Academic literature on the topic 'Biosphere model'

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Journal articles on the topic "Biosphere model"

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Bergh, Roger, and Reidar Nydal. "Atmospheric CO2 Exchange With the Biosphere and the Ocean." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012091.

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We model the exchange of carbon between the different reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean mixed layer, deep ocean and biosphere). The influence of the biosphere is investigated using two extreme assumptions: 1) no net biospheric effect and 2) biospheric uptake of CO2 proportional to the atmospheric content of CO2 and time-dependent deforestation. Observations of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa and the South Pole may be fit by both these assumptions.
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O'Malley-James, Jack T., Charles S. Cockell, Jane S. Greaves, and John A. Raven. "Swansong biospheres II: the final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes." International Journal of Astrobiology 13, no. 3 (2014): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550413000426.

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AbstractThe biosignatures of life on Earth do not remain static, but change considerably over the planet's habitable lifetime. Earth's future biosphere, much like that of the early Earth, will consist of predominantly unicellular microorganisms due to the increased hostility of environmental conditions caused by the Sun as it enters the late stage of its main sequence evolution. Building on previous work, the productivity of the biosphere is evaluated during different stages of biosphere decline between 1 and 2.8 Gyr from present. A simple atmosphere–biosphere interaction model is used to esti
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Ichii, K., T. Suzuki, T. Kato, et al. "Multi-model analysis of terrestrial carbon cycles in Japan: reducing uncertainties in model outputs among different terrestrial biosphere models using flux observations." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (2009): 8455–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-8455-2009.

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Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models show large uncertainties when simulating carbon and water cycles, and reducing these uncertainties is a priority for developing more accurate estimates of both terrestrial ecosystem statuses and future climate changes. To reduce uncertainties and improve the understanding of these carbon budgets, we investigated the ability of flux datasets to improve model simulations and reduce variabilities among multi-model outputs of terrestrial biosphere models in Japan. Using 9 terrestrial biosphere models (Support Vector Machine-based regressions, TOPS, CASA, VISI
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KATO, Tomomichi. "Data assimilation for terrestrial biosphere model." Climate in Biosphere 13 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/cib.13.1.

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Ma, Jin, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, et al. "Inverse modelling of carbonyl sulfide: implementation, evaluation and implications for the global budget." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (2021): 3507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3507-2021.

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Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has the potential to be used as a climate diagnostic due to its close coupling to the biospheric uptake of CO2 and its role in the formation of stratospheric aerosol. The current understanding of the COS budget, however, lacks COS sources, which have previously been allocated to the tropical ocean. This paper presents a first attempt at global inverse modelling of COS within the 4-dimensional variational data-assimilation system of the TM5 chemistry transport model (TM5-4DVAR) and a comparison of the results with various COS observations. We focus on the global
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PENG, Shu-Shi, Chao YUE, and Jin-Feng CHANG. "Developments and applications of terrestrial biosphere model." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 44, no. 4 (2020): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0315.

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Barrdahl, Runo. "Biosphere Model for High Level Waste Repository." Risk Analysis 17, no. 5 (1997): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00900.x.

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Kindermann, J., M. K. B. L�deke, F. W. Badeck, et al. "Structure of a global and seasonal carbon exchange model for the terrestrial biosphere the frankfurt biosphere model (FBM)." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 70, no. 1-4 (1993): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01105029.

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Messerschmidt, J., N. Parazoo, N. M. Deutscher, et al. "Evaluation of atmosphere-biosphere exchange estimations with TCCON measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 5 (2012): 12759–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-12759-2012.

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Abstract. Three estimates of the atmosphere-biosphere exchange are evaluated using Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) measurements. We investigate the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA), the Simple Biosphere (SiB) and the GBiome-BGC models transported by the GEOS-Chem model to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the time period between 2006 and 2010. The CO2 simulations are highly dependent on the choice of the atmosphere-biosphere model and large-scale errors in the estimates are identified through a comparison with TCCON data. Enhancing the CO2 uptake in the boreal for
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O'Malley-James, Jack T., and Lisa Kaltenegger. "Biofluorescent Worlds – II. Biological fluorescence induced by stellar UV flares, a new temporal biosignature." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 4 (2019): 4530–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1842.

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ABSTRACT Our first targets in the search for signs of life are orbiting nearby M stars, such as the planets in the Proxima Centauri, Ross-128, LHS-1140, and TRAPPIST-1 systems. Future ground-based discoveries, and those from the TESS mission, will provide additional close-by targets. However, young M stars tend to be very active, flaring frequently and causing UV fluxes on the surfaces of HZ planets to become biologically harmful. Common UV-protection methods used by life (e.g. living underground, or underwater) would make a biosphere harder to detect. However, photoprotective biofluorescence,
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biosphere model"

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Winter, Jonathan (Jonathan Mark). "Coupling of Integrated Biosphere Simulator to Regional Climate Model version 3." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34272.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-102).<br>Presented in this thesis is a description of the coupling of Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) to Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3), and an assessment of the coupled model (RegCM3-IBIS). RegCM3 is a 3-dimensional, primitive equation limited area model used throughout the world
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Kolus, Hannah. "Assessing Terrestrial Biosphere Model Simulation of Ecosystem Drought Response and Recovery." Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10283123.

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<p> Severe drought plays a critical role in altering the magnitude and interannual variability of the net terrestrial carbon sink. Drought events immediately decrease net primary production (NPP), and drought length and magnitude tend to enhance this negative impact. However, satellite and in-situ measurements have also indicated that ecosystem recovery from extreme drought can extend several years beyond the return to normal climate conditions. If an ecosystem&rsquo;s drought recovery time exceeds the time interval between successive droughts, these legacy effects may reinforce the impact o
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Kiang, Julie E. (Julie Ega) 1971. "Biosphere-atmosphere interaction in a one-dimensional climate model of the tropics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44504.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-221).<br>In this study, we develop a one-dimensional model of the tropics which includes two way interaction between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The model integrates a radiative-convective equilibrium model of the atmosphere, a land surface model including plant growth and competition and a monsoon circulation model which allows for the exchange of heat and moisture between the one-dimensional column and its surroundings. The model is ap
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Yue, Chao. "Fire simulation in the ORCHIDEE biosphere model : implications for global carbon fluxes." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0016.

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Les feux naturels ainsi que ceux liés aux activités anthropiques libèrent, dans l’atmosphère, des gaz à effet de serre (CO2 , CH4, N2O), des gaz réactifs (CO , NOx) et des aérosols, et contribuent au changement climatique. Les feux de forêts sont à l’origine d’un puits de carbone sur le long terme, notamment pendant la repousse de la végétation. Il est donc important d’intégrer les processus liés aux feux dans les modèles Système Terre, pour être en mesure de quantifier la contribution des feux sur le bilan de carbone de la biosphère terrestre, et également prévoir les rétroactions futures ent
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Martins, Cinthia Avellar. "Estimativa da evapotranspiração no estado de São Paulo com o modelo da biosfera SiB2." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-24102011-182252/.

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Utilizamos um modelo físico-matemático de relações biosfera-atmosfera para estimar a climatologia da evapotranspiração regional (ETR) entre 1980 e 2009 no estado de São Paulo, o modelo SiB2 (Simple Biosphere model). Os cálculos utilizaram dados horários da reanálise CFSR, por meio de etapas de comparação das forçantes com dados observados de superfície, e com dados de fluxos de superfície observados no campo. Os padrões da reanálise mostraram-se satisfatórios no domínio do estado de São Paulo para caracterizar a climatologia de chuva e temperatura da região, com pequenos vieses no ciclo diurno
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Yu, Li 1972. "Coupling a biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme with a Mesoscale atmospheric model : a case study in deforestation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79990.

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Mabuchi, Kazuo. "A numerical study of climates and atmospheric CO2 concentrations using a regional climate model with a Biosphere-Atmosphere Interaction Model (BAIM)." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149573.

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Roundy, Joshua K. "Uncertainty Analysis for Land Surface Model Predictions: Application to the Simple Biosphere 3 and Noah Models at Tropical and Semiarid Locations." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/404.

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Uncertainty in model predictions is associated with data, parameters, and model structure. The estimation of these contributions to uncertainty is a critical issue in hydrology. Using a variety of single and multiple criterion methods for sensitivity analysis and inverse modeling, the behaviors of two state-of-the-art land surface models, the Simple Biosphere Model 3 and Noah model, are analyzed. The different algorithms used for sensitivity and inverse modeling are analyzed and compared along with the performance of the land surface models. Generalized sensitivity and variance methods are use
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Vanvyve, Emilie. "Soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions in the West African monsoon / Interactions entre le sol, la végétation et l'atmosphère dans la mousson ouest-africaine." Université catholique de Louvain, 2007. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-08152007-222028/.

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The climate of West Africa is characterised by a monsoonal system that brings rainfall onto the subcontinent during an annual rainy season. From the late 60's to the mid-90's, rainfall levels significantly below average were observed, which brought severe socio-economic implications. The causes of the uncharacteristically long drought period, and indeed the mechanisms underpinning West African climate were poorly understood at the time, but have since attracted growing attention from the scientific community. Amongst the factors identified as critical is the interaction between the Earth surfa
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Haberkorn, Kerstin Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fraedrich. "Reconstruction of the Holocene climate using an atmosphere-ocean-biosphere model and proxy data / Kerstin Haberkorn. Betreuer: Klaus Fraedrich." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037822366/34.

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Books on the topic "Biosphere model"

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Sheppd, S. C. Specific activity models in relation to BIOTRAC biosphere model. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Corbett, B. J. Detailed biosphere model calculations for iodine-129. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Canada, Atomic Energy of. Analysis specifications for the CC3 biosphere model BIOTRAC. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1994.

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Reid, J. A. Keith. Variability and uncertainty in biosphere model calculations for iodine-129. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Labgaa, Rachid R. A model of the CO2 exchanges between biosphere and atmosphere in the tundra. Earth-Space Research Group, CRSEO -- Ellison Hall, University of California Santa Barbara, 1994.

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Elson, J. A. Data to model the migration of radionuclides through the biosphere during a glacial cycle. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1991.

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Reid, J. A. Keith. Sensitivity analysis of the biosphere model for assessing Canada's concept for nuclear fuel waste disposal. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1992.

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Reid, J. A. Keith. The effects of age-dependent dose conversion factors from ICRP-72 on biosphere model dose predictions. AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, Environmental Science Branch, 1997.

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Gettelman, Andrew. Demystifying Climate Models: A Users Guide to Earth System Models. Springer Nature, 2016.

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Subetto, A. I. Vernadskianskai︠a︡ revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii︠a︡ v sisteme nauchnogo mirovozzrenii︠a︡--poisk noosfernoĭ modeli budushchego chelovechestva v XXI veke. Asterion, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biosphere model"

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Esser, Gerd, and Helmut Lieth. "Interactions between biosphere and atmosphere analysed with the Osnabrück biosphere model." In Interactions Between Global Climate Subsystems: The Legacy of Hann. American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm075p0035.

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Mitchell, R. A. C., D. W. Lawlor, and J. R. Porter. "Interaction of CO2 and temperature in the growth and yield of winter wheat: test of ARCWHEAT model." In CO2 and biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1797-5_39.

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Nijs, I., and I. Impens. "Effects of long-term elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens, using a simple photosynthesis model." In CO2 and biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1797-5_31.

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Tauber, Andrei Y., Juho Helaja, Nikolai V. Tkachenko, Helge Lemmetyinen, Ilkka Kilpeläinen, and Paavo H. Hynninen. "Investigations of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Pyropheophytin-Anthraquinone Model Systems." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_194.

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Kindermann, J., M. K. B. Lüdeke, F. W. Badeck, et al. "Structure of A Global and Seasonal Carbon Exchange Model for The Terrestrial Biosphere The Frankfurt Biosphere Model (FBM)." In Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Fluxes:. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1982-5_45.

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Borisov, A. Yu, and A. N. Belozersky. "New Concept of Energy Trapping in Purple Bacteria. Charge Transfer-Polaron Model." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_101.

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Latimer, Matthew J., Holger Dau, Wenchuan Liang, et al. "Recent Advances Toward a Structural Model for the Photosynthetic Oxygen-Evolving Manganese Cluster." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_329.

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Tugulea, Laura, and Stefan Antohe. "Chlorophylla/Organic Semiconductor Junction — Possible Model for Photoinduced Charge Separation in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_102.

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Sellers, P. J., Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher. "A Brief Description of the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB)." In Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3041-4_7.

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Kranz, Robert, Paul Cullen, William Bowman, and Barry Goldman. "Rhodobacter Capsulatus as a Model Phototroph for Studies on Nitrogen Gene Regulation and Cytochrome c Biogenesis." In Photosynthesis: from Light to Biosphere. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0173-5_560.

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Conference papers on the topic "Biosphere model"

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Zhang, Ping, Lahouari Bounoua, Kurtis Thome, and Robert Wolfe. "Modeling impact of urbanization in us cities using simple biosphere model SiB2." In IGARSS 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7730764.

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Flamíková, Dorota, and Vladimír Nečas. "Creation of reference biosphere model for safety assessment of deep geological repository." In 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RADIATIONS AND APPLICATIONS (ICRA-2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5048861.

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do Amaral Cunha, Ana Paula Martins, Regina Célia dos Santos Alvalá, Francis Wagner Silva Correia, and Paulo Yoshio Kubota. "Calibration of the “Simplified Simple Biosphere Model—SSiB” for the Brazilian Northeast Caatinga." In CURRENT PROBLEMS IN ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION (IRS 2008): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). American Institute of Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3117068.

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Sujianto, Sujianto, Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, and Mimin Sundari Nasution. "Empowerment Movement Model in the Information Society Era - Case Study in Biosphere Reserve Area, Riau, Indonesia." In The 4th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007034800010001.

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Hwang, Yongsoo, and Ian Miller. "Integrated Model of Korean Spent Fuel and High Level Waste Disposal Options." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16091.

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This paper describes an integrated model developed by the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to simulate options for disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and reprocessing products in South Korea. A companion paper (Hwang and Miller, 2009) describes a systems-level model of Korean options for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) management in the 21’st century. The model addresses alternative design concepts for disposal of SNF of different types (CANDU, PWR), high level waste, and fission products arising from a variety of alternative fuel cycle back ends. It uses the GoldSim software to simu
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Wang, Qiao, Ryoichi Imasu, Satoshi Ito, Takahiro Sasai, and Hiroaki Kondo. "Introducing Satellite Data Based Biosphere Model Beams to Improve Regional Transport Model Aist-Mm for Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emission from Mega-City Tokyo." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8897802.

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Prva´kova´, S., and Juraj Dˇu´ran. "Preliminary Calculations of Radionuclide Release From Near-Field to Biosphere Using Computer Code Goldsim." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4805.

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This paper presents preliminary calculations for the performance assessment of the hypothetical disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel in the Slovak Republic. In the concept of geological disposal, two host rock formations are under consideration: granite and clay. Slovakia is now in site selection phase therefore the lack of input data for calculations is compensated from the international reports [1, 2]. The calculations of radionuclide release were made for the spent nuclear fuel disposed in a hypothetical underground repository situated in clay host formation. One-dimensional mathematica
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Ustohalova, Veronika, and Christian Ku¨ppers. "Intermediate and Long-Term Radiological Consequences of an Uncontrolled Access of Saline Solution Into the Asse Mine." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59163.

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The risk of radioactive contamination in the biosphere surrounding the Asse salt mine has been assessed to determine the possible radioactive exposure to humans if the mine collapses. Geological conditions and anthropogenic activities have made the mine instable and allow salt-saturated ground water to seep in. This uncontrolled brine inflow significantly increases the risk of the mine collapsing. If the mine collapses, the brine will be pressed into groundwater, where the radionuclides can migrate into the biosphere and cause radioactive exposure. The key issue discussed in this paper is esti
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Sholokhov, Vitaliy. "THE NOOSPHERE IS A CO-EVOLUTION OF MAN WITH NATURE AND SOCIETY." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-259-267.

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“We live in the Anthropocene, a geologic epoch, when human activity becomes the determining factor for the planet” [1]. &#x0D; Humanity is global species, an integral part of The Earth's ecosystem. [2]/ “Common humanity becomes a powerful geological force. And here for its thought and work comes the question of rebuilding the biosphere in the interests of free-thinking common humanity. This state of the biosphere, which we are approaching without noticing is the “noosphere” [3]. &#x0D; In 1977 we built and analyzed a model of interaction between man and nature.Its results tell us about the con
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Poinssot, Christophe, Christophe Jegou, Pierre Toulhoat, and Jean-Marie Gras. "Operational Model for the Spent Nuclear Fuel Radionuclides Source Term in Presence of Water." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1126.

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Abstract Under the geological disposal conditions, spent fuel (SF) is expected to evolve during the 10,000 years while being maintained isolated from the biosphere before water comes in. Under those circumstances, several driving forces would lead to the progressive intrinsic transformations within the rod which would modify the subsequent release of radionuclides: the production of a significant volume of He, the accumulation of irradiation defects, the slow migration of radionuclides (RN) within the pellet. However, the current RN source terms for SF never accounted for these evolutions and
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Reports on the topic "Biosphere model"

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Wasiolek, M. A. Biosphere Model Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828241.

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Wu, D. W. Biosphere Model Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836512.

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D.W. Wu and A.J. Smith. Biosphere Model Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838328.

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J. Schmitt. Biosphere Process Model Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837091.

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Wasolek, M. Biosphere Model Report, Errata 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828240.

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M. Wasiolek. Inhalation Exposure Input Parameters for the Biosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/893536.

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Smith, A. J. Soil-related Input Parameters for the Biosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/827811.

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M. A. Wasiolek. Environmental Transport Input Parameters for the Biosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836513.

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M.A. Wasiolek and K.R. Rautenstrauch. Characteristics of the Receptor for the Biosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836531.

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M. Wasiolek and K. Rautenstrauch. Characteristics of the Receptor for the Biosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838323.

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