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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biotechnology'

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1

Kara, Selin, Marco Berheide, and Andreas Liese. "Reversibility of asymmetric catalyzed C–C bond formation by benzoylformate decarboxylase." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-189019.

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Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida catalyzed the formation of 2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropanone (2-HPP), a 2-hydroxy ketone, from the kinetic resolution of rac-benzoin in the presence of acetaldehyde. The formation rate of 2-HPP via kinetic resolution of benzoin was 700-fold lower compared to the formation via direct carboligation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Further investigations revealed that BFD not only accepts (R)-benzoin but also 2-HPP as the substrate. A typical Michaelis–Menten type kinetics was observed starting from enantiopure (S)- or (R)-2-HPP. The formation
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2

Kara, Selin, Marco Berheide, and Andreas Liese. "Reversibility of asymmetric catalyzed C–C bond formation by benzoylformate decarboxylase." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29057.

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Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida catalyzed the formation of 2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropanone (2-HPP), a 2-hydroxy ketone, from the kinetic resolution of rac-benzoin in the presence of acetaldehyde. The formation rate of 2-HPP via kinetic resolution of benzoin was 700-fold lower compared to the formation via direct carboligation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Further investigations revealed that BFD not only accepts (R)-benzoin but also 2-HPP as the substrate. A typical Michaelis–Menten type kinetics was observed starting from enantiopure (S)- or (R)-2-HPP. The formation
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3

Hurets, H. M. "Environmental biotechnology." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40374.

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Environmental biotechnology is the application of biotechnology in the natural environment. It could sustain the environment by using eco-friendly biological processes. Some of these processes could be used to solve the most demanding environmental problems like controlling air emissions and water pollution. Developing countries in Asia and elsewhere have high levels of atmospheric pollution. Besides, they are coupled with their growth in population, that creates enormous sewage and waste disposal problems.
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4

Zanger, Maggy. "Taking Biotechnology into the Classroom: Biotechnology Tissue Culture Workshop." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295695.

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5

Misner, Scottie, Carol Curtis, and Evelyn Whitmer. "Biotechnology and Food." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146433.

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2 pp.<br>Revision of 1999 title by Meer and Misner<br>A general definition of biotechnology is the use of a living organism or its products for commercial purpose. Today, biotechnology involves the use of recombinant DNA techniques to obtain desired qualities or products. This article addresses the importance and safety issue of biotechnology when it is used in food products.
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6

Shanadi, Govind. "Hollywood representations of biotechnology /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421624771&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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7

Davies, Louise. "Global networks : biotechnology patentability." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420627.

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8

Rimmington, Anthony. "Biotechnology in the USSR." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.544229.

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9

Yurchenko, D. "3D bioprinting in biotechnology." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45875.

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I am sure all of us have heard about 3D printers. They can print plastic models with different shapes and structures. And today I am going to show you, how we can use them in medicine and biotechnology.
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10

Kust, V., Наталія Миколаївна Усенко, Наталия Николаевна Усенко, and Nataliia Mykolaivna Usenko. "Biotechnology in modern life." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77979.

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Scientists say that all discoveries take place at the junction of various specialties. Biotechnology is the basis of scientific and technological progress and improvement of the quality of human life with the world around him. It should be emphasized, that the biotechnology is designed to solve the key problems of our time, using the potential of living organisms.
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11

Abreu, Sara Priscila Lopes de. "Collagenase for biotechnology applications." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15507.

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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e Celular<br>Collagen is an abundant protein in all animals and is the main component of numerous tissues, having also structural and regulatory roles. Collagen can be found in various numerous locations presenting specific functions, such as the establishment of the cellular shape, its strength and structural integrity, and is also involved in tissue maintenance. Moreover, collagen has an important role in the formation of the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue, by contributing to its physical properties. Collagenases are enzymes, more specifically me
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12

Sivakumar, Gayathri. "Agricultural biotechnology and Indian newspapers." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1133.

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This study is designed to look into how agricultural biotechnology is covered by Indian newspapers. A through study of the literature showed that agricultural biotechnology is a much debated topic and there is a vast difference between the concerns expressed by its opponents in developed countries and those expressed by the opponents in developing countries. The research question was whether the sources used in an article determined the way in which this issue is framed. After conducting a content analysis of all articles written in Times of India between the time periods January 2001 - Decemb
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13

ATTATHOM, Tipvadee. "Biotechnology for Insect Pest Control." 農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8932.

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14

Steele, Frances A., of Western Sydney Nepean University, Faculty of Education, and School of Teaching and Educational Studies. "Teaching biotechnology in NSW schools." THESIS_FE_TES_Steele_F.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/671.

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Agriculture, industry and medicine are being altered by new biological technologies. Today's students are the citizens who will make decisions about associated ethical issues. They need to have the knowledge that will enable them to make informed choices. Hence biotechnology has an important place in science education. The aims of the research were to: 1/describe the state of biotechnology teaching in NSW; 2/determine whether teachers in NSW do not teach biotechnology because they do not have the necessary knowledge and experience; 3/identify other reasons why NSW teachers choose not to teach
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15

Reid-Henry, Simon. "Cuban biotechnology : an experimental milieu." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433036.

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16

Campbell, Moray James. "Novel membrane separations in biotechnology." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359337.

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17

Affaticati, P. E. "Engineering transketolase for industrial biotechnology." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1557943/.

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Transketolase is a ubiquitous enzyme of the thiamine diphosphate-dependent (TPP) family involved in the Calvin cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway. Substrate-walking of E. coli transketolase progressively shifted the target acceptor substrate from phosphorylated aldehydes to non-polar aromatic aldehydes. However, its applicability as an industrial biocatalyst is limited by the lack of combination mutants exhibiting satisfactory substrate breadth and stability. The S385Y/D469T/R520Q variant, which had previously been thought to exhibit differential binding to aromatic substrates, was analys
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18

Saghir, Mouris. "Commercialization strategies of biotechnology companies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57763.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-50).<br>In the biotechnology industry today, there are many business models for project commercialization. These models range from independent vertical integration to certain forms of collaboration with pharmaceutical companies to complete acquisitions of projects by the big pharmaceutical companies. In this thesis, we wanted to study commercialization strategies of several biotechnology companies. We wanted to investigate the rational for commercialization
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19

Steele, Frances A. "Teaching biotechnology in NSW schools." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/671.

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Agriculture, industry and medicine are being altered by new biological technologies. Today's students are the citizens who will make decisions about associated ethical issues. They need to have the knowledge that will enable them to make informed choices. Hence biotechnology has an important place in science education. The aims of the research were to: 1/describe the state of biotechnology teaching in NSW; 2/determine whether teachers in NSW do not teach biotechnology because they do not have the necessary knowledge and experience; 3/identify other reasons why NSW teachers choose not to teach
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20

Steele, Frances A. "Teaching biotechnology in NSW schools /." View thesis View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030901.124743/index.html.

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21

DEMONTIS, VALERIA. "Porous Silicon applications in biotechnology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266040.

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Biotechnology is a field in great expansion and the continuous boost for obtaining smaller and more efficient devices stimulates the increase of interest from the research community. Nanostructured materials, and among them porous silicon (PS), appear to be good candidates for coupling with biological molecules because of their peculiar characteristics. In the case of porous silicon, the most noticeable are the very large specific area, which allows the loading of large amounts of biological material in a very small volume, and the possibility to easily tailor the pore size and morphology as f
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22

Sunderland, Naomi Louise. "Biotechnology as Media: A Critical Study of the Movement of Meanings Associated with Contemporary Biotechnology." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16705/1/Naomi_Sunderland_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis purports to make two contributions to understandings of biotechnology. First, it presents a novel framework through which to view biotechnology as a complex series of fundamentally social and politically economic mediations rather than a decontextualised collection of technical and scientific phenomena. Second, the thesis presents a method for analysing contemporary discourses about biotechnology within this framework. The framework presented in the first content chapter of the thesis identifies what I see to be the four primary mediating "movements" that are central to seeing Biot
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23

Sunderland, Naomi Louise. "Biotechnology as Media: A Critical Study of the Movement of Meanings Associated with Contemporary Biotechnology." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16705/.

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This thesis purports to make two contributions to understandings of biotechnology. First, it presents a novel framework through which to view biotechnology as a complex series of fundamentally social and politically economic mediations rather than a decontextualised collection of technical and scientific phenomena. Second, the thesis presents a method for analysing contemporary discourses about biotechnology within this framework. The framework presented in the first content chapter of the thesis identifies what I see to be the four primary mediating "movements" that are central to seeing Biot
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24

Willrodt, Christian. "Synthetic biology for synthetic chemistry - Microbial production and selective functionalization of limonene." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-201140.

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The progress in biotechnological disciplines such as metabolic engineering or synthetic biology increased the interest of chemical and pharmaceutical industries to implement microbial processes for chemical synthesis. However, most microorganisms, e.g., Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used in biotechnological applications are not evolved by nature for the production of industrially relevant compounds, which are often hydrophobic, non-charged, volatile, or toxic to the microbial organisms. Bioprocess design relies on an integrated approach addressing pathway, cellular, reaction, a
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25

Bondarew, Veronica. "Small firm growth in the Australian biotechnology industry a study of obstacles to the commercialisation of Australian biotechnology research /." Doctoral thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/22345.

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Thesis (DBA) -- Macquarie University, Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 2007.<br>Bibliography: p. 209-223.<br>Introduction -- The biotechnology industry -- Literature review -- Methodology -- Case studies -- Discussion -- Conclusion.<br>Australia has a strong record of medical science research. Of the country's seven Nobel Prize winners, six have been within the bioscience sector. But Australia has been struggling to produce an FDA-approved blockbuster drug. The high level of research output in biotechnology is inconsistent with the low level of commercialisation of products resulting f
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26

Hui, Chak-hung Dickson. "Planning for high technology industry in Hong Kong : a case study of biotechnology industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14014567.

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27

Jens, Paul Justin, and paul jens@csl com au. "Valuation Models for Australian Biotechnology Companies." RMIT University. Economics, Finance and Marketing, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080226.120515.

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Biotechnology generated solutions have been hailed as potential cures to many of the problems facing the world today. New therapeutics will eradicate disease, new agricultural products will solve food shortages, and industrial application will improve productivity with reduced environmental impact. Despite the much anticipated benefits of biotechnology, the industry faces significant challenges that must be overcome in the coming decades. Biotechnology is an inherently complex field with a high degree of uncertainty and associated risks. In addition to the risk associated with project de
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28

Kelly, Mary Theresa. "Frankenfood, risk and ritual in biotechnology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0024/MQ47952.pdf.

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29

Camsund, Daniel. "Engineering Transcriptional Systems for Cyanobacterial Biotechnology." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekylär biomimetik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-223599.

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Cyanobacteria are solar-powered cell factories that can be engineered to supply us with renewable fuels and chemicals. To do so robust and well-working biological parts and tools are necessary. Parts for controlling gene expression are of special importance in living systems, and specifically promoters are needed for enabling and simplifying rational design. Synthetic biology is an engineering science that incorporates principles such as decoupling, standardization and modularity to enable the design and construction of more advanced systems from simpler parts and the re-use of parts in new co
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30

Martin, Helen. "Information flows in a biotechnology company." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13915.

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This case study of the information flows within a British biotechnology company involved a population of 156 and took place over five years. It included information provision and information management as embedded studies. The main investigation into information flows was done in three parts, using questionnaires. The parts were: Use of Information Centre information resources, company-wide information flows and assessment of the perceived effectiveness of existing information flows. Combined, these three parts represent a 'snapshot' of the flows over a timespan of about three months. The meth
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31

Spice, William Matthew. "Principles of process development in biotechnology." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328256.

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32

Skodbo, Sara. "Consuming biotechnology : innovation, regulation and resistance." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402465.

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33

Kristinsdottir, Asbjorg. "Capital project development in biotechnology industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44285.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-62).<br>The biotechnology industry has experienced fast growth during the first 30 years of its existence but is now reaching a stage of maturity. Companies are being challenged by weak pipelines and patent expirations, as well as increasing regulation. Mergers and acquisitions are frequent, and companies are forced to reduce planned capital expenditures, as well as restructure with personnel cuts and facility reductions. This thesis focuses on
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34

Verspaget, Cynthia J. "Unruly Bodies: Monstrous Readings of Biotechnology." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1994.

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This thesis deploys the popular culture figure, the zombie, as a metaphor to examine the intersection of biotechnology and the production of knowledge about the body. Through reference to the HeLa cell line and BioArt project The Anarchy Cell Line, I show how the zombie metaphor helps to analyse and potentially undo Biology’s inflexible binary classification system, allowing a more inclusive and less reductive reading of those who are subject to Biology's system of knowledge.
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35

Broccanello, Chiara. "Biotechnology applications in sugar beet breeding." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424820.

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The aim of this thesis was to identify molecular markers associated to tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in sugar beet. Sugar beet is one of the world’s most important crops currently supplying around 20% of the sugar consumed worldwide. The crop is damaged by many adverse environmental conditions and the development of varieties that require fewer technical inputs for cultivation is one of the main research demands. To achieve this, sugar beet breeding is focusing on genetic improvement programs assisted by molecular markers. These methods are making selection procedures more rapid, ac
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Loh, Melvyn Wei Ming. "Riding the biotechnology wave : a mixed-methods analysis of Malaysia's emerging biotechnology industry : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce and Administration in Management /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/963.

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37

Porter, Jean Nicole. "A descriptive study of agriculture teachers' awareness of biotechnology and the future of biotechnology education in Illinois /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328062471&sid=30&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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38

Duru, Godwin Chukwunenye. "Biotechnology research in Nigeria : a socioeconomic analysis of the organization of agricultural research system's response to biotechnology /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487596307359591.

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39

Minnella, Walter Settimo Leonardo. "Development of microfluidic tools for biological applications." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0664.

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Cette thèse traite le développement de dispositifs, basés sur la technologie "laboratoire sur puce"(LOC) qui visent à contrôler l'environnement des systèmes biologiques pour des applications macro et microbiologiques. En effet, les caractéristiques de la microfluidique permettent de manipuler l'environnement cellulaire à un niveau supérieur à celui du degré de contrôle atteignable avec les techniques ordinaires. Dans ce travail de thèse sera explorée la possibilité de profiter de ces fonctions afin de développer des outils de diagnostic peu coûteux et pourtant efficaces. En particulier, on rap
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Niemir, Natalia. "Gene transfer in the Sandhoff murine model using a specific recombinant AAV9 vector." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05S024/document.

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Kamínková, Petra. "Geneticky modifikované plodiny v politice a právu Evropské unie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17536.

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The legal framework for genetically modified crops in Europe is based on the precautionary principle, differing fundamentally from the US system. Where the EU created a complex set of strict rules for dealing with genetically modified crops, the United States continue to view GM crops to be just as safe as conventional crops. This philosophical difference led to one of the most complicated disputes in front of the World Trade Organization. It turned to be ineffective, however, to pressure the EU through the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement. However, it is the current internal conf
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Vusovic, Slavica. "State level location determinants for biotechnology firms." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1438936.

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Zucarelli, Michael, and Maurice Shauffert. "Profitability, Volatility, and Risk in the Biotechnology Sector." The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623904.

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Class of 2010 Abstract<br>OBJECTIVES: (1) To characterize the long-term performance of the biotechnology sector and the overall market using a Sharpe Ratio analysis (excess return/volatility; α/SD). The null hypothesis tested in this paper is the generalized Sharpe ratio characteristic of the biotechnology sector is identical to that of the overall market. METHODS: 337 companies were identified using Standard Industry Classification code 2836 (Biological Products, (No Diagnostic Substances)) lists from the Center for Research and Security Prices (CRSP) and S&P CompuStat databases. Market data
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TAKABE, Tetsuko. "Biotechnology of Crop Production and International Consortium." 名古屋大学農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8933.

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Elshawadfy, Ashraf Mohamed. "Engineering archaeal DNA polymerases for biotechnology applications." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606814.

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The DNA polymerase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu- Pol) is commonly used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The enzyme has high thermostability and is very accurate due to the presence of 3'---5'exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Unfortunately, the polymerase has relatively low processivity, limiting its ability to amplify long stretches of DNA relatively quickly. In this project, two approaches have been used in an attempt to improve the performance and processivity of Pfu DNA polymerase in PCR applications. In the first, the overall positive charge of the protein has been
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46

Moula, Payam. "Ethical aspects of crop biotechnology in agriculture." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-162187.

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This thesis analyses a few selected aspects of crop biotechnology in agriculture. The thesis contains two essays; the first addresses the topic of how ethical tools can help to, especially in democratic societies, improve ethical judgments on modern biotechnologies used in agriculture and food production. The second essay explores GM crops and the question of whether engaging and promoting agriculture biotechnology would be an expression of hubris. Essay I discusses ethical tools and more specifically what makes a tool a good one. It is argued that some of the previous attempts of evaluating e
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Stokes, Kathryn L. "A technology assessment of biotechnology in Ghana." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401310.

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48

Verre, Andrea Francesco. "Chemical modifications of graphene for biotechnology applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/chemical-modifications-of-graphene-for-biotechnology-applications(be403064-aa49-4bcf-a6dc-a3807b179644).html.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate different functionalization strategy of graphene nanomaterials for graphene-based different biotechnological applications such as graphene-directed stem cell growth and differentiation and graphene-based biosensors. Chemical functionalization of graphene is required in many biological applications; in this thesis we have focused on exploiting the carboxylic groups available on GO molecules and non-covalent functionalization of graphene. GO has been a promising material for stem cell culture due to high specific surface area, ease of functionalization, i
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Valencia, Suarez Julio Enrique. "Development of tools for biotechnology of microalgae." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-tools-for-biotechnology-of-microalgae(b94627d0-c6c0-4055-bbaf-06e9cb9c565e).html.

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Green microalgae are an important source of natural products such as β-carotene, and have recently become objects of intense study for producing biodiesel and valuable recombinant proteins. Application of chloroplast engineering in microalgae is limited by the availability of tools for genetically engineering the chloroplast of commercially important species. The phytoene desaturase gene of a previously isolated norflurazon tolerant mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was isolated and sequenced. A thymine to guanine transversion in exon 2 changes codon 131 resulting in a F131V mutation that is
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Cupples, Gemma. "Fibre-laden flows in biology and biotechnology." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8308/.

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Fibre-laden fluids are ubiquitous in biological and physical systems; the fibres alter the rheology of the fluid and hence the emergent behaviour of the system. This thesis investigates two physical situations associated with fibrous media. Firstly we optimise the shear-induced alignment of suspensions of elongated particles, motivated by collaboration with Linear Diagnostics Ltd who are developing handheld devices to detect disruptions in fibre alignment due to pathogen presence in biological samples. Incorporating the effects of fibre dispersion and the mechanical anisotropy induced by the p
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