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Journal articles on the topic 'Biosynthesis of ginsenosides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Jin, Shi Kun, and Shou Jing Zhao. "Progress in Understanding of the Key Enzyme Genes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.374.

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Ginsenosides, the major bioactive ingredients of P. ginseng can improve the anti-disease abilities of human being, and generate significant social and economic benefits. However, along with gradually or rapidly or dramatically increasing demand of the ginsenosides, extensive studies have focused on regulating the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway on a genetic level. In this article, ginsenoside biosynthesis of key enzyme genes are described, including squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), dammarenediol synthase (DS), β-amyrin synthase (β-AS), lanosterol s

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2

Zhang, Ru, Shiquan Tan, Bianling Zhang, Pengcheng Hu, and Ling Li. "Cerium-Promoted Ginsenosides Accumulation by Regulating Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185623.

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Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant development. The signal pathways of Ce3+-mediated ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng hairy roots were investigated. At a low concentration, Ce3+ improved the elongation and biomass of hairy roots. The Ce3+-induced accumulation of ginsenosides showed a high correlation with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the biosynthesis of endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ginsenoside key enzyme genes (PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS). At a

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3

Chu, Luan Luong, Nguyen Quang Huy, and Nguyen Huu Tung. "Microorganisms for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives." Molecules 28, no. 3 (2023): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031437.

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Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full

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4

Zhang, Ru, Chao Li, Rui Guo, Zhaoying Li, and Bianling Zhang. "Harnessing Jasmonate Pathways: PgJAR1’s Impact on Ginsenoside Accumulation in Ginseng." Plants 14, no. 6 (2025): 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060847.

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Ginsenosides, the most active components in Panax ginseng, exhibit pharmacological and therapeutic properties but are limited by their low abundance. Jasmonates (JAs), a class of stress-induced phytohormones, are integral in modulating plant defense responses and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including ginsenosides. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the primary bioactive JA compound, is biosynthesized by JA-Ile synthase 1 (JAR1). In this study, we cloned the 1555 bp PgJAR1 gene from ginseng roots and analyzed its structure, enzyme activity, and expression pattern. The PgJAR1 protein

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5

Chen, Hong, Xiangzhu Li, Yongjun Zheng, Mingming Liu, and Kangyu Wang. "Effects of Different Culture Times Genes Expression on Ginsenoside Biosynthesis of the Ginseng Adventitious Roots in Panax ginseng." Horticulturae 9, no. 7 (2023): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070762.

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Panax ginseng is an ancient and very potent herb, which has a long history of medicinal use, and recent studies have shown that ginsenosides are the main active substances in its pharmacological effects. However, the saponin content of wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng can hardly meet the market supply, and the ginseng adventitious root suspension culture technology can produce ginsenosides in a targeted manner. The length of culture time is an important factor affecting the growth and development of plants and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. After transcriptome sequencing of gins

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6

Lu, Jing. "Genome-Wide Comparative Profiles of Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Genes in Ginseng and Pseudo Ginseng Medicinal Plants." Life 13, no. 11 (2023): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13112227.

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Saponin-rich medicinal plants, particularly ginseng and Pseudo ginseng, are valuable in traditional medical practice due to the presence of different saponins. These plants benefit from natural saponins/triterpenoids drugs, such as Ginsenosides, Gypenosides, Platycodins, and Lancemasides. Ginsenosides are highly required for research and functional materials preparation in industrial practices, and some compounds, like Compound-K, have been taken to human trials for various therapeutic applications. To elucidate the genes/transcripts profiles responsible for secondary metabolites and ginsenosi

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7

Liu, Sizhang, Xiaxia Chen, Tianqi Zhao, et al. "Identification of PgRg1-3 Gene for Ginsenoside Rg1 Biosynthesis as Revealed by Combining Genome-Wide Association Study and Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis of Jilin Ginseng Core Collection." Plants 13, no. 13 (2024): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13131784.

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Ginseng, an important medicinal plant, is characterized by its main active component, ginsenosides. Among more than 40 ginsenosides, Rg1 is one of the ginsenosides used for measuring the quality of ginseng. Therefore, the identification and characterization of genes for Rg1 biosynthesis are important to elucidate the molecular basis of Rg1 biosynthesis. In this study, we utilized 39,327 SNPs and the corresponding Rg1 content from 344 core ginseng cultivars from Jilin Province. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), SN

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8

Le, Kim-Cuong, Thanh-Tam Ho, Jong-Du Lee, Kee-Yoeup Paek, and So-Young Park. "Colchicine Mutagenesis from Long-term Cultured Adventitious Roots Increases Biomass and Ginsenoside Production in Wild Ginseng (Panax ginseng Mayer)." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060785.

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Panax ginseng Mayer is a perennial herb that has been used as a medicinal plant in Eastern Asia for thousands of years. The aim of this study was to enhance root biomass and ginsenoside content in cultured adventitious roots by colchicine mutagenesis. Adventitious P. ginseng roots were treated with colchicine at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg·L−1) and for different durations (1, 2, and 3 days). Genetic variability of mutant lines was assessed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Ginsenoside biosynthesis gene expression, ginsenoside content, enzyme acti

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9

Jiang, Yang, Qi Zhang, Zixia Zeng, et al. "The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor PgERF120 Regulates Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Ginseng." Biomolecules 14, no. 3 (2024): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14030345.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial herb belonging to the family Araliaceae and has been used for thousands of years in East Asia as an essential traditional medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities of its main active ingredient, ginsenosides. The AP2/ERF gene family, widely present in plants, is a class of transcription factors capable of responding to ethylene regulation that has an influential role in regulating the synthesis of major active ingredients in medicinal plants and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which have not been reported in Panax gin

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10

Kochan, Ewa, Sylwia Caban, Grażyna Szymańska, et al. "Influence of methyl jasmonate on ginsenoside biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Panax quinquefolium L." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio C – Biologia 72, no. 1 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/c.2017.72.1.27-35.

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<p>Panax quinquefolium L., belonging to the Araliaceae family, along with P. ginseng is one of the well-known species of ginseng. Multidirectional pharmacological action of this plant is attributed to triterpene saponins called ginsenosides. Pharmacopoeial raw material are roots obtained from the field crops which are time-consuming and require expensive agrotechnical procedures. Therefore, the new sources of ginseng biomass are sought such as in vitro suspension cultures. P. quinquefolium L. cell cultures, treated with the elicitation of methyl jasmonate (MJ) in concentration 50 and 250

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11

Jiang, Yang, Gaohui He, Ruiqi Li, et al. "Functional Validation of the Cytochrome P450 Family PgCYP309 Gene in Panax ginseng." Biomolecules 14, no. 6 (2024): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14060715.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is an ancient and valuable Chinese herbal medicine, and ginsenoside, as the main active ingredient of ginseng, has received wide attention because of its various pharmacological active effects. Cytochrome P450 is the largest family of enzymes in plant metabolism and is involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, and other primary and secondary plant metabolites. It is significant to explore more PgCYP450 genes with unknown functions and reveal their roles in ginsenoside synthesis. In this study, based on the five PgCYP450 genes screened in

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12

Zhang, Tao, Mei Han, Limin Yang, et al. "The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance." Molecules 24, no. 1 (2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010014.

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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most important medicinal plants in Northeast China, and ginsenosides are the main active ingredients found in medicinal ginseng. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is regulated by environmental factors and the expression of key enzyme genes. Therefore, in this experiment, ginseng in the leaf opened stage, the green fruit stage, the red fruit stage, and the root growth stage was used as the test material, and nine individual ginsenosides and total saponins (the sum of the individual saponins) were detected by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Th

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13

Yu, Xiaochen, Jinghui Yu, Dinghui Wang, et al. "A Novel Biosynthetic Strategy for Ginsenoside Ro: Construction of a Metabolically Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Using a Newly Identified UGAT Gene from Panax ginseng as the Key Enzyme Gene and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 20 (2024): 11331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011331.

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Ginsenoside Ro, as one of the few oleanane-type ginsenosides, is well known for its unique molecular structure and biological activities. Currently, research on the biosynthesis of ginsenoside Ro is still in its early stages. Therefore, the establishment of a new ginsenoside Ro cell factory is of great significance for the in-depth development and utilization of genes related to ginsenoside Ro synthesis, as well as for the exploration of pathways to obtain ginsenoside Ro. In this study, we cloned endogenous constitutive promoters, terminators, and other genetic elements from S. cerevisiae BY47

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14

Zhou, Chen, Ting Gong, Jingjing Chen, Tianjiao Chen, Jinling Yang, and Ping Zhu. "Production of a Novel Protopanaxatriol-Type Ginsenoside by Yeast Cell Factories." Bioengineering 10, no. 4 (2023): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040463.

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Ginsenosides, the main active compounds in Panax species, are glycosides of protopanaxadiol (PPD) or protopanaxatriol (PPT). PPT-type ginsenosides have unique pharmacological activities on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. As an unnatural ginsenoside, 3,12-Di-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-24-ene-3β,6α,12β,20S-tetraol (3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT) can be synthesized through enzymatic reactions but is limited by the expensive substrates and low catalytic efficiency. In the present study, we successfully produced 3β,12β-Di-O-Glc-PPT in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a titer of 7.0 mg/L b

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15

Zou, Xian, Yue Zhang, Xu Zeng, et al. "Molecular Cloning and Identification of NADPH Cytochrome P450 Reductase from Panax ginseng." Molecules 26, no. 21 (2021): 6654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216654.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is a precious Chinese traditional medicine, for which ginsenosides are the most important medicinal ingredients. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) and their primary redox molecular companion NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) play a key role in ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. However, systematic studies of CPR genes in ginseng have not been reported. Numerous studies on ginsenoside synthesis biology still use Arabidopsis CPR (AtCPR1) as a reductase. In this study, we isolated two CPR genes (PgCPR1, PgCPR2) from ginseng adventitious roots. Phylogenetic tree

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16

Kim, Yu-Jin, Dabing Zhang, and Deok-Chun Yang. "Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of ginsenosides." Biotechnology Advances 33, no. 6 (2015): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.001.

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17

Giang, Nguyen Van, Luu Han Ly, Pham Le Bich Hang, and Le Thi Thu Hien. "Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase from \(\textit{Panax vietnamensis}\) Ha et Grushv." Academia Journal of Biology 43, no. 4 (2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/16356.

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Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. is a species of the genus Panax native to Central Vietnam, containing a family of triterpene saponins named ginsenosides. This group of biomolecules possesses valuable therapeutic properties against cancer, hepatitis, diabetes, inflammation as well as stress and anxiety. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme participating in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. In this study, a FPS gene from P. vietnamensis (PvFPS) was isolated and characterized. The PvFPS cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1032 bp, encoding a polypeptide chain of 342 amino

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18

Panossian, Alexander, Sara Abdelfatah, and Thomas Efferth. "Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part I): Effects of Ginsenoside Rg5 at Physiological and Sub-Physiological Concentrations." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 10 (2021): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14100999.

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Numerous in vitro studies on isolated cells have been conducted to uncover the molecular mechanisms of action of Panax ginseng Meyer root extracts and purified ginsenosides. However, the concentrations of ginsenosides and the extracts used in these studies were much higher than those detected in pharmacokinetic studies in humans and animals orally administered with ginseng preparations at therapeutic doses. Our study aimed to assess: (a) the effects of ginsenoside Rg5, the major “rare” ginsenoside of Red Ginseng, on gene expression in the murine neuronal cell line HT22 in a wide range of conce

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19

Hu, Wei, Ning Liu, Yuhua Tian, and Lianxue Zhang. "Molecular Cloning, Expression, Purification, and Functional Characterization of Dammarenediol Synthase fromPanax ginseng." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/285740.

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The objective of this study is to clone and charecterize the expression of dammarenediol synthase gene and then to determine the relationship between the expression of dammarenediol synthase gene that is involved in the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway and the ginsenoside content. A cDNA phage library was constructed from a five-year-old ginseng root. The cDNA library was screened for the dammarenediol synthase gene by using its specific primers. It was further cloned and expressed in pET-30a vector. The recombinant plasmid pET-30a-DS was expressed in RosettaE. coli. The recombinant DS protein

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20

Liu, Chang, Kangyu Wang, Ziyi Yun, et al. "Functional Study of PgGRAS68-01 Gene Involved in the Regulation of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (2023): 3347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043347.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a perennial herb from the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. It is famous in China and abroad. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is controlled by structural genes and regulated by transcription factors. GRAS transcription factors are widely found in plants. They can be used as tools to modify plant metabolic pathways by interacting with promoters or regulatory elements of target genes to regulate the expression of target genes, thereby activating the synergistic interaction of multiple genes in metabolic pathways and effectively improving the accumulati

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21

Nguyen, Thi Hoang Anh, Thi Ngan Dang, Doan Manh Dung, et al. "Non-hydrophilic components from roots of Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv.)." Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science 133, no. 1D (2024): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.26459/hueunijns.v133i1d.7308.

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Vietnamese ginseng is a precious medicinal herb and contains various ginsenosides as the main components. We studied the less polar constituents of the title ginseng and isolated falcarinol (1) and 20S-protopanaxatriol (4) for the first time, along with two common phytosterols: β-sitosterol (2) and daucosterol (3). Their structures were elucidated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectra and compared with the literature data. Falcarinol was obtained from the non-polar portion of the crude residue, with a high content. The occurrence of 20S-protopanaxatriol becom

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22

Jiang, Yue, Sizhang Liu, Li Li, et al. "Transcriptome and Phenotype Integrated Analysis Identifies Genes Controlling Ginsenoside Rb1 Biosynthesis and Reveals Their Interactions in the Process in Panax ginseng." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (2022): 14016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214016.

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Genes are the keys to deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying a biological trait and designing approaches desirable for plant genetic improvement. Ginseng is an important medicinal herb in which ginsenosides have been shown to be the major bioactive component; however, only a few genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis have been cloned through orthologue analysis. Here, we report the identification of 21 genes controlling Rb1 biosynthesis by stepwise ginseng transcriptome and Rb1 content integrated analysis. We first identified the candidate genes for Rb1 biosynthesis by integrated a

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23

Ma, Chi, Yu Lin, Junjun Yin, Lijuan Zhu, Jinkai Fang, and Dan Zhang. "Phylogenetic Analysis and Expression Patterns of Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis Genes in 19 Araliaceae Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 7 (2025): 3439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073439.

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The Araliaceae family has significant economic and medicinal value. However, the phylogenetic relationships and the expression patterns of key genes of the active triterpenoid substance within this family are still unclear. In this study, we employed comparative transcriptomics to analyze the transcriptomes of 19 species from 11 genera of Araliaceae, aiming to elucidate the evolutionary history of the family and the expression patterns of key genes in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. Our results divide Araliaceae into two subfamilies: Aralioideae and Hydrocotyloideae. Aralioideae is furth

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24

Kong, Lingyao, Peng Chen, and Cheng Chang. "Drought Resistance and Ginsenosides Biosynthesis in Response to Abscisic Acid in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 11 (2023): 9194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119194.

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Drought stress adversely affects the production of the perennial medicinal herb Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many processes in plant growth, development, and response to environments. However, whether drought resistance is regulated by ABA in Panax ginseng remains unknown. In this study, we characterized the response of drought resistance to ABA in Panax ginseng. The results showed that the growth retardation and root shrinking under drought conditions in Panax ginseng were attenuated by exogenous ABA application. Spraying ABA was shown to protect the ph

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Zhang, Qiang, Xude Wang, Liyan Lv, Guangyue Su, and Yuqing Zhao. "Antineoplastic Activity, Structural Modification, Synthesis and Structure-activity Relationship of Dammarane-type Ginsenosides: An Overview." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 5 (2019): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190401141138.

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Dammarane-type ginsenosides are a class of tetracyclic triterpenoids with the same dammarane skeleton. These compounds have a wide range of pharmaceutical applications for neoplasms, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic syndromes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, aging, neurodegenerative disease, bone disease, liver disease, kidney disease, gastrointestinal disease and other conditions. In order to develop new antineoplastic drugs, it is necessary to improve the bioactivity, solubility and bioavailability, and illuminate the mechanism of action of these compounds.

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Kochan, Ewa, Monika Sienkiewicz, Dagmara Szmajda-Krygier, Ewa Balcerczak, and Grażyna Szymańska. "Carvacrol as a Stimulant of the Expression of Key Genes of the Ginsenoside Biosynthesis Pathway and Its Effect on the Production of Ginseng Saponins in Panax quinquefolium Hairy Root Cultures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (2024): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020909.

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The accumulation of ginsenosides (triterpenic saponins) was determined in Panax quinquefolium hairy root cultures subjected to an elicitation process using carvacrol at 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 μM concentrations during 24 and 72 h exposure. This study was the first one in which carvacrol was applied as an elicitor. The content of eight ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Rg2, and Re, was determined using HPLC analysis. Moreover, the quantitative RT-PCR method was applied to assess the relative expression level of farnesyl diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase, and dammarenediol

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27

刘, 佳. "Advances in the Biosynthesis Research of Ginsenosides and Key Enzymes." Botanical Research 03, no. 03 (2014): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/br.2014.33013.

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28

Zhang, Wei, Wenfei Liu, Liyang Wang, et al. "Effects of water stress on secondary metabolism of Panax ginseng fresh roots." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (2024): e0312023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312023.

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The roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey are commonly used herbal medicine in Asian countries. These components contain a large number of secondary metabolites known as ginsenosides, which serve as primary active ingredient. Environmental factors significantly influence the production of secondary metabolites, which are crucial for enhancing plant adaptability to ecological stress. P. ginseng is a shady plant that thrives in a constantly humid and temperate environment. However, it cannot withstand excessive moisture, making soil moisture a significant ecological stress affecting P. gi

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Trinh, Vu Thi, Luu Han Ly, Huynh Thi Thu Hue, and Le Thi Thu Hien. "Isolation, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding acetoacetyl-coa thiolase from Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 1 (2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/16084.

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Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., naturally distributed in Ngoc Linh Mountain, is an endemic Panax species of Vietnam. For centuries, P. vietnamensis has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat many serious diseases or enhance physical strength. Ginsenosides are responsible for most of the medicinal effects of the Panax species. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT) is considered as an important enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenoside. In this study, a full-length cDNA of the gene encoding AACT protein (GeneBank accession number MZ272018) was obtained from P. vietnamensis using re

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Alcalde, Miguel Angel, Edgar Perez-Matas, Ainoa Escrich, Rosa M. Cusido, Javier Palazon, and Mercedes Bonfill. "Biotic Elicitors in Adventitious and Hairy Root Cultures: A Review from 2010 to 2022." Molecules 27, no. 16 (2022): 5253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165253.

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One of the aims of plant in vitro culture is to produce secondary plant metabolites using plant cells and organ cultures, such as cell suspensions, adventitious, and hairy roots (among others). In cases where the biosynthesis of a compound in the plant is restricted to a specific organ, unorganized systems, such as plant cell cultures, are sometimes unsuitable for biosynthesis. Then, its production is based on the establishment of organ cultures such as roots or aerial shoots. To increase the production in these biotechnological systems, elicitors have been used for years as a useful tool sinc

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Zhu, Lei, Jian Hu, Ruiqi Li, et al. "Transcriptome-Wide Integrated Analysis of the PgGT25-04 Gene in Controlling Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101980.

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Panax ginseng is a valuable medicinal herb of the Araliaceae family with various pharmacological activities. The Trihelix transcription factors family is involved in growth and secondary metabolic processes in plants, but no studies have been reported on the involvement of Trihelix genes in secondary metabolic processes in ginseng. In this study, weighted co-expression network analysis, correlation analysis between PgGTs and ginsenosides and key enzyme genes, and interaction network analysis between PgGTs and key enzyme genes were used to screen out the PgGT25-04 gene, which was negatively cor

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32

Kim, Dongmin, Mihyang Kim, Gem Raña, and Jaehong Han. "Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer." Molecules 23, no. 7 (2018): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071824.

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Whereas Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer, is harvested in the fall, the variation of ginsenoside content in field-grown ginseng across seasonal development has never been investigated in Korea. Thus, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis of nine major ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, and Ro, in the roots of five-year-old P. ginseng cultivated in Bongwha, Korea in 2017 was performed. The total ginsenoside content changed as many as three times throughout the year, ranging from 1.37 ± 0.02 (dry wt %) in January to 4.26 ± 0.03% in

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Kochan, Ewa, Ewa Balcerczak, Piotr Szymczyk, Monika Sienkiewicz, Hanna Zielińska-Bliźniewska, and Grażyna Szymańska. "Abscisic Acid Regulates the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA Reductase Gene Promoter and Ginsenoside Production in Panax quinquefolium Hairy Root Cultures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (2019): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061310.

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Panax quinquefolium hairy root cultures synthesize triterpenoid saponins named ginsenosides, that have multidirectional pharmacological activity. The first rate-limiting enzyme in the process of their biosynthesis is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR). In this study, a 741 bp fragment of the P. quinquefolium HMGR gene (PqHMGR), consisting of a proximal promoter, 5′UTR (5′ untranslated region) and 5′CDS (coding DNA sequence) was isolated. In silico analysis of an isolated fragment indicated a lack of tandem repeats, miRNA binding sites, and CpG/CpNpG elements. However, the proximal

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Jin, Shi Kun, and Shou Jing Zhao. "Recent Advances in Study of Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Pathway in Panax ginseng." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.368.

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Ginsenosides, the major bioactive ingredients of P. ginseng can improve the anti-disease abilities of human being, and generate significant social and economic benefits. However, along with gradually or rapidly or dramatically increasing demand of the ginsenosides, extensive studies have focused on regulating the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway on a genetic level. This review provides the latest research progress on biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides, including the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, which is newly discovered and located in P. ginseng. Moreove

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Zhang, Jing-Jing, He Su, Lei Zhang, et al. "Comprehensive Characterization for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis in Ginseng Root by Integration Analysis of Chemical and Transcriptome." Molecules 22, no. 6 (2017): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060889.

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Kim, Dongmin, and Jaehong Han. "Study on biosynthesis of ginsenosides in the leaf of Panax ginseng by seasonal flux analysis." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 62, no. 4 (2019): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2019.043.

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Li, Jinxin, Hongfa Li, Dahui Liu, Shujie Liu, Jianli Li, and Juan Wang. "Analysis of ginsenoside content, functional genes involved in ginsenosides biosynthesis, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in Panax quinquefolium L. adventitious roots by fungal elicitors." Research on Chemical Intermediates 43, no. 4 (2016): 2415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2770-x.

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WU, Wen-Ru, Chun-Song CHENG, Qi-Qing CHENG, et al. "Novel SNP markers on ginsenosides biosynthesis functional gene for authentication of ginseng herbs and commercial products." Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 18, no. 10 (2020): 770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60017-6.

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Scossa, Federico, Maria Benina, Saleh Alseekh, Youjun Zhang, and Alisdair Fernie. "The Integration of Metabolomics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data to Elucidate the Pathways of Natural Product Metabolism in Medicinal Plants." Planta Medica 84, no. 12/13 (2018): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0630-1899.

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AbstractPlants have always been used as medicines since ancient times to treat diseases. The knowledge around the active components of herbal preparations has remained nevertheless fragmentary: the biosynthetic pathways of many secondary metabolites of pharmacological importance have been clarified only in a few species, while the chemodiversity present in many medicinal plants has remained largely unexplored. Despite the advancements of synthetic biology for production of medicinal compounds in heterologous hosts, the native plant species are often the most reliable and economic source for th

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Zhang, Guang-Hui, Chun-Hua Ma, Jia-Jin Zhang, et al. "Transcriptome analysis of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidicus discovers putative ocotillol-type ginsenosides biosynthesis genes and genetic markers." BMC Genomics 16, no. 1 (2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1332-8.

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Linsefors, Lotta, Lars Björk, and Klaus Mosbach. "Influence of Elicitors and Mevalonic Acid on the Biosynthesis of Ginsenosides in Tissue Cultures of Panax ginseng." Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 184, no. 5-6 (1989): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-3796(89)80039-3.

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Wang, Shi-hui, Wen-xia Liang, Jun Lu, Lu Yao, Juan Wang, and Wen-yuan Gao. "Penicillium sp. YJM-2013 induces ginsenosides biosynthesis in Panax ginseng adventitious roots by inducing plant resistance responses." Chinese Herbal Medicines 12, no. 3 (2020): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.003.

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Kim, Su-Jin, Hyun-Ja Jeong, Byoung-Jae Yi та ін. "Transgenic Panax ginseng Inhibits the Production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as COX-2 Expression in Human Mast Cells". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 35, № 02 (2007): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x07004850.

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The most well-known medicinal plant, Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), contains various phytosterols and bioactive triterpene saponins (ginsenosides). Squalene synthase is a key regulatory enzyme for triterpene biosynthesis and overexpression of the squalene synthase confers the hyper-production of triterpene saponins to form transgenic ginseng. In this study, we have investigated whether and how transgenic P. ginseng modulates an inflammatory reaction in a stimulated human mast cell line, HMC-1. It was found that transgenic P. ginseng inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inter

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Wang, Shihui, Wenxia Liang, Lu Yao, Juan Wang, and Wenyuan Gao. "Effect of temperature on morphology, ginsenosides biosynthesis, functional genes, and transcriptional factors expression in Panax ginseng adventitious roots." Journal of Food Biochemistry 43, no. 4 (2019): e12794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12794.

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Yu, Lu, Yuan Chen, Jie Shi, et al. "Biosynthesis of rare 20(R)-protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides through Escherichia coli engineered with uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase genes." Journal of Ginseng Research 43, no. 1 (2019): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.005.

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Tang, Qing-Yan, Geng Chen, Wan-Ling Song, et al. "Transcriptome analysis of Panax zingiberensis identifies genes encoding oleanolic acid glucuronosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of oleanane-type ginsenosides." Planta 249, no. 2 (2018): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2995-6.

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Ma, Rui, Rui Jiang, Xuenan Chen, Daqing Zhao, Tong Li, and Liwei Sun. "Proteomics analyses revealed the reduction of carbon- and nitrogen-metabolism and ginsenoside biosynthesis in the red-skin disorder of Panax ginseng." Functional Plant Biology 46, no. 12 (2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp18269.

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Red-skin disorder (RSD), a non-infectious disorder in Panax ginseng, impairs the quality and yield of ginseng and impedes continuous cropping. Since the mechanism of this disorder is unknown, there are no effective prevention measures for RSD. The proteomic changes in RSD ginseng were analysed in this study by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The differential expression of 137 proteins (60 from 2-DE and 77 from iTRAQ) was identified in RSD ginseng as compared with healthy ginseng. Most changes are related to carbon- and

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Wu, Qiong, Jingyuan Song, Yongqiao Sun, et al. "Transcript profiles ofPanax quinquefoliusfrom flower, leaf and root bring new insights into genes related to ginsenosides biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation." Physiologia Plantarum 138, no. 2 (2010): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01309.x.

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Lu, Jun, Lu Yao, Jin-Xin Li, et al. "Characterization of UDP-Glycosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 and Identification of Critical Conserved Amino Acid Residues for Its Function." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, no. 36 (2018): 9446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02544.

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Choi, Dong-Woog, JongDuk Jung, Young Im Ha, et al. "Analysis of transcripts in methyl jasmonate-treated ginseng hairy roots to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and other secondary metabolites." Plant Cell Reports 23, no. 8 (2004): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-004-0845-4.

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