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Journal articles on the topic 'Biosphere model'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Bergh, Roger, and Reidar Nydal. "Atmospheric CO2 Exchange With the Biosphere and the Ocean." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012091.

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We model the exchange of carbon between the different reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean mixed layer, deep ocean and biosphere). The influence of the biosphere is investigated using two extreme assumptions: 1) no net biospheric effect and 2) biospheric uptake of CO2 proportional to the atmospheric content of CO2 and time-dependent deforestation. Observations of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa and the South Pole may be fit by both these assumptions.

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O'Malley-James, Jack T., Charles S. Cockell, Jane S. Greaves, and John A. Raven. "Swansong biospheres II: the final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes." International Journal of Astrobiology 13, no. 3 (2014): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550413000426.

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AbstractThe biosignatures of life on Earth do not remain static, but change considerably over the planet's habitable lifetime. Earth's future biosphere, much like that of the early Earth, will consist of predominantly unicellular microorganisms due to the increased hostility of environmental conditions caused by the Sun as it enters the late stage of its main sequence evolution. Building on previous work, the productivity of the biosphere is evaluated during different stages of biosphere decline between 1 and 2.8 Gyr from present. A simple atmosphere–biosphere interaction model is used to estimate the atmospheric biomarker gas abundances at each stage and to assess the likelihood of remotely detecting the presence of life in low-productivity, microbial biospheres, putting an upper limit on the lifetime of Earth's remotely detectable biosignatures. Other potential biosignatures such as leaf reflectance and cloud cover are discussed.

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Ichii, K., T. Suzuki, T. Kato, et al. "Multi-model analysis of terrestrial carbon cycles in Japan: reducing uncertainties in model outputs among different terrestrial biosphere models using flux observations." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (2009): 8455–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-8455-2009.

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Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models show large uncertainties when simulating carbon and water cycles, and reducing these uncertainties is a priority for developing more accurate estimates of both terrestrial ecosystem statuses and future climate changes. To reduce uncertainties and improve the understanding of these carbon budgets, we investigated the ability of flux datasets to improve model simulations and reduce variabilities among multi-model outputs of terrestrial biosphere models in Japan. Using 9 terrestrial biosphere models (Support Vector Machine-based regressions, TOPS, CASA, VISIT, Biome-BGC, DAYCENT, SEIB, LPJ, and TRIFFID), we conducted two simulations: (1) point simulations at four flux sites in Japan and (2) spatial simulations for Japan with a default model (based on original settings) and an improved model (based on calibration using flux observations). Generally, models using default model settings showed large deviations in model outputs from observation with large model-by-model variability. However, after we calibrated the model parameters using flux observations (GPP, RE and NEP), most models successfully simulated seasonal variations in the carbon cycle, with less variability among models. We also found that interannual variations in the carbon cycle are mostly consistent among models and observations. Spatial analysis also showed a large reduction in the variability among model outputs, and model calibration using flux observations significantly improved the model outputs. These results show that to reduce uncertainties among terrestrial biosphere models, we need to conduct careful validation and calibration with available flux observations. Flux observation data significantly improved terrestrial biosphere models, not only on a point scale but also on spatial scales.

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KATO, Tomomichi. "Data assimilation for terrestrial biosphere model." Climate in Biosphere 13 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/cib.13.1.

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Ma, Jin, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Ara Cho, et al. "Inverse modelling of carbonyl sulfide: implementation, evaluation and implications for the global budget." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (2021): 3507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3507-2021.

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Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has the potential to be used as a climate diagnostic due to its close coupling to the biospheric uptake of CO2 and its role in the formation of stratospheric aerosol. The current understanding of the COS budget, however, lacks COS sources, which have previously been allocated to the tropical ocean. This paper presents a first attempt at global inverse modelling of COS within the 4-dimensional variational data-assimilation system of the TM5 chemistry transport model (TM5-4DVAR) and a comparison of the results with various COS observations. We focus on the global COS budget, including COS production from its precursors carbon disulfide (CS2) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). To this end, we implemented COS uptake by soil and vegetation from an updated biosphere model (Simple Biosphere Model – SiB4). In the calculation of these fluxes, a fixed atmospheric mole fraction of 500 pmol mol−1 was assumed. We also used new inventories for anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. The model framework is capable of closing the COS budget by optimizing for missing emissions using NOAA observations in the period 2000–2012. The addition of 432 Gg a−1 (as S equivalents) of COS is required to obtain a good fit with NOAA observations. This missing source shows few year-to-year variations but considerable seasonal variations. We found that the missing sources are likely located in the tropical regions, and an overestimated biospheric sink in the tropics cannot be ruled out due to missing observations in the tropical continental boundary layer. Moreover, high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere require extra COS uptake or reduced emissions. HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) aircraft observations, NOAA airborne profiles from an ongoing monitoring programme and several satellite data sources are used to evaluate the optimized model results. This evaluation indicates that COS mole fractions in the free troposphere remain underestimated after optimization. Assimilation of HIPPO observations slightly improves this model bias, which implies that additional observations are urgently required to constrain sources and sinks of COS. We finally find that the biosphere flux dependency on the surface COS mole fraction (which was not accounted for in this study) may substantially lower the fluxes of the SiB4 biosphere model over strong-uptake regions. Using COS mole fractions from our inversion, the prior biosphere flux reduces from 1053 to 851 Gg a−1, which is closer to 738 Gg a−1 as was found by Berry et al. (2013). In planned further studies we will implement this biosphere dependency and additionally assimilate satellite data with the aim of better separating the role of the oceans and the biosphere in the global COS budget.

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PENG, Shu-Shi, Chao YUE, and Jin-Feng CHANG. "Developments and applications of terrestrial biosphere model." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 44, no. 4 (2020): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0315.

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Barrdahl, Runo. "Biosphere Model for High Level Waste Repository." Risk Analysis 17, no. 5 (1997): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00900.x.

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Kindermann, J., M. K. B. L�deke, F. W. Badeck, et al. "Structure of a global and seasonal carbon exchange model for the terrestrial biosphere the frankfurt biosphere model (FBM)." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 70, no. 1-4 (1993): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01105029.

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Messerschmidt, J., N. Parazoo, N. M. Deutscher, et al. "Evaluation of atmosphere-biosphere exchange estimations with TCCON measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 5 (2012): 12759–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-12759-2012.

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Abstract. Three estimates of the atmosphere-biosphere exchange are evaluated using Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) measurements. We investigate the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA), the Simple Biosphere (SiB) and the GBiome-BGC models transported by the GEOS-Chem model to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the time period between 2006 and 2010. The CO2 simulations are highly dependent on the choice of the atmosphere-biosphere model and large-scale errors in the estimates are identified through a comparison with TCCON data. Enhancing the CO2 uptake in the boreal forest by 40% and shifting the onset of the growing season significantly improve the simulated seasonal CO2 cycle using CASA estimates. The SiB model gives the best estimate for the atmosphere-biosphere exchange in the comparison with TCCON measurements.

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O'Malley-James, Jack T., and Lisa Kaltenegger. "Biofluorescent Worlds – II. Biological fluorescence induced by stellar UV flares, a new temporal biosignature." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 4 (2019): 4530–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1842.

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ABSTRACT Our first targets in the search for signs of life are orbiting nearby M stars, such as the planets in the Proxima Centauri, Ross-128, LHS-1140, and TRAPPIST-1 systems. Future ground-based discoveries, and those from the TESS mission, will provide additional close-by targets. However, young M stars tend to be very active, flaring frequently and causing UV fluxes on the surfaces of HZ planets to become biologically harmful. Common UV-protection methods used by life (e.g. living underground, or underwater) would make a biosphere harder to detect. However, photoprotective biofluorescence, ‘up-shifting’ UV to longer, safer wavelengths, could increase a biosphere's detectability. Here we model intermittent emission at specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum caused by biofluorescence as a new temporal biosignature for planets around active M stars. We use the absorption and emission characteristics of common coral fluorescent pigments and proteins to create model spectra and colours for an Earth-like planet in such a system, accounting for different surface features, atmospheric absorption, and cloud cover. We find that for a cloud-free planet biofluorescence could induce a temporary change in brightness that is significantly higher than the reflected flux alone, causing up to two orders-of-magnitude change in planet–star contrast, compared to a non-fluorescent state, if the surface is fully covered by a highly efficient fluorescent biosphere. Hence, UV-flare induced biofluorescence presents previously unexplored possibilities for a new temporal biosignature that could be detectable by instruments like those planned for the extremely large telescope and could reveal hidden biospheres.

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Tian, H. "Modeling Primary Productivity of the Terrestrial Biosphere in Changing Environments: Toward a Dynamic Biosphere Model." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 17, no. 5 (1998): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-2689(98)00364-5.

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Ichii, K., T. Suzuki, T. Kato, et al. "Multi-model analysis of terrestrial carbon cycles in Japan: limitations and implications of model calibration using eddy flux observations." Biogeosciences 7, no. 7 (2010): 2061–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2061-2010.

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Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models show large differences when simulating carbon and water cycles, and reducing these differences is a priority for developing more accurate estimates of the condition of terrestrial ecosystems and future climate change. To reduce uncertainties and improve the understanding of their carbon budgets, we investigated the utility of the eddy flux datasets to improve model simulations and reduce variabilities among multi-model outputs of terrestrial biosphere models in Japan. Using 9 terrestrial biosphere models (Support Vector Machine – based regressions, TOPS, CASA, VISIT, Biome-BGC, DAYCENT, SEIB, LPJ, and TRIFFID), we conducted two simulations: (1) point simulations at four eddy flux sites in Japan and (2) spatial simulations for Japan with a default model (based on original settings) and a modified model (based on model parameter tuning using eddy flux data). Generally, models using default model settings showed large deviations in model outputs from observation with large model-by-model variability. However, after we calibrated the model parameters using eddy flux data (GPP, RE and NEP), most models successfully simulated seasonal variations in the carbon cycle, with less variability among models. We also found that interannual variations in the carbon cycle are mostly consistent among models and observations. Spatial analysis also showed a large reduction in the variability among model outputs. This study demonstrated that careful validation and calibration of models with available eddy flux data reduced model-by-model differences. Yet, site history, analysis of model structure changes, and more objective procedure of model calibration should be included in the further analysis.

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Korchagin, Viktor, and Yulia Rizayeva. "The model of functioning of cargo transportation subsystem." MATEC Web of Conferences 334 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133401004.

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Developed the methodology for the organization and control of functioning of cargoes transportation system under real conditions of vehicle operation. The model management system allows you to maintain the biosphere-compatible equilibrium and the balanced interaction of all subsystems. The use of the created system of cargo delivery management taking into account the biosphere-compatible criterion is important and progressive in the created conditions, since it became possible to take into account the criteria when searching for the most economically and ecologically way of delivering goods.

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Xue, Y., P. J. Sellers, J. L. Kinter, and J. Shukla. "A Simplified Biosphere Model for Global Climate Studies." Journal of Climate 4, no. 3 (1991): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0345:asbmfg>2.0.co;2.

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Lei, Yadong, Xu Yue, Hong Liao, Cheng Gong, and Lin Zhang. "Implementation of Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere model v1.0 into GEOS-Chem v12.0.0: a tool for biosphere–chemistry interactions." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 3 (2020): 1137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1137-2020.

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Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere and atmospheric chemistry interact through multiple feedbacks, but the models of vegetation and chemistry are developed separately. In this study, the Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere (YIBs) model, a dynamic vegetation model with biogeochemical processes, is implemented into the Chemical Transport Model GEOS-Chem (GC) version 12.0.0. Within this GC-YIBs framework, leaf area index (LAI) and canopy stomatal conductance dynamically predicted by YIBs are used for dry deposition calculation in GEOS-Chem. In turn, the simulated surface ozone (O3) by GEOS-Chem affect plant photosynthesis and biophysics in YIBs. The updated stomatal conductance and LAI improve the simulated O3 dry deposition velocity and its temporal variability for major tree species. For daytime dry deposition velocities, the model-to-observation correlation increases from 0.69 to 0.76, while the normalized mean error (NME) decreases from 30.5 % to 26.9 % using the GC-YIBs model. For the diurnal cycle, the NMEs decrease by 9.1 % for Amazon forests, 6.8 % for coniferous forests, and 7.9 % for deciduous forests using the GC-YIBs model. Furthermore, we quantify the damaging effects of O3 on vegetation and find a global reduction of annual gross primary productivity by 1.5 %–3.6 %, with regional extremes of 10.9 %–14.1 % in the eastern USA and eastern China. The online GC-YIBs model provides a useful tool for discerning the complex feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and the terrestrial biosphere under global change.

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Sellers, P. J., Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher. "A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 43, no. 6 (1986): 505–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0505:asbmfu>2.0.co;2.

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Raupach, M. R. "Dynamics of resource production and utilisation in two-component biosphere-human and terrestrial carbon systems." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (2007): 875–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-875-2007.

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Abstract. This paper analyses simple models for "production-utilisation" systems, reduced to two state variables for producers and utilisers, respectively. Two modes are distinguished: in "harvester" systems the resource utilisation involves active seeking on the part of the utilisers, while in "processor" systems, utilisers function as passive material processors. An idealised model of biosphere-human interactions provides an example of a harvester system, and a model of plant and soil carbon dynamics exemplifies a processor system. The biosphere-human interaction model exhibits a number of features in accord with experience, including a tendency towards oscillatory behaviour which in some circumstances results in limit cycles. The plant-soil carbon model is used to study the effect of random forcing of production (for example by weather and climate fluctuations), showing that with appropriate parameter choices the model can flip between active-biosphere and dormant-biosphere equilibria under the influence of random forcing. This externally-driven transition between locally stable states is fundamentally different from Lorenzian chaos. A behavioural difference between two-component processor and harvester systems is that harvester systems have a capacity for oscillatory behaviour while processor systems do not.

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Těšitel, Jan, and Drahomíra Kušová. "Biosphere Reserves - Suggested Model of the Institution of Commons (Case study of the Šumava Biosphere Reserve)." Journal of Landscape Ecology 3, no. 2 (2010): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10285-012-0028-x.

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Biosphere Reserves - Suggested Model of the Institution of Commons (Case study of the Šumava Biosphere Reserve)An attempt to address the interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems has been articulated in ecological economics, among others, in terms of ecosystem services. Introducing ecosystem services yields positive result in the sense that the theoretical concept of cultural landscape has been complemented by the more or less effective political scheme, suitable as a basis for practical decision making. Nevertheless, practical management of ecosystem services on landscape scale is a rather complex task. The concept ofinstitution of commonscould be suggested to be used when dealing with the problem of implementation of ecosystem services concept in practice. The overall aim of the contribution is to discuss whether or not, or to which extent,UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, the modern strategy in biodiversity conservation backed up by internationally agreed upon conventions, can be used as a model for institution of commons in landscape-scale nature protection. The discussion is based on empirical evidence gained within a long-term research conducted in the Šumava Biosphere Reserve, Czech Republic.

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Raupach, M. R. "Dynamics of resource production and utilisation in two-component biosphere-human and terrestrial carbon systems." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (2006): 2279–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-2279-2006.

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Abstract. This paper analyses simple models for "production-utilisation" systems, reduced to two state variables for producers and utilisers, respectively. Two modes are distinguished: in "harvester" systems the resource utilisation involves active seeking on the part of the utilisers, while in "processor" systems, utilisers function as passive material processors. An idealised model of biosphere-human interactions provides an example of a harvester system, and a model of plant and soil carbon dynamics exemplifies a processor system. The biosphere-human interaction model exhibits a number of features in accord with experience, including a tendency towards oscillatory behaviour which in some circumstances results in limit cycles. The plant-soil carbon model is used to study the effect of random forcing of production (for example by weather and climate fluctuations), showing that with appropriate parameter choices the model can flip between active-biosphere and dormant-biosphere equilibria under the influence of random forcing. This externally-driven transition between locally stable states is fundamentally different from Lorenzian chaos. A basic behavioural difference between processor and harvester forms of producer-utiliser system is that harvester systems tend toward oscillatory behaviour (though they do not always do so), while processor systems do not have this tendency.

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Sasai, Takahiro, Kazuhito Ichii, Yasushi Yamaguchi, and Ramakrishna Nemani. "Simulating terrestrial carbon fluxes using the new biosphere model “biosphere model integrating eco-physiological and mechanistic approaches using satellite data” (BEAMS)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 110, G2 (2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000045.

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Gourdji, S. M., K. L. Mueller, V. Yadav, et al. "North American CO2 exchange: intercomparison of modeled estimates with results from a fine-scale atmospheric inversion." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (2011): 6775–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-6775-2011.

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Abstract. Robust estimates of regional-scale terrestrial CO2 exchange are needed to support carbon management policies and to improve the predictive ability of models representing carbon-climate feedbacks. Large discrepancies remain, however, both among and between CO2 flux estimates from atmospheric inverse models and terrestrial biosphere models. Improved atmospheric inverse models that provide robust estimates at sufficiently fine spatial scales could prove especially useful for monitoring efforts, while also serving as a validation tool for process-based assumptions in terrestrial biosphere models. A growing network of continental sites collecting continuous CO2 measurements provides the information needed to drive such models. This study presents results from a regional geostatistical inversion over North America for 2004, taking advantage of continuous data from the nine sites operational in that year, as well as available flask and aircraft observations. The approach does not require explicit prior flux estimates, resolves fluxes at finer spatiotemporal scales than previous North American inversion studies, and uses a Lagrangian transport model coupled with high-resolution winds (i.e. WRF-STILT) to resolve near-field influences around measurement locations. The estimated fluxes are used in an inter-comparison with other inversion studies and a suite of terrestrial biosphere model estimates collected through the North American Carbon Program Regional and Continental Interim Synthesis. Differences among inversions are found to be smallest in areas of the continent best-constrained by the atmospheric data, pointing to the value of an expanded measurement network. Aggregation errors in previous coarser-scale inversion studies are likely to explain a portion of the remaining spread. The spatial patterns from a geostatistical inversion that includes auxiliary environmental variables from the North American Regional Reanalysis were similar to those from the median of the biospheric model estimates during the growing season, but diverged more strongly in the dormant season. This could be due to a lack of sensitivity in the inversion during the dormant season, but may also point to a lack of skill in the biospheric models outside of the growing season, particularly in agricultural areas. For the annual continental budget, the boundary conditions used as an input into the inversions were seen to have a substantial impact on the estimated net flux, with a difference of ~0.8 PgC yr−1 associated with results using two different plausible sets of boundary conditions.

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Medvigy, David, and Paul R. Moorcroft. "Predicting ecosystem dynamics at regional scales: an evaluation of a terrestrial biosphere model for the forests of northeastern North America." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1586 (2012): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0253.

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Terrestrial biosphere models are important tools for diagnosing both the current state of the terrestrial carbon cycle and forecasting terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. While there are a number of ongoing assessments of the short-term predictive capabilities of terrestrial biosphere models using flux-tower measurements, to date there have been relatively few assessments of their ability to predict longer term, decadal-scale biomass dynamics. Here, we present the results of a regional-scale evaluation of the Ecosystem Demography version 2 (ED2)-structured terrestrial biosphere model, evaluating the model's predictions against forest inventory measurements for the northeast USA and Quebec from 1985 to 1995. Simulations were conducted using a default parametrization, which used parameter values from the literature, and a constrained model parametrization, which had been developed by constraining the model's predictions against 2 years of measurements from a single site, Harvard Forest (42.5° N, 72.1° W). The analysis shows that the constrained model parametrization offered marked improvements over the default model formulation, capturing large-scale variation in patterns of biomass dynamics despite marked differences in climate forcing, land-use history and species-composition across the region. These results imply that data-constrained parametrizations of structured biosphere models such as ED2 can be successfully used for regional-scale ecosystem prediction and forecasting. We also assess the model's ability to capture sub-grid scale heterogeneity in the dynamics of biomass growth and mortality of different sizes and types of trees, and then discuss the implications of these analyses for further reducing the remaining biases in the model's predictions.

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Wang, Yuting, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Mathias Palm, et al. "Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 4 (2016): 2123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2123-2016.

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Abstract. Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and interannual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential means to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at five selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world.

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Palmer, P. I., M. P. Barkley, and P. S. Monks. "Interpreting the variability of CO2 columns over North America using a chemistry transport model: application to SCIAMACHY data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (2008): 7339–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-7339-2008.

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Abstract. We use the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model to interpret variability of CO2 columns and associated column-averaged volume mixing ratios (CVMRs) observed by the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument during the 2003 North American growing season, accounting for the instrument averaging kernel. Model and observed columns, largely determined by surface topography, averaged on a 2°×2.5° grid, are in excellent agreement (model bias=3%, r>0.9), as expected. Model and observed CVMRs, determined by scaling column CO2 by surface pressure data, are on average within 3% but are only weakly correlated, reflecting a large positive model bias (10–15 ppmv) at 50–70° N during midsummer at the peak of biospheric uptake. GEOS-Chem generally reproduces the magnitude and seasonal cycle of observed CO2 surface VMRs across North America. During midsummer we find that model CVMRs and surface VMRs converge, reflecting the instrument vertical sensitivity and the strong influence of the land biosphere on lower tropospheric CO2 columns. We use model tagged tracers to show that local fluxes largely determine CVMR variability over North America, with the largest individual CVMR contributions (1.1%) from the land biosphere. Fuel sources are relatively constant while biomass burning make a significant contribution only during midsummer. We also show that non-local sources contribute significantly to total CVMRs over North America, with the boreal Asian land biosphere contributing close to 1% in midsummer at high latitudes. We used the monthly-mean Jacobian matrix for North America to illustrate that: 1) North American CVMRs represent a superposition of many weak flux signatures, but differences in flux distributions should permit independent flux estimation; and 2) the atmospheric e-folding lifetimes for many of these flux signatures are 3–4 months, beyond which time they are too well-mixed to interpret.

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Franck, S., C. Bounama, and W. von Bloh. "Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction." Biogeosciences Discussions 2, no. 6 (2005): 1665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-2-1665-2005.

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Abstract. We present a minimal model for the global carbon cycle of the Earth containing the reservoirs mantle, ocean floor, continental crust, biosphere, and the kerogen, as well as the aggregated reservoir ocean and atmosphere. The model is specified by introducing three different types of biosphere: procaryotes, eucaryotes, and complex multicellular life. We find that from the Archaean to the future a procaryotic biosphere always exists. 2 Gyr ago eucaryotic life first appears. The emergence of complex multicellular life is connected with an explosive increase in biomass and a strong decrease in Cambrian global surface temperature at about 0.54 Gyr ago. In the long-term future the three types of biosphere will die out in reverse sequence of their appearance. We show that there is no evidence for an implosion-like extinction in contrast to the Cambrian explosion. The ultimate life span of the biosphere is defined by the extinction of procaryotes in about 1.6 Gyr.

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Wang, L., T. Koike, K. Yang, R. Jin, and H. Li. "Frozen soil parameterization in a distributed biosphere hydrological model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 3 (2010): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-557-2010.

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Abstract. In this study, a frozen soil parameterization has been modified and incorporated into a distributed biosphere hydrological model (WEB-DHM). The WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme was then rigorously evaluated in a small cold area, the Binngou watershed, against the in-situ observations from the WATER (Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research). First, by using the original WEB-DHM without the frozen scheme, the land surface parameters and two van Genuchten parameters were optimized using the observed surface radiation fluxes and the soil moistures at upper layers (5, 10 and 20 cm depths) at the DY station in July. Second, by using the WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme, two frozen soil parameters were calibrated using the observed soil temperature at 5 cm depth at the DY station from 21 November 2007 to 20 April 2008; while the other soil hydraulic parameters were optimized by the calibration of the discharges at the basin outlet in July and August that covers the annual largest flood peak in 2008. With these calibrated parameters, the WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme was then used for a yearlong validation from 21 November 2007 to 20 November 2008. Results showed that the WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme has given much better performance than the WEB-DHM without the frozen scheme, in the simulations of soil moisture profile at the cold regions catchment and the discharges at the basin outlet in the yearlong simulation.

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Wang, L., T. Koike, K. Yang, R. Jin, and H. Li. "Frozen soil parameterization in a distributed biosphere hydrological model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (2009): 6895–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-6895-2009.

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Abstract. In this study, a frozen soil parameterization has been modified and incorporated into a distributed biosphere hydrological model (WEB-DHM). The WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme was then rigorously evaluated in a small cold area, the Binngou watershed, against the in-situ observations from the WATER (Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research). In the summer 2008, land surface parameters were optimized using the observed surface radiation fluxes and the soil temperature profile at the Dadongshu-Yakou (DY) station in July; and then soil hydraulic parameters were obtained by the calibration of the July soil moisture profile at the DY station and by the calibration of the discharges at the basin outlet in July and August that covers the annual largest flood peak of 2008. The calibrated WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme was then used for a yearlong simulation from 21 November 2007 to 20 November 2008, to check its performance in cold seasons. Results showed that the WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme has given much better performance than the WEB-DHM without the frozen scheme, in the simulations of soil moisture profile at the DY station and the discharges at the basin outlet in the yearlong simulation.

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Delire, Christine, Jonathan A. Foley, and Starley Thompson. "Long-Term Variability in a Coupled Atmosphere–Biosphere Model." Journal of Climate 17, no. 20 (2004): 3947–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3947:lviaca>2.0.co;2.

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Alexandrov, G., and T. Oikawa. "TsuBiMo: a biosphere model of the CO2-fertilization effect." Climate Research 19 (2002): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr019265.

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Zach, R., B. D. Amiro, P. A. Davis, S. C. Sheppard, and J. G. Szekeley. "Biosphere model for assessing doses from nuclear waste disposal." Science of The Total Environment 156, no. 3 (1994): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90189-9.

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Krapivin, V. F., and L. P. Vilkova. "Model estimation of excess CO2, distribution in biosphere structure." Ecological Modelling 50, no. 1-3 (1990): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90042-f.

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Ilichev, Vyacheslav Alexandrovich, Vitaliy Ivanovich Kolchunov, and Vladimir Alexandrovich Gordon. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DYNAMICS OF CLOSED BIOSPHERE COMPARTIBLE TERRITORY." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 4 (2012): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2012_4_86.

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Messerschmidt, J., N. Parazoo, D. Wunch, et al. "Evaluation of seasonal atmosphere–biosphere exchange estimations with TCCON measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 10 (2013): 5103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5103-2013.

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Abstract. We evaluate three estimates of the atmosphere-biosphere exchange against total column CO2 observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Using the GEOS-Chem transport model, we produce forward simulations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the 2006–2010 time period using the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA), the Simple Biosphere (SiB) and the GBiome-BGC models. Large differences in the CO2 simulations result from the choice of the atmosphere-biosphere model. We evaluate the seasonal cycle phase, amplitude and shape of the simulations. The version of CASA currently used as the a priori model by the GEOS-Chem carbon cycle community poorly represents the season cycle in total column CO2. Consistent with earlier studies, enhancing the CO2 uptake in the boreal forest and shifting the onset of the growing season earlier significantly improve the simulated seasonal CO2 cycle using CASA estimates. The SiB model gives a better representation of the seasonal cycle dynamics. The difference in the seasonality of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) between these models is not the absolute gross primary productivity (GPP), but rather the differential phasing of ecosystem respiration (RE) with respect to GPP between these models.

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Sato, N., P. J. Sellers, D. A. Randall, et al. "Effects of Implementing the Simple Biosphere Model in a General Circulation Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 46, no. 18 (1989): 2757–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2757:eoitsb>2.0.co;2.

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Tian, Hanqin, Jia Yang, Chaoqun Lu, et al. "The Global N2O Model Intercomparison Project." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 6 (2018): 1231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0212.1.

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AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and also an ozone-depleting substance that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. Large estimation uncertainty remains on the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of N2O fluxes and the key drivers of N2O production in the terrestrial biosphere. Some terrestrial biosphere models have been evolved to account for nitrogen processes and to show the capability to simulate N2O emissions from land ecosystems at the global scale, but large discrepancies exist among their estimates primarily because of inconsistent input datasets, simulation protocol, and model structure and parameterization schemes. Based on the consistent model input data and simulation protocol, the global N2O Model Intercomparison Project (NMIP) was initialized with 10 state-of-the-art terrestrial biosphere models that include nitrogen (N) cycling. Specific objectives of NMIP are to 1) unravel the major N cycling processes controlling N2O fluxes in each model and identify the uncertainty sources from model structure, input data, and parameters; 2) quantify the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of global and regional N2O fluxes from the preindustrial period (1860) to present and attribute the relative contributions of multiple environmental factors to N2O dynamics; and 3) provide a benchmarking estimate of N2O fluxes through synthesizing the multimodel simulation results and existing estimates from ground-based observations, inventories, and statistical and empirical extrapolations. This study provides detailed descriptions for the NMIP protocol, input data, model structure, and key parameters, along with preliminary simulation results. The global and regional N2O estimation derived from the NMIP is a key component of the global N2O budget synthesis activity jointly led by the Global Carbon Project and the International Nitrogen Initiative.

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Franck, S., C. Bounama, and W. von Bloh. "Causes and timing of future biosphere extinctions." Biogeosciences 3, no. 1 (2006): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-85-2006.

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Abstract. We present a minimal model for the global carbon cycle of the Earth containing the reservoirs mantle, ocean floor, continental crust, biosphere, and the kerogen, as well as the combined ocean and atmosphere reservoir. The model is specified by introducing three different types of biosphere: procaryotes, eucaryotes, and complex multicellular life. During the entire existence of the biosphere procaryotes are always present. 2 Gyr ago eucaryotic life first appears. The emergence of complex multicellular life is connected with an explosive increase in biomass and a strong decrease in Cambrian global surface temperature at about 0.54 Gyr ago. In the long-term future the three types of biosphere will die out in reverse sequence of their appearance. We show that there is no evidence for an implosion-like extinction in contrast to the Cambrian explosion. In dependence of their temperature tolerance complex multicellular life and eucaryotes become extinct in about 0.8–1.2 Gyr and 1.3–1.5 Gyr, respectively. The ultimate life span of the biosphere is defined by the extinction of procaryotes in about 1.6 Gyr.

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Hakim, Luchman, Irena Aldianoveri, Iman Kusuma Bangsa, and Dodit Ari Guntoro. "PERAN DAN DAMPAK KONFLIK TENURIAL KEHUTANAN BAGI PENGELOLAAN KEANEKERAGAMAN HAYATI DI KAWASAN CAGAR BIOSFER DI JAWA TIMUR Role and Impact of Forestry Tenurials Conflict to The Management of Biodiversity in Biosphere Reserve in East Java." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 6, no. 1 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v6i1.5104.

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Bromo Tengger Semeru Arjuno Biosphere Reserve and Blambangan Biosphere Reserve in East Java was established as models for sustainable development area. Threats and opportunities in biosphere reserve management are including tenurials problems that are potentially able to disturb the conservation agenda in core zone of biosphere reserve. The aims of the research are to describe the biosphere reserve in East Java and to identify tenurials problem in biosphere reserve. It is become key for the successful of biosphere reserve programs. Result of the study shows that Bromo Tengger Semeru Arjuno Biosphere Reserve and Blambangan Biosphere Reserve are the important area for conservation and sustainable development in East Java. Tenurials conflict occurs and there are some aspect contributes to the conflict. The important aspect contribute to tenurials conflict includes economic needs, policy overlap, misperception about land status and ownership, misinformation and communication, relationship disharmony between party in community, and education quality of human resources surrounding biosphere reserve area. Tenurials conflict mitigation is one of the key for successful biosphere reserve management. In such mitigation, fostering multi-sectorial approach and involving all of the party into integrative conflict mitigation strategy is important.Keywords: tenurial conflict; sustainable development; Biosphere reserve . Cagar Biosfer Bromo Tengger Semeru Arjuno (CB-BTSA) dan Cagar Biosfer Blambangan (CBB) di Jawa Timur diharapkan dapat menjadi model pengelolaan kawasan secara berkelanjutan. Kendala dan tantangan dalam pengelolaan cagar biosfer tersebut adalah permasalahan tenurial yang dapat mengannggu kegiatan konservasi di kawasan inti dari cagar biosfer. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan cagar biofer di Jawa Timur dan mengetahui permasalahan tenurial yang terjadi di kawasan CB-BTSA dan CB-B yang menjadi kunci dalam keberhasilan pengelolaan cagar biofer. Penelitian ini menunjukkn bahwa CBBTSA dan CB-B adalah kawasan strategis dalam program konservasi dan pembangunan berkelanjutan di JAwa Timur. Konflik tenurial masih terjadi, dan beberapa aspek yang melatar belakangi terjadinya konflik. Beberapa aspek tersebut antara lain adalah tuntutan ekonomi, tumpang tindih kebijakan, pemahaman yang salah akan status tanah, mis-informasi dan komunikasi, disharmonisasi hubungan komponen masyarakat, penegakan hukum, dan kualitas pendidikan masyarakat sekitar cagar biosfer. Penangan konflik tenurial menjadi salah satu kunci dari pengelolaan cagar biofer. Penanganan konflik tersebut mutlak dilakukan pendekatan multisektorial dan melibatkan semua komponen masyrakat.Kata kunci: konflik lahan; pembangunan berkelanjutan; Cagar Biosfer

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Ilyichev, Vyacheslav, Vitaliy Kolchunov, Sergey Emelyanov, and Natalia Bakaeva. "About the Dynamic Model Formation of the Urban Livelihood System Compatible with the Biosphere." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 1224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1224.

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Here is presented an approach to the simulation of complex in its multicomponent structure for implementing the functions of city activity. The approach is based on the paradigm of the city compatibility with the Biosphere and phrased on the principles of its self-organization. A conceptual model of the urban livelihood system in the form of a multicomponent natural and technogenic structure is also described. A mathematical model of an open dynamic compatible with the Biosphere urban livelihood system with the choice of the governing parameters for management is developed.

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Becker-Heidmann, Peter. "Requirements for An International Radiocarbon Soils Database." Radiocarbon 38, no. 2 (1996): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200017549.

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Up to now, Global Carbon Cycle Models (GCCM) have only represented the soil and biosphere in a very simplified way. For example, the High Resolution Biosphere Model (HRBM) (Esser 1987; Esser and Lautenschlager 1994) distinguishes five subreservoirs and determines the fluxes between them for selected area of a global grid. The models have not yet been sufficiently tested against global observations. Such testing is difficult because the observed variables are in turn dependent on the behavior of other geological carbon pools, e.g., the atmosphere and ocean.

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Ripl, Wilhelm. "Water: the bloodstream of the biosphere." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1440 (2003): 1921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1378.

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Water, the bloodstream of the biosphere, determines the sustainability of living systems. The essential role of water is expanded in a conceptual model of energy dissipation, based on the water balance of whole landscapes. In this model, the underlying role of water phase changes--and their energy-dissipative properties--in the function and the self-organized development of natural systems is explicitly recognized. The energy-dissipating processes regulate the ecological dynamics within the Earth's biosphere, in such a way that the development of natural systems is never allowed to proceed in an undirected or random way. A fundamental characteristic of self-organized development in natural systems is the increasing role of cyclic processes while loss processes are correspondingly reduced. This gives a coincidental increase in system efficiency, which is the basis of growing stability and sustainability. Growing sustainability can be seen as an increase of ecological efficiency, which is applicable at all levels up to whole landscapes. Criteria for necessary changes in society and for the design of the measures that are necessary to restore sustainable landscapes and waters are derived.

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Wang, Y., N. M. Deutscher, M. Palm, et al. "Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 18 (2015): 26025–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-26025-2015.

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Abstract. Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and inter-annual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential mean to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at three selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The OCS simulations are driven by different land biospheric fluxes to reproduce the seasonality of the measurements. Increasing the plant uptake of Kettle et al. (2002a) by a factor of three resulted in the best comparison with FTIR measurements. However, there are still discrepancies in the latitudinal distribution when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study and compared to measurements. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world.

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Pereira, Fabio F., Fabio Farinosi, Mauricio E. Arias, Eunjee Lee, John Briscoe, and Paul R. Moorcroft. "Technical note: A hydrological routing scheme for the Ecosystem Demography model (ED2+R) tested in the Tapajós River basin in the Brazilian Amazon." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 9 (2017): 4629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4629-2017.

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Abstract. Land surface models are excellent tools for studying how climate change and land use affect surface hydrology. However, in order to assess the impacts of Earth processes on river flows, simulated changes in runoff need to be routed through the landscape. In this technical note, we describe the integration of the Ecosystem Demography (ED2) model with a hydrological routing scheme. The purpose of the study was to create a tool capable of incorporating to hydrological predictions the terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate, carbon dioxide, and land-use change, as simulated with terrestrial biosphere models. The resulting ED2+R model calculates the lateral routing of surface and subsurface runoff resulting from the terrestrial biosphere models' vertical water balance in order to determine spatiotemporal patterns of river flows within the simulated region. We evaluated the ED2+R model in the Tapajós, a 476 674 km2 river basin in the southeastern Amazon, Brazil. The results showed that the integration of ED2 with the lateral routing scheme results in an adequate representation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency up to 0.76, Kling–Gupta efficiency up to 0.86, Pearson's R up to 0.88, and volume ratio up to 1.06) of daily to decadal river flow dynamics in the Tapajós. These results are a consistent step forward with respect to the no river representation common among terrestrial biosphere models, such as the initial version of ED2.

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Schuh, A. E., A. S. Denning, K. D. Corbin, et al. "A regional high-resolution carbon flux inversion of North America for 2004." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (2009): 10195–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-10195-2009.

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Abstract. Resolving the discrepancies between NEE estimates based upon (1) ground studies and (2) atmospheric inversion results, demands increasingly sophisticated techniques. In this paper we present a high-resolution inversion based upon a regional meteorology model (RAMS) and an underlying biosphere (SiB3) model, both running on an identical 40 km grid over most of North America. Previous papers have utilized inversion regions formed by collapsing biome-similar grid cells into large aggregated regions. The effect of this is that the NEE correction imposed on forested regions on the east coast of the United States might be the same as that imposed on forests on the west coast of the United States while, in reality, there likely exist subtle differences in the two areas, both natural and anthropogenic. Our current inversion framework utilizes a combination of previously employed inversion techniques while allowing carbon flux corrections to be biome independent. Temporally and spatially high-resolution results utilizing biome-independent corrections provide insight into carbon dynamics in North America. In particular, we analyze hourly CO2 mixing ratio data from a sparse network of eight towers in North America for 2004. A prior estimate of carbon fluxes due to gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) is constructed from the SiB3 biosphere model on a 40 km grid. A combination of transport from the RAMS and the parameterized chemical transport model (PCTM) models is used to forge a connection between upwind biosphere fluxes and downwind observed CO2 mixing ratio data. A Kalman filter procedure is used to estimate weekly corrections to biosphere fluxes based upon observed CO2. RMSE-weighted annual NEE estimates, over an ensemble of potential inversion parameter sets, show a mean estimate 0.57 Pg/yr sink in North America. We perform the inversion with two independently derived boundary inflow conditions and calculate jackknife-based statistics to test the robustness of the model results. We then compare final results to estimates obtained from the CarbonTracker inversion system and the Ameriflux network. Results are promising, showing the ability to correct carbon fluxes from the biosphere models over annual and seasonal time scales, as well as over the different GPP and ER components, and also providing interesting hypotheses for future work.

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Akhtar, Mohammad K., Jacob Wibe, Slobodan P. Simonovic, and Jim MacGee. "Integrated assessment model of society-biosphere-climate-economy-energy system." Environmental Modelling & Software 49 (November 2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.07.006.

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Kwon, O.-Yul, and Jerald L. Schnoor. "Simple Global Carbon Model: The atmosphere-terrestrial biosphere-ocean interaction." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, no. 3 (1994): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gb00768.

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TANG, Qiuhong, Taikan OKI, and Shinjiro KANAE. "A DISTRIBUTED BIOSPHERE HYDROLOGICAL MODEL (DBHM) FOR LARGE RIVER BASIN." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 50 (2006): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.50.37.

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van der Velde, I. R., J. B. Miller, K. Schaefer, et al. "Biosphere model simulations of interannual variability in terrestrial13C/12C exchange." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 27, no. 3 (2013): 637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20048.

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Mangeney, A., D. Aubert, J. Demarty, C. Ottlé, and I. Braud. "Mesh size selection in a soil-biosphere-atmosphere transfer model." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 2, no. 1 (2003): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s03-004.

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Xue, Yongkang. "A two-dimensional coupled biosphere-atmosphere model and its application." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 8, no. 4 (1991): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02919267.

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Shufen, Sun, and Xue Yongkang. "Implementing a new snow scheme in Simplified Simple Biosphere Model." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 18, no. 3 (2001): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02919314.

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