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Journal articles on the topic 'Biosynthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Nishida, Hiromi, and Makoto Nishiyama. "Evolution of Lysine Biosynthesis in the Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (May 8, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/745931.

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Thermus thermophilus biosynthesizes lysine through the α-aminoadipate (AAA) pathway: this observation was the first discovery of lysine biosynthesis through the AAA pathway in archaea and bacteria. Genes homologous to the T. thermophilus lysine biosynthetic genes are widely distributed in bacteria of the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum. Our phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that a common ancestor of the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum had the ancestral genes for bacterial lysine biosynthesis through the AAA pathway. In addition, our findings suggest that the ancestor lacked genes for lysine biosynt

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2

Pulsawat, Nattika, Shigeru Kitani, Eriko Fukushima, and Takuya Nihira. "Hierarchical control of virginiamycin production in Streptomyces virginiae by three pathway-specific regulators: VmsS, VmsT and VmsR." Microbiology 155, no. 4 (2009): 1250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.022467-0.

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Two regulatory genes encoding a Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein (vmsS) and a response regulator (vmsT) of a bacterial two-component signal transduction system are present in the left-hand region of the biosynthetic gene cluster of the antibiotic virginiamycin, which is composed of virginiamycin M (VM) and virginiamycin S (VS), in Streptomyces virginiae. Disruption of vmsS abolished both VM and VS biosynthesis, with drastic alteration of the transcriptional profile for virginiamycin biosynthetic genes, whereas disruption of vmsT resulted in only a loss of VM biosynthesis, suggesting

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3

Moore, Bradley. "Asymmetric Alkene and Arene Halofunctionalization Reactions in Meroterpenoid Biosynthesis." Synlett 29, no. 04 (2017): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1590919.

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Meroterpenoid natural products are important bioactive molecules with broad distribution throughout nature. In Streptomyces bacteria, naphthoquinone-based meroterpenoids comprise a simple yet structurally fascinating group of natural product antibiotics that are enzymatically constructed through a series of asymmetric alkene and arene halofunctionalization reactions. This account article highlights our discovery and characterization of a group of vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase enzymes that catalyze halogen-assisted cyclization and rearrangement reactions and have inspired biomimetic synth

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4

Araki, Yasuko, Takayoshi Awakawa, Motomichi Matsuzaki, et al. "Complete biosynthetic pathways of ascofuranone and ascochlorin inAcremonium egyptiacum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17 (2019): 8269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819254116.

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Ascofuranone (AF) and ascochlorin (AC) are meroterpenoids produced by various filamentous fungi, includingAcremonium egyptiacum(synonym:Acremonium sclerotigenum), and exhibit diverse physiological activities. In particular, AF is a promising drug candidate against African trypanosomiasis and a potential anticancer lead compound. These compounds are supposedly biosynthesized through farnesylation of orsellinic acid, but the details have not been established. In this study, we present all of the reactions and responsible genes for AF and AC biosyntheses inA. egyptiacum, identified by heterologou

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Helfrich, Eric J. N., Geng-Min Lin, Christopher A. Voigt, and Jon Clardy. "Bacterial terpene biosynthesis: challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (November 29, 2019): 2889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.283.

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Terpenoids are the largest and structurally most diverse class of natural products. They possess potent and specific biological activity in multiple assays and against diseases, including cancer and malaria as notable examples. Although the number of characterized terpenoid molecules is huge, our knowledge of how they are biosynthesized is limited, particularly when compared to the well-studied thiotemplate assembly lines. Bacteria have only recently been recognized as having the genetic potential to biosynthesize a large number of complex terpenoids, but our current ability to associate genet

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Liu, Yong-Cheng, Xiao-Xi Peng, Yan-Bing Lu, Xue-Xian Wu, Lin-Wu Chen, and Hong Feng. "Genome-wide association study reveals the genes associated with the leaf inclusion contents in Chinese medical tree Eucommia ulmoides." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 2 (2021): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa005.

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ABSTRACT Eucommia ulmoides is an economic tree that can biosynthesize secondary metabolites with pharmacological functions. Genetic basis of biosynthesis of these compounds is almost unknown. Therefore, genomic-wide association study was performed to exploit the genetic loci maybe involved in biosynthetic pathways of 5 leaf inclusions (aucubin, chlorogenic acid, gutta-percha, polyphenols, total flavonoids). It was shown that contents of the 5 leaf metabolites have a wide variation following normal distribution. A total of 2 013 102 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified i

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Sato, Hajime, Masanobu Uchiyama, Kazuki Saito та Mami Yamazaki. "The Energetic Viability of Δ1-Piperideine Dimerization in Lysine-derived Alkaloid Biosynthesis". Metabolites 8, № 3 (2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo8030048.

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Lys-derived alkaloids widely distributed in plant kingdom have received considerable attention and have been intensively studied; however, little is known about their biosynthetic mechanisms. In terms of the skeleton formation, for example, of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis, only the very first two steps have been identified and the later steps remain unknown. In addition, there is no available information on the number of enzymes and reactions required for their skeletal construction. The involvement of the Δ 1 -piperideine dimerization has been proposed for some of the Lys-derived alkal

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Pan, Guohui, Zhengren Xu, Zhikai Guo, et al. "Discovery of the leinamycin family of natural products by mining actinobacterial genomes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (2017): E11131—E11140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716245115.

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Nature’s ability to generate diverse natural products from simple building blocks has inspired combinatorial biosynthesis. The knowledge-based approach to combinatorial biosynthesis has allowed the production of designer analogs by rational metabolic pathway engineering. While successful, structural alterations are limited, with designer analogs often produced in compromised titers. The discovery-based approach to combinatorial biosynthesis complements the knowledge-based approach by exploring the vast combinatorial biosynthesis repertoire found in Nature. Here we showcase the discovery-based

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9

Wu, Tong, Yumei Liu, Jinsheng Liu, Zhenya Chen, and Yi-Xin Huo. "Metabolic Engineering and Regulation of Diol Biosynthesis from Renewable Biomass in Escherichia coli." Biomolecules 12, no. 5 (2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12050715.

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As bulk chemicals, diols have wide applications in many fields, such as clothing, biofuels, food, surfactant and cosmetics. The traditional chemical synthesis of diols consumes numerous non-renewable energy resources and leads to environmental pollution. Green biosynthesis has emerged as an alternative method to produce diols. Escherichia coli as an ideal microbial factory has been engineered to biosynthesize diols from carbon sources. Here, we comprehensively summarized the biosynthetic pathways of diols from renewable biomass in E. coli and discussed the metabolic-engineering strategies that

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10

Fujiwara, Kei, Taishi Tsubouchi, Tomohisa Kuzuyama, and Makoto Nishiyama. "Involvement of the arginine repressor in lysine biosynthesis of Thermus thermophilus." Microbiology 152, no. 12 (2006): 3585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.29222-0.

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Lysine biosynthesis of Thermus thermophilus proceeds in a similar way to arginine biosynthesis, and some lysine biosynthetic enzymes from T. thermophilus so far investigated have the potential to function in arginine biosynthesis. These observations suggest that arginine might regulate the expression of genes for lysine biosynthesis. To test this hypothesis, the argR gene encoding the regulator of arginine biosynthesis was cloned from T. thermophilus and its function in lysine biosynthesis was analysed. The addition of arginine to the culture medium inhibited the growth of an arginase gene kno

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Fewer, David P., Julia Österholm, Leo Rouhiainen, Jouni Jokela, Matti Wahlsten, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Nostophycin Biosynthesis Is Directed by a Hybrid Polyketide Synthase-Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase in the Toxic Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Strain 152." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 22 (2011): 8034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05993-11.

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ABSTRACTCyanobacteria are a rich source of natural products with interesting pharmaceutical properties. Here, we report the identification, sequencing, annotation, and biochemical analysis of the nostophycin (npn) biosynthetic gene cluster. Thenpngene cluster spans 45.1 kb and consists of three open reading frames encoding a polyketide synthase, a mixed polyketide nonribosomal peptide synthetase, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. The genetic architecture and catalytic domain organization of the proteins are colinear in arrangement, with the putative order of the biosynthetic assembly of t

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Mohammed, Yousef, Ding Ye, Mudan He, Houpeng Wang, Zuoyan Zhu, and Yonghua Sun. "Production of Astaxanthin by Animal Cells via Introduction of an Entire Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Pathway." Bioengineering 10, no. 9 (2023): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091073.

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Astaxanthin is a fascinating molecule with powerful antioxidant activity, synthesized exclusively by specific microorganisms and higher plants. To expand astaxanthin production, numerous studies have employed metabolic engineering to introduce and optimize astaxanthin biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms and plant hosts. Here, we report the metabolic engineering of animal cells in vitro to biosynthesize astaxanthin. This was accomplished through a two-step study to introduce the entire astaxanthin pathway into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). First, we introduced the astaxanthin bios

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Chen, Fu, Le Yuan, Shaozhen Ding, Yu Tian, and Qian-Nan Hu. "Data-driven rational biosynthesis design: from molecules to cell factories." Briefings in Bioinformatics 21, no. 4 (2019): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz065.

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Abstract A proliferation of chemical, reaction and enzyme databases, new computational methods and software tools for data-driven rational biosynthesis design have emerged in recent years. With the coming of the era of big data, particularly in the bio-medical field, data-driven rational biosynthesis design could potentially be useful to construct target-oriented chassis organisms. Engineering the complicated metabolic systems of chassis organisms to biosynthesize target molecules from inexpensive biomass is the main goal of cell factory design. The process of data-driven cell factory design c

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Blatzer, Michael, Markus Schrettl, Bettina Sarg, Herbert H. Lindner, Kristian Pfaller, and Hubertus Haas. "SidL, an Aspergillus fumigatus Transacetylase Involved in Biosynthesis of the Siderophores Ferricrocin and Hydroxyferricrocin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 14 (2011): 4959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00182-11.

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ABSTRACTThe opportunistic fungal pathogenAspergillus fumigatusproduces four types of siderophores, low-molecular-mass iron chelators: it excretes fusarinine C (FsC) and triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) for iron uptake and accumulates ferricrocin (FC) for hyphal and hydroxyferricrocin (HFC) for conidial iron distribution and storage. Siderophore biosynthesis has recently been shown to be crucial for fungal virulence. Here we identified a new component of the fungal siderophore biosynthetic machinery: AFUA_1G04450, termed SidL. SidL is conserved only in siderophore-producing ascomycetes and shows si

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15

Meechuen, Methat, Lalita Pimsawang, Tanapon Chaisan, Sompid Samipak, Wanchai Pluempanupat, and Piyada Juntawong. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Associated with Alkaloid Diversity in Javanese Long Pepper (Piper retrofractum) Fruits." International Journal of Plant Biology 14, no. 4 (2023): 896–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14040066.

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Alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites that play multifaceted roles in plant physiology, including defense mechanisms and interactions with other organisms. The alkaloids from Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper) fruits offer potential alternatives to synthetic pesticides due to their natural origin and insecticide properties. However, information on particular alkaloid biosynthesis pathways is required to enhance individual alkaloid production via metabolic engineering. Here, we perform HPLC profiling to demonstrate that fruit ripening influences the alkaloid diversity in P. retr

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16

Shams, Somayeh, Ahmad Ismaili, Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi, Hasan Mumivand, and Karim Sorkheh. "Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify putative genes involved in carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in two species of Satureja, endemic medicinal herbs of Iran." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (2023): e0281351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281351.

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Satureja is rich in phenolic monoterpenoids, mainly carvacrol, that is of interest due to diverse biological activities including antifungal and antibacterial. However, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying carvacrol biosynthesis and its regulation for this wonderful medicinal herb. To identify the putative genes involved in carvacrol and other monoterpene biosynthesis pathway, we generated a reference transcriptome in two endemic Satureja species of Iran, containing different yields (Satureja khuzistanica and Satureja rechingeri). Cross-species differe

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17

Lin, Jie, Ivan Monsalvo, Hyejung Kwon, Sarah Pullano, and Nik Kovinich. "The WRKY Family Transcription Factor GmWRKY72 Represses Glyceollin Phytoalexin Biosynthesis in Soybean." Plants 13, no. 21 (2024): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13213036.

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Phytoalexins are plant defense metabolites that are biosynthesized transiently in response to pathogens. Despite that their biosynthesis is highly restricted in plant tissues, the transcription factors that negatively regulate phytoalexin biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Glyceollins are isoflavonoid-derived phytoalexins that have critical roles in protecting soybean crops from the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To identify regulators of glyceollin biosynthesis, we used a transcriptomics approach to search for transcription factors that are co-expressed with glyceollin biosynthesis i

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18

Li, Li, Jun Wu, Zixin Deng, T. Mark Zabriskie, and Xinyi He. "Streptomyces lividans Blasticidin S Deaminase and Its Application in Engineering a Blasticidin S-Producing Strain for Ease of Genetic Manipulation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 7 (2013): 2349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03254-12.

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ABSTRACTBlasticidin S is a peptidyl nucleoside antibiotic produced byStreptomyces griseochromogenesthat exhibits strong fungicidal activity. To circumvent an effective DNA uptake barrier system in the native producer and investigate its biosynthesisin vivo, the blasticidin S biosynthetic gene cluster (bls) was engrafted to the chromosome ofStreptomyces lividans. However, the resulting mutant, LL2, produced the inactive deaminohydroxyblasticidin S instead of blasticidin S. Subsequently, a blasticidin S deaminase (SLBSD, forS. lividansblasticidin S deaminase) was identified inS. lividansand show

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19

Awad, Agape M., Michelle C. Bradley, Lucía Fernández-del-Río, Anish Nag, Hui S. Tsui, and Catherine F. Clarke. "Coenzyme Q10 deficiencies: pathways in yeast and humans." Essays in Biochemistry 62, no. 3 (2018): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20170106.

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Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or CoQ) is an essential lipid that plays a role in mitochondrial respiratory electron transport and serves as an important antioxidant. In human and yeast cells, CoQ synthesis derives from aromatic ring precursors and the isoprene biosynthetic pathway. Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq mutants provide a powerful model for our understanding of CoQ biosynthesis. This review focusses on the biosynthesis of CoQ in yeast and the relevance of this model to CoQ biosynthesis in human cells. The COQ1–COQ11 yeast genes are required for efficient biosynthesis of yeast CoQ. Expression of

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20

O'Hanlon, Karen A., Lorna Gallagher, Markus Schrettl, et al. "Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase GenespesLandpes1Are Essential for Fumigaclavine C Production in Aspergillus fumigatus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 9 (2012): 3166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07249-11.

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ABSTRACTThe identity of metabolites encoded by the majority of nonribosomal peptide synthetases in the opportunistic pathogen,Aspergillus fumigatus, remains outstanding. We found that the nonribosomal peptide (NRP) synthetases PesL and Pes1 were essential for fumigaclavine C biosynthesis, the end product of the complex ergot alkaloid (EA) pathway inA. fumigatus. Deletion of eitherpesL(ΔpesL) orpes1(Δpes1) resulted in complete loss of fumigaclavine C biosynthesis, relatively increased production of fumitremorgins such as TR-2, fumitremorgin C and verruculogen, increased sensitivity to H2O2, and

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21

Müller, Michael, and Syed Husain. "Fungal Dihydroxynaphthalene-Melanin: Diversity-Oriented Biosynthesis through Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Transformations." Synlett 28, no. 18 (2017): 2360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588526.

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Tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase (T4HNR) from Magnaporthe grisea catalyzes the reduction of polyhydroxynaphthalenes, hydroxynaphthoquinones, and 1,4-diketones, with extensive ramifications for the biosynthesis of (shunt) metabolites related to 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis. Hence, an extended model for DHN-melanin biosynthesis has been developed which is based on a screening hypothesis involving non-enzymatic transformations such as oxidations and tautomerism. This has led to the broadening of the functions of several short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) capable

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Wilton, D. C. "The effect of excess mevalonic acid on ubiquinone and tetrahymanol biosynthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis." Biochemical Journal 229, no. 2 (1985): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2290551.

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When T. pyriformis is grown in the presence of 10(-2)M-mevalonic acid, the uptake exceeds the cell's requirement for this biosynthetic intermediate. The majority of the excess mevalonic acid is diverted into ubiquinone-8 biosynthesis whereas the biosynthesis of tetrahymanol, the major product of the mevalonic acid pathway, is unchanged. In the presence of excess external mevalonic acid, the biosynthesis of mevalonic acid by the cell is inhibited. It is proposed that ubiquinone biosynthesis is normally regulated by mevalonic acid availability, whereas tetrahymanol biosynthesis is regulated prim

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Tan, Gao-Yi, Zixin Deng, and Tiangang Liu. "Recent advances in the elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis." F1000Research 4 (December 4, 2015): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7187.1.

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With the successful production of artemisinic acid in yeast, the promising potential of synthetic biology for natural product biosynthesis is now being realized. The recent total biosynthesis of opioids in microbes is considered to be another landmark in this field. The importance and significance of enzymes in natural product biosynthetic pathways have been re-emphasized by these advancements. Therefore, the characterization and elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis are undoubtedly fundamental for the development of new drugs and the heterologous biosynthesis of ac

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Tan, Gao-Yi, Zixin Deng, and Tiangang Liu. "Recent advances in the elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis." F1000Research 4 (February 25, 2016): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7187.2.

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With the successful production of artemisinic acid in yeast, the promising potential of synthetic biology for natural product biosynthesis is now being realized. The recent total biosynthesis of opioids in microbes is considered to be another landmark in this field. The importance and significance of enzymes in natural product biosynthetic pathways have been re-emphasized by these advancements. Therefore, the characterization and elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis are undoubtedly fundamental for the development of new drugs and the heterologous biosynthesis of ac

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Chin Zi Hang, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria, Oh Jian Hong, et al. "Biosynthesis of DLLAE blended silver nanoparticles and their response against periodontitis triggering bacteria." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (2020): 1849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2092.

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Facts over microorganisms to predominate periodontitis, shifting of human microbiota by Dimocarpus longan (D. longan) plant, and potentiation of antimicrobial activity by biosynthetic silver nanoparticles (SNPs) intended present study to biosynthesize, optimize, characterize and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) obtained using D. longan leaves aqueous extract (DLLAE). Study involved preparation of DLLAE using decoction method. The DLLAE was subjected to biosynthesis of SNPs followed by optimization (using UV-Visible spectrometry), characterization (by FTIR, FE

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Kawada, Kojiro, Yuya Uchida, Ikuo Takahashi, et al. "Triflumizole as a Novel Lead Compound for Strigolactone Biosynthesis Inhibitor." Molecules 25, no. 23 (2020): 5525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235525.

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Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones involved in the development of various plants. SLs also stimulate seed germination of the root parasitic plants, Striga spp. and Orobanche spp., which reduce crop yield. Therefore, regulating SL biosynthesis may lessen the damage of root parasitic plants. Biosynthetic inhibitors effectively control biological processes by targeted regulation of biologically active compounds. In addition, biosynthetic inhibitors regulate endogenous levels in developmental stage- and tissue-specific manners. To date, although some chemicals have been fou

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Kellmann, Ralf, Troco Kaan Mihali, Young Jae Jeon, Russell Pickford, Francesco Pomati, and Brett A. Neilan. "Biosynthetic Intermediate Analysis and Functional Homology Reveal a Saxitoxin Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 13 (2008): 4044–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00353-08.

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ABSTRACT Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues cause the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) syndrome, which afflicts human health and impacts coastal shellfish economies worldwide. PSP toxins are unique alkaloids, being produced by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here we describe a candidate PSP toxin biosynthesis gene cluster (sxt) from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3. The saxitoxin biosynthetic pathway is encoded by more than 35 kb, and comparative sequence analysis assigns 30 catalytic functions to 26 proteins. STX biosynthesis is initiated with arginine, S-adenosylmethionine, and acetate b

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Glawischnig, E. "The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the biosynthesis of camalexin." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (2006): 1206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341206.

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The biosynthesis of camalexin, the main phytoalexin of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, involves at least two CYP (cytochrome P450) steps. It is synthesized from tryptophan via indole-3-acetaldoxime in a reaction catalysed by CYP79B2 and CYP79B3. Based on the pad3 mutant phenotype, CYP71B15 (PAD3) had also been suggested as a camalexin biosynthetic gene. CYP71B15 catalyses the final step in camalexin biosynthesis, as recombinant CYP71B15 and microsomes from Arabidopsis leaves expressing functional PAD3 converted dihydrocamalexic acid into camalexin. The biosynthetic pathway is co-ordinate

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ZHANG, Xiaodong, Caixia LI, Chonlong CHIO, Ayyappa K. S. KAMESHWAR, Tianxiao MA, and Wensheng QIN. "Transcriptome analysis to identify genes involved in lignan, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis in medicinal plant Kadsura heteroclita." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 4 (2020): 1802–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48412044.

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Stems and roots of Kadsura plant species were the significant ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine. Kadsura heteroclita is one of the popular medicinal plants used in Tujia and Yao nationalities of China. Antioxidant compounds like lignan, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid are the major active components of K. hetroclita. Mass cultivation and bio-manufacturing strategies were being proposed to meet the increasing demand of Kadsura species plant parts. Therefore, it is important to reveal the molecular networks involved in biosynthesis of these highly efficient medicinal compounds. Here,

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Martín, Juan Francisco, та Paloma Liras. "Diamine Fungal Inducers of Secondary Metabolism: 1,3-Diaminopropane and Spermidine Trigger Enzymes Involved in β-Alanine and Pantothenic Acid Biosynthesis, Precursors of Phosphopantetheine in the Activation of Multidomain Enzymes". Antibiotics 13, № 9 (2024): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090826.

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The biosynthesis of antibiotics and other secondary metabolites (also named special metabolites) is regulated by multiple regulatory networks and cascades that act by binding transcriptional factors to the promoter regions of different biosynthetic gene clusters. The binding affinity of transcriptional factors is frequently modulated by their interaction with specific ligand molecules. In the last decades, it was found that the biosynthesis of penicillin is induced by two different molecules, 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine, but not by putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) or spermine. 1,3-diaminop

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Roberts Buceta, Paloma M., Laura Romanelli-Cedrez, Shannon J. Babcock, et al. "The kynurenine pathway is essential for rhodoquinone biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 28 (2019): 11047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ac119.009475.

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A key metabolic adaptation of some species that face hypoxia as part of their life cycle involves an alternative electron transport chain in which rhodoquinone (RQ) is required for fumarate reduction and ATP production. RQ biosynthesis in bacteria and protists requires ubiquinone (Q) as a precursor. In contrast, Q is not a precursor for RQ biosynthesis in animals such as parasitic helminths, and most details of this pathway have remained elusive. Here, we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal to elucidate key steps in RQ biosynthesis. Using RNAi and a series of C. elegans mutants, we f

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Horbal, Liliya, Marc Stierhof, Anja Palusczak, Nikolas Eckert, Josef Zapp, and Andriy Luzhetskyy. "Cyclofaulknamycin with the Rare Amino Acid D-capreomycidine Isolated from a Well-Characterized Streptomyces albus Strain." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (2021): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081609.

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Targeted genome mining is an efficient method of biosynthetic gene cluster prioritization within constantly growing genome databases. Using two capreomycidine biosynthesis genes, alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent arginine beta-hydroxylase and pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase, we identified two types of clusters: one type containing both genes involved in the biosynthesis of the abovementioned moiety, and other clusters including only arginine hydroxylase. Detailed analysis of one of the clusters, the flk cluster from Streptomyces albus, led to the identification of a cyclic peptide t

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Jensen, Susan E., Kenneth J. Elder, Kwamena A. Aidoo, and Ashish S. Paradkar. "Enzymes Catalyzing the Early Steps of Clavulanic Acid Biosynthesis Are Encoded by Two Sets of Paralogous Genes inStreptomyces clavuligerus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 3 (2000): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.3.720-726.2000.

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ABSTRACT Genes encoding the proteins required for clavulanic acid biosynthesis and for cephamycin biosynthesis are grouped into a “supercluster” in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Nine open reading frames (ORFs) associated with clavulanic acid biosynthesis were located in a 15-kb segment of the supercluster, including six ORFs encoding known biosynthetic enzymes or regulatory proteins, two ORFs that have been reported previously but whose involvement in clavulanic acid biosynthesis is unclear, and one ORF not previously reported. Evidence for the involvement of these ORFs in clavulanic acid product

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Gullï¿½n, Sonia, Carlos Olano, Mohamed S. Abdelfattah, et al. "Isolation, Characterization, and Heterologous Expression of the Biosynthesis Gene Cluster for the Antitumor Anthracycline Steffimycin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (2006): 4172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00734-06.

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ABSTRACT The biosynthetic gene cluster for the aromatic polyketide steffimycin of the anthracycline family has been cloned and characterized from “Streptomyces steffisburgensis” NRRL 3193. Sequence analysis of a 42.8-kbp DNA region revealed the presence of 36 open reading frames (ORFs) (one of them incomplete), 24 of which, spanning 26.5 kb, are probably involved in steffimycin biosynthesis. They code for all the activities required for polyketide biosynthesis, tailoring, regulation, and resistance but show no evidence of genes involved in l-rhamnose biosynthesis. The involvement of the cluste

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Fang, Jie, Yiping Zhang, Lijuan Huang, et al. "Cloning and Characterization of the Tetrocarcin A Gene Cluster from Micromonospora chalcea NRRL 11289 Reveals a Highly Conserved Strategy for Tetronate Biosynthesis in Spirotetronate Antibiotics." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 17 (2008): 6014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00533-08.

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ABSTRACT Tetrocarcin A (TCA), produced by Micromonospora chalcea NRRL 11289, is a spirotetronate antibiotic with potent antitumor activity and versatile modes of action. In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of TCA was cloned and localized to a 108-kb contiguous DNA region. In silico sequence analysis revealed 36 putative genes that constitute this cluster (including 11 for unusual sugar biosynthesis, 13 for aglycone formation, and 4 for glycosylations) and allowed us to propose the biosynthetic pathway of TCA. The formation of d-tetronitrose, l-amicetose, and l-digitoxose may begin wit

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ZHOU, CHAOBIN, JUNJIE DING, XIAOJING HU, and WEI GONG. "COMPARATIVE PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE THICK-WALLED RAY FORMATION PROCESS OF HALOXYLON AMMODENDRON IN THE GURBANTUNGGUT DESERT, CHINA." WOOD RESEARCH 66(5) 2021 66, no. 5 (2021): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.5.833843.

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Thick-walled ray cells of Haloxylon ammodendronwere first reported by Zhou and Gong in 2017, but their formation mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we performeda proteomic analysis of ray cell wall formation in the xylem. H. ammodendronin Shihezi exhibits a thicker ray cell wall than that in Jinghe. During the process of cell wall biosynthesisin the xylem of H. ammodendron, the nonspecific lipid-transfer protein and beta expansin EXPB2.1 (Mirabilis jalapa) first loosen the cell wall, and this step is followed by extension and expansion. Subsequently, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydr

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Kusajima, Miyuki, Moeka Fujita, Takumi Nishiuchi, Hideo Nakashita, and Tadao Asami. "Induction of tocopherol biosynthesis through heat shock treatment in Arabidopsis." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 3 (2021): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbaa053.

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ABSTRACT Plants have developed various self-defense systems to survive many types of unfavorable conditions. Heat shock (HS) treatment, an abiotic stress, activates salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis to enhance resistance to biotic stresses in some plant species. Since SA is produced from the shikimate pathway, other related metabolic pathways were expected to be upregulated by HS treatment. We speculated that tocopherol biosynthesis utilizing chorismic acid would be activated by HS treatment. In Arabidopsis, expression analysis of tocopherol biosynthetic genes, HPPD, VTE2, VTE3, VTE1, and VTE4,

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Storbeck, Sonja, Sarah Rolfes, Evelyne Raux-Deery, Martin J. Warren, Dieter Jahn, and Gunhild Layer. "A Novel Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Heme inArchaea: Genome-Based Bioinformatic Predictions and Experimental Evidence." Archaea 2010 (2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/175050.

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Heme is an essential prosthetic group for many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes in all three domains of life. InEukaryotaandBacteriaheme is formedviaa conserved and well-studied biosynthetic pathway. Surprisingly, inArchaeaheme biosynthesis proceedsviaan alternative route which is poorly understood. In order to formulate a working hypothesis for this novel pathway, we searched 59 completely sequenced archaeal genomes for the presence of gene clusters consisting of established heme biosynthetic genes and colocalized conserved candidate genes. Within the majority of archaeal

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Kon, Takahide, Naoki Nemoto, Tairo Oshima, and Akihiko Yamagishi. "Effects of a Squalene Epoxidase Inhibitor, Terbinafine, on Ether Lipid Biosyntheses in a Thermoacidophilic Archaeon, Thermoplasma acidophilum." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 5 (2002): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.5.1395-1401.2002.

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ABSTRACT The archaeal plasma membrane consists mainly of diether lipids and tetraether lipids instead of the usual ester lipids found in other organisms. Although a molecule of tetraether lipid is thought to be synthesized from two molecules of diether lipids, there is no direct information about the biosynthetic pathway(s) or intermediates of tetraether lipid biosynthesis. In this study, we examined the effects of the fungal squalene epoxidase inhibitor terbinafine on the growth and ether lipid biosyntheses in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum. Terbinafine was found to i

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White, R. "Methanopterin biosynthesis: methylation of the biosynthetic intermediates." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1380, no. 2 (1998): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00148-7.

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Xiong, Fei, Jingyi Wei, Youxiang Zhou, Yanchun Shao, Jiao Liu, and Fusheng Chen. "Exploring the Subcellular Localization of Monascus Pigments Biosynthases: Preliminary Unraveling of the Compartmentalization Mechanism." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 6 (2024): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10060375.

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Monascus pigments (MPs), a class of secondary metabolites produced by Monascus spp., can be classified into yellow, orange, and red MPs according to their differences in the wavelength of the maximum absorption. However, the biosynthetic sequence and cellular biosynthesis mechanism of different MPs components are still not yet completely clear in Monascus spp. In this study, the subcellular localization of five MPs synthases was investigated using fluorescent protein fusion expression. The results revealed that the proteins encoded by the MPs biosynthetic gene cluster were compartmentalized in

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Dobrzyn, Pawel. "CoA in Health and Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (2022): 4371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084371.

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Coenzyme A (CoA) and its thioester derivatives are crucial components of numerous biosynthetic and degradative pathways of the cellular metabolism (including fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, the Krebs cycle, ketogenesis, cholesterol and acetylcholine biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, and neurotransmitter biosynthesis), post-translational modifications of proteins, and the regulation of gene expression [...]

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STINSON, E. E. "Mycotoxins - Their Biosynthesis in Alternaria." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 1 (1985): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.1.80.

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Alternaria produce a wide assortment of toxic and nontoxic secondary metabolites. A brief summary of the numerous secondary metabolites of Alternaria and their toxicity is followed by a presentation of the current view of the polyketide biosynthetic mechanism and its application to the biosynthesis of these compounds. Possible mechanisms for the biosynthesis of alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, and other dibenzo-α-pyrones are presented, as well as mechanisms for the biosynthesis of tenuazonic acid and altertoxin I. Bioregulation of the production of these materials by light, heat, nutrien

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Dietl, Anna-Maria, Ulrike Binder, Ingo Bauer, Yana Shadkchan, Nir Osherov, and Hubertus Haas. "Arginine Auxotrophy Affects Siderophore Biosynthesis and Attenuates Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus." Genes 11, no. 4 (2020): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040423.

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Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human pathogen mainly infecting immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of arginine biosynthesis in virulence of A. fumigatus via genetic inactivation of two key arginine biosynthetic enzymes, the bifunctional acetylglutamate synthase/ornithine acetyltransferase (argJ/AFUA_5G08120) and the ornithine carbamoyltransferase (argB/AFUA_4G07190). Arginine biosynthesis is intimately linked to the biosynthesis of ornithine, a precursor for siderophore production that has previously been shown to be essential for virulence

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Yin, Hua, Sihai Xiang, Jianting Zheng, et al. "Induction of Holomycin Production and Complex Metabolic Changes by theargRMutation in Streptomyces clavuligerus NP1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 9 (2012): 3431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07699-11.

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ABSTRACTIn bacteria, arginine biosynthesis is tightly regulated by a universally conserved regulator, ArgR, which regulates the expression of arginine biosynthetic genes, as well as other important genes. Disruption ofargRinStreptomyces clavuligerusNP1 resulted in complex phenotypic changes in growth and antibiotic production levels. To understand the metabolic changes underlying the phenotypes, comparative proteomic studies were carried out between NP1 and itsargRdisruption mutant (designated CZR). In CZR, enzymes involved in holomycin biosynthesis were overexpressed; this is consistent with

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Wen, Mengling, Junlan Zeng, Fei Qiu, Fangyuan Zhang, and Zhihua Liao. "De Novo Synthesis of Anticholinergic Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine in Nicotiana benthamiana Based on Elucidating Tropane Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway of Anisodus luridus." Agronomy 14, no. 11 (2024): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112460.

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Anisodus luridus, a perennial herb belonging to the genus Anisodus of the Solanaceae family, is an important Tibetan medicinal plant that produces pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids (TAs) including hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Its high yield of hyoscyamine makes A. luridus a valuable plant source for commercially producing TAs. In this study, we conduct homologous gene research across transcriptome data of different tissues together with functionally tested sequences in Atropa belladonna as a reference and identify 13 candidate genes for TAs biosynthesis in A. luridus. The results show that thes

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Du, Guozhong, Xue Yang, Zhengxiong Wu, et al. "Influence of Cluster-Situated Regulator PteF in Filipin Biosynthetic Cluster on Avermectin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces avermitilis." Biology 13, no. 5 (2024): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13050344.

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Crosstalk regulation is widespread in Streptomyces species. Elucidating the influence of a specific regulator on target biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and cell metabolism is crucial for strain improvement through regulatory protein engineering. PteF and PteR are two regulators that control the biosynthesis of filipin, which competes for building blocks with avermectins in Streptomyces avermitilis. However, little is known about the effects of PteF and PteR on avermectin biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated their impact on avermectin biosynthesis and global cell metabolism. The delet

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Zhang, Zhuan, Hai-Xue Pan, and Gong-Li Tang. "New insights into bacterial type II polyketide biosynthesis." F1000Research 6 (February 21, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10466.1.

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Bacterial aromatic polyketides, exemplified by anthracyclines, angucyclines, tetracyclines, and pentangular polyphenols, are a large family of natural products with diverse structures and biological activities and are usually biosynthesized by type II polyketide synthases (PKSs). Since the starting point of biosynthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis in 1984–1985, there has been a continuous effort to investigate the biosynthetic logic of aromatic polyketides owing to the urgent need of developing promising therapeutic candidates from these compounds. Recently, significant advances in the stru

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Cao, Xue-Qiang, Xing-Yu Ouyang, Bo Chen, et al. "Genetic Interference Analysis Reveals that Both 3-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Are Involved in Xanthomonadin Biosynthesis in the Phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (2020): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-19-0299-r.

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A characteristic feature of phytopathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria is the production of yellow membrane-bound pigments called xanthomonadins. Previous studies showed that 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA) was a xanthomonadin biosynthetic intermediate and also, that it had a signaling role. The question of whether the structural isomers 4-HBA and 2-HBA (salicylic acid) have any role in xanthomonadin biosynthesis remained unclear. In this study, we have selectively eliminated 3-HBA, 4-HBA, or the production of both by expression of the mhb, pobA, and pchAB gene clusters in the Xanthomonas campestris p

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Mihali, Troco Kaan, Ralf Kellmann, Julia Muenchhoff, Kevin D. Barrow, and Brett A. Neilan. "Characterization of the Gene Cluster Responsible for Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 3 (2007): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01988-07.

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ABSTRACT Toxic cyanobacterial blooms cause economic losses and pose significant public health threats on a global scale. Characterization of the gene cluster for the biosynthesis of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (cyr) in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205 is described, and the complete biosynthetic pathway is proposed. The cyr gene cluster spans 43 kb and is comprised of 15 open reading frames containing genes required for the biosynthesis, regulation, and export of the toxin. Biosynthesis is initiated via an amidinotransfer onto glycine followed by five polyketide extensions

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