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Journal articles on the topic 'Bioterrorism Bioterrorism Emergency management'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Atakro, Confidence A., Stella B. Addo, Janet S. Aboagye, Alice A. Blay, Kwaku G. Amoa-Gyarteng, Awube Menlah, Isabella Garti, Dorcas F. Agyare, Kumah K. Junior, and Limmy Sarpong. "Nurses' and Medical Officers' Knowledge, Attitude, and Preparedness Toward Potential Bioterrorism Attacks." SAGE Open Nursing 5 (January 2019): 237796081984437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2377960819844378.

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Terrorist attacks are increasingly becoming more lethal and less discriminate. The threat of bioterrorism is increasing daily. The ease of production and the broad availability of biological agents and technical know-how have led to a further spread of biological weapons and an increased desire among nations as well as terrorists to have them. Health professionals in emergency departments are expected to play crucial roles in the management of victims of bioterrorism when bioterrorism occurs. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of emergency department nurses and medical officers (MOs) toward potential bioterrorist attacks in Ghana. This qualitative study utilized focus group discussions and semistructured interviews to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of emergency department nurses and MOs toward potential bioterrorist attacks in Ghana. Data were subjected to a qualitative content analysis in which three main thematic categories were developed. These thematic categories are as follows: (a) differences in bioterrorism knowledge between emergency department nurses and emergency department MOs, (b) unprepared emergency department nurses and MOs for care during bioterrorism attacks, and (c) positive attitudes of emergency department nurses and MOs toward bioterrorism preparedness. Although emergency MOs had better knowledge of bioterrorism than their nursing counterparts, both groups of health professionals were unprepared to respond to any form of bioterrorism. Both nurses and MOs indicated the need for staff education and infrastructure readiness to be able to respond effectively to a bioterrorist attack. A well-prepared emergency department and health professionals against bioterrorism could prevent high casualty rates in a bioterrorist attack and also serve a dual purpose of dealing with other natural disasters when they occur.

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Smith, PhD, OTR/L, Diane L., Stephen J. Notaro, PhD, and Stephanie A. Smith, MS. "Bioterrorism and the college campus: Student perceptions of emergency preparedness." Journal of Emergency Management 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2009.0004.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the current perceptions of college students in regard to the emergency management of bioterrorism.Design: University students enrolled in Community Health courses were recruited to participate in a paper or online survey to determine their perceptions regarding likelihood of a bioterrorist attack, preparedness of the university, and preparedness of the students.Participants: Of the 309 students recruited, 265 (85.9 percent) participated in the survey.Interventions: Data from the surveys were entered into an SPSS dataset for analysis.Main outcome measure: Perceived preparedness of the university for a bioterrorism emergency.Results: Students perceived that there was a low likelihood of a bioterrorist attack at the university. Only 17.6 percent of the students felt that the university was prepared for a large-scale emergency and only 24.1 percent felt that the students were prepared. One third of the students did not know that the university had policies in place for a bioterrorist attack and 88.3 percent did not know where to go for information in the event of a bioterrorist attack. Only 9.2 percent had visited the campus emergency planning Web site.Conclusions: Effort must be made by universities to determine the appropriate amount of education to the students regarding emergency preparedness based on the cost-benefit to the university and the student body. Suggestions from students included a mandatory workshop for incoming freshman, involvement of campus emergency planning with student organizations, and increased marketing of the campus emergency Web site.

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Wagner, PhD, BCE, ME, Vaughn E., and Elichia A. Venso, PhD. "Chemical and bioterrorism: An integrated emergency management approach at the undergraduate level." Journal of Emergency Management 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2004.0045.

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The accredited Environmental Health Science BS degree program at Salisbury University, a member institution of the University System of Maryland, has developed an integrated chemical and bioterrorism course for undergraduate students and emergency management professionals. The one-credit class meets once a week. Course design is adapted from the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) integrated approach to chemical and bioterrorist defensive training strategies. Course objectives are to gain knowledge of specific chemical and biological agents; become familiar with peacetime equivalents and surrogate agents; understand biomedical and environmental factors related to agent exposures; become familiar with integrated response strategies; and gain understanding of government policy issues, agency coordination, and field operations.Student input is based on specific discipline group response and participation in a simulated bioagent release. Discipline groups include public and emergency health, media, critical incident stress analysis, and conflict resolution. Student evaluations of the first course offered in the fall semester of 2002 indicated that the simulated release exercise gave each student an increased awareness of multiagency response necessary to mitigate bioterrorist-initiated events. Evaluation results also suggested the following modifications: include at least one community professional in each discipline group, extend the course to two credits, and schedule the class in late afternoon to accommodate working professionals.

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Malet, David, and Mark Korbitz. "Bioterrorism and Local Agency Preparedness: Results from an Experimental Study in Risk Communication." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0107.

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Abstract This article examines data collected from a panel of 43 local, state, and Federal emergency response professionals and public officials in Pueblo, Colorado who participated in a 6-month risk communication experiment simulating the remediation of simultaneous bioterrorist attacks involving anthrax and Foot and Mouth Disease. Participant responses to the scenario presented in real-time indicated that local and state government agency personnel with responsibility for public health emergency management are not necessarily familiar with best practices developed from major incidents. Findings also indicate that information related to bioterrorism response should be provided to agencies that do not normally work in public health but that would be involved in responding to a biological agent event.

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Benedek, David M., Harry C. Holloway, and Steven M. Becker. "Emergency mental health management in bioterrorism events." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(01)00007-4.

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Shannon, Michael. "Management of infectious agents of bioterrorism." Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 2004): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpem.2003.11.002.

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7

Bratberg, Jeffrey, and Kimberly Deady. "Development and Application of a Bioterrorism Emergency Management Plan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, S3 (October 2005): s158—s159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00015478.

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8

Manley, PhD, Dawn K., and Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS. "A decision framework for coordinating bioterrorism planning: Lessons from the BioNet program." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2009.0007.

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Background: Effective disaster preparedness requires coordination across multiple organizations. This article describes a detailed framework developed through the BioNet program to facilitate coordination of bioterrorism preparedness planning among military and civilian decision makers.Methods: The authors and colleagues conducted a series of semistructured interviews with civilian and military decision makers from public health, emergency management, hazardous material response, law enforcement, and military health in the San Diego area. Decision makers used a software tool that simulated a hypothetical anthrax attack, which allowed them to assess the effects of a variety of response actions (eg, issuing warnings to the public, establishing prophylaxis distribution centers) on performance metrics. From these interviews, the authors characterized the information sources, technologies, plans, and communication channels that would be used for bioterrorism planning and responses. The authors used influence diagram notation to describe the key bioterrorism response decisions, the probabilistic factors affecting these decisions, and the response outcomes.Results: The authors present an overview of the response framework and provide a detailed assessment of two key phases of the decision-making process: (1) pre-event planning and investment and (2) incident characterization and initial responsive measures. The framework enables planners to articulate current conditions; identify gaps in existing policies, technologies, information resources, and relationships with other response organizations; and explore the implications of potential system enhancements.Conclusions: Use of this framework could help decision makers execute a locally coordinated response by identifying the critical cues of a potential bioterrorism event, the information needed to make effective response decisions, and the potential effects of various decision alternatives.

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Lee, Eva K., Siddhartha Maheshwary, Jacquelyn Mason, and William Glisson. "Large-Scale Dispensing for Emergency Response to Bioterrorism and Infectious-Disease Outbreak." Interfaces 36, no. 6 (December 2006): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.1060.0257.

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White, Suzanne R., Fred M. Henretig, and Richard G. Dukes. "Medical management of vulnerable populations and co-morbid conditions of victims of bioterrorism." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(01)00006-2.

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Moran, Gregory J., David A. Talan, Gregory J. Moran, and Robert W. Pinner. "Bioterrorism Alleging Use of Anthrax and Interim Guidelines for Management—United States, 1998." Annals of Emergency Medicine 34, no. 2 (August 1999): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70237-4.

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M'Ikanatha, Nkuchia M., Ebbing Lautenbach, Allen R. Kunselman, Kathleen G. Julian, Brian G. Southwell, Michael Allswede, James T. Rankin, and Robert C. Aber. "Sources of Bioterrorism Information among Emergency Physicians During the 2001 Anthrax Outbreak." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 1, no. 4 (December 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153871303771861469.

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Henretig, Fred M., Theodore J. Cieslak, Mark G. Kortepeter, and Gary R. Fleisher. "Medical management of the suspected victim of bioterrorism: an algorithmic approach to the undifferentiated patient." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(01)00005-0.

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Kim-Farley, Robert J., John T. Celentano, Carol Gunter, Jessica W. Jones, Rogelio A. Stone, Raymond D. Aller, Laurene Mascola, Sharon F. Grigsby, and Jonathan E. Fielding. "Standardized Emergency Management System and Response to a Smallpox Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000546.

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AbstractThe smallpox virus is a high-priority, Category-A agent that poses a global, terrorism security risk because it: (1) easily can be disseminated and transmitted from person to person; (2) results in high mortality rates and has the potential for a major public health impact; (3) might cause public panic and social disruption; and (4) requires special action for public health preparedness. In recognition of this risk, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS) developed the Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan for LAC to prepare for the possibility of an outbreak of smallpox.A unique feature of the LAC-DHS plan is its explicit use of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) framework for detailing the functions needed to respond to a smallpox emergency. The SEMS includes the Incident Command System (ICS) structure (management, operations, planning/intelligence, logistics, and finance/administration), the mutual-aid system, and the multi/interagency coordination required during a smallpox emergency. Management for incident command includes setting objectives and priorities, information (risk communications), safety, and liaison. Operations includes control and containment of a smallpox outbreak including ring vaccination, mass vaccination, adverse events monitoring and assessment, management of confirmed and suspected smallpox cases, contact tracing, active surveillance teams and enhanced hospital-based surveillance, and decontamination. Planning/intelligence functions include developing the incident action plan, epidemiological investigation and analysis of smallpox cases, and epidemiological assessment of the vaccination coverage status of populations at risk. Logistics functions include receiving, handling, inventorying, and distributing smallpox vaccine and vaccination clinic supplies; personnel; transportation; communications; and health care of personnel. Finally, finance/administration functions include monitoring costs related to the smallpox emergency, procurement, and administrative aspects that are not handled by other functional divisions of incident command systems.The plan was developed and is under frequent review by the LAC-DHS Smallpox Planning Working Group, and is reviewed periodically by the LAC Bioterrorism Advisory Committee, and draws upon the Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan, with its SEMS framework and ICS structure, now is serving as a model for the development of LAC-DHS plans for responses to other terrorist or natural-outbreak responses.

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Kim-Farley, Robert J., John T. Celentano, Carol Gunter, Jessica W. Jones, Rogelio A. Stone, Raymond D. Aller, Laurene Mascola, Sharon F. Grigsby, and Jonathan E. Fielding. "Standardized Emergency Management System and Response to a Smallpox Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001266.

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AbstractThe smallpox virus is a high-priority, Category-A agent that poses a global, terrorism security risk because it: (1) easily can be disseminated and transmitted from person to person; (2) results in high mortality rates and has the potential for a major public health impact; (3) might cause public panic and social disruption; and (4) requires special action for public health preparedness. In recognition of this risk, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS) developed the Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan for LAC to prepare for the possibility of an outbreak of smallpox.A unique feature of the LAC-DHS plan is its explicit use of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) framework for detailing the functions needed to respond to a smallpox emergency. The SEMS includes the Incident Command System (ICS) structure (management, operations, planning/intelligence, logistics, and finance/administration), the mutual-aid system, and the multi/interagency coordination required during a smallpox emergency. Management for incident command includes setting objectives and priorities, information (risk communications), safety, and liaison. Operations includes control and containment of a smallpox outbreak including ring vaccination, mass vaccination, adverse events monitoring and assessment, management of confirmed and suspected smallpox cases, contact tracing, active surveillance teams and enhanced hospital-based surveillance, and decontamination. Planning/intelligence functions include developing the incident action plan, epidemiological investigation and analysis of smallpox cases, and epidemiological assessment of the vaccination coverage status of populations at risk. Logistics functions include receiving, handling, inventorying, and distributing smallpox vaccine and vaccination clinic supplies; personnel; transportation; communications; and health care of personnel. Finally, finance/administration functions include monitoring costs related to the smallpox emergency, procurement, and administrative aspects that are not handled by other functional divisions of incident command systems.The plan was developed and is under frequent review by the LAC-DHS Smallpox Planning Working Group, and is reviewed periodically by the LAC Bioterrorism Advisory Committee, and draws upon the Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan, with its SEMS framework and ICS structure, now is serving as a model for the development of LAC-DHS plans for responses to other terrorist or natural-outbreak responses.

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Humphrey, CD. "Identification of Infectious Disease Agents: Unusual and usual Pathogens and the Diagnostic Difficulties they Present." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 642–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035704.

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“Emergence” of infectious disease agents in humans, domestic animals and wildlife during the past 20 years has been widely described. Perception of emergence derives largely from the application of improved identification methods, including refinements in molecular, serologic, and microscopy technologies that enable researchers to monitor species migration with greater sensitivity. The reality of emergence comes from shifts in genetic profiles and from influences of ecological changes often brought about by human interventions designed for economic or quality-of-life gains, and ecologic management. CDC has frequent involvement with many outbreaks caused by various infectious disease agents, some of which may be considered emerging. Notable unusual agents include filoviruses (Fig. 1) and hantaviruses (Fig. 2). More typically encountered agents include caliciviruses (Fig. 3) and influenza viruses (Fig. 4). Recently, threats of national and international bioterrorism have added to CDC's responsibilities for prompt identification of infectious agents.

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Wang, Soon Joo, Jin Tae Choi, and Jeffrey Arnold. "Terrorism in South Korea." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000090x.

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AbstractSouth Korea has experienced >30 suspected terrorism-related events since 1958, including attacks against South Korean citizens in foreign countries. The most common types of terrorism used have included bombings, shootings, hijackings, and kidnappings. Prior to 1990, North Korea was responsible for almost all terrorism-related events inside of South Korea, including multiple assassination attempts on its presidents, regular kidnappings of South Korean fisherman, and several high-profile bombings. Since 1990, most of the terrorist attacks against South Korean citizens have occurred abroad and have been related to the emerging worldwide pattern of terrorism by international terrorist organizations or deranged individuals.The 1988 Seoul Olympic Games provided a major stimulus for South Korea to develop a national emergency response system for terrorism-related events based on the participation of multiple ministries. The 11 September 2001 World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks and the 2001 United States of America (US) anthrax letter attacks prompted South Korea to organize a new national system of emergency response for terrorism-related events. The system is based on five divisions for the response to specific types of terrorist events, involving conventional terrorism, bioterrorism, chemical terrorism, radiological terrorism, and cyber-terrorism. No terrorism-related events occurred during the 2002 World Cup and Asian Games held in South Korea. The emergency management of terrorism-related events in South Korea is adapting to the changing risk of terrorism in the new century.

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Kwon, Elena H., Ronald B. Reisler, Anthony P. Cardile, Theodore J. Cieslak, Michael J. D'Onofrio, Angela L. Hewlett, Karen A. Martins, Chi Ritchie, and Mark G. Kortepeter. "Distinguishing Respiratory Features of Category A/B Potential Bioterrorism Agents from Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Health Security 16, no. 4 (August 2018): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0017.

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Radovanović Nenadić, Una, and Smilja Teodorović. "Public Understanding, Perceptions, and Information Sources about Bioterrorism: Pilot Study from the Republic of Serbia." Health Security 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2019.0046.

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Hupert, Nathaniel, Karen Biala, Tara Holland, Avi Baehr, Aisha Hasan, and Melissa Harvey. "Optimizing Health Care Coalitions: Conceptual Frameworks and a Research Agenda." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 6 (November 6, 2015): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.144.

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AbstractThe US health care system has maintained an objective of preparedness for natural or manmade catastrophic events as part of its larger charge to deliver health services for the American population. In 2002, support for hospital-based preparedness activities was bolstered by the creation of the National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program, now called the Hospital Preparedness Program, in the US Department of Health and Human Services. Since 2012, this program has promoted linking health care facilities into health care coalitions that build key preparedness and emergency response capabilities. Recognizing that well-functioning health care coalitions can have a positive impact on the health outcomes of the populations they serve, this article informs efforts to optimize health care coalition activity. We first review the landscape of health care coalitions in the United States. Then, using principles from supply chain management and high-reliability organization theory, we present 2 frameworks extending beyond the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response’s current guidance in a way that may help health care coalition leaders gain conceptual insight into how different enterprises achieve similar ends relevant to emergency response. We conclude with a proposed research agenda to advance understanding of how coalitions can contribute to the day-to-day functioning of health care systems and disaster preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.2015;9:717–723)

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Lun, K. C. "New Challenges for Health Informatics." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 13, no. 01 (August 2004): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1638190.

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Abstract:In March 2001, the International Medical Informatics Association organized a workshop entitled “Challenges in Medical Informatics” in Madrid, Spain. It invited twenty members of the medical* informatics community to discuss current issues relating to the academic standing of the field. The broad objectives of the workshop were (a) to review the relevance of medical informatics as an academic discipline in today’s setting and (b) to examine its impact by the new world economy. One of the issues discussed was to find an appropriate response to the growing emergence of bioinformatics in the age of genomic discovery and molecular medicine. With the exciting discoveries in molecular medicine coming hot on the heels of the first draft of the mapping of the human genome and the availability of high-throughput measurement of gene expressions using microarray techniques, bioinformatics has, in recent years, gained prominence in life sciences research and development. As the next phase of research will see the applications of genomic and proteomic data in the clinical management and treatment of patients, it is inevitable that bioinformatics and health informatics will converge, presenting an exciting new challenge for our field. The terms “biomedical informatics” and “clinical bioinformatics” have been used to describe this convergence.Another exciting challenge for health informatics comes from the spectre of global bioterrorism. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the USA and the spate of anthrax outbreaks there and elsewhere, there has been an urgent need to review current methods of disease surveillance. Current research in “preventive bioterrorism” focuses on the use of prodromal (warning) symptoms to predict serious infectious disease outbreaks. The health informatics challenge, in this case, is to develop a wide area network of health information systems to achieve real-time reporting of prodromal symptoms from sentinel stations and to deploy datamining and decision analytical techniques for the outbreak predictions.The third challenge to be covered in this presentation relates to the deployment of networked virtual reality for remote tele-rehabilitation of patients with cognitive and physical impairments. While the benefits of deploying telemedicinal principles for remote medical rehabilitation of patients are clear, the costs and use of virtual reality pose a real challenge. Some solutions are proposed in this paper.

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Hagstad, David, and Kathleen Kearney. "Emergency: Bioterrorism." American Journal of Nursing 100, no. 12 (December 2000): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3522187.

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Darling, Robert G., Jerry L. Mothershead, Joseph F. Waeckerle, and Edward M. Eitzen. "Bioterrorism." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): xix—xxi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(02)00006-8.

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Zimble, James A. "Bioterrorism." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): xvii—xviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(02)00009-3.

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Bachmann, Daniel J., Nathan K. Jamison, Andrew Martin, Jose Delgado, and Nicholas E. Kman. "Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response: There’s An App for That." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 5 (September 15, 2015): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15005099.

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AbstractIntroductionSmartphone applications (or apps) are becoming increasingly popular with emergency responders and health care providers, as well as the public as a whole. There are thousands of medical apps available for Smartphones and tablet computers, with more added each day. These include apps to view textbooks, guidelines, medication databases, medical calculators, and radiology images.Hypothesis/ProblemWith an ever expanding catalog of apps that relate to disaster medicine, it is hard for both the lay public and responders to know where to turn for effective Smartphone apps. A systematic review of these apps was conducted.MethodsA search of the Apple iTunes store (Version 12; Apple Inc.; Cupertino, California USA) was performed using the following terms obtained from the PubMed Medical Subject Headings Database: Emergency Preparedness, Emergency Responders, Disaster, Disaster Planning, Disaster Medicine, Bioterrorism, Chemical Terrorism, Hazardous Materials (HazMat), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). After excluding any unrelated apps, a working list of apps was formed and categorized based on topics. Apps were grouped based on applicability to responders, the lay public, or regional preparedness, and were then ranked based on iTunes user reviews, value, relevance to audience, and user interface.ResultsThis search revealed 683 applications and was narrowed to 219 based on relevance to the field. After grouping the apps as described above, and subsequently ranking them, the highest quality apps were determined from each group. The Community Emergency Response Teams and FEMA had the best apps for National Disaster Medical System responders. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had high-quality apps for emergency responders in a variety of fields. The National Library of Medicine’s Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER) app was an excellent app for HazMat responders. The American Red Cross had the most useful apps for natural disasters. Numerous valuable apps for public use, including alert apps, educational apps, and a well-made regional app, were also identified.ConclusionSmartphone applications are fast becoming essential to emergency responders and the lay public. Many high-quality apps existing in various price ranges and serving different populations were identified. This field is changing rapidly and it deserves continued analysis as more apps are developed.BachmannDJ, JamisonNK, MartinA, DelgadoJ, KmanNE. Emergency preparedness and disaster response: there’s an app for that. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):1–5.

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SPLETTSTOESSER, W. D., I. PIECHOTOWSKI, A. BUCKENDAHL, D. FRANGOULIDIS, P. KAYSSER, W. KRATZER, P. KIMMIG, E. SEIBOLD, and S. O. BROCKMANN. "Tularemia in Germany: the tip of the iceberg?" Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 5 (September 23, 2008): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001192.

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SUMMARYTularemia is a rare, notifiable zoonosis in Germany. Since November 2004, several lines of evidence including outbreaks in humans or animals and confirmed infections in indigenous hare and rodent populations have indicated a re-emergence of tularemia in different German federal states. Unfortunately, reliable basic information on the seroprevalence in different geographical regions, permitting the identification of risk factors, does not exist. Combining a sensitive screening assay with a highly specific confirmative immunoblot test, we performed a serological investigation on 2416 sera from a population-based, cross-sectional health survey of the city population of Leutkirch, Baden-Wuerttemberg. A total of 56 sera gave positive results indicating a seroprevalence of 2·32%. Thus, the seroprevalence is tenfold higher than that previously reported in a nationwide study in 2004. Francisella tularensis can cause a wide variety of clinical syndromes including severe, sometimes fatal disease. Missing epidemiological data on its spatial and temporal distribution in an endemic country complicate an appropriate risk assessment necessary for public health authorities to be prepared for an adequate outbreak management. This is of special concern regarding the extraordinary potential of F. tularensis as an agent of bioterrorism. Our investigation performed in a presumed low-risk area demonstrated that tularemia might be seriously underestimated in Germany and probably in other central European countries as well.

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Flowers, Lynn K., Jerry L. Mothershead, and Thomas H. Blackwell. "Bioterrorism preparedness." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(01)00009-8.

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Schultz, Carl H., Jerry L. Mothershead, and Morris Field. "Bioterrorism preparedness." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 20, no. 2 (May 2002): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(02)00003-2.

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Stankovic, Curt, Prashant Mahajan, Hong Ye, Robert B. Dunne, and Stephen R. Knazik. "Bioterrorism." Pediatric Emergency Care 25, no. 2 (February 2009): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pec.0b013e318196ea81.

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Sajjad, Wasim. "Bioshield: Linking Bioscience, Biosecurity and Strategic Plan for Biodefense in Pandemics." Life and Science 1, supplement (December 23, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.163.

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Biological threats, whether intentional, unintentional or natural are considered most dangerous hazards worldwide, seriously affecting the health system and global economy. In 21st century where scientists were busy to create superhuman, COVID-19 outbreak spread to 212 countries, struck the world and we found ourselves ill equipped as international comity to defeat the virus. The economic, health and political foundation were shacked globally and exposed the global health security system due to poor implementations of the policy guidelines. Similarly, Pakistan being an endemic region for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, encountered badly by numerous different outbreaks in past. Pakistan share border with China, India, Iran and Afghanistan and increase influx of travelers through both air and land route puts Pakistan at high risk to the infectious agents. In 21st century the game of bio warfare cannot be eliminated and pose significant challenges to the security. Countries who learned from past like Korea, China with best preparedness readiness and response tackled the situation as they have best biosecurity, biorisk management system. Biosecurity as biodefense against outbreaks, pandemics, biological warfare and bioterrorism has been underestimated in developing countries like Pakistan and therefore need to highlight the urgency at national level to cope with any future outbreaks. Risk assessment, and mitigation strategies through collaborative work should need to adopt by stakeholders for strategic plan of biosecurity. Better means to protect military, health care workers operating in difficult environment are also needed. A national biosecurity system in response to outbreaks, prioritizing the emergency R&D in diagnostics, establishing high containment facilities, vaccination should be initiated. Moreover, a permanent national defense force or bio-umbrella on biosecurity should be established to shield the country from biological, chemical, nuclear and radiological threat agents. National Biological Defense Program (NBDP) should be initiated to train and protect military personnel against wide range of biological threat.

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31

Henretig, Fred M., and Theodore J. Cieslak. "Bioterrorism and pediatric emergency medicine." Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 2, no. 3 (September 2001): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1522-8401(01)90007-2.

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Grafstein, Eric, and Grant Innes. "Bioterrorism: an emerging threat." CJEM 1, no. 03 (October 1999): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s148180350000422x.

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Prior to the 1998 Vancouver Asian Pacific Economic Summit, emergency physicians were briefed on the possibility of terrorist-related biological or chemical weapons incidents. As part of a training exercise, the “victim” of a chemical weapon attack was brought to our ED. Because of confusion and ignorance, the “victim,” the physician, several members of the ED staff, and a number of other patients also became “casualties.”

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33

Switala, MEd, Claudia A., Joshua Coren, DO, MBA, Frank A. Filipetto, DO, John P. Gaughan, PhD, and Carman A. Ciervo, DO. "Bioterrorism—A Health Emergency: Do physicians believe there is a threat and are they prepared for it?" American Journal of Disaster Medicine 6, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2011.0054.

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Objective: To determine whether bioterrorism training provided increased awareness and understanding of bioterrorism and to assess physicians’ beliefs about the threat of bioterrorism and how it impacts on preparedness.Design: This is a retrospective review of data obtained from a bioterrorism training grant. Data were obtained from a postevaluation form completed by trainees with an 80 percent return rate. The Institutional Review Board approved this study. Informed consent was not required as data were deidentified and demographic information regarding study subjects was not used.Setting: The Department of Family Medicine within the University of Medicine and and Dentistry of New Jersey, School of Osteopathic Medicine in Stratford, NJ, conducted the training and follow-up study.Participants: The bioterrorism preparedness training was targeted to physicians, residents, and third- and fourth-year medical students in New Jersey. There were 578 trainees; however, responses to each question were varied.Outcome measures: Trainees were asked to complete an evaluation form. Specific questions were selected from the form. Frequency statistics were used to describe responses to the questions.Results: Ninety-four percent of the respondents agreed that the bioterrorism training increased their awareness and/or understanding of bioterrorism; however, only 49 percent believe there is a high probability that a bioterrorism event or other health emergency will occur in the near future in New Jersey, and 42 percent considered themselves prepared to respond as a healthcare professional to a bioterrorism event.Conclusions: Physicians in New Jersey increased their awareness and understanding of bioterrorism through training. However, concerns remain that a physician’s belief in a low threat of bioterrorism translates into a low need for bioterrorism preparedness training.

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Trotta, M. C., C. Barletta, E. Cicconetti, C. Nardoni, M. Mastrilli, and M. G. Tatangioli. "Preparations for Possible Bioterrorism Attack." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, S1 (April 2005): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00014230.

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35

Woods, Anne. "Bioterrorism: The new threat." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 20, no. 6 (November 2001): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-200111000-00011.

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Pillow, Malford Tyson. "THE BIOTERRORISM SOURCEBOOK." Shock 26, no. 5 (November 2006): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.shk.0000248590.48517.0b.

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Shimazu, Takeshi, Masato Nishino, Yasushi Nakamori, Satoshi Fujimi, Toshiaki Hayakata, Hiroshi Ogura, and Hisashi Sugimoto. "Emergency Response to Bioterrorism. Part II: Hospital Preparedness for and Response to Bioterrorism." Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 13, no. 4 (2002): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3893/jjaam.13.167.

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38

Keim, Mark, and Arnold F. Kaufmann. "Principles for Emergency Response to Bioterrorism." Annals of Emergency Medicine 34, no. 2 (August 1999): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70227-1.

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39

MacPherson, Douglas W. "Bioterrorism – Health emergency preparedness and response." Paediatrics & Child Health 8, no. 2 (February 2003): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/8.2.93.

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40

Russi, Christopher S. "Bioterrorism ready reference for PDA." Annals of Emergency Medicine 44, no. 3 (September 2004): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.037.

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41

Persell, Deborah J., Patricia Arangie, Charlotte Young, Elizabeth N. Stokes, William C. Payne, Phyllis Skorga, and Deborah Gilbert-Palmer. "Preparing for bioterrorism." Nursing 32, no. 2 (February 2002): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200202000-00048.

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Rimple, Diane. "Bioterrorism: A Guide for Hospital Preparedness." Prehospital Emergency Care 15, no. 3 (September 6, 2010): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2010.506587.

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43

Byrne, D. "Bioterrorism: Crime and opportunity." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.11.00382-en.

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The unprecedented and tragic terrorist attacks in the United States (US) have sent shock waves through national administrations that have grown accustomed to fighting expenditure wars in the health area and had relegated public health vigilance and emergency preparedness to the back burner. It was obvious from the immediate reaction to the horrors and menaces of the autumn of 2001 that, insofar as health and safety is concerned, governments continued to measure success by the degree of quietness, remoteness and uneventful normality that is achieved by those entrusted with the responsibility to protect health. The paradox of health and safety is that you are winning when you hear nothing: any publicity is bound to be bad publicity.

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De Felice, M., A. R. Giuliani, G. Alfonsi, G. Mosca, and L. Fabiani. "Survey of nursing knowledge on bioterrorism." International Emergency Nursing 16, no. 2 (April 2008): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2008.01.004.

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Little, Mark. "Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America -'Bioterrorism'." Emergency Medicine Australasia 16, no. 1 (February 2004): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2004.00551.x.

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Johnson, Arleen, Robert E. Roush, Judith L. Howe, Margaret Sanders, Melen R. McBride, Andrea Sherman, Barbara Palmisano, Nina Tumosa, Elyse A. Perweiler, and Joan Weiss. "Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness in Aging (BTEPA)." Gerontology & Geriatrics Education 26, no. 4 (March 6, 2006): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j021v26n04_06.

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Spence, Julie. "Introduction: Bioterrorism: prevention, preparation, or politics." CJEM 1, no. 03 (October 1999): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500004218.

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Graham, Bob, and Jim Talent. "Bioterrorism: Redefining Prevention." Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 7, no. 2 (June 2009): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2009.0610.

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Krisiunas, Ed. "Capsule—Bioterrorism Links." Applied Biosafety 6, no. 3 (September 2001): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153567600100600306.

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Cheng, A. C., D. AB Dance, and B. J. Currie. "Bioterrorism, Glanders and melioidosis." Eurosurveillance 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.03.00528-en.

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We note with interest the recently published guidelines for management of melioidosis and glanders. We are clinicians with extensive experience with melioidosis in Australia and Thailand and would like to express our concern at a number of inaccuracies in these guidelines.

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