Journal articles: 'Biotic factors'

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NINGSIH, SRI WAHYU, Achyani Achyani, and Handoko Santoso. "FAKTOR BIOTIK DAN ABIOTIK YANG MENDUKUNG KERAGAMAN TUMBUHAN PAKU(Pteridophyta) DI KAWASAN HUTAN GISTING PERMAI KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS LAMPUNG." BIOLOVA 2, no. 1 (2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/biolova.v2i1.293.

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ABSTRACT: Tumbuh suburnya Pteridophyta di Kawasan Hutan Gisting Permai Kecamatan Gisting Kabupaten Tanggamus sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor biotik dan abiotik. Faktor biotik meliputi semua kehidupan makhluk hidup di bumi baik individu, populasi dan komunitas yang di dalamnya termasuk jumlah inang Pteridophyta yang banyak, sedangkan faktor abiotik meliputi seluruh faktor-faktor non hidup dari suatu kondisi lingkungan seperti cahaya matahari, suhu, air, dan tanah, ketinggian. Faktor-faktor abiotik ini tidak hanya menyediakan energi dan materi penting, tetapi juga mempunyai peranan dalam menentukan tumbuhan-tumbuhan dan hewan-hewan yang mampu berada disuatu tempat tertentu sesuai dengan habitatnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah berupa kajian kualitatif. Artikel ini dikaji dengan menyatukn referensi dari berbagai sumber diantaranya berasal dari jurnal, buku, arsip dokumen pekon Gisting Permai, dan internet. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan menggunakan berbagai referensi yang dikumpulkan sebanyak mungkin yang berkaitan dengn faktor biotik dan abiotik pertumbuhan tumbuhan paku.  Kata kunci: Biotik, Abiotik, Pteridophyta.  ABSTRACT: The growth of Pteridophyta in the Permai Gisting Forest Area, Gisting Sub-District Tanggamus Regency was strongly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include all the life of living things on earth both individuals, populations and communities which include a large number of Pteridophyta hosts, while abiotic factors include all non-living factors of an environmental condition such as sunlight, temperature, water, and soil, height. These abiotic factors not only provide important energy and material, but also had a role in determining plants and animals that which are able to be in a certain place according to their habitat. The method used in this study is a qualitative study. This article was reviewed by citing references from various sources including journals, books, Gisting Permai archive documents, and the internet. The data collection was obtained by using as many references as possible related to biotic and abiotic factors for fern growth.   Key word: biotic, abiotic, Pteridophyta.

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Main, Christopher L., Lawrence E. Steckel, Robert M. Hayes, and Thomas C. Mueller. "Biotic and abiotic factors influence horseweed emergence." Weed Science 54, no. 6 (2006): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-026r1.1.

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Meshkova, Valentyna, Olena Kuznetsova, Oleksandr Borysenko, Volodymyr Korsovetskyi, and Tetiana Pyvovar. "Biotic Factors Affecting Elm Health in Ukraine." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122209.

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Elms (Ulmus spp.) are widely spread in the forest, shelter belts, and urban landscaping. This research aimed to reveal the trends of Ulmus sp. health in Ukraine under biotic damage. The tasks included: (i) analyzing the presence of Ulmus sp. in the forests; (ii) studying the dynamics of Ulmus sp. health for 2001–2015 in the monitoring plots in the frame of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP-Forests); (iii) assessing the prevalence of the dominant biotic factors affecting elm health and the probability of tree death or recovery. As a result of research, elms were found in 3.58% of the area in the stands with other main forest-forming species in the forests subordinated to the State Specialized Forest Enterprise «Forests of Ukraine». Four elm species are present in the forests of all regions of Ukraine. In the Forest zone, U. minor predominates, U. glabra is more common in the western part of the country, and U. pumila in the southern and eastern regions. In the ICP-Forests monitoring plots for 2001–2015, a trend of elm deterioration in 2007–2012 was found. The highest incidence of trees with disease symptoms was recorded for U. pumila. In the sample plots for 2023–2024, the health of three elm species tended to deteriorate. In 2024, mortality occurred among all elm species with symptoms of Dutch elm disease (DED) and among U. pumila trees with symptoms of wetwood. However, several trees have recovered. The results show the gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled, particularly in identifying resistant individuals and using their progeny to create resistant stands.

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Saleh, Abdelaty, and Montserrat Pagés. "Plant AP2/ERF transcription factors." Genetika 35, no. 1 (2003): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0301037s.

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Transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant development and its response to the biotic and abiotic stresses. AP2/ERF transcription factors family is unique to plants and a conserved AP2/ERF domain of about 60 amino acids characterized these transcription factors. AP2/ERF genes have been shown to regulate developmental processes and the response of plants to various types of biotic and environmental stress. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of AP2/ERF plant transcription factor family.

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Kumar, Rakesh, and Vinod Kumar. "A review of phylogeography: biotic and abiotic factors." Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes 2, no. 4 (2018): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1452486.

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El Amrani, Belkacem. "Insights into the Biotic Factors Shaping Ectomycorrhizal Associations." Biology 13, no. 12 (2024): 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121044.

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Ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations are essential symbiotic relationships that contribute significantly to the health and functioning of forest ecosystems. This review examines the biotic factors that influence EM associations, focusing on plant and fungal diversity, host specificity, and microbial interactions. Firstly, the diversity of host plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is discussed, highlighting how the richness of these organisms affects the formation and success of EM symbioses. Next, host specificity is explored, with a focus on the complex relationships between EMF and their host plants. Microbial interactions are examined in depth, with sections on both positive and negative influences of bacteria and different fungal groups on EM formation. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the biotic factors that shape EM associations, offering insights into the mechanisms that underpin these critical ecological interactions and their broader implications for ecosystem management and restoration.

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Martínez-Álvarez, Rosa M., Amalia E. Morales, and Ana Sanz. "Antioxidant Defenses in Fish: Biotic and Abiotic Factors." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15, no. 1-2 (2005): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7846-4.

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THIELTGES, D. W., K. T. JENSEN, and R. POULIN. "The role of biotic factors in the transmission of free-living endohelminth stages." Parasitology 135, no. 4 (2008): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007000248.

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SUMMARYThe transmission success of free-living larval stages of endohelminths is generally modulated by a variety of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. Whereas the role of abiotic factors (including anthropogenic pollutants) has been in focus in numerous studies and summarized in reviews, the role of biotic factors has received much less attention. Here, we review the existing body of literature from the fields of parasitology and ecology and recognize 6 different types of biotic factors with the potential to alter larval transmission processes. We found that experimental studies generally indicate strong effects of biotic factors, and the latter emerge as potentially important, underestimated determinants in the transmission ecology of free-living endohelminth stages. This implies that biodiversity, in general, should have significant effects on parasite transmission and population dynamics. These effects are likely to interact with natural abiotic factors and anthropogenic pollutants. Investigating the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors will not only be crucial for a thorough understanding of parasite transmission processes, but will also be a prerequisite to anticipate the effects of climate and other global changes on helminth parasites and their host communities.

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Anandham, Rangasamy, and Tongmin Sa. "Editorial for Special Issue “Environmental Factors Shaping the Soil Microbiome”." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 10387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110387.

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Soil is a complex system consisting of various abiotic and biotic factors interacting among themselves in a particular time period. These biotic factors are particularly affected by a large number of disturbances or perturbations occurring in the micro-niches. Soil microbiome is the paramount biotic factor responsible for nutrient cycling that in turn determines soil health and quality. However, there are limitations in studying soil systems as there are a number of unknown boxes that need to be checked before understanding their full-fledged contribution to the environment. The microbial diversity in the soil can be affected by salinity, contaminant, fertilization, nutrient accumulation, and cultivation practices. Additionally, plants can also benefit from these changes in microbial community composition, and novel microbial isolates can be used for enhancing their growth under various stress conditions. Collectively, this Special Issue includes various studies that determine key abiotic and biotic factors that can result in changes in microbial community composition in the soil system. These studies are carried out in specified environmental niches rather than microcosms, which provides a broader context in which to understand microbial dynamics.

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Pathak, Hom N. "Biotic Resistance and Fluctuating Resources: Key Factors for Invasion Success?" Multi-Disciplinary Explorations: The Kasthamandap College Journal 2, no. 2 (2024): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.3126/mdekcj.v2i2.74178.

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To explain the process of biological invasion, several hypotheses have been put forward e.g. enemy release hypothesis, invasional meltdown hypothesis, novel weapon hypothesis, fluctuation resources hypothesis, biotic resistant hypothesis, etc. I collected the abstracts from search engines on the internet. I searched for biotic resistance and fluctuation resources hypotheses, collected 25 research papers, and reviewed them. Out of nine studies written for the biotic resistance hypothesis, five were in support and the other five were against the hypothesis. However, there seems only evidence against the fluctuation resources hypothesis. For it, I found four articles in support of this hypothesis. Any hypothesis alone cannot explain the causes behind the invasion's success. Therefore, I have an opinion to establish a combined theory for it.

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Prange, Robert K., and Jennifer R. DeEll. "Preharvest Factors Affecting Postharvest Quality of Berry Crops." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 751B—751. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.751b.

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Berry crops can include a wide variety of plant species, with the most important temperate North American species in the genera Fragaria, Rubus, and Vaccinium. The preharvest factors affecting the postharvest quality of berry crops can be divided into abiotic and biotic factors. Amongst the abiotic factors, mineral nutrition, especially calcium and nitrogen, water, temperature, and light play important roles in postharvest quality attributes such as size, color, firmness, acidity, and sweetness. Amongst the biotic factors, several postharvest pathogens, which are also present as preharvest pathogens, can cause very significant reductions in postharvest quality. Grey mold (Botrytis cinera) is considered to be the most important pre- and postharvest pathogen in berry crops, but other preharvest pathogens (e.g., Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Rhizopus) can become major problems, depending on other preharvest factors. In some growing areas, the presence of fruit fly larvae in the fresh fruit reduces the postharvest quality. Other biotic factors can be more subtle in their effects on postharvest quality, such as cultivar, pruning, and pollination.

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Voitsiakh, Nataliia. "Socio-Cultural Transformation Factors of Uman City." Issues in Cultural Studies, no. 41 (March 31, 2023): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.31866/2410-1311.41.2023.276691.

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The aim of the article is to investigate the features of the socio-cultural approach in the study of urban environment transformations, to analyse the factors of the socio-cultural transformation of the city of Uman to deepen the value and semantic integration of its cultural space. The results of the study are based on the identifying factors of the socio-cultural transformation of the city of Uman. The historical and socio-cultural processes of urban environment development are analysed, as well as R. Park’s biotic and cultural concept is highlighted to determine the features of urban space expansion due to the activation of the pilgrimage process of Bratslav Hasidim on the territory of historical and cultural memory in the city of Uman. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time, the transformation factors of Uman’s urban environment are determined using a socio-cultural approach, in particular the biotic and cultural concept. Conclusions. The article demonstrates that the main factors of the socio-cultural transformation of the city of Uman include: 1) the city’s historical and cultural resource, which was formed under the influence of the culture of the Polish, Ukrainian, and Jewish communities; 2) the gradual transformation of architectural stylistics in the context of the historical era; 3) the approach to the practice of preserving historical and cultural heritage in the modern urban space; 4) competition between urban communities; 5) the biotic and cultural expansion of the city’s environment through the process of pilgrimage. At the beginning of the 21st century, the example of Uman shows that the city is the product of a biotic and cultural force that transforms its borders regardless of the limits imposed on it by administrative and political institutions. Taking into account the factors of the city’s socio-cultural transformation will make it possible to analyse the cultural resources of the urban environment in a comprehensive way. We suggest strengthening the quality and mobility of the city’s service and tourist infrastructure to address the issue of biotic and cultural nature during the seasonal influx of pilgrims.

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Tóth, Anikó B., S. Kathleen Lyons, W. Andrew Barr, et al. "Reorganization of surviving mammal communities after the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction." Science 365, no. 6459 (2019): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1605.

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Large mammals are at high risk of extinction globally. To understand the consequences of their demise for community assembly, we tracked community structure through the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in North America. We decomposed the effects of biotic and abiotic factors by analyzing co-occurrence within the mutual ranges of species pairs. Although shifting climate drove an increase in niche overlap, co-occurrence decreased, signaling shifts in biotic interactions. Furthermore, the effect of abiotic factors on co-occurrence remained constant over time while the effect of biotic factors decreased. Biotic factors apparently played a key role in continental-scale community assembly before the extinctions. Specifically, large mammals likely promoted co-occurrence in the Pleistocene, and their loss contributed to the modern assembly pattern in which co-occurrence frequently falls below random expectations.

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Potts, Leslie J., J. D. Gantz, Yuta Kawarasaki, et al. "Environmental factors influencing fine-scale distribution of Antarctica’s only endemic insect." Oecologia 194, no. 4 (2020): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04714-9.

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AbstractSpecies distributions are dependent on interactions with abiotic and biotic factors in the environment. Abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, and soil nutrients, along with biotic interactions within and between species, can all have strong influences on spatial distributions of plants and animals. Terrestrial Antarctic habitats are relatively simple and thus good systems to study ecological factors that drive species distributions and abundance. However, these environments are also sensitive to perturbation, and thus understanding the ecological drivers of species distribution is critical for predicting responses to environmental change. The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is the only endemic insect on the continent and has a patchy distribution along the Antarctic Peninsula. While its life history and physiology are well studied, factors that underlie variation in population density within its range are unknown. Previous work on Antarctic microfauna indicates that distribution over broad scales is primarily regulated by soil moisture, nitrogen content, and the presence of suitable plant life, but whether these patterns are true over smaller spatial scales has not been investigated. Here we sampled midges across five islands on the Antarctic Peninsula and tested a series of hypotheses to determine the relative influences of abiotic and biotic factors on midge abundance. While historical literature suggests that Antarctic organisms are limited by the abiotic environment, our best-supported hypothesis indicated that abundance is predicted by a combination of abiotic and biotic conditions. Our results are consistent with a growing body of literature that biotic interactions are more important in Antarctic ecosystems than historically appreciated.

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Zhou, Xiangui, Zaojuan Lei, and Pengtian An. "Post-Translational Modification of WRKY Transcription Factors." Plants 13, no. 15 (2024): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13152040.

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Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are involved in numerous biological processes, including signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, growth and development, and stress responses. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play significant roles in plant growth, development, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, making them one of the largest and most vital TF families in plants. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the importance of PTMs of WRKY TFs in various life processes. This review focuses on the recent advancements in understanding the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of WRKY TFs, particularly their roles in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and in plant growth and development. Future research directions and prospects in this field are also discussed.

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Zhang, Tie, Guijie Ding, Jiangping Zhang, and Yujiao Qi. "Contributions of Biotic and Abiotic Factors to the Spatial Heterogeneity of Aboveground Biomass in Subtropical Forests: A Case Study of Guizhou Province." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (2022): 10771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710771.

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The spatial heterogeneity on a regional scale of forest biomass is caused by multiple biotic and abiotic factors. However, the contributions of biotic and abiotic factors to the spatial heterogeneity of forest biomass remain unclear. Based on the data of the National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI), digital elevation model (DEM), and meteorological data of Guizhou Province in 2015, we studied the spatial heterogeneity of the aboveground forest biomass in Guizhou province and evaluated the contribution rates of its influencing factors using Moran’s I, semivariogram, distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps (dbMEMs), and variance partitioning. The results showed that the forest biomass in Guizhou province had strong spatial heterogeneity. Biotic and abiotic factors explained 34.4% and 19.2% of the spatial variation in forest biomass, respectively. Among the biotic factors, the average height of the stand had the greatest influence on forest biomass, while annual precipitation had the greatest influence on forest biomass among abiotic factors. Spatial factors only explained 0.7% of the spatial variation of forest biomass, indicating that the contribution of spatial factors can be explained by some measured abiotic factors. This study provided an effective approach to understand the underlying mechanisms of spatial allocation of forest biomass.

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ȘULEA, Constantin, Ioan OROIAN, Ilie COVRIG, Ioan TÄ‚UT, and Petru BURDUHOS. "Assessing the Importance of Biotic Factors in Tree Development." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (2013): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9748.

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SevereÂ worseningÂ ofÂ theÂ phytosanitaryÂ statusÂ ofÂ forest treesÂ wasÂ reportedÂ inÂ lastÂ years, mainlyÂ dueÂ toÂ theÂ climaticÂ conditions,Â lowÂ biologicalÂ resistanceÂ ofÂ trees,Â andÂ forestÂ management mistakes. TheÂ mainÂ aimsÂ andÂ objectivesÂ ofÂ thisÂ paperÂ areÂ toÂ emphasizeÂ theÂ effectÂ ofÂ harmfulÂ biotic factorsÂ inÂ differentÂ phasesÂ ofÂ treeÂ development. TheÂ trialÂ was carriedÂ outÂ underÂ theÂ ForestryÂ Office Satu Mare, on an experimental area located in the Forest District of Satu Mare, on 0.25 ha. It consisted inÂ twoÂ parts,Â oneÂ containingÂ theÂ 25Â yearsÂ oldÂ oakÂ withÂ secondÂ productionÂ class,Â andÂ theÂ other containingÂ theÂ 25Â yearsÂ oldÂ hornbeamÂ withÂ thirdÂ productionÂ class.Â InÂ oak,Â 31%Â haveÂ driedÂ thin branches, over 20% have the entire crown dried, and 15% present the same symptom but with a less thanÂ 20%Â intensity.Â InÂ hornbeam,Â 7%Â ofÂ treesÂ presentÂ crownÂ dryings,Â thinÂ branchesÂ belowÂ 20%Â or thick dried branches between 1 and 5 %.

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Hanuš, Oto, Yunhai Zhang, Marek Bjelka, Josef Kučera, Petr Roubal, and Radoslava Jedelská. "Chosen biotic factors influencing raw cow milk freezing point." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 5 (2011): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159050065.

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The milk freezing point depression (FPD) is important physical property. FPD is influenced by milk composition especially by components with osmotic pressure activity and by other physiological factors. There is possible to indicate a foreign (extraneous) water addition into milk by FPD. This is necessary to have a good estimated legislative FPD discrimination limit (FPD–L) for purpose of milk quality control. This paper was aimed at obtaining information to improve such estimation. Impacts factors as season variations, estimated state of dairy cow nutrition and some milk components and properties on milk FPD and their relations to FPD were quantified (n 11 540 – 72 607 bulk raw cow milk samples). The highest FPD was in Spring (−0.52097 ± 0.004877 °C), the lowest in Autumn (−0.52516 ± 0.005725 °C; P < 0.001). Correlation between FPD and lactose was 0.35 (P < 0.001). 12% and 5.4% of FPD variability is explainable by lactose and casein variability. Relationship between FPD and urea (U) was 0.26 (P < 0.001) in March. The worst FPD was in group with presupposed (according to milk urea and protein combination) nitrogen matter (NM) and energy (E) insufficiency (−0.51855 ± 0.007288 °C). The best FPD was in group with presupposed NM and E surplus in feeding ration (−0.52536 ± 0.004785 °C; P < 0.001). The FPD was worse in suspicion on E deficiency (on the basis of fat/crude protein ratio) as compared to presumption for balanced E nourishment of dairy herds (−0.52105 ± 0.006436 °C > −0.52244 ± 0.005367 °C; P < 0.001). Results can improve the estimation of objective FPD–L.

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Kim, Steve S., Zhifeng Kuang, Yen H. Ngo, Barry L. Farmer, and Rajesh R. Naik. "Biotic–Abiotic Interactions: Factors that Influence Peptide–Graphene Interactions." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 36 (2015): 20447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b06434.

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Castroverde, Christian Danve, Xin Xu, Ross N. Nazar, and Jane Robb. "Biotic factors that induce the tomato Ve1 R-gene." Plant Science 265 (December 2017): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.015.

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Chacón-Cerdas, Randall, Luis Barboza-Barquero, Federico J. Albertazzi, and William Rivera-Méndez. "Transcription factors controlling biotic stress response in potato plants." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 112 (December 2020): 101527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2020.101527.

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Terziyski, D., H. Kalcheva, A. Ivanova, and R. Kalchev. "Investigation on some biotic factors in carp fish ponds." Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (2016): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2016.01.011.

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Mudrak, O., and I. Slieptsova. "Particularity of environmental biotic factors impact on mammal’s organism." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2022.266421.

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This article explores ecological significance of animal venom as a stressful biotic factor and its role in disruption of homeostatic processes in mammal’s organism. The variety of venomous species of animals and their widely distribution in the world forces other species of animals to adapt to the coexistence with them. Thus, venom toxins have an important ecological significance, because they act as stressors and appreciably impact on the biotic interaction between organisms. According to scientists’ estimates, 220.000 species of animals, or 15% of the world’s biodiversity, are venomous, and there are 3.709 species of venomous snakes. The increase of snakebites cases is not only related to geographical distribution of snakes, but also to climate changes (high humidity and an increase of average annual temperature), which contributes to the reproduction of snakes and a shift of their natural habitats. Every year, around 5.4 million people are bitten by snakes worldwide. This leads to heavy social and economic costs in many countries of the world and it is the reason for constant attention to this problem. Among the variety of venomous animals, snakes have attracted the greatest attention of scientists due to peculiarities of the composition of their venom, its biochemical properties and the possibility of use in pharmacology and medicine. However, despite annual large-scale studies of the composition of snake toxins, the specifics of their effects on animals and human is not fully indentified. It has been established that among venomous snakes only vipers are common in Ukraine. Among them there are two subspecies of the common adder (Vipera berus Linnaeus, 1758): Vipera b. berus, which can be found in Polissia, Forest Steppe and the Carpathians, and Nikolsky’s viper (Vipera berus nikolskii Vedmederja, Grubant et Rudaeva, 1986), which occurs mainly in the Left Forest Steppe. Their bites can be very painful, but are rarely fatal for adults. Vipera berus venom has hemolytic, proteolytic and cytotoxic properties due to its composition: phospholipase A2, serine proteases, metallo proteases, amino acid L-oxidase, hemorrhagic factors and blood coagulation inhibitors, vasoactive peptides, cysteine-rich secretory protein. The composition of Vipera b. berus and Vipera b. nikolskii venom and mechanism of its action in victim’s organism were analyzed too. It is known that among the components of Nikolsky viper’s venom (Vipera b. nikolskii) the most part belongs to various enzymes. Of all enzymes, phospholipase A2 reached about 65% of the dry weight, serine proteases — 19%. Experiments on mammals (mice) showed that Nikolsky’s viper (Vipera b. nikolskii) venom cause both local symptoms — swelling, pain, lymphangitis, and systemic symptoms — hypotension, mild neurotoxic effect. In addition, there are reports of damage to the cranial nerves and progressive paralysis of the limbs in mice. The components of Vipera b. berus viper venom have mainly a hemotoxic effect due to variety of enzymes from the metalloproteinase family, serine proteases, L-amino acid oxidases and C-type lectinlike proteins and cause enhanced blood coagulation. It is known that L-amino acid oxidases block the neuromuscular transmission of impulses and cause the destruction of cell membranes. The venom of this viper also contains several proteins that have a neurotoxic effect. A comprehensive and thorough analysis of experimental research data testify that the composition of toxins of various animal species, including vipers, is extremely diverse. Plenty of studies state about the hemovasotoxic and neurotoxic effects of these venoms. There are also reports of damage to the cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, and digestive systems. It is noted that not all targets of viper toxins in mammal’s organism have been identified yet, and not all mechanisms of its action are understood, so further research is relevant.

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Shan, Zixiang, Shixing Zhou, Asma Shah, Yasir Arafat, Syed Arif Hussain Rizvi, and Hua Shao. "Plant Allelopathy in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Factors." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (2023): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092358.

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The allelopathy definition accepted by the International Allelopathy Society is any process or phenomenon via which organisms such as plants, microorganism, viruses, and fungi release specific metabolites, known as allelochemicals, into the environment that affect the growth and development of other surrounding plants, resulting in mutual inhibition or promotion of the organisms. Allelopathy in donor plants is either self-induced or induced by specific external biotic and abiotic factors. The external factors may determine the types and quantities of allelochemicals released into the environment by a donor plants. Biotic factors inducing allelopathy include plant competition, herbivory by animals and insects, and soil-borne pathogens. For example, competing plants produce allelochemicals in response to competing weeds. Plants may emit signaling chemicals from their roots to induce the production of protective metabolites against organisms, herbivores, or competitors. Additionally, herbivory is a selection pressure that triggers defensive measures in plants, such as the synthesis of allelochemicals in response to injury. Moreover, some leaves release volatile substances that help the plant to deter or attract herbivores or pests that attack leaves. Likewise, root compounds may be produced in response to soil-borne pathogens. Furthermore, some abiotic factors, including light, temperature, drought, CO2, and nutrient deficiency, can also induce plants to release allelochemicals. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand this natural phenomenon in plants and how external factors lead plants to exert allelopathy to compete, defend themselves, and survive in a challenging environment.

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Barlett, Trinidad Ruiz, María Fabiana Laguna, Guillermo Abramson, Adrian Monjeau, and Gabriel Martin. "A new distributional model coupling environmental and biotic factors." Ecological Modelling 489 (March 2024): 110610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110610.

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Rauwane, Molemi, and Khayalethu Ntushelo. "Understanding Biotic Stress and Hormone Signalling in Cassava (Manihot esculenta): Potential for Using Hyphenated Analytical Techniques." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (2020): 8152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228152.

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Biotic stresses often constitute major factors limiting global crop yields. A better understanding of plant responses to these stresses will facilitate efforts to improve stress tolerance and yields, especially in a climatically changing world. Numerous attempts have been made to confer tolerance/resistance to biotic stresses using both traditional and modern breeding methods. Mechanisms of biotic stress tolerance controlled by signalling networks and the analysis of genes controlling the yield and biotic stress tolerance are discussed. This review presents a report on the hormonal response of cassava to biotic stresses and the potential use of hyphenated analytical techniques to understand biotic stress hormonal responses. Hyphenated analytical techniques are reliable tools for understanding the response of cassava to biotic stresses, thereby accelerating the process of the development of biotic stress-tolerant/resistant genotypes for breeding purposes.

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Zhou, Piao, Lin Zhang, and Shi Qi. "Plant Diversity and Aboveground Biomass Interact with Abiotic Factors to Drive Soil Organic Carbon in Beijing Mountainous Areas." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (2022): 10655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710655.

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We analyzed and compared the effects of biotic factors (species diversity, structural diversity, and aboveground biomass) and abiotic factors (topography and soil properties) on soil organic carbon in selected mountainous areas of Beijing China. An overall goal is to provide a preliminary scientific basis for biodiversity protection and coordinated development of forest ecosystems and the subsequent carbon balance in this region. Our study ecosystems were coniferous forests, mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests, and broadleaved forests in the western mountainous area of Beijing. We determined both direct and indirect effects of abiotic and biotic factors on soil organic carbon using multiple linear regression and a structural equation model. Results showed that the biotic factors aboveground biomass and structural diversity were the main driving forces of organic carbon accumulation in the soil surface layer (0–10 cm), but species diversity had no significant effect (p > 0.05). Abiotic factors (altitude, total nitrogen, and total potassium) had some influence on soil surface organic carbon but were subordinate to the biotic factors. The biotic factors had no significant effect on soil organic carbon in the subsurface layers (10–20 cm) and (20–30 cm) (p > 0.05), whereas the abiotic factors altitude and total nitrogen played a dominant role in subsurface soil organic carbon accumulation of both layers (p < 0.01). The influences were both direct and indirect influences, but the direct influences played a major role. Our results form an initial reference for afforestation management (Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm-source Control Project) from the perspective of biodiversity protection and carbon storage enhancement.

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Yu, Chenyi, Siyuan Ren, Yudie Huang, et al. "Biotic Factors Drive Woody Plant Species Diversity across a Relative Density Gradient of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maxim. in the Warm–Temperate Natural Oak Forest, Central China." Forests 14, no. 10 (2023): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101956.

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Woody plants are crucial components of forest ecosystems and play critical roles in regulating community succession and ecosystem function. Studying woody plant diversity and its influencing factors is thus important for understanding and protecting forest ecosystems. Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata is an important deciduous broadleaf species in the warm–temperate forest of central China. Multiple regression and structural equation modelling were used to discuss the effect of biotic and soil factors on tree species diversity across seven relative density gradients of Q. aliena var. acutiserrata trees in this zone. Our results showed that the following: (1) Species diversity showed significant decreasing trends with increasing relative density of Q. aliena var. acutiserrata. (2) As the relative density of the oak tree increased, some biotic factors (canopy density, and mean DBH) and soil factors (Soil SOC, AP, and AK) all showed significantly increasing trends, whereas the DBH variation (CVD) and soil pH displayed decreasing trends. (3) Biotic factor (e.g., mean DBH, CVD, and competition interaction) had strong direct effect on species diversity, and soil factors exerted indirect roles on tree diversity via biotic factors. Our results provide insight into biodiversity protection and scientific management in this warm–temperate natural oak forest.

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Zou, Yukun, Ying Shan, Zhengfu Yue, et al. "Factors Driving Soil Respiration Rate After Different Fertilizer Sources Addition." Agronomy 14, no. 11 (2024): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14112468.

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Soil respiration is a critical process that regulates key ecosystem functions such as climate control, nutrient cycling, and plant productivity. Soil texture, nutrient availability, and microbial communities can all influence soil respiration, yet our understanding of their relative importance remains limited. This study aimed to investigate how different factors—like soil texture, nutrient additions, and microbial communities—contribute to soil respiration and define their specific roles in its variability. Using a microcosm experiment with various fertilizers and two soil types (Navarra, a silty clay soil, and Saponi, a sandy soil), we measured changes in both biotic and abiotic factors. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that, among other biotic and abiotic factors, soil clay content, soluble nitrogen levels, bacterial abundance, and α-diversity significantly impacted soil respiration, together accounting for over 60% of its total variance. Structural equation modeling indicated that microbial communities made the greatest contribution to respiration at 30.84%, followed by soil texture at 19.63%. Overall, biotic factors were found to play a more significant role in driving soil respiration rates compared to abiotic factors, with edaphic properties having a greater influence than fertilizer additions.

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Cosentino, Francesca, Ernest Charles James Seamark, Cakenberghe Victor Van, and Luigi Maiorano. "Not only climate: The importance of biotic interactions in shaping species distributions at macro scales." Ecology and Evolution 13, no. 3 (2023): e9855. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13469339.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abiotic factors are usually considered key drivers of species distribution at macro scales, while biotic interactions are mostly used at local scales. A few studies have explored the role of biotic interactions at macro scales, but all considered a limited number of species and obligate interactions. We examine the role of biotic interactions in large-scale SDMs by testing two main hypotheses: (1) biotic factors in SDMs can have an important role at continental scale; (2) the inclusion of biotic factors in large- scale SDMs is important also for generalist species. We used a maximum entropy algorithm to model the distribution of 177 bat species in Africa calibrating two SDMs for each species: one considering only abiotic variables (noBIO-SDMs) and the other (BIO-SDMs) including also biotic variables (trophic resource richness). We focused the interpretation of our results on variable importance and response curves. For each species, we also compared the potential distribution measuring the percentage of change between the two models in each pixel of the study area. All models gave AUC >0.7, with values on average higher in BIO-SDMs compared to noBIO-SDMs. Trophic resources showed an importance overall higher level than all abiotic predictors in most of the species (~68%), including generalist species. Response curves were highly interpretable in all models, confirming the ecological reliability of our models. Model comparison between the two models showed a change in potential distribution for more than 80% of the species, particularly in tropical forests and shrublands. Our results highlight the importance of considering biotic interactions in SDMs at macro scales. We demonstrated that a generic biotic proxy can be important for modeling species distribution when species-specific data are not available, but we envision that a multi-scale analysis combined with a better knowledge of the species might provide a better understanding of the role of biotic interactions.

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Cosentino, Francesca, Ernest Charles James Seamark, Cakenberghe Victor Van, and Luigi Maiorano. "Not only climate: The importance of biotic interactions in shaping species distributions at macro scales." Ecology and Evolution 13, no. 3 (2023): e9855. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13469339.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abiotic factors are usually considered key drivers of species distribution at macro scales, while biotic interactions are mostly used at local scales. A few studies have explored the role of biotic interactions at macro scales, but all considered a limited number of species and obligate interactions. We examine the role of biotic interactions in large-scale SDMs by testing two main hypotheses: (1) biotic factors in SDMs can have an important role at continental scale; (2) the inclusion of biotic factors in large- scale SDMs is important also for generalist species. We used a maximum entropy algorithm to model the distribution of 177 bat species in Africa calibrating two SDMs for each species: one considering only abiotic variables (noBIO-SDMs) and the other (BIO-SDMs) including also biotic variables (trophic resource richness). We focused the interpretation of our results on variable importance and response curves. For each species, we also compared the potential distribution measuring the percentage of change between the two models in each pixel of the study area. All models gave AUC >0.7, with values on average higher in BIO-SDMs compared to noBIO-SDMs. Trophic resources showed an importance overall higher level than all abiotic predictors in most of the species (~68%), including generalist species. Response curves were highly interpretable in all models, confirming the ecological reliability of our models. Model comparison between the two models showed a change in potential distribution for more than 80% of the species, particularly in tropical forests and shrublands. Our results highlight the importance of considering biotic interactions in SDMs at macro scales. We demonstrated that a generic biotic proxy can be important for modeling species distribution when species-specific data are not available, but we envision that a multi-scale analysis combined with a better knowledge of the species might provide a better understanding of the role of biotic interactions.

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Kight, Scott. "Reproductive ecology of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea)." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1, no. 2 (2009): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308x414724.

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AbstractTerrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) are important detritivores in many ecosystems. Because reproductive success and population dynamics of the Oniscidea depend on diverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors, the effects of global climate change on their biology may be significant. Although few studies have examined the relationship between climate change and population ecology in terrestrial isopods, much is known about their environment, genetics, physiology, behavior, life history, population biology, and evolutionary patterns. This review addresses the influence of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on terrestrial isopod reproduction. Significant biotic factors include microorganism-mediated sex determination, mate choice, sperm competition, maternal effects, food availability, and predation. Significant abiotic factors include temperature and moisture regimes, photoperiod, altitude, latitude, and microhabitat diversity. Studies of these factors reveal general patterns, as well as informative exceptions, in the ways different oniscid species, as well as different populations within a species, respond to environmental variation.

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Morris, William F., Johan Ehrlén, Johan P. Dahlgren, Alexander K. Loomis, and Allison M. Louthan. "Biotic and anthropogenic forces rival climatic/abiotic factors in determining global plant population growth and fitness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (2019): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918363117.

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Multiple, simultaneous environmental changes, in climatic/abiotic factors, interacting species, and direct human influences, are impacting natural populations and thus biodiversity, ecosystem services, and evolutionary trajectories. Determining whether the magnitudes of the population impacts of abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic drivers differ, accounting for their direct effects and effects mediated through other drivers, would allow us to better predict population fates and design mitigation strategies. We compiled 644 paired values of the population growth rate (λ) from high and low levels of an identified driver from demographic studies of terrestrial plants. Among abiotic drivers, natural disturbance (not climate), and among biotic drivers, interactions with neighboring plants had the strongest effects on λ. However, when drivers were combined into the 3 main types, their average effects on λ did not differ. For the subset of studies that measured both the average and variability of the driver, λ was marginally more sensitive to 1 SD of change in abiotic drivers relative to biotic drivers, but sensitivity to biotic drivers was still substantial. Similar impact magnitudes for abiotic/biotic/anthropogenic drivers hold for plants of different growth forms, for different latitudinal zones, and for biomes characterized by harsher or milder abiotic conditions, suggesting that all 3 drivers have equivalent impacts across a variety of contexts. Thus, the best available information about the integrated effects of drivers on all demographic rates provides no justification for ignoring drivers of any of these 3 types when projecting ecological and evolutionary responses of populations and of biodiversity to environmental changes.

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Amare Finsa, Kasahun. "A Review of Wrky Transcription Factors in The Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Cotton (Gossypium Spp.)." Transplantation Proceedings and Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-8991/002.

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Cotton is an important economic crop that is grown in over 100 countries throughout the world. It provides the textile industry raw materials, cottonseed oil for cooking, and edible and protein-rich oil cake remnants for farm animals. Abiotic and biotic stressors limit its production, which is strongly reliant on climatic circumstances. Cotton plants have several built-in mechanisms for dealing with abiotic and biotic stress. These defense systems are controlled by changes in the expression of stress-responsive genes. Several stress response-related genes have been discovered, including WRKY transcription elements. WRKY proteins bind to the W box (TGACC (A/T)) in the promoter regions of genes to activate or reduce the expression of downstream genes, which regulates the stress response. It also works with other transcription factors to control the defense responses of the plant. The function of WRKY transcription factors in cotton was briefly discussed in this review in terms of drought, salinity, temperature, and oxidative and biotic stress reactions. In conclusion, WRKY genes are thought to be important components of gene regulatory networks involved in plant stress responses and developmental plasticity in response to seasonal variations in environmental conditions and pathogenic infections.

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Pessarakli, Mohammad. "The Physiology of Plants Under Stress, Soil and Biotic Factors." Crop Science 41, no. 3 (2001): 915–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.413915x.

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Garzon, Juan L., Susana Costas, and Oscar Ferreira. "Biotic and abiotic factors governing dune response to storm events." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 47, no. 4 (2021): 1013–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.5300.

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В.A., BATASHEVA, ABDULLAEV R.A., KOVALEVA O.N., ZVEYNEK I.A., and RADCHENKO E.E. "BIOTIC FACTORS LIMITING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF BARLEY IN SOUTHERN DAGESTAN." AIC development problems of the region 4, no. 44 (2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/issn2079-0996.2020.3.40.

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Merchina, S. V., N. G. Bart, and V. V. Akhmetova. "INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC FACTORS ON QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF RIVER FISH." Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 71, no. 11 (2017): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2017-11.68.

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Dimitrova, S., D. Sotirov, and M. Liu. "Reaction of apple cultivars to abiotic and biotic stress factors." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1281 (June 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1281.11.

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Fei, S., and K. C. Steiner. "Relationships between advance oak regeneration and biotic and abiotic factors." Tree Physiology 28, no. 7 (2008): 1111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.7.1111.

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Strzemski, Maciej, and Sławomir Dresler. "Impact of Biotic/Abiotic Stress Factors on Plant Specialized Metabolites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11 (2024): 5742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115742.

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Ejsmont-Karabin, Jolanta, and Maciej Karpowicz. "Epizoic rotifers on Dreissena polymorpha in relation to biotic factors." Hydrobiologia 828, no. 1 (2018): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3808-4.

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Solórzano, Andrés, Mónica Núñez‐Flores, Oscar Inostroza‐Michael, and Cristián E. Hernández. "Biotic and abiotic factors driving the diversification dynamics of Crocodylia." Palaeontology 63, no. 3 (2019): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pala.12459.

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Le Bars, Joseph, Pierrette Le Bars, Jacques Dupuy, Hamid Boudra, and Renee Cassini. "Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Fumonisin Bi Production and Stability." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 2 (1994): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.2.517.

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Abstract The occurrence of a few cases of equine leuko-encephalomalacia in France has indicated a potentially widespread, low-level contamination of corn by fumonisins. To develop strategies for prevention, biotic and abiotic factors in fumonisin B1 (FB1) production and stability were investigated. The potential for FB1 production from 2 groups of Fusarium moniliforme strains was tested in corn cultures. The first group consisted of 48 strains that were previously isolated from corn, asparagus, watermelon, and vanilla. The second group consisted of 25 strains that were freshly isolated from corn. Respective frequencies in the first and second groups of strains and in each toxigenic class were as follows: 23 and 0%, &lt;50 μg/g; 16 and 12%, 50–200 μg/g; 23 and 4%, 200–800 μg/g; 33 and 68%, 800–3200 μg/g; and 5 and 16%, &gt;3200 μg/g. The initial rate of FB1 production decreased in the following order of temperature: 20, 25, 15, 30, 10°C. FB1 was not detected at 5, 35, or 40ΰC. Also, no FB1 was detected in confined atmosphere at 25°C during 10 weeks. Significant amounts (&gt;200 μg/g) of FB1 were produced within 12 days, in laboratory conditions, with moisture contents of corn frequently encountered at harvest (≥27%). Thermal decomposition of FB1 in dried corn culture followed a first-order reaction. Half-life times at 150, 125, and 100°C were 10, 38, and 175 min, respectively. Therefore, contamination of foods and feeds by this stable mycotoxin is, theoretically, a permanent threat.

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Leach, Katie, W. Ian Montgomery, and Neil Reid. "Modelling the influence of biotic factors on species distribution patterns." Ecological Modelling 337 (October 2016): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.06.008.

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Ahmadi, Fatemeh, Tatiana Bodraya, and Maximilian Lackner. "Methane Biofiltration Processes: A Summary of Biotic and Abiotic Factors." Methane 3, no. 1 (2024): 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/methane3010008.

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The ongoing yearly rise in worldwide methane (CH4) emissions is mostly due to human activities. Nevertheless, since over half of these emissions are scattered and have a concentration of less than 3% (v/v), traditional physical–chemical methods are not very effective in reducing them. In this context, biotechnologies like biofiltration using methane-consuming bacteria, also known as methanotrophs, offer a cost-efficient and practical approach to addressing diffuse CH4 emissions. The present review describes recent findings in biofiltration processes as one of the earliest biotechnologies for treating polluted air. Specifically, impacts of biotic (such as cooperation between methanotrophs and non-methanotrophic bacteria and fungi) and abiotic factors (such as temperature, salinity, and moisture) that influence CH4 biofiltration were compiled. Understanding the processes of methanogenesis and methanotrophy holds significant importance in the development of innovative agricultural practices and industrial procedures that contribute to a more favourable equilibrium of greenhouse gases. The integration of advanced genetic analyses can enable holistic approaches for unravelling the potential of biological systems for methane mitigation. This study pioneers a holistic approach to unravelling the biopotential of methanotrophs, offering unprecedented avenues for biotechnological applications.

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Paliy, A. P., A. I. Zavgorodniy, V. V. Bilushko, et al. "Ecology of mycobacteriums under conditions of abiotic and biotic factors." Animal Biology 26, no. 4 (2024): 64–68. https://doi.org/10.15407/animbiol26.04.064.

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The article provides an analysis of the current state of the ecological situation regarding various types of mycobacteriums, their systematics, epidemic and epizootological significance, in particular, in Ukraine, taking into account the dynamics of changes in natural and climatic conditions, as well as the influence of anthropogenic factors. The risks to human health that are likely to be expected from these microorganisms, as well as the necessary measures to prevent the realization of these risks, have been studied. The work summarizes a number of own researches, as well as the results obtained by scientists, both in Ukraine and in other countries of the world.

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Radulovic, Zlatan, Dragan Karadzic, Ivan Milenkovic, et al. "Declining of forests - biotic and abiotic stress." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1071r.

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During the last several years, a significant decline of different forests in Serbia was recorded. The decline is more widespread in conifer stands, but occurence of decline was recorded in broadleaved forest stands as well. These declines are the result of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors. According to the studies performed so far in Serbia, the predisposing factor were droughts during the 2012 and 2013 vegetation periods that caused physiological weakness of the trees. Among the biotic factors, the most important are fungi (mainly root rot, but rot fungi, and needle diseases) and insects (bark beetles in conifer species) and defoliators in broadleaved species).

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Marchioro, Cesar Augusto, and Luís Amilton Foerster. "Biotic factors are more important than abiotic factors in regulating the abundance of Plutella xylostella L., in Southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60, no. 4 (2016): 328–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.06.004.

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Marchioro, Cesar Augusto, Foerster, Luís Amilton (2016): Biotic factors are more important than abiotic factors in regulating the abundance of Plutella xylostella L., in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60 (4): 328-333, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2016.06.004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2016.06.004

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Dr. Amit Upadhyay, Dr. Ashish Lambat, Dr. Mrs. Prachi Lambat, and Dr. Madhusmita Borthakur. "Secondary Metabolite Production In Plants: In Response To Biotic And Abiotic Stress Factors." Journal of Advanced Zoology 45, S1 (2024): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v45is1.3402.

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Secondary metabolites (SMs) play vital roles in plant defence mechanisms, adaptation to environmental conditions, and interactions with other organisms. Biotic and abiotic stress factors can significantly influence the production, accumulation, and composition of SMs in plants. Understanding the intricate relationship between stress and SM production is crucial for enhancing plant resilience, agricultural productivity, and the development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. This research provides current knowledge regarding the impact of biotic and also abiotic stress on SMs in plants. Biotic stress factors such as pathogen infection, and herbivore attacks, as well as abiotic stress factors like drought, along with temperature extremes, and also salinity, can profoundly influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs in plants. We discussed the methodology based on secondary sources underlying physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in stress-induced SM synthesis and highlight the potential implications for plant biology, agriculture, and human health. The study also emphasizes the functions of SMs in plants including defence against herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stresses. The mechanism by which thesecompounds act as allelochemicals and signalling molecules is also discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biotic factors'

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