPALIS cruises) where lower DIP concentrations (<20 nmol L−1) and TDIP<50 h were measured during the summer season. During the BIOSOPE cruise, N2 fixation rates were higher within the cold water upwelling near the Chilean coast. This observation contrasts with recently obtained model output for N2 fixation distribution in the South Pacific area and emphasises the importance of studying the main factors controlling this process. The South Pacific gyre can be considered a High P Low Chlorophyll (HPLC) oligotrophic area, which could potentially support high N2 fixation rates, and possibly carbon dioxide sequestration, if the primary ecophysiological controls, temperature and/or iron availability, were alleviated.
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Goyet, C., R. Ito Gonçalves, and F. Touratier. "Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the eastern South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 6, no. 2 (February 6, 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-149-2009.
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Abstract. We present results of the CO2/carbonate system from the BIOSOPE cruise in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean, in an area not sampled previously. In particular, we present estimates of the anthropogenic carbon (C>TrOCAant) distribution in the upper 1000 m of this region using the TrOCA method. The highest concentrations of CTrOCAant found around 13° S, 132° W and 32° S, 91° W, are higher than 80 μmol.kg−1 and 70 μmol.kg−1, respectively. The lowest concentrations are observed below 800 m depth (≤2 μmol.kg−1) and within the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), mainly around 140° W (<11 μmol.kg−1). As a result of the anthropogenic carbon penetration there has been decrease in pH by over 0.1 on an average in the upper 200 m. This work further improves our understanding on the penetration of anthropogenic carbon in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Duhamel, S., T. Moutin, F. Van Wambeke, B. Van Mooy, P. Rimmelin, P. Raimbault, and H. Claustre. "Growth and specific P-uptake rates of bacterial and phytoplanktonic communities in the Southeast Pacific (BIOSOPE cruise)." Biogeosciences 4, no. 6 (November 8, 2007): 941–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-941-2007.
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Abstract. Predicting heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton specific growth rates (μ ) is of great scientific interest. Many methods have been developed in order to assess bacterial or phytoplankton μ. One widely used method is to estimate μ from data obtained on biomass or cell abundance and rates of biomass or cell production. According to Kirchman (2002), the most appropriate approach for estimating μ is simply to divide the production rate by the biomass or cell abundance estimate. Most methods using this approach to estimate μ are based on carbon (C) incorporation rates and C biomass measurements. Nevertheless it is also possible to estimate μ using phosphate (P) data. We showed that particulate phosphate (PartP) can be used to estimate biomass and that the P uptake rate to PartP ratio can be employed to assess μ. Contrary to other methods using C, this estimator does not need conversion factors and provides an evaluation of μ for both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. We report values of P-based μ in three size fractions (0.2–0.6; 0.6–2 and >2 μm) along a Southeast Pacific transect, over a wide range of P-replete trophic status. P-based μ values were higher in the 0.6–2 μm fraction than in the >2 μm fraction, suggesting that picoplankton-sized cells grew faster than the larger cells, whatever the trophic regime encountered. Picoplankton-sized cells grew significantly faster in the deep chlorophyll maximum layer than in the upper part of the photic zone in the oligotrophic gyre area, suggesting that picoplankton might outcompete >2 μm cells in this particular high-nutrient, low-light environment. P-based μ attributed to free-living bacteria (0.2-0.6 μm) and picoplankton (0.6–2 μm) size-fractions were relatively low (0.11±0.07 d−1 and 0.14±0.04 d−1, respectively) in the Southeast Pacific gyre, suggesting that the microbial community turns over very slowly.
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Duhamel, S., T. Moutin, F. Van Wambeke, B. Van Mooy, P. Rimmelin, P. Raimbault, and H. Claustre. "Growth and specific P-uptake rates of bacterial and phytoplanktonic communities in the Southeast Pacific (BIOSOPE cruise)." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 27, 2007): 2027–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2027-2007.
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Abstract. Predicting heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton growth rates (μ) is of great scientific interest. Many methods have been developed in order to assess bacterial or phytoplankton μ. One widely used method is to estimate μ from data obtained on biomass or cell abundance and rates of biomass or cell production. According to Kirchman (2002), the most appropriate approach for estimating μ is simply to divide the production rate by the biomass or cell abundance estimate. Most of the methods using this approach are expressed using carbon (C) data. Nevertheless it is also possible to estimate μ using phosphate (P) data. We showed that particulate phosphate (PartP) can be used to estimate biomass and that the phosphate uptake rate to PartP ratio can be employed to assess μ. Contrary to other methods using C, this estimator does not need conversion factors and provides an evaluation of μ for both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. We report values of P-based μ in three size fractions (0.2–0.6; 0.6–2 and >2 μm) along a Southeast Pacific transect, over a wide range of P-replete trophic status. P-based μ values were higher in the 0.6–2 μm fraction than in the >2 μm fraction, suggesting that picoplankton-sized cells grew faster than the larger cells, whatever the trophic regime encountered. Picoplankton-sized cells grew significantly faster in the deep chlorophyll maximum layer than in the upper part of the photic zone in the oligotrophic gyre area, suggesting that picoplankton might outcompete >2 μm cells in this particular high-nutrient, low-light environment. P-based μ attributed to free-living bacteria (0.2–0.6 μm) and picoplankton (0.6–2 μm) size-fractions were relatively low (0.11±0.07 d−1 and 0.14±0.04 d−1, respectively) in the Southeast Pacific gyre, suggesting that the microbial community turns over very slowly.
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Masquelier, S., and D. Vaulot. "Distribution of micro-organisms along a transect in the South-East Pacific Ocean (BIOSOPE cruise) using epifluorescence microscopy." Biogeosciences 5, no. 2 (March 4, 2008): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-311-2008.
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Abstract. The distribution of selected groups of micro-organisms was analyzed along a South-East Pacific Ocean transect sampled during the BIOSOPE cruise in 2004. The transect could be divided into four regions of contrasted trophic status: a High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region (mesotrophic) near the equator, the South-East Pacific Ocean gyre (hyper-oligotrophic), a transition region between the gyre and the coast of South America (moderately oligotrophic), and the Chile upwelling (eutrophic). The abundance of phycoerythrin containing picocyanobacteria (PE picocyanobacteria), autotrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes (classified into different size ranges), dinoflagellates, and ciliates was determined by epifluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining. Despite some apparent loss of cells due to sample storage, distribution patterns were broadly similar to those obtained by flow cytometry for PE picocyanobacteria and picoeukaryotes. All populations reached a maximum in the Chile upwelling and a minimum near the centre of the gyre. The maximum abundance of PE picocyanobacteria was 70 103 cell mL−1. Abundance of autotrophic eukaryotes and dinoflagellates reached 24.5 103 and 20 cell mL−1, respectively. We observed a shift in the size distribution of autotrophic eukaryotes from 2–5 μm in eutrophic and mesotrophic regions to less than 2 μm in the central region. The contribution of autotrophic eukaryotes to total eukaryotes was the lowest in the central gyre. Maximum concentration of ciliates (18 cell mL−1) also occurred in the Chile upwelling, but, in contrast to the other groups, their abundance was very low in the HNLC zone and near the Marquesas Islands. Two key findings of this work that could not have been observed with other techniques are the high percentage of PE picocyanobacteria forming colonies in the HLNC region and the observation of numerous dinoflagellates with bright green autofluorescence.
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Masquelier, S., and D. Vaulot. "Distribution of micro-organisms along a transect in the South-East Pacific Ocean (BIOSOPE cruise) from epifluorescence microscopy." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 7, 2007): 2667–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2667-2007.
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Abstract. The distribution of selected groups of micro-organisms was analyzed along a South-East Pacific Ocean transect sampled during the BIOSOPE cruise in 2004. The transect could be divided into four regions of contrasted trophic status: a high Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region (mesotrophic) near the equator, the South-East Pacific Ocean gyre (hyper-oligotrophic), the transition region between the gyre and the coast of South America (moderately oligotrophic), and the Chile upwelling (eutrophic). The abundance of phycoerythrin containing picocyanobacteria, autotrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes in different size ranges, dinoflagellates, and ciliates was determined by epifluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining. All populations reached a maximum in the Chile upwelling and a minimum near the centre of the gyre. Picocyanobacteria reached a maximum abundance of 70×10³ cell mL−1. In the HNLC zone, up to 50% of picocyanobacteria formed colonies. Autotrophic eukaryote and dinoflagellate abundance reached 24.5×10³ and 200 cell mL−1, respectively. We observed a shift in the size distribution of autotrophic eukaryotes from 2–5 μm in eutrophic and mesotrophic regions to less than 2 μm in the central region. The contribution of autotrophic eukaryotes to total eukaryotes was the lowest in the central gyre. Maximum concentration of ciliates (18 cell ml−1) also occurred in the Chile upwelling, but, in contrast to the other groups, their abundance was very low in the HNLC zone and near the Marquesas Islands.
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Dupouy, Cécile, Robert Frouin, Marc Tedetti, Morgane Maillard, Martine Rodier, Fabien Lombard, Lionel Guidi, et al. "Diazotrophic <i>Trichodesmium</i> impact on UV–Vis radiance and pigment composition in the western tropical South Pacific." Biogeosciences 15, no. 16 (August 30, 2018): 5249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5249-2018.
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Abstract. We assessed the influence of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium on the bio-optical properties of western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) waters (18–22∘ S, 160∘ E–160∘ W) during the February–March 2015 OUTPACE cruise. We performed measurements of backscattering and absorption coefficients, irradiance, and radiance in the euphotic zone with a Satlantic MicroPro free-fall profiler and took Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UPV5) pictures for counting the largest Trichodesmium spp. colonies. Pigment concentrations were determined by fluorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography and picoplankton abundance by flow cytometry. Trichome concentration was estimated from pigment algorithms and validated by surface visual counts. The abundance of large colonies counted by the UVP5 (maximum 7093 colonies m−3) was well correlated to the trichome concentrations (maximum 2093 trichomes L−1) with an aggregation factor of 600. In the Melanesian archipelago, a maximum of 4715 trichomes L−1 was enumerated in pump samples (3.2 m) at 20∘ S, 167 30∘ E. High Trichodesmium abundance was always associated with absorption peaks of mycosporine-like amino acids (330, 360 nm) and high particulate backscattering, but not with high Chl a fluorescence or blue particulate absorption (440 nm). Along the west-to-east transect, Trichodesmium together with Prochlorococcus represented the major part of total chlorophyll concentration; the contribution of other groups were relatively small or negligible. The Trichodesmium contribution to total chlorophyll concentration was the highest in the Melanesian archipelago around New Caledonia and Vanuatu (60 %), progressively decreased to the vicinity of the islands of Fiji (30 %), and reached a minimum in the South Pacific Gyre where Prochlorococcus dominated chlorophyll concentration. The contribution of Trichodesmium to zeaxanthin was respectively 50, 40 and 20 % for these regions. During the OUTPACE cruise, the relationship between normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) in the ultraviolet and visible and chlorophyll concentration was similar to that found during the BIOSOPE cruise in the eastern tropical Pacific. Principal component analysis (PCA) of OUTPACE data showed that nLw at 305, 325, 340, 380, 412 and 440 nm was strongly correlated to chlorophyll and zeaxanthin, while nLw at 490 and 565 nm exhibited lower correlations. These results, as well as differences in the PCA of BIOSOPE data, indicated that nLw variability in the greenish blue and yellowish green during OUTPACE was influenced by other variables associated with Trichodesmium presence, such as backscattering coefficient, phycoerythrin fluorescence and/or zeaxanthin absorption, suggesting that Trichodesmium detection should involve examination of nLw in this spectral domain.
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Azouzi, L., R. Gonçalves Ito, F. Touratier, and C. Goyet. "Anthropogenic carbon in the eastern South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 19, 2007): 1815–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-1815-2007.
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Abstract. We present results from the BIOSOPE cruise in the eastern South Pacific Ocean. In particular, we present estimates of the anthropogenic carbon CantTrOCA distribution in this area using the TrOCA method recently developed by Touratier and Goyet (2004a, b) and Touratier et al. (2007). We study the distribution of this anthropogenic carbon taking into account of the hydrodynamic characteristics of this region. We then compare these results with earlier estimates in nearby areas of the anthropogenic carbon as well as other anthropogenic tracer (CFC-11). The highest concentrations of CantTrOCA are located around 13° S 132° W and 32° S 91° W, and their concentrations are larger than 80 μmol kg−1 and 70 μmol kg−1, respectively. The lowest concentrations were observed below 800 m depths (≤2 μ mol kg−1) and at the Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZ), mainly around 140° W (<11 μmol kg−1). The comparison with earlier work in nearby areas provides a general trend and indicates that the results presented here are in general agreement with previous knowledge. This work further improves our understanding on the penetration of anthropogenic carbon in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Van Mooy, B. A. S., T. Moutin, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, and F. Van Wambeke. "Phospholipid synthesis rates in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2008): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-133-2008.
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Abstract. Membrane lipid molecules are a major component of planktonic organisms and this is particularly true of the microbial picoplankton that dominate the open ocean; with their high surface-area to volume ratios, the synthesis of membrane lipids places a major demand on their overall cell metabolism. Specifically, the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids creates a demand for the nutrient phosphorus, and we sought to refine our understanding of the role of phospholipids in the upper ocean phosphorus cycle. We measured the rates of phospholipid synthesis in a transect of the eastern subtropical South Pacific from Easter Island to Concepcion, Chile as part of the BIOSOPE program. Our approach combined standard phosphorus radiotracer incubations and lipid extraction methods. We found that phospholipid synthesis rates varied from less than 1 to greater than 200 pmol P L−1 h−1, and that phospholipid synthesis contributed between less than 5% to greater than 22% of the total PO43− incorporation rate. Changes in the percentage that phospholipid synthesis contributed to total PO43− uptake were strongly correlated with the ratio of primary production to bacterial production, which supported our hypothesis that heterotrophic bacteria were the primary agents of phospholipid synthesis. The spatial variation in phospholipid synthesis rates underscored the importance of heterotrophic bacteria in the phosphorus cycle of the eastern subtropical South Pacific, particularly the hyperoligotrophic South Pacific subtropical gyre.
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Van Mooy, B. A. S., T. Moutin, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, and F. Van Wambeke. "Phospholipid synthesis rates in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 20, 2007): 2793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2793-2007.
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Abstract. Membrane lipid molecules are a major component of planktonic organisms and this is particularly true of the microbial picoplankton that dominate the open ocean; with their high surface-area to volume ratios, the synthesis of membrane lipids places a major demand on their overall cell metabolism. The synthesis of one class of membrane lipids, the phospholipids, also creates a demand for the nutrient phosphorus, and we sought to refine our understanding of the role of phospholipids in the upper ocean phosphorus cycle. We measured the rates of phospholipid synthesis in a transect of the eastern subtropical South Pacific from Easter Island to Concepcion, Chile as part of the BIOSOPE program. Our approach combined standard phosphorus radiotracer incubations and lipid extraction methods. We found that phospholipid synthesis rates varied from less than 1 to greater than 200 pmol P L−1 h−1, and that phospholipid synthesis contributed between less than 5% to greater than 22% of the total PO43− incorporation rate. Changes in the percentage that phospholipid synthesis contributed to total PO43− incorporation were strongly correlated with the ratio of primary production to bacterial production, which supported our hypothesis that heterotrophic bacteria were the primary agents of phospholipid synthesis. The spatial variation in phospholipid synthesis rates underscored the importance of heterotrophic bacteria in the phosphorus cycle of the eastern subtropical South Pacific, particularly the hyperoligotrophic South Pacific subtropical gyre.
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Beaufort, L., M. Couapel, N. Buchet, and H. Claustre. "Calcite production by Coccolithophores in the South East Pacific Ocean: from desert to jungle." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (September 17, 2007): 3267–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3267-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. BIOSOPE cruise achieved an oceanographic transect from the Marquise Islands to the Peru-Chili upwelling (PCU) via the centre of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). Water samples from 6 depths in the euphotic zone were collected at 20 stations. The concentrations of suspended calcite particles, coccolithophores cells and detached coccoliths were estimated together with size and weight using an automatic polarizing microscope, a digital camera, and a collection of softwares performing morphometry and pattern recognition. Some of these softwares are new and described here for the first time. The coccolithophores standing stocks are usually low and reach maxima west of the PCU. The coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa spp. and Crenalithus spp. (Order Isochrysidales) represent 50% of all the suspended calcite particles detected in the size range 0.1–46 μm (21% of PIC in term of the calcite weight). The latter species are found to grow preferentially in the Chlorophyll maximum zone. In the SPG their maximum concentrations was found to occur between 150 and 200 m, which is very deep for these taxa. The weight and size of coccoliths and coccospheres are correlated. Large and heavy coccoliths and coccospheres are found in the regions with relative higher fertility in the Marquises Island and in the PCU. Small and light coccoliths and coccospheres are found west of the PCU. This distribution may correspond to that of the concentration of calcium and carbonate ions.
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Moutin, T., D. M. Karl, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, P. Raimbault, B. A. S. Van Mooy, and H. Claustre. "Phosphate availability and the ultimate control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2008): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-95-2008.
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Abstract. Due to the low atmospheric input of phosphate into the open ocean, it is one of the key nutrients that could ultimately control primary production and carbon export into the deep ocean. The observed trend over the last 20 years has shown a decrease in the dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) pool in the North Pacific gyre, which has been correlated to the increase in di-nitrogen (N2) fixation rates. Following a NW-SE transect, in the Southeast Pacific during the early austral summer (BIOSOPE cruise), we present data on DIP, dissolved organic phosphate (DOP) and particulate phosphate (PP) pools along with DIP turnover times (TDIP) and N2 fixation rates. We observed a decrease in DIP concentration from the edges to the centre of the gyre. Nevertheless the DIP concentrations remained above 100 nmol L−1 and T DIP was more than 6 months in the centre of the gyre; DIP availability remained largely above the level required for phosphate limitation to occur and the absence of Trichodesmium spp and low nitrogen fixation rates were likely to be controlled by other factors such as temperature or iron availability. This contrasts with recent observations in the North Pacific Ocean at the ALOHA station and in the western Pacific Ocean at the same latitude (DIAPALIS cruises) where lower DIP concentrations (<20 nmol L−1) and T DIP <50 h were measured during the summer season in the upper layer. The South Pacific gyre can be considered a High Phosphate Low Chlorophyll (HPLC) oligotrophic area, which could potentially support high N2 fixation rates and possibly carbon dioxide sequestration, if the primary ecophysiological controls, temperature and/or iron availability, were alleviated.
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Paronikyan, Ruzanna G., Rafik Sh Sarkisyan, Mkrtich N. Avagyan, Marine S. Grigoryan, and Naira D. Paronikyan. "Epileptiform state of rats and the protective effect of antiepileptic drugs: Dilantin, Depakin, and Zarontin." L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46563/2686-8997-2021-2-2-83-88.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study is to investigate the direction of changes in the epileptiform state of the rat organism under the influence of antiepileptic drugs, and also to reveal the possibility of using simple criteria for the comparative assessment of the severity of their protective actions using the hardware complex «Bioscope». Materials and methods. Three series of experiments were carried out using anticonvulsants: Dilantin, Depakine, and Zarontin. In each series of experiments, the integrative state of animals was recorded in normal conditions, after administration of an anticonvulsant drug and after administration of corazole against the background of the effect of an anticonvulsant drug. For a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the protective action of the antiepileptic drug, spectral distributions of the signals of the «Bioscope» were constructed and the power of the signals was compared in normal conditions and after administration of drugs. Results. For the relief of epileptiform states, Dilantin and Depakin are most effective - after the introduction of corazole against the background of these drugs, a higher correlation was observed between the values of the power of their spectrum compared with the norm. The injection of Dilantin has been shown to significantly change the nature of the «Bioskop» signals, while after the introduction of Depakin this does not happen. Zarontin was found to have a lower efficacy in relieving epileptiform states of the body compared to Dilantin and Depakin. Conclusion. The study revealed the feasibility of using the hardware complex «Bioscope» for the purpose of rapid assessment of the protective effect of antiepileptic drugs in epileptiform states of the body. At the same time, the possibility of using simple criteria for a comparative assessment of the severity of the protective action of drugs is shown.
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Dolan, J. R., M. E. Ritchie, and J. Ras. "The "neutral" community structure of planktonic herbivores, tintinnid ciliates of the microzooplankton, across the SE Tropical Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 4, no. 3 (June 7, 2007): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-297-2007.
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Abstract. We assessed the community characteristics of a group of planktonic herbivores across a species-rich area, the SE Pacific Ocean. A series of 22 stations between the Marquise Islands (7° S 142° W) and the coast of Chile (35° S 73° W) was sampled during the BIOSOPE cruise in 2004. We examined the relationships between taxonomic diversity, morphological diversity, patterns of tintinnid species assemblage, and phytoplankton abundance. Tintinnid community characteristics were estimated from large volume (20–60 l) discrete depth sampling and phytoplankton were characterized based on HPLC pigment signatures. Across the transect, average water column concentrations of tintinnids ranged from 2–40 cells l−1 or 8–40 ng C l−1, and were positively related to chlorophyll a concentrations which varied between 0.07–2 µg l−1. Large numbers of tintinnid taxa were found, 18–41 species per station, yielding a total of 149 species. Among stations, morphological and taxonomic diversity metrics co-varied but were not significantly related to phytoplankton diversity estimated using a pigment-based size-diversity metric. Taxonomic diversity of tintinnids, as H' or Fishers' alpha, was inversely related to chlorophyll concentration and positively to the depth of the chlorophyll maximum layer. Species abundance distributions were compared to geometric, log-series and log-normal distributions. For most stations, the observed distribution most closely matched log-series, coherent with the neutral theory of random colonization from a large species pool. Occurrence rates of species were correlated with average abundance rather than specific characteristics of biomass or lorica oral diameter (mouth) size. Among stations, species richness was correlated with both the variety of mouth sizes (lorica oral diameters) as well as numbers of species per mouth size, also consistent with random colonization.
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Beaufort, L., M. Couapel, N. Buchet, H. Claustre, and C. Goyet. "Calcite production by coccolithophores in the south east Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 5, no. 4 (August 4, 2008): 1101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1101-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. BIOSOPE cruise covered an oceanographic transect through the centre of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) from the Marquesas archipelago to the Peru-Chile upwelling (PCU). Water samples from 6 depths in the euphotic zone were collected at 20 stations. The concentrations of suspended calcite particles, coccolithophores cells and detached coccoliths were estimated together with size and weight using an automatic polarizing microscope, a digital camera, and a collection of softwares performing morphometry and pattern recognition. Some of these softwares are new and described here for the first time. The coccolithophores standing stocks were usually low and reached maxima west of the PCU. The coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa spp. and Crenalithus spp. (Order Isochrysidales) represented more than 30% of all the suspended calcite particles detected in the size range 0.1–46 μm (22% of PIC in term of calcite weight). These species grew preferentially in the Chlorophyll maximum zone. In the SPG their maximum cell concentrations were recorded between depth of 150 and 200 m, which is unusually deep for these taxa. The weight of coccoliths and coccospheres were correlated to their size. Large and heavy coccoliths and coccospheres were found in regions with relatively high fertility in the Marquises Island and in the PCU. Small and light coccoliths and coccospheres were found west of the PCU. This distribution is strongly related to ocean chemistry in particular to alkalinity and to carbonate ions concentration. The biotic (coccolithophores production) influence on calcification is mainly driven at the local scale (depth) whereas the abiotic (carbonate chemistry) plays its most important role at the regional (horizontal) level. Here 94% of the variability of coccolith and coccosphere weight can be explained by a change in 7 environmental variables.
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Ras, J., H. Claustre, and J. Uitz. "Spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment distributions in the Subtropical South Pacific Ocean: comparison between in situ and predicted data." Biogeosciences 5, no. 2 (March 12, 2008): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-353-2008.
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Abstract. In the frame of the BIOSOPE cruise in 2004, the spatial distribution and structure of phytoplankton pigments was investigated along a transect crossing the ultra-oligotrophic South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG) between the Marquesas Archipelago (141° W–8° S) and the Chilean upwelling (73° W–34° S). A High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was improved in order to be able to accurately quantify pigments over such a large range of trophic levels, and especially from strongly oligotrophic conditions. Seven diagnostic pigments were associated to three phytoplankton size classes (pico-, nano and microphytoplankton). The total chlorophyll-α concentrations [TChlα] in surface waters were the lowest measured in the centre of the gyre, reaching 0.017 mg m−3. Pigment concentrations at the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) were generally 10 fold the surface values. Results were compared to predictions from a global parameterisation based on remotely sensed surface [TChlα]. The agreement between the in situ and predicted data for such contrasting phytoplankton assemblages was generally good: throughout the oligotrophic gyre system, picophytoplankton (prochlorophytes and cyanophytes) and nanophytoplankton were the dominant classes. Relative bacteriochlorophyll-α concentrations varied around 2%. The transition zone between the Marquesas and the SPSG was also well predicted by the model. However, some regional characteristics have been observed where measured and modelled data differ. Amongst these features is the extreme depth of the DCM (180 m) towards the centre of the gyre, the presence of a deep nanoflagellate population beneath the DCM or the presence of a prochlorophyte-enriched population in the formation area of the high salinity South Pacific Tropical Water. A coastal site sampled in the eutrophic upwelling zone, characterised by recently upwelled water, was significantly and unusually enriched in picoeucaryotes, in contrast with an offshore upwelling site where a more typical senescent diatom population prevailed.
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Ras, J., H. Claustre, and J. Uitz. "Spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment distributions in the Subtropical South Pacific Ocean: comparison between in situ and predicted data." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 2, 2007): 3409–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3409-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In the frame of the BIOSOPE cruise in 2004, the spatial distribution and structure of phytoplankton pigments was investigated along a transect crossing the ultra-oligotrophic South Pacific Subtropical Gyre (SPSG) between the Marquesas Archipelago (141° W–8° S) and the Chilean upwelling (73° W–34° S). A High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was improved in order to be able to accurately quantify pigments over such a large range of trophic levels, and especially the strongly oligotrophic conditions. Seven diagnostic pigments were associated to three phytoplankton size classes (pico-, nano and microphytoplankton). The total chlorophyll a (TChla) concentrations in surface waters were the lowest measured in the centre of the gyre, reaching 0.017 mg m−3. Pigment concentrations at the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) were generally 10 fold the surface values. Results were compared to predictions from a global parameterisation based on remotely sensed surface TChla concentrations. The agreement between the in situ and predicted data for such contrasting phytoplankton assemblages was generally good: throughout the oligotrophic gyre system, picophytoplankton (prochlorophytes and cyanophytes) was a dominant class, the nanophytoplankton signature was also significant and relative bacteriochlorophyll a concentrations varied around 2%. The transition zone between the Marquesas and the SPSG was also well predicted by the model. However, some regional particularities have been observed where measured and modelled data differ. Amongst these features is the extreme depth of the DCM (180 m) towards the centre of the gyre, the presence of a deep nanoflagellate population beneath the DCM or the presence of a prochlorophyte-enriched population in the high salinity formation area of the South Pacific Tropical Water. A coastal site sampled in the eutrophic upwelling zone, characterised by recently upwelled water, was significantly and unusually enriched in picoeucaryotes, in contrast with the offshore upwelling site where a more typical senescent diatom population was dominant.
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Dolan, J. R., M. E. Ritchie, and J. Ras. "The "neutral" community structure of planktonic herbivores, tintinnid ciliates of the microzooplankton, across the SE Tropical Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2007): 561–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-561-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Across a species-rich area, the SE Pacific Ocean, the community characteristics of a group of planktonic herbivores was assessed. A series of 22 stations between the Marquise Islands (7° S 142° W) and the coast of Chile (35° S 73° W) was sampled during the BIOSOPE cruise in 2004. The relationships between taxonomic diversity, morphological diversity, patterns of tintinnid species assemblage, and phytoplankton abundance were examined. Tintinnid community characteristics were estimated from large volume (20–60 l) discrete depth sampling and phytoplankton were characterized based on HPLC pigment signatures. Across the transect, average water column concentrations of tintinnids ranged from 2–40 cells l−1or 8–40 ng C l−1, and were positively related to chlorophyll a concentrations which varied between 0.07–2 μg l−1. Large numbers of tintinnid taxa were found, 18–41 species per station, yielding a total of 149 species. Among stations, morphological and taxonomic diversity metrics co-varied but were not significantly related to phytoplankton diversity estimated using a pigment-based size-diversity metric. Taxonomic diversity of tintinnids, as H' or Fishers' alpha, was inversely related to chlorophyll concentration and positively to the depth of the chlorophyll maximum layer. For each station, species abundance distributions were compared to geometric, log-series and log-normal distributions. For most stations, the observed distribution most closely matched log-series, coherent with the neutral theory of random colonization from a large species pool. Occurrence rates of species were correlated with average abundance rather than specific characteristics of biomass or lorica oral diameter (mouth) size. Among stations, species richness was correlated with both the variety of mouth sizes (lorica oral diameters) as well as numbers of species per mouth size, also consistent with random colonization.
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Vasudevan, Ravi S., Rosie Thomas, Neepa Majumdar, and Moinak Biswas. "Editorial: BioScope." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492760900100101.
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Sempéré, R., M. Tedetti, C. Panagiotopoulos, B. Charrière, and F. Van Wambeke. "Distribution and bacterial availability of dissolved neutral sugars in the South East Pacific." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2008): 725–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-725-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The distribution and bacterial availability of dissolved neutral sugars were studied in the South East Pacific from October to December 2004 during the BIOSOPE cruise. Four contrasted sites were investigated: Marquesas Islands (MAR), the hyper-oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (GYR), the eastern part of the Gyre (EGY), and the coastal waters associated to upwelling of Chile (UPW). Total (free and combined) dissolved neutral sugar (TDNS) concentrations were higher in UPW (149–329 nM) and MAR (111–540 nM), than in GYR (79–390 nM) and EGY (58–492 nM). Nevertheless, their contribution to dissolved organic carbon (TDNS-C/DOC%) was generally low for all sites varying from 0.5% to 4% indicating that our South East Pacific surface waters were relatively poor in neutral sugars. Free dissolved neutral sugar (FDNS; e.g. sugars analyzed without hydrolysis) concentrations were very low within the detection of our method (5–10 nM) accounting <5% of the TDNS. In general, the predominant sugars within the TDNS pool were glucose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose while in the FDNS pool only glucose was present. TDNS stock to bacterial production ratios (integrated values from the surface to the deep chlorophyll maximum) were relatively high in GYR with respect to the low primary production, whereas the opposite trend was observed in the highly productive area of UPW. Intermediate situations were observed for MAR and EGY. Bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) exposed to natural solar radiation was also experimentally studied and compared to dark treatments. Our results showed no or little detectable effect of sunlight on DOM bacterial assimilation in UPW and in GYR while a significant stimulation was found in MAR and EGY. The overall results clearly suggest the semi-labile character of DOM in GYR compared to the labile of UPW and are consistent with dissolved organic carbon accumulation and the elevated C/N ratios reported by Raimbault et al. (2007).
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Sempéré, R., M. Tedetti, C. Panagiotopoulos, B. Charrière, and F. Van Wambeke. "Distribution and bacterial availability of dissolved neutral sugars in the South East Pacific." Biogeosciences 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2008): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1165-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The distribution and bacterial availability of dissolved neutral sugars were studied in the South East Pacific from October to December 2004 during the BIOSOPE cruise. Four contrasting stations were investigated: Marquesas Islands (MAR), the hyper-oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (GYR), the eastern part of the Gyre (EGY), and the coastal waters associated to the upwelling area off Chile (UPW). Total (free and combined) dissolved neutral sugar (TDNS) concentrations were in the same order of magnitude at MAR (387±293 nM), GYR (206±107 nM), EGY (269±175 nM), and UPW (231±73 nM), with the highest and lowest concentrations found at MAR (30 m, 890 nM) and EGY (250 m, 58 nM), respectively. Their contribution to dissolved organic carbon (TDNS-C×DOC−1%) was generally low for all sites varying from 0.4% to 6.7% indicating that South East Pacific surface waters were relatively poor in neutral sugars. Free dissolved neutral sugar (FDNS; e.g. sugars analyzed without hydrolysis) concentrations were very low within the detection limit of our method (5–10 nM) accounting for <5% of the TDNS. In general, the predominant sugars within the TDNS pool were glucose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose, while in the FDNS pool only glucose was present. TDNS stock to bacterial production ratios (integrated values from the surface to the deep chlorophyll maximum) were high at GYR with respect to the low primary production, whereas the opposite trend was observed in the highly productive area of UPW. Intermediate situations were observed for MAR and EGY. Bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) exposed to natural solar radiation was also experimentally studied and compared to dark treatments. Our results showed no or little detectable effect of sunlight on DOM bacterial assimilation in surface waters of UPW and GYR, while a significant stimulation was found in MAR and EGY. The overall results clearly suggest that DOM is less labile at GYR compared to UPW, which is consistent with the observed accumulation of dissolved organic carbon and the elevated C/N ratios reported by Raimbault et al. (2008).
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Le Gall, F., F. Rigaut-Jalabert, D. Marie, L. Garczarek, M. Viprey, A. Gobet, and D. Vaulot. "Picoplankton diversity in the South-East Pacific Ocean from cultures." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 7, 2007): 2699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2699-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In late 2004, the BIOSOPE cruise sailed between the equatorial influenced waters off Marquesas islands and the nutrient enriched waters of the Chilean upwelling. Along the way, it explored the Southeast Pacific gyre centred around Easter Island, which is probably the most oligotrophic oceanic region on earth. During this cruise, we undertook a vigorous effort to isolate novel photosynthetic picoplanktonic eukaryotes. Two strategies were attempted on board: enrichment of samples with culture medium and sorting of specific populations by flow cytometry based on chlorophyll fluorescence. Over 1900 pre-cultures were started and then further purified by flow cytometry, serial dilution or pipette isolation to yield a total of 212 strains. These strains were characterized morphologically and for more than 50% of them, genetically, through partial sequencing of the 18 S rRNA gene. Among the characterized strains, the largest number are stramenopiles (Heterokontophyta) with a record of 38 strains belonging to the species Pelagomonas calceolata (Pelagophyceae). Strains from the recently described genera Bolidomonas and Florenciella have been re-isolated for the first time since their description. Two other abundant groups are the Chlorophyta, especially Prasinophyceae, and the Haptophyta, especially the genera Phaeocystis and Emiliania. A limited number of heterotrophic flagellates have also been isolated, all of them closely related to known species. Finally over a dozen of unicellular cyanobacteria strains have been obtained, some forming unusual short chains. Overall our strategy was quite successful since it allowed us to isolate a large number of picoplankton strains but failed in two respects. First, apparently very few novel taxa have been obtained. One set of strains is related to Prasinoderma coloniale (Prasinococcales, Prasinophyceae) but their sequences are sufficiently different from the latter to probably belong to a new genus or species. The sequences of two other strains are phylogenetically affiliated to stramenopile environmental sequences, probably corresponding a new algal class. Second, very few strains have been obtained from the very oligotrophic central gyre itself. Future work should probably combine flow cytometry sorting with culture media and cultivation approaches specifically developed for oligotrophic water species.
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Stemmann, L., D. Eloire, A. Sciandra, G. A. Jackson, L. Guidi, M. Picheral, and G. Gorsky. "Volume distribution for particles between 3.5 to 2000 μm in the upper 200 m region of the South Pacific Gyre." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (September 27, 2007): 3377–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3377-2007.
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Abstract. The French JGOFS BIOSOPE cruise crossed the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) on a transect between the Marquesas Islands and the Chilean coast on a 7500 km transect (8° S–34° S and 8° W–72° W). The number and volume distributions of small (3.5100 μm) were analysed combining two instruments, the HIAC/Royco Counter (for the small particles) and the Underwater Video Profiler (UVP, for the large particles). For the HIAC analysis, samples were collected from 12 L CTD Rosette bottles and immediately analysed on board while the UVP provided an estimate of in situ particle concentrations and size in a continuous profile. Out of 76 continuous UVP and 117 discrete HIAC vertical profiles, 25 had both sets of measurements, mostly at a site close to the Marquesas Islands (site MAR) and one in the center of the gyre (site GYR). At GYR, the particle number spectra from few μm to few mm were fit with power relationships having slopes close to −4. At MAR, the high abundance of large objects, probably living organisms, created a shift in the full size spectra of particles such as a single slope was not appropriate. The small particle pool at both sites showed a diel pattern while the large did not, implying that the movement of mass toward the large particles does not take place at daily scale in the SPG area. Despite the relatively simple nature of the number spectra, the volume spectra was more variable because what were small deviations from the straight line in a log-log plot were large variations in the volume estimates. Results showed that the volume of large particles can equal the volume of the smaller particles. However the proportion of material in large particles decreased from the mesotrophic conditions at the border of the SPG to the ultra-oligotrophy of the center in the upper 200 m depth. We expect large particles to play a major role in the trophic interaction in the upper waters of the South Pacific Gyre.
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Raimbault, P., and N. Garcia. "Carbon and nitrogen uptake in the South Pacific Ocean: evidence for efficient dinitrogen fixation and regenerated production leading to large accumulation of dissolved organic matter in nitrogen-depleted waters." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 5, 2007): 3531–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3531-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A major goal of the BIOSOPE cruise on the R/V Atalante to the South Pacific Ocean (conducted in October–November 2004) was to establish rate of productivity along a longitudinal section across the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG), and compared these measurements with those obtained in nutrient–repleted waters from Chilean upwelling and around Marquesas Islands. A dual 13C/15N isotopic technique was used to estimate rates of carbon fixation, inorganic nitrogen uptake (including dinitrogen fixation), ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) regeneration, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) release resulting from both NH4 and NO3 uptake. The SPG had revealed the lowest rates of primary production (0.1 gC.m−2.d−1), while rates were 7 to 20 fold higher around the Marquesas Islands and in the Chilean upwelling, respectively. In this very low productive area, most of primary production was sustained by active regeneration processes which fuelled up to 95% of the biological nitrogen demand. Since nitrification was very active in the surface layer and often balanced the biological demand of nitrate, dinitrogen fixation, although acting at low daily rate (≈1–2 nmoles l−1d−1), sustained the main part of new production. Then, new production in the SPG (0.008±0.007 gC m−2.d−1) was two orders of magnitude lower than this measured in the upwelling where it essentially sustained by nitrate (0.69±0.49 gC.m−2.d−1). In the whole investigated region, the percentage of nitrogen release as DON represented a large part of the inorganic nitrogen uptake (13–15% in average), and reaching 26–41% in the SPG where the production of DON appeared to be a major part of the nitrogen cycle. Due to the lack of annual vertical mixing and very low lateral advection, the high release rates could explain the large accumulation of dissolved organic matter observed in the nitrogen-depleted and low productive waters of the South Pacific Gyre.
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Le Gall, F., F. Rigaut-Jalabert, D. Marie, L. Garczarek, M. Viprey, A. Gobet, and D. Vaulot. "Picoplankton diversity in the South-East Pacific Ocean from cultures." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-203-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In late 2004, the BIOSOPE cruise sailed between the equatorial influenced waters off the Marquesas Islands and the nutrient enriched waters of the Chilean upwelling. Along the way, it explored the Southeast Pacific gyre centred around Easter Island, which is probably the most oligotrophic oceanic region on earth. During this cruise, we undertook a vigorous effort to isolate novel photosynthetic picoplanktonic eukaryotes. Two strategies were attempted on board: enrichment of filtered samples with culture medium and sorting of specific populations by flow cytometry based on size and chlorophyll fluorescence. Over 1900 pre-cultures were started and then further purified by flow cytometry, serial dilution or pipette isolation to yield a total of 212 strains. These strains were characterized morphologically and for more than 50% of them, genetically, through partial sequencing of the 18 S rRNA gene. Among the characterized strains, the largest number belongs to stramenopiles (Heterokontophyta) with a record of 38 strains belonging to the species Pelagomonas calceolata (Pelagophyceae). Strains from the recently described genera Bolidomonas and Florenciella have been re-isolated for the first time since their description. Two other abundant groups are the Chlorophyta, especially Prasinophyceae, and the Haptophyta, especially the genera Phaeocystis and Emiliania. A limited number of heterotrophic flagellates have also been isolated, all of them belonging to groups containing known species. Finally, over a dozen of unicellular cyanobacterial Synechococcus strains have been obtained, some forming unusual short chains. Overall our strategy was quite successful since it allowed us to isolate a large number of picoplankton strains. Still it failed in two respects. First, apparently very few novel taxa have been obtained. One set of strains is related to Prasinoderma coloniale (Prasinococcales, Prasinophyceae) but their sequences are sufficiently different from the latter to probably belong to a new genus or species. The sequences of two other strains, unfortunately later lost, were phylogenetically affiliated to stramenopile environmental sequences, probably corresponding to a new algal class. Second, very few strains have been obtained from the very oligotrophic central gyre itself. In order to be successful, future work in similar waters should probably combine flow cytometry sorting with culture media and cultivation approaches specifically developed for oligotrophic water species.
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Stemmann, L., D. Eloire, A. Sciandra, G. A. Jackson, L. Guidi, M. Picheral, and G. Gorsky. "Volume distribution for particles between 3.5 to 2000 μm in the upper 200 m region of the South Pacific Gyre." Biogeosciences 5, no. 2 (March 3, 2008): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-299-2008.
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Abstract. The French JGOFS BIOSOPE cruise crossed the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) on a transect between the Marquesas Islands and the Chilean coast on a 7500 km transect (8° S–34° S and 8° W–72° W). The number and volume distributions of small (3.5100 μm) were analysed combining two instruments, the HIAC/Royco Counter (for the small particles) and the Underwater Video Profiler (UVP, for the large particles). For the HIAC analysis, samples were collected from 12 L CTD Rosette bottles and immediately analysed on board while the UVP provided an estimate of in situ particle concentrations and size in a continuous profile. Out of 76 continuous UVP and 117 discrete HIAC vertical profiles, 25 had both sets of measurements, mostly at a site close to the Marquesas Islands (site MAR) and one in the center of the gyre (site GYR). At GYR, the particle number spectra from few μm to few mm were fit with power relationships having slopes close to −4. At MAR, the high abundance of large objects, probably living organisms, created a shift in the full size spectra of particles such that a single slope was not appropriate. The small particle pool at both sites showed a diel pattern while the large did not, implying that the movement of mass toward the large particles does not take place at daily scale in the SPG area. Despite the relatively simple nature of the number spectra, the volume spectra were more variable because what were small deviations from the straight line in a log-log plot were large variations in the volume estimates. In addition, the mass estimates from the size spectra are very sensitive to crucial parameters such as the fractal dimension and the POC/Dry Weight ratio. Using consistent values for these parameters, we show that the volume of large particles can equal the volume of the smaller particles. However the proportion of material in large particles decreased from the mesotrophic conditions at the border of the SPG to the ultra-oligotrophy of the center in the upper 200 m depth. We expect large particles to play a major role in the trophic interaction in the upper waters of the South Pacific Gyre.
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Neeser, W., M. Bocker, P. Buchholz, P. Fischer, P. Holl, J. Kemmer, P. Klein, et al. "The DEPFET pixel BIOSCOPE." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 47, no. 3 (June 2000): 1246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.856581.
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Van Wambeke, F., M. Tedetti, S. Duhamel, and R. Sempéré. "Diel variability of heterotrophic bacterial production and UV doses in the South East Pacific." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2008): 435–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-435-2008.
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Abstract. Diel variability of heterotrophic bacterial production (BP) was investigated in the South East Pacific from October to December 2004 during the BIOSOPE cruise. Three sites differing by their trophic status were studied: Marquesas Islands (MAR; 08° S, 141° W), the centre of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) (GYR; 26° S, 114° W) and the eastern part of the SPG (EGY; 32° S, 91° W). At the three sites, diel variability of BP ranged from 17 to 40% and from 13 to 22% for volumetric surface (5 m) and integrated (to Ze and Zm) data, respectively. The main feature we observed was at 5 m, an abrupt increase (×2 to ×4) in leucine activity during the afternoon-sunset period (12:00–18:00 at the site MAR and 15:00–21:00 at the site GYR) and lowest activities recorded between 10:00 and 14:00. To assess the potential influence of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 280–400 nm) on this BP diel variability, we determined, from in situ optical measurements, the mean tri-hourly ultraviolet B (UVB, 305 nm) and ultraviolet A (UVA, 380 nm) doses (irradiances integrated over time) within the mixed layer (Hm(UVB) and Hm(UVA), respectively). The wavelengths 305 nm and 380 nm were used as biologically effective wavelengths for the induction of DNA damages (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers: CPDs) and photoenzymatic repairs (PERs), respectively. In the SPG, daily Hm(UVB) and Hm(UVA) were 0.6 and 14 kJ m−2 nm−1, respectively. The latter were probably the highest daily doses ever measured in the marine environment. The Hm(UVB)/Hm(UVA) ratio (Q) increased by 58, 117 and 46% from 06:00–09:00 to 12:00–15:00, and decreased by 36, 26 and 16% from 12:00–15:00 to 15:00–18:00 at the sites MAR, GYR and EGY, respectively. The relationship between Q and BP suggested a significant influence of UVR on the diel variability of BP (BP decreased when Q increased) at the site GYR from the surface waters to Zm, likely in relation with its hyper-oligotrophic status. Therefore, possible alternance of CPD and PER periods attributed to Q ratio, as well as a strong lags between process of autotrophic production with their associated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release and heterotrophic utilization of organic matter could explain such diel variations.
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Raimbault, P., and N. Garcia. "Evidence for efficient regenerated production and dinitrogen fixation in nitrogen-deficient waters of the South Pacific Ocean: impact on new and export production estimates." Biogeosciences 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2008): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-323-2008.
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Abstract. One of the major objectives of the BIOSOPE cruise, carried out on the R/V Atalante from October-November 2004 in the South Pacific Ocean, was to establish productivity rates along a zonal section traversing the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG). These results were then compared to measurements obtained from the nutrient – replete waters in the Chilean upwelling and around the Marquesas Islands. A dual 13C/15N isotope technique was used to estimate the carbon fixation rates, inorganic nitrogen uptake (including dinitrogen fixation), ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) regeneration and release of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The SPG exhibited the lowest primary production rates (0.15 g C m−2 d−1), while rates were 7 to 20 times higher around the Marquesas Islands and in the Chilean upwelling, respectively. In the very low productive area of the SPG, most of the primary production was sustained by active regeneration processes that fuelled up to 95% of the biological nitrogen demand. Nitrification was active in the surface layer and often balanced the biological demand for nitrate, especially in the SPG. The percentage of nitrogen released as DON represented a large proportion of the inorganic nitrogen uptake (13–15% in average), reaching 26–41% in the SPG, where DON production played a major role in nitrogen cycling. Dinitrogen fixation was detectable over the whole study area; even in the Chilean upwelling, where rates as high as 3 nmoles l−1 d−1 were measured. In these nutrient-replete waters new production was very high (0.69±0.49 g C m−2 d−1) and essentially sustained by nitrate levels. In the SPG, dinitrogen fixation, although occurring at much lower daily rates (≈1–2 nmoles l−1 d−1), sustained up to 100% of the new production (0.008±0.007 g C m−2 d−1) which was two orders of magnitude lower than that measured in the upwelling. The annual N2-fixation of the South Pacific is estimated to 21×1012g, of which 1.34×1012g is for the SPG only. Even if our "snapshot" estimates of N2-fixation rates were lower than that expected from a recent ocean circulation model, these data confirm that the N-deficiency South Pacific Ocean would provide an ideal ecological niche for the proliferation of N2-fixers which are not yet identified.
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Michel, B., and G. Travaglini. "An STM for biological applications: Bioscope." Journal of Microscopy 152, no. 3 (December 1988): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb01438.x.
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Adinugraha, Tan Anthony Christian, and Erna Zuni Astuti. "Rancangan Bangun Model Desain Tampilan User Experience (UX) Sistem Aplikasi Layanan Hiburan Pemesanan Tiket Bioskop Berbasis Mobile dengan Menggunakan Konsep Metode Design Thinking." TECHNO CREATIVE 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.62411/tcv.v1i1.1383.
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Selama ini, terdapat kelemahan dalam transaksi proses pemesanan dan proses pembelian tiket bioskop. Sejak dahulu kala, para penonton yang ingin melakukan transaksi proses pemesanan dan proses pembelian tiket bioskop diharuskan atau diwajibkan untuk mengantre di loket tempat penjualan tiket bioskop. Ironisnya, cara seperti ini relatif tidak efisien dan tidak efektif karena para penonton diharuskan atau diwajibkan untuk mengantre di loket tempat penjualan tiket bioskop dalam antrean yang cukup panjang dan cukup lama untuk melakukan transaksi proses pemesanan dan proses pembelian tiket bioskop. Seringkali juga tiket bioskop yang ingin dipesan dan dibeli sudah atau telah terjual habis sebelum gilirannya, sehingga para penonton yang sedang mengantre pun menjadi tidak mendapatkan atau tidak memperoleh informasi mengenai tentang tiket bioskop yang masih tersedia. Dalam rangka untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, penulis ingin membuat dan/atau menyusun dan/atau mengembangkan perancangan bangun model desain tampilan UserExperience (UX) sistem aplikasi layanan hiburan pemesanan tiket bioskop berbasis mobile atau dengan menggunakan media perangkat telepon genggam seluler. Pada perancangan bangun model desain tampilan UserExperience (UX) sistem aplikasi layanan hiburan pemesanan tiket bioskop berbasis mobile ini nantinya para penonton bisa atau dapat melihat jadwal pemutaran atau penayangan film bioskop, para penonton juga bisa mendapatkan atau memperoleh informasi mengenai tentang harga tiket bioskop pada hari tersebut, dan para penonton juga bisa mendapatkan atau memperoleh informasi mengenai tentang ketersediaan tiket bioskop beserta dengan posisi lokasi tempat duduk di dalam ruangan bioskop. Dengan adanya perancangan bangun model desain tampilan UserExperience (UX) sistem aplikasi layanan hiburan pemesanan tiket bioskop berbasis mobile ini diharapkan para penonton tidak perlu kesulitan dan menghabiskan waktu untuk mengantre dalam melakukan transaksi proses pemesanan dan proses pembelian tiket bioskop
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Rizal, Febriyan Ibnu, and Erniwati Erniwati. "Sejarah Perkembangan Bioskop Karia Kota Solok Dari Tahun 1970-2012." Jurnal Kronologi 4, no. 3 (October 11, 2022): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jk.v4i3.495.
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Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang perkembangan Bioskop Karia Kota Solok yang dipimpin tiga generasi keluargan Ang yang meliputi perkembangan film, jumlah penonton dan sarana yang mendukungnya terutama pada masa pimpinan generasi ke tiga keluarga Ang yaitu Wirako Angriawan yang dimulai pada tahun 1970. Selain di Kota Solok Bioskop Karia juga berdiri di beberapa kota dalam provinsi Sumatera Barat, sebagai berikut; Bioskop Karia Kota Padang didirikan pada tahun 1921, Bioskop Karia Kota Padang Panjang tahun 1931, Bioskop Karia Kota Payakumbuh tahun 1936 dan Bioskop Karia Kota Solok tahun 1970. Bioskop Karia Kota Solok yang didirikan tepatnya di Simpang Surya tepatnya arah memasuki terminal angkot Pasar Raya Kota Solok pada tahun 1970 oleh PT MHI (Maskapay Handle Industrie), yang dipimpin oleh seorang pengusaha ras Tionghoa bernama Ang Eng Kwan. Alasan didirikannya Bioskop Karia di Kota Solok karena Kota ini adalah kampung halaman dari Ang Eng Kwan. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif sejarah, oleh karena itu penelitian Sejarah Perkembangan Bioskop Karia Kota Solok Dari Tahun 1970-2012 ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :1. Heuristik, 2) kritik sumber, 3) interpretasi, dan 4) Historiografi. Dari pembahasan di bawah ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Bioskop Karia Solok ini mengalami perubahan yang signifikan baik itu dari segi bentuk fisik dan fungsinya yang mana perubahan tersebut terjadi karena adanya pengaruh Modernisasi. Seiring berkembangnya zaman keberadaan Bioskop Karia Solok ini terus menerus mengalami kemunduran terlebih lagi saat ini bentuk fisik bangunan, hingga pada akhirnya tahun 2012 Bioskop Karia Solok ini berhenti beroperasi.
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Safitri, Ilmiawati. "Perjalanan Bioskop Keliling dari Media Hiburan Hingga Propaganda." Jurnal Siginjai 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/js.v2i2.21524.
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Bioskop keliling sudah ada sejak masa pemerintahan Hindia Belanda. Masyarakat selalu menantikan hiburan murah dari pemerintah masuk ke desa. Eksistensi bioskop keliling yang menjadi primadona hiburan masyarakat dimanfaatkan oleh pemerintah, terutama pada masa pendudukan Jepang. Jepang menggunakannya sebagai alat propaganda untuk mendukung perang yang sedang dijalaninya melawan sekutu. Tulisan ini berupaya merekonstruksi kembali perjalanan bioskop keliling yang pernah mewarnai panggung hiburan Indonesia. Bioskop keliling yang identik dengan hiburan, nyatanya dapat menjadi media berbalut politik dengan kepetingan-kepentingan penguasa rezim.
Kajian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang menjelaskan persoalan penelitian berdasarkan perspektif sejarah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa bioskop keliling memiliki banyak peranan penting, diantaranya yaitu memasyarakatkan film nasional dan program pemerintah seperti KB, vaksin, pemilu dan lain-lain. Melalui bioskop keliling, film nasional dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat luas dan program pemerintah dapat disampaikan secara langsung kepada masyarakat. Akhir tahun 1990-an teknologi semakin berkembang, aneka hiburan bermunculan dan masuk ke pedesaan. Bioskop keliling perlahan hilang dan mulai dilupakan. Adapun setelah sekian lama redup, di era teknologi digital kini bioskop keliling hadir kembali. Dengan konsep modern dan praktis beberapa bioskop keliling telah dihidupkan di daerah-daerah Indonesia
Keyword: Bioskop Keliling, Hiburan, Propaganda, Masyarakat
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Pramelani, Pramelani. "Daya Minat Penawaran Fasilitas Bioskop Masa PPKM Covid- 19 bagi Penggemar Film di Jakarta." Jurnal Disrupsi Bisnis 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/drb.v5i1.15834.
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Pusat hiburan kembali dibuka di wilayah Jakarta dengan status Covid-19 di PPKM level 2 (dua), terutama tempat nonton bioskop offline. Dengan berbagai syarat yang berlaku selama operasi yang telah ditetapkan oleh pemerintah untuk bioskop terbuka. Protokol kesehatan harus diterapkan baik kepada pengunjung maupun staf bioskop. Selama masa pandemi ketika pemerintah menutup semua tempat hiburan termasuk bioskop offline, penggemar film beralih menonton film secara online. Bioskop pun memberikan penawaran kepada masyarakat bahwa menonton di bioskop aman selama pandemi dengan berbagai protokol kesehatan yang disediakan di dalam bioskop. Melihat hal tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui minat menonton bioskop offline dengan penawaran fasilitas yang ditawarkan selama masa PPKM Covid-19 bagi para penggemar film di Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan informan yang diambil dari hasil teknik purposive sampling. Informan yang diambil dari masyarakat yang memiliki kegemaran menonton film yang berada di daerah Jakarta. Kemudian, data yang diambil dari hasil wawancara terstruktur dan menghasilkan respon yang baik dari penggemar film di Jakarta dari aspek produk film, harga dan kenyamanan yang ditawarkan bioskop. Namun sebagian besar dari mereka masih memiliki sikap protektif untuk tetap memilih nonton film online demi menjaga kesehatannya terutama dalam mengajak anak di bawah usia 12 tahun karena belum divaksin. Kata kunci: Minat, Fasilitas; Bioskop; Film; Covid-19
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Twardowski, M. S., H. Claustre, S. A. Freeman, D. Stramski, and Y. Huot. "Optical backscattering properties of the "clearest" natural waters." Biogeosciences 4, no. 6 (November 29, 2007): 1041–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1041-2007.
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Abstract. During the BIOSOPE field campaign October–December 2004, measurements of inherent optical properties from the surface to 500 m depth were made with a ship profiler at stations covering over 8000 km through the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Data from a ~3000 km section containing the very clearest waters in the central gyre are reported here. The total volume scattering function at 117°, βt(117°), was measured with a WET Labs ECO-BB3 sensor at 462, 532, and 650 nm with estimated uncertainties of 2×10-5, 5×10-6, and 2×10-6 m−1 sr−1, respectively. These values were approximately 6%, 3%, and 3% of the volume scattering by pure seawater at their respective wavelengths. From a methodological perspective, there were several results: – distributions were resolvable even though some of the values from the central gyre were an order of magnitude lower than the lowest previous measurements in the literature; – Direct in-situ measurements of instrument dark offsets were necessary to accurately resolve backscattering at these low levels; – accurate pure seawater backscattering values are critical in determining particulate backscattering coefficients in the open ocean (not only in these very clear waters); the pure water scattering values determined by Buiteveld et al. (1994) with a [1+0.3S/37] adjustment for salinity based on Morel (1974) appear to be the most accurate estimates, with aggregate accuracies as low as a few percent; and – closure was demonstrated with subsurface reflectance measurements reported by Morel et al. (2007) within instrument precisions, a useful factor in validating the backscattering measurements. This methodology enabled several observations with respect to the hydrography and the use of backscattering as a biogeochemical proxy: –The clearest waters sampled were found at depths between 300 and 350 m, from 23.5° S, 118° W to 26° S, 114° W, where total backscattering at 650 nm was not distinguishable from pure seawater; –Distributions of particulate backscattering bbp across the central gyre exhibited a broad particle peak centered ~100 m; –The particulate backscattering ratio typically ranged between 0.4% and 0.6% at 650 nm through the majority of the central gyre from the surface to ~210 m, indicative of "soft" water-filled particles with low bulk refractive index; and – bbp showed a distinct secondary deeper layer centered ~230 m that was absent in particulate attenuation cp data. The particulate backscattering ratio was significantly higher in this layer than in the rest of the water column, reaching 1.2% in some locations. This high relative backscattering, along with the pigment composition and ecological niche of this layer, appear to be consistent with the coccolithophorid Florisphaera profunda. Moreover, results were consistent with several expectations extrapolated from theory and previous work in oceanic and coastal regions, supporting the conclusion that particulate and total backscattering could be resolved in these extremely clear natural waters.
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Twardowski, M. S., H. Claustre, S. A. Freeman, D. Stramski, and Y. Huot. "Optical backscattering properties of the "clearest" natural waters." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 2441–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2441-2007.
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Abstract. During the BIOSOPE field campaign October–December 2004, measurements of inherent optical properties from the surface to 500 m depth were made with a ship profiler at stations covering over ~8000 km through the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Data from a ~3000 km section containing the very clearest waters in the central gyre are reported here. The total volume scattering function at 117°, βt(117°), was measured with a WET Labs ECO-BB3 sensor at 462, 532, and 650 nm with estimated uncertainties of 2×10−5, 5×10−6, and 2×10−6 m−1 sr−1, respectively. These values were approximately 6%, 3%, and 3% of the scattering by pure seawater at their respective wavelengths. From a methodological perspective, there were several results: – bbp distributions were resolvable even though some of the values from the central gyre were an order of magnitude lower than the lowest previous measurements in the literature; – Direct in-situ measurements of instrument dark offsets were necessary to accurately resolve backscattering at these low levels; – accurate pure seawater backscattering values are critical in determining particulate backscattering coefficients in the open ocean (not only in these very clear waters); the pure water scattering values determined by Buiteveld et al. (1994) with a [1 + 0.3S/37] adjustment for salinity based on Morel (1974) appear to be the most accurate estimates, with aggregate accuracies as low as a few percent; and – closure was demonstrated with subsurface reflectance measurements reported by Morel et al. (2007) within instrument precisions, a useful factor in validating the backscattering measurements. This methodology enabled several observations with respect to the hydrography and the use of backscattering as a biogeochemical proxy: – The clearest waters sampled were found at depths between 300 and 350 m, from 23.5° S, 118° W to 26° S, 114° W, where total backscattering at 650 nm was not distinguishable from pure seawater; – Distributions of particulate backscattering bbp across the central gyre exhibited a broad particle peak centered ~100 m; – The particulate backscattering ratio typically ranged between 0.4% and 0.6% through the majority of the central gyre from the surface to ~210 m, indicative of "soft" water-filled particles with low bulk refractive index; and – bbp at 532 and 650 nm showed a distinct secondary deeper layer centered ~230 m that was absent in particulate attenuation cp data. The particulate backscattering ratio was significantly higher in this layer than in the rest of the water column, reaching 1.2% in some locations. This high relative backscattering, along with the pigment composition and ecological niche of this layer, appear to be consistent with the coccolithophorid F. profunda. Moreover, results were consistent with several expectations extrapolated from theory and previous work in oceanic and coastal regions, supporting the conclusion that particulate and total backscattering could be resolved in these extremely clear natural waters.
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Tawakal, Muhammad Iqbal, Famila Dwi Winati, and Isnaini Nurisusilawati. "ANALISIS TINGKAT KEPUASAN PENGUNJUNG BIOSKOP XYZ DI PURWOKERTO TERHADAP PELAYANAN DI MASA PPKM (Studi Kasus Salah Satu Bioskop di Purwokerto)." JURNAL REKAYASA SISTEM INDUSTRI 8, no. 1 (June 22, 2023): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/jrsi.v8i1.6345.
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Bioskop merupakan salah satu industri hiburan bagi masyarakat di Indonesia. Dari data pengunjung bioskop pada tahun 2019-2021, terjadi penurunan yang sangat signifikan dari 27.646.450 penonton pada tahun 2019, 12.059.127 pada tahun 2020, dan 2.586.386 pada tahun 2021. Penyebab terjadinya penurunan ini adalah tingginya jumlah kasus COVID-19 menyebabkan sebagai akibat dari pemberlakuan PPKM untuk menghentikan penyebaran virus ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pengunjung bioskop terhadap pelayanan pada masa pandemi dan menganalisis tingkat kepentingan kinerja pelayanan pada bioskop XYZ Purwokerto. Responden penelitian ini terdiri dari 100 responden. Metode yang digunakan adalah CSI (Customer Satisfaction Index) dan IPA (Importance Performance Analysis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan pengunjung bioskop sebesar 74,65% yang berada dalam kategori puas. Sedangkan untuk hasil analisis dengan menggunakan metode IPA, rata-rata tingkat kepentingan pelayanan menurut konsumen sebesar 4,22, sedangkan tingkat kinerja sebesar 3,73.Jaminan keamanan dan kebersihan selama di lingkungan bioskop, serta komunikasi antara pengunjung dan karyawan bioskop berada dalam kuadran A, yang berarti indikator-indikator ini menjadi prioritas utama dalam perbaikan layanan. Usulan yang diberikan adalah mensterilkan bioskop secara berkala, menyemprotkan disinfektan untuk menghindari paparan virus, dan meningkatkan keamanan dengan menambahkan CCTV di setiap bagian lingkungan bioskop.
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Karolina, Cut Meutia, Eni Maryani, and Dian Wardiana Sjuchro. "Developing an alternative media for visually impaired audiences: ‘Bioskop Harewos’ Bandung." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 5, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v5i1.2451.
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Bioskop Harewos is a cinema in the Bandung, West Java, intended for visually impaired audiences. This research focused on efforts to uncover the existence of Bioskop Harewos for the visually impaired and the model of watching films of visually impaired audiences in Bioskop Harewos. The research method was a qualitative case study using several theories and concepts for alternative media. This research collected various data from cinematographers, cinema managers, and Bioskop Harewos team and audiences through interviews. The results showed that Bioskop Harewos is an alternative media for visually impaired audiences in Bandung to watch films in cinemas. Even with the ‘Harewos’ system, the Bioskop Harewos had fulfilled the visually impaired audiences’ demands to watch films in the cinema. The technical limitations of Bioskop Harewos did not reduce the value of entertainment for visually impaired audiences.
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Andrianawati, Aida, Hendi Anwar, Amany Fidinillah, and Chintya Sagita Goestien. "Studi Komparasi Desain Meubel Ruang Tunggu Terhadap Kenyamanan Pengunjung Bioskop XXI Bandung Indah Plaza Dengan CGV Bandung Electronik Center." Arsir 2, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/arsir.v2i2.1300.
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Industri hiburan pada era modern merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat penting dalam menyeimbangkan hidup. Terutama untuk masyarakat urban dengan tingkat perekonomian menengah keatas yang pola hidupnya sangat sibuk. Industri hiburan adalah salah satu fasilitas yang banyak dipergunakan untuk melepaskan kepenatan. Salah satu industri hiburan yang sering dikunjungi masyarakat urban bioskop. Bioskop merupakan pertunjukkan yang diperlihatkan dengan gambar (film) yang disorot sehingga dapat bergerak. Bioskop juga dapat diartikan sebagai tempat untuk menonton pertunjukkan film dengan menggunakan layar lebar, dimana gambar dari film diproyeksikan ke layar dengan menggunakan proyektor. (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016). Bioskop banyak sekali jenisnya akan tetapi bioskop di Kota Bandung ada dua jenis yaitu XXI dan CGV. Bioskop XXI dan CGV ini mempunyai karakter yang berbeda baik dari segi interior, fasilitas pengunjung maupun jenis filmnya. Dalam penelitian ini akan membahas masalah interior, terutama desain meubel dari kedua jenis bioskop tersebut. Hal ini sangat menarik untuk dijadikan studi komparasi mengingat desain meubel di ruang tunggu merupakan fasilitas yang sangat penting karena berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan pengunjung. Metodologi penelitian yang akan dipakai adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Studi komparasi ini akan mengambil desain meubel ruang tunggu, menganalisa dari perbedaannya dan menyimpulkan hasil akhir yang berkaitan dengan penggayaan desain serta pengaruhnya terhadap kenyamanan pengunjung bioskop.
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Gordon, Robert J. "The battle for the bioscope in Namibia." African Identities 3, no. 1 (April 2005): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840500066042.
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Eisenthal, Robert. "Enzypack — Elsevier biosoft." Biochemical Education 14, no. 2 (April 1986): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(86)90078-6.
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