Academic literature on the topic 'Biotechnology industries – Law and legislation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Biotechnology industries – Law and legislation"
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Mokhov, A. A. "The Concept of Four "Bio" in Law and Legislation." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 8 (2020): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.117.8.146-154.
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Developing biotechnologies have an impact not only on technical, technological and other economic processes, but also on industries and sectors of the economy, public relations, and change the prevailing stereotypes of behavior and habits. In this regard, new sprouts of an innovative economy, and the changing social sphere, the psychology of individual groups and communities determine the need for a unified balanced biopolitics. This policy manifests itself in the provisions of the rule of law and legislation, strategic planning documents, and in law enforcement. Due to the nontriviality of technologies, their great potential opportunities, as well as challenges, risks and threats for the population, society, biopolitics is becoming an important factor in the policy pursued in general. The author proves the need for systemic and comprehensive regulation of biotechnologies allowed for use, taking into account their biological and other types of safety, contribution (positive effects) to the developing bioeconomy and development of society. In connection with the above, the concept of the four "bio" (biotechnology — biosafety — bioeconomics — biopolitics) is proposed, which requires the development of law and legislation based on modern trends in the development of technology, economy, society and the state.
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Stankovic, Mirjana, and Bratislav Stankovic. "Biotech Research-Tool Patents in Macedonia: Current Legal and Economic Parameters." Review of Central and East European Law 38, no. 2 (2013): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598812x13274154887385.
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One of the vigorously debated topics related to the protection of biotechnology inventions has been the issue of patents on biotechnology research tools, which usually are used in very early stages of biotechnology research. Proponents of patenting argue that the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech/pharma companies to invest in research and development which is aimed at developing biotech research tools. Opponents of patenting maintain that such patents might impede future research by creating “patent-thickets” and preventing researchers from performing experiments which rely on the patented tools without authorization and royalty payments.The Republic of Macedonia is a small, developing country that lacks specifically crafted legislation or even an articulated public policy promoting the growth of the biotechnology sector. Macedonian patent law contains rather broad exemption to patent rights, termed in “free use for personal and non commercial purposes” and “free use for research and development” of a patented invention. These provisions use obfuscating language and might generate confusion and divergent judicial practices. Also problematic are the law’s provisions which pertain to biotechnology patents and, especially, exemptions to biotechnology patents; these appear to misinterpret the mirroring provisions of the European Union Biotechnology Directive.This article argues in favor of amending the Macedonian industrial property law with a list of both specific exemptions and safeguards, which should provide clarity in future judicial practice pertaining to experimental-use exemptions of biotech research-tool patents in this country.
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Smith, W. Robert, Gil B. Manzon, Jr., and Jayaraman Vijayakumar. "Tax Fairness And Effective Tax Rates: A Tale Of Two Industries." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 13, no. 1 (2011): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v13i1.5778.
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<span>Industries with low effective tax rates could reasonably expect to suffer as a result of legislation designed to increase tax fairness. We analyzed ETRs in two such industries, banking and oil and gas, over a period of time that included two major tax law shifts. Our results suggest that legislation designed to promote tax fairness affects industries in an idiosyncratic manner.</span>
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Chakrabarty, Ananda M. "Intellectual property rights and contentious legal and social issues in biotechnology." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (November 2010): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2010-003012-ing.
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It is widely recognized that scientific and technological innovations are key to industrial and economic development of a country. Innovations, however, must be protected, usually through patent or copyright laws, before they can be marketed globally. Thus sensible patent laws, and their legal enforcement, are important for the advancement of economic and industrial development. Patent laws, as mentioned here, are complex and subjective, so that patent infringement cases are plentiful and often unpredictable. Given the rapid advancements of the science of genetics and biotechnology during the last 30 years, and the propensity to create intellectual property out of a bourgeoning field of science, many interesting cases have been decided in the courts of law or have been subjects of deliberations in the legislative bodies of individual countries. This article summarizes some of the interesting court cases involving genetics and biotechnology, mainly in the United States, and points to some of the differences between the judicial systems in Europe and in the United States, concerning both intellectual property laws and the concept of morality and public order, as well as their impacts on our society.
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Rodrigues, Roberta L., Celso L. S. Lage, and Alexandre G. Vasconcellos. "Intellectual property rights related to the genetically modified glyphosate tolerant soybeans in Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 2 (2011): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000200029.
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The present work analyzes the different modalities of protection of the intellectual creations in the biotechnology agricultural field. Regarding the Brazilian legislations related to the theme (the Industrial Property Law - no. 9. 279/96 and the Plant Variety Protection Law - no. 9. 456/97), and based in the international treaties signed by Brazil, the present work points to the inclusions of each of them, as well as to their interfaces using as reference the case study of glyphosate tolerant genetically modified soybean. For this case study, Monsanto's pipelines patents were searched and used to analyze the limits of patent protection in respect to others related to the Intellectual Property (IP) laws. Thus, it was possible to elucidate the complex scenario of the Intellectual Property of the glyphosate tolerant soybeans, since for the farmer it is hard to correlate the royalties payment with the IP enterprise's rights
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Inshakova, Agnessa. "Legal Adaptation in the Context of the Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Business Activity and the Key Components of the Ecosystem." Legal Concept, no. 1 (April 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2021.1.1.
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The paper is an overview of the themes selected for the main topic of the issue, their relevance and the validity of the research conducted in the journal for the legislation and law enforcement practice in the context of the industrial revolution and the need for greening modern business. In addition, the author explains the editorial board’s choice of the main topic of the next issue of the legal journal of Volgograd State University “LegalConcept = Legal paradigm” under the title “The right to protect human health and an environmentally friendly business environment”. The objective need for the technology development of the intensive involvement of the potential of Russian environmental entrepreneurship in the industrial revolution processes is substantiated. The most important tasks are identified, which are addressed by the developments in the legal regulation of the digitalization processes of environmental entrepreneurship in Russia. The author lists a set of measures that, in the author’s opinion, are of primary importance for ensuring these processes. It is noted that the topic proposed for development is closely related to the formation of scientific and technological foundations that ensure the economic growth and social development of the Russian Federation. The state of scientific and technological progress achieved by modern society is manifested by the widespread use of digital technologies in various areas of production, business management, the provision of services in medicine, the banking sector, and the social sphere. It is proved that comfortable life, the security of the processes through qualitatively new regulatory approaches, the state security, including cybersecurity, overcoming the adverse effects due to natural disasters, as well as the introduction of biotechnology, entailing the appearance of unknown infectious diseases and viruses, preventing man-made disasters – these and many other goals and objectives can’t be achieved now or get a solution without the use of digital information technologies. It is also impossible to ignore the studies of the society and nature interaction, the cross-sectoral impact of modern technology in the field of renewable energy, the turnover of energy resources and energy efficiency improvement on the environment, the life and health of citizens, the public and state institutions designed to participate in the protection of the environment which corresponds to the solution of the specific objectives set in the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. According to the author, the studies of the dynamics of interaction between the economic and legal institutions in the field of renewable energy development, the turnover of energy resources, and energy efficiency improvement will contribute to the expansion in renewable energy as one of the “green” sectors of the economy.
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Писарев, Георгий, and Georgiy Pisarev. "Theoretical and legal problems of dynamics of changes of the civil law." Advances in Law Studies 1, no. 4 (2013): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/983.
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The ongoing reform in the Russian civil legislation is estimated by the author considering theoretical developments on the forms of institutional change. On the example of the influence of new legislation on property relations, in this article we prove the absence of a key element for this type of transformation. Reform of the civil law has no common strategic goals in the entire legal system. The absence of one time and system change of regulation not only in the sphere of civil law, but also in the land, administrative and other industries could have a negative impact on the efficiency of transformation.
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Lai, Yu-Cheng, and Santanu Sarkar. "Gender equality legislation and foreign direct investment." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 2 (2017): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0133.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in the effects of gender equality legislation on employment outcomes among female and male workers in industries with different intensity of foreign investment (namely, foreign direct investment (FDI)-intensive industries and non–FDI–intensive industries). The specific employment outcomes that were studied to compare the effects of the legislation are the working hours, employment opportunities, and wages of female and male workers in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the annual Manpower Utilization Survey, the authors applied a differences-in-differences-in-differences estimation method to test the effect of gender equality legislation on employment outcomes. By using multinomial logit, the authors measured the effect of the legislation on employment opportunities. To correct for simultaneity and selectivity problems/biases, the authors adopted Heckman two-stage selection procedures. Likewise, the authors used weighted least squares to solve heteroskedasticity in the wage and working hour equations. Further, the instrumental variable (IV) method was used to correct for simultaneity bias in the equation on working hour. The authors applied three stages estimation method following Killingsworth’s (1983) approach to measure the effect of the legislation on wages and working hours. Findings The authors found the restrictions enforced by the gender equality legislation (namely the Gender Equal Employment Act (GEEA), enacted in 2002) in Taiwan to have made certain impact on the workers’ working conditions in FDI-intensive industries. The major finding indicated that in a country like Taiwan, where the legislature tried tilling the perpetual gender gap in its labour market, by passing a law to counter inequality, could finally narrow the gender gap in wages among workers in the FDI-intensive industries. Although initially after the enactment of the GEEA (between 2002 and 2004), the gender gap in part-timers’ wages has widened, yet over a period of time the gap in their wages too has narrowed down, particularly during 2005-2006. The legislation, however, could not improve the job opportunities for full-time female workers’ in FDI-intensive industries. Besides, post 2002, the female workers were found to have worked for shorter hours than male workers, which according to us, could be largely attributed to the enforcement of the GEEA. Practical implications An in-depth analysis of the labour market effects of gender equality legislation should be useful to policymakers, especially those interested in understanding the impact of legislative measures and policy reforms on labour market and employment outcomes across industry types. If enforcement of a gender equality legislation has succeeded in reducing the gender gap more in one set of industries than the others (e.g. foreign owned instead of domestic industries), as the authors noticed in this study, then the same should have a bearing on revamping of future enactment and enforcement too. Originality/value Current study findings would not only provide the broad lessons to the policymakers in Taiwan, but the results that have emerged from a country case study could be referred by other growing economies who are enthusiastic about improving female workers’ working conditions through legislative reforms.
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BRITO, Ana Carolina Lucena, André Luís Fregapani LEITE, and Valmir César POZZETTI. "CONHECIMENTOS TRADICIONAIS E O DIREITO EMPRESARIAL ÀS PATENTES." Percurso 4, no. 31 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/revpercurso.2316-7521.v4i31.3702.
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RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi o analisar a relação contratual que se forma entre as empresas de biotecnologia e os povos tradicionais, quando as primeiras utilizam-se dos conhecimentos dos segundos para reduzir custo e tempo gasto com pesquisas, obtendo lucro, sendo a devida remuneração aos povos tradicionais em virtude dos conhecimentos por eles oferecidos. Ressaltou-se a relevância jurídica da proteção do direito da propriedade intelectual e industrial, perpassando por uma análise da evolução histórica dos instrumentos jurídicos no cenário mundial, podendo-se citar a Convenção da União de Paris, em 1883, seguida da criação da Organização Mundial do Comércio através do Acordo de Marrakesh, em 1994, que teve como seu mais importante instrumento o TRIPS. O TRIPS é um marco pelo qual muitos países regularam suas normas internas acerca da propriedade intelectual, incluindo o Brasil que é consignatário no Acordo. Já no Brasil, este âmbito sofreu modificações após a Constituição Federal, de 1988, garantindo como direito fundamental a propriedade intelectual, até se obter a legislação vigente no país acerca do tema, a Lei nº 9.279/96. A lei por fim regulamentou o registro de patentes e as obrigações inerentes, dentre outras disposições. Sobre tais, destacam-se as patentes verdes que visam tutelar conhecimentos de inovação biotecnológica, a fim de propagar o desenvolvimento sustentável na produção industrial. Todavia, verificou-se que no ramo houve graves violações aos direitos dos povos indígenas e tradicionais, no momento que as empresas utilizavam seus conhecimentos milenares e os patenteavam como se donos fossem. Desse modo, após intensos debates e novas concepções, entendeu-se que tais saberes não podem ser objetos de patentes. Ao fim, concluiu-se que o programa “Patente Verde” pode concorrer para grandes avanços tecnológicos e econômicos no Brasil; mas deve sempre respeitar às diretrizes do desenvolvimento sustentável, no qual se encontram direitos sociais e ambientais, garantindo a razoabilidade dos direitos e assegurando a inviolabilidade dos mesmos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Patentes; conhecimentos tradicionais; desenvolvimento sustentável. ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to analyze the contractual relationship that is formed between biotechnology companies and traditional peoples, when the former use the knowledge of the second to reduce cost and time spent with research, obtaining profit, due to the remuneration to the people their knowledge. The legal relevance of the protection of the right to intellectual and industrial property was emphasized, as well as an analysis of the historical evolution of the legal instruments on the world scene, including the Paris Convention of 1883, followed by the creation of the World Organization through the Marrakesh Agreement in 1994, which had as its most important instrument TRIPS. TRIPS is a milestone for many countries to regulate their internal rules on intellectual property, including Brazil that is a signatory to the Agreement. In Brazil, this scope was modified after the Federal Constitution of 1988, to guarantee as fundamental right the intellectual property, until obtaining the legislation in force in the country on the subject, Law 9.279 / 96. The law finally regulated the registration of patents and the inherent obligations, among other provisions. These include green patents aimed at protecting knowledge of biotechnological innovation in order to promote sustainable development in industrial production. However, it was found that there were serious violations of the rights of indigenous and traditional peoples, as companies used their millennial knowledge and patented them as owners. Thus, after intense debates and new conceptions, it was understood that such knowledge can not be objects of patents. Finally, it was concluded that the green patent program can contribute to major technological and economic advances in Brazil, but should always respect the guidelines of sustainable development, which include social and environmental rights, guaranteeing the reasonableness of rights and ensuring the their inviolability.KEYWORDS: Patents; traditional knowledge; sustainable development.
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Vasilkova, Svetlana. "On legal status of Russian companies constructing power facilities abroad." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219403012.
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The article concludes that the legal status of companies engaged in the construction of Russian power facilities abroad is determined precisely by the complex nature of legal regulation, which is carried out simultaneously by various branches and sub-branches of Russian law. Thus, the export of equipment from the Russian Federation and technologies that are used by companies during the construction of Russian power facilities abroad is regulated by the relevant regulatory legal acts of energy legislation and civil legislation, customs, economic, tax and other industries. The article provides examples from energy legislation and other branches of legislation, notes the specifics of regulating the legal status of such companies and the norms that enable them to invest in energy facilities abroad. Some directions for improving legislation in this respect are proposed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biotechnology industries – Law and legislation"
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Ludlow, Karinne Anne. "Which little piggy to market? : legal challenges to the commercialisation of agricultural genetically modified organisms in Australia." Monash University, Faculty of Law, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5489.
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DesMarchais, Pierre-Olivier. "Les attestations d'assainissement au Québec : des ententes environnementales avantageuses pour les industries ou l'environnement?" Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83951.
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The deregulation movement affecting the industrialized countries forced the governments to refocus their prescribed standards. In some jurisdictions, the difficulty raised by this practice resulted in the establishment, with the industry, of a negotiation plan for environmental agreements. In this document, we will explore the problematic of the characterization in law of environmental agreements reached by the administration and the industry. Furthermore, we will evaluate the pros and cons of using this system in the public administration.The subject of this research is mainly based on the depollution attestation adopted in 1988 by the Assemblee Nationale du Quebec to oversee industrial wastes. In effect since 1993, the implementation of this authorization plan has been affected by the various discussions that took place between the pulp and paper industry and the ministere de l'Environnement (MENV). The Protocole d'entente sur la mise en oeuvre des attestations d'assainissement, negociated between the MENV and the Quebec Forest Industries Association in 2000, initiated the licensing procedure of the first depollution attestations to the paper manufacturers targeted by section IV.2 of the Quebec Environment Quality Act. Qualified as a gentlemen's agreement, we will define the obligations of all the parties involved according to the terms of this Memorandum of Understanding. In closing, we will analyze the operating licence systems based upon the integrated approach of the European Union and the United States of America. We will therefore be able to compare the openness to consensus with the industrial sectors of those plans with that of the depollution attestation.
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Massamba-Animbo, Stephane. "A comparison of the petroleum legislation of gabon and South Africa as instruments of development." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021143.
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The African continent is endowed with vast natural resources of minerals, such as cobalt, diamonds, gold, bauxite, iron, platinum, silver, uranium and mineral oil. Oil is unequally distributed in the continent, with some countries, such as Cameroon, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and South Africa, being particularly well endowed. These natural resources can help accelerate development on the continent, especially in Gabon and South Africa if used strategically. This dissertation gives an overview of the international instruments, which play a key role in petroleum legislation and development. At the global level, the international legal instruments related to the permanent sovereignty over natural resources (PSNR), such as the 1962 Resolution 1803 (XVII) on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources indicates that States have the rights to exploit freely national resources and wealth, use and dispose their natural resources for the realisation of their economic development in accordance with their national interest. The PSNR must be exercised in line with indigenous peoples’ rights and the respect of rules concerning the expropriation. At the African level, with regard to the right to the State to exploit freely natural resources, the African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 1981 has similar provisions as the Resolution 1803. The African (Banjul) Charter specifies that no peoples can be deprived of the right to dispose their natural resources. The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights is tasked to interpret the African (Banjul) Charter. The Resolution on Human Rights-Based Approach to Natural Resources and Governance has also indicated principles in relation to the governance of natural resources. At the regional level, the Constitutive Treaty of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CAEMC) of 1994 and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Treaty of 1992 do not provide explicit provisions relative to the PSNR and the management of natural resources. Therefore, it is important to examine if at the national level, the domestic instruments of both States deal with the PSNR.
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Morocco-Clarke, Susan Ayodele. "Improving environmental protection within the Nigerian oil and gas industry : long term national solutions, short term international solutions?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186680.
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This thesis carries out a comparative analysis between the modes of operation adopted in the oil and gas industries of Nigeria and developed countries (with an emphasis on the UK), examining in the process, the existing and persistent problem of pollution which has plagued the Nigerian State and gone virtually unchecked for over five decades, and dealing with the lacunae in the law currently in place in Nigeria. This analysis is carried out to ascertain the possibility of improving environmental protection in Nigeria. A course is charted through the history and development of the Nigerian oil and gas industry, extensively reviewing the environmental legal regime adopted in Nigeria, with particular reference to the oil and gas industry. Issues concerning inadequacy of legislation are addressed as well as the knotty problem of proper enforcement and indeed compliance within the industry. Also addressed is the extent to which flaring is a significant problem in Nigeria, as this is responsible not only for huge amounts of environmental pollution, but also for the loss of a considerable amount of revenue for the Nigerian government and populace. Furthermore, this thesis considers the difficulty the Nigerian judiciary has in maintaining its impartiality and the problems of corruption as well as the judicial approaches to powerful economic actors. Parallels of the Nigerian oil industry are drawn with the exploration and production processes of oil companies operating in the United Kingdom. As a consequence, this work puts forward possible solutions for the adoption of sustainable practices successfully utilised in developed countries which have not been replicated in Nigeria.
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Pereira, Eduardo Guedes. "Oil and gas joint operating agreements : controlling the risk to the non-operator." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=184009.
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Joint Operating Agreements (JOA) are well accepted standard agreements in the oil and gas industry. The basic aim of any JOA is to regulate the relationship of the parties in the Joint Venture: Operator and Non-Operators. The former is responsible to perform the operations on the behalf of the consortium and the latter is responsible to contribute with regards to the financial commitments and expenses of the Joint Venture. However, Joint Operation Agreements typically do not reflect the Non-Operator's perspective, as they traditionally focus on the strong position retained by the Operator. This reality is very clear as the most critical clauses (namely management of operations, limitation of liabilities and removal of the Operator) strengthen the Operator's position, often to the detriment of the Non-Operators. In consequence, such an unbalanced agreement can cause uncertainly, raises the potential for litigation and might even jeopardize the very existence of the consortium. It is important to note that some parties might still sign such an imbalanced agreement in order to secure investment into a project but they will be subject to these risks, and even ultimately termination of the agreement. However, the decline of production and the lack of new reserves (which together reflect the maturity of an oil and gas area) will lead major companies to leave such region in search for a province with greater rewards. As a matter of consequence, the strongest party of the JOA shall be replaced by smaller companies so as there will be a shift on the JOA context from a dominant position for another in equitable terms. Consequently, there is a need for a new and more balanced approach to the negotiation of Joint Operating Agreements, to apply to new, current operations and mature operations, where the Non-Operator's perspectives are fully considered and properly addressed.
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Van, Niekerk Frans Christie. "The impact of BB-BEE and the relevant legislation on the South African clay brick industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97612.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For decades black South Africans suffered under apartheid, being excluded from active participation in the South African economy. Following the first democratic election in 1994, which was won by the African National Congress, the new government immediately made clear its intentions to transform the economy by including all the South Africans citizens. In 2004 the government promulgated the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (BB-BEE), which aimed to redress the wrongs of the past and to realise the country's full economic potential whilst assisting the black majority to become part of the economic mainstream. The BB-BEE act focused primarily on the upliftment and empowerment of historically disadvantaged people, particularly black people, women, the youth and the disabled and on those living in rural communities; it aims to include these people in the management and ownership structures of South African companies. The clay brick industry, one of the oldest industries in the world, had been severely affected by the introduction of the legislation, as 75% of businesses were predominantly family owned, and 69.39% of them are predominantly white owned. The primary objective of this research assignment was to investigate the impact of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BB-BEE) on the South African clay brick industry and to make recommendations to the various stakeholders regarding the management of the introduction of BB-BEE into the industry. The methodology followed a survey approach by using specific indicators to ascertain what the perceptions and experiences of the business owners were, regarding the implementation of BB-BEE in the industry. The study found that the business owners were concerned about losing control of their businesses, that there is very little support from government for businesses entering into BB-BEE deals and that it is difficult to find the “right” empowerment partner which “fits” the culture and management style of the business. The study concluded that much uncertainty, fear and anxiety exists amongst business owners regarding the introduction of BB-BEE. The study also makes practical recommendations to the various stakeholders who may assist with facilitating the introduction of BB-BEE in the industry.
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Chikusa, Chimwemwe Mainsfield. "Pollution caused by mine dumps and its control." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005603.
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All mine dumps are a point source of either physical, chemical or both forms of pollution. Physical pollution includes the physical site coverage of the dump, slumping of parts of the dams and dust that may originate from it (air pollution). Chemical pollution from, or related to the mine dumps include the dominant acid drainage (which contains heavy metals), radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation, noise and chemicals released from the mineral processing stage. In one way or the other, exposure to these pollution forms is detrimental to the human health and his environment. It is this fact that urges the public, government and the responsible mining companies to find ways of monitoring the pollution and stopping it, preferably at the source. Where it can not be stopped, techniques of reducing it, or containing it have been, and are still being developed. Personal protection is the priority. Pollution exposure to the general public is minimised as much as possible. Pollution control techniques that employ less expensive, natural, self-sustaining elements suitable for the environment such as wetlands and vegetation are recommended. The artificial short term and often expensive alternatives are of secondary priority. However, choice of which technique to use is based on the merit of each problem, knowing that chemicals act faster but are effective for a short period as compared to the natural systems. Pollution management is the critical part of the whole process. This involves decision making on courses of action and financial allocation on the part of both the polluter and the monitoring department/agent. The ability to effectively manage pollution programmes is achieved these days with the aid of computers. It is emphasised that pollution control should be handled in an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach manner. This is because pollution is a question of life and death, hence every individual remains accountable to it. Keeping the public and the concerned parties educated, informed and welcoming their concerns on the environmental issues related to the mine dumps generated in a mining venture is essential in the modern days of environmental public awareness, or otherwise face the public lath.
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Fiorillo-Buonomano, Daniela. "Das Zustimmungserfordernis bei der Patentierung von biotechnologischen Erfindungen unter Verwendung menschlichen Materials." Bern Stämpfli, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3013860&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Stott, Joan. "Preservation or exploitation? : a study of the development of the mining rights legislation on the Witwatersrand goldfields from 1886 to 2008." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002723.
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Elinor Ostrom (2005: 238) assumes that in understanding the make up and behaviour of institutional systems governing natural resources: “Resource users are explicitly thought of as rational egoists who plunder local resources so as to maximise their own short-term benefits. Government officials are implicitly depicted, on the other hand, as seeking, the more general public interest, having the relevant information at hand and the capability of designing optimal policies.” This thesis examines the validity of this assumption through an historical analysis of the deep-level gold mining industry of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. The main focus of the assessment is on the institutions of ownership – that is, the development of mining rights and title legislation between 1886 and 2008. The study looks at the legislations’ transformation and implementation from the perspective of the gold mining industry – made up of the mining finance houses and the Chamber of Mines of South Africa – and that of the state. The transformation of the mining industry’s institutional framework was both a choice by government as well as that of the firms in the mining industry. The theoretical framework is constructed from four areas of economic thought. These include: the neoclassical and Keynesian schools of macroeconomic thought; industrial organisation and its relevance to the relationship between firms and the market; institutional and new institutional economics; and finally property rights. The determinants of policy design and the impact of such design on firms and industry is examined. The development, implementation and use of the aforementioned legislation is examined from two perspectives, namely, that of preserver or exploiter. Throughout the history of this prominent South African industry, the motivation for action from the industry or government has oscillated between the two extremes of preserver or exploiter over the time period examined. The conclusion is drawn on an overall and broad focus of actions – with a strong focus on the most recent developments in mining legislation – post-1992.
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Zhu, Feng. "EU energy policy after the Treaty of Lisbon : breakthroughs, interfaces and opportunity." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580185.
Full textBooks on the topic "Biotechnology industries – Law and legislation"
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(South), Korea, Korea (South), and Korea (South), eds. Saengmyŏng konghak pŏpche: Biotechnology & law. Tongguk Taehakkyo Chʻulpʻanbu, 2007.
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E, Arnold Beth, ed. Biotechnology: Law, business, and regulation. Aspen Law & Business, 1999.
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Fecenko, Mark. Biotechnology law: Corporate-commercial practice. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2002.
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Cooper, Iver P. Biotechnology and the law. 2nd ed. Thomson/West, 2002.
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Cooper, Iver P. Biotechnology and the law. 9th ed. C. Boardman Co., 1994.
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Cooper, Iver P. Biotechnology and the law. 9th ed. C. Boardman Co., 1994.
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author, Tu Shine, and Paris John J. author, eds. Biotechnology, bioethics & the law. LexisNexis, 2015.
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New England Biotechnology Law Conference '96 (1994). Biotech '96: New England biotechnology law conference '96. Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, 1996.
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Manjula, Guru, ed. Biotechnology, IPRs, and biodiversity. Pearson, 2007.
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Korwek, Edward L. 1997 United States biotechnology regulations handbook. FDLI, 1997.
Book chapters on the topic "Biotechnology industries – Law and legislation"
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"Legislation and Law." In Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-075067555-0.50091-8.
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"Legislation and Law." In Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397189-0.00003-3.
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"Table of treaties, European legislative instruments and national legislation." In Pharmaceutical Medicine, Biotechnology and European Law. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511560125.004.
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"Chapter 3. Public Health Legislation." In The Intersection of International Law, Agricultural Biotechnology, and Infectious Disease. Brill | Nijhoff, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781571053732.i-229.14.
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"Chapter 5. International Trade Legislation." In The Intersection of International Law, Agricultural Biotechnology, and Infectious Disease. Brill | Nijhoff, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781571053732.i-229.23.
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Kartskhiya, Alexander. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY." In LAW IN FUTURE: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INNOVATION, INTERNET. INION RAN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/pravbud/2019.00.11.
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Thanks to modern technologies in the field of artificial intelligence, big data and genetic bioengineering, there are new opportunities to intensify research on genome sequencing (DNA sequencing), editing genes of living organisms. This article is devoted to legal aspects of regulation of biotechnologies, genetic engineering. The author analyzes the possibilities of patent and legal protection of genomic technologies in accordance with the legislation and law enforcement practice of Russia and foreign countries. Biotechnology in the medium term can be an effective tool for the treatment of dangerous diseases and hereditary human diseases, and in the long term - may become a tool for the development of individual abilities to create genetically modified entities («cyborgs»), the legal personality of which in the near future will become relevant topics of legal research.
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Grubb, Philip W., Peter R. Thomsen, Tom Hoxie, and Gordon Wright. "Patents and Competition Law—United Kingdom and European Union." In Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684731.003.0029.
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This chapter focuses on competition law in the UK and EU. Most countries, as well as the EU, have developed a body of competition law to provide countermeasures against what are regarded as abuses of monopoly by patentees. Abuse of monopoly is the use of a patent simply to exclude others, while not working the invention oneself. Provisions of the Paris Convention enable compulsory licences to be granted if the patent is not worked within a certain time. In the UK, they may also be granted if the patentee is preventing the working of a dependent patent by refusing to grant a licence. In the EU, competition law for the internal common market is within the exclusive competence of EU institutions; the national governments of member states only assist these institutions when it comes to implementation of the legislation. The remainder of the chapter explains EU patent licence agreements.
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Whish, Richard, and David Bailey. "23. Particular sectors." In Competition Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198836322.003.0023.
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This chapter deals with four issues. First it will briefly examine three sectors of the economy that are wholly or partly excluded from EU competition law, namely nuclear energy, military equipment and agriculture; the special regime that once existed for coal and steel products under the former European Coal and Steel Community (‘the ECSC’) Treaty is also mentioned in passing. Secondly, it will explain the application of the EU competition rules apply to the transport sector. Thirdly, the chapter will consider the specific circumstances of four so-called ‘regulated industries’, electronic communications, post, energy and water, where a combination of legislation, regulation and competition law seek to promote competition. Last, but by no means least, the current debate concerning digital platforms is discussed where it is likely that ex ante regulatory rules will be introduced, both in the EU and the UK, to address concerns about anti-competitive conduct and a tendency towards the monopolisation of markets.
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French, Derek. "17. Corporate officers and promoters." In Mayson, French & Ryan on Company Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198797234.003.0017.
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This chapter focuses on company officers (secretaries, auditors and managers) and promoters, with emphasis on their responsibilities and liabilities under the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) and the appropriate criminal sanctions for breach of its requirements. It first considers the term ‘officers’ of a company in the context of liability for criminal offences before turning to the appointment and qualifications of secretaries and the appointment and reappointment of auditors. The circumstances under which secretaries, auditors, managers and promoters become criminally liable are also explained. The chapter cites relevant legislation, including CA 2006 and UK Corporate Governance Code, and considers two particularly significant cases: Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 and Stone and Rolls Ltd v Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39, [2009] AC 1391.
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French, Derek. "17. Company officers, secretary and auditor." In Mayson, French & Ryan on Company Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198841517.003.0017.
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This chapter focuses on company officers (secretaries, auditors and managers), with emphasis on their responsibilities and liabilities under the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) and the appropriate sanctions for breach of its requirements. It first considers who, in general terms, is an ‘officer’ or ‘manager’ of a company for the purposes of criminal or fiduciary liability. Then it deals with the appointment and qualifications of secretaries and the appointment and reappointment of auditors. There is discussion of auditors’ remuneration, integrity and independence, the required contents of an auditor’s report and an auditor’s investigative powers. There is analysis of an auditor’s liability in contract and tort for negligence in carrying out the audit and negligent misstatement in an auditor’s report. The chapter cites relevant legislation, including CA 2006 and UK Corporate Governance Code, and considers two particularly significant cases: Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 and Stone and Rolls Ltd v Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39, [2009] AC 1391.
Conference papers on the topic "Biotechnology industries – Law and legislation"
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Kaneko, Sayumi, Jungmi Seo, and Atsushi Sakuma. "Elasticities and Layer-Thickness Identification of a Layered Material by Indentation Test." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70535.
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Many industries, such as the biotechnology, food, and beauty industries, require noninvasive methods for quantifying material stiffness. One such method is the indentation test, which is particularly useful in evaluating the mechanical characteristics of soft materials. However, it is difficult to identify mechanical characteristics of the distinct layers of layered materials such as human skin due to their physical integration with one another. There is particular interest in evaluating the softness of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin) in the cosmetics industry, where the effect of cosmetics should be restricted to this outermost layer. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to determine the elasticities and thicknesses of discrete layers in a layered material by using an indentation test. This paper discusses the results of this indentation test derived via the finite element method (FEM). Here, the finite element (FE) model is constructed by a layered structure of flat surfaces with given Young’s moduli. The FEM results suggest the existence of a law among the elasticities and layer thicknesses of a layered material.