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Journal articles on the topic 'Bipedalismo'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Jornada de Lima, Jane Daniele, Tanise Marian Gaike, and Luciane Ayres-Peres. "Bipedalismo: uma breve revisão deste fator que distancia o ser humano dos demais primatas." ScientiaTec 4, no. 3 (April 24, 2018): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35819/scientiatec.v4i3.2113.

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A evolução humana teve episódios durante sua trajetória que se estende desde o longínquo período em que os primeiros hominídeos ainda dividiam espaço sobre as árvores com seus parentes primatas. Os hominídeos desenvolveram um sistema de locomoção que os distanciou de seus parentes, sendo que este passou a ampliar seu horizonte ao se equilibrar sobre apenas dois dos membros. Neste artigo, o objetivo foi apresentar conexões entre distintas teorias sobre o bipedalismo, produzindo uma visão didática e concisa deste processo. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica abordando as principais teorias sobre o tema. Estudos apontam alguns fatores, como: a diminuição de pilosidade, alteração do ambiente onde estavam inseridos, ou ainda se referem a um método de otimização energética. Após a revisão, fica possibilitada a análise didática de que o bipedalismo humano apresenta um processo complexo, do qual, distintos fatores foram decisivos para condicionar o andar ereto; entende-se, ainda, que esse processo não se deu de forma estanque, com cada mudança condicionada de forma isolada, mas ocorreu como reflexo de uma interrelação de fatores por milhares de anos.

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2

Amaral, Lia. "Bipedalismo: solução para carregar crias, correlacionada com a redução de pelos." Revista da Biologia 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7594/revbio.11.01.04.

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3

Cadena Monroy, Luis Álvaro. "De los primeros homínidos al Homo sapiens." Revista Colombiana de Bioética 8, no. 2 (November 18, 2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rcb.v8i2.793.

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Se hace una revisión crítica sobre los ancestros del Homo sapiens y se llega a los siguientes resultados y conclusiones: El bipedalismo terrestre es el rasgo característico que separa el clado que conduce a los gorilas y chimpancés, del clado que conduce de los primeros homínidos al hombre. La reducción del canino en los Australopitecus afarensis no fue el producto de la reducción de la agresión entre machos de esta especie. La utilización de herramientas de piedra, encontradas en el ambiente, condujo a la agresión entre machos, reduciendo la presión de selección sobre los caninos como arma. El Homo sapiens condujo a la extinción del Homo neanderthalensis por varios mecanismos: la fabricación de armas tipo proyectil, el lenguaje simbólico articulado, la moral y la exclusión.

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4

De Santana, Wilck Camilo Ferreira. "Pensando o caminhar como experiência estética e método de ficção literária." Tabuleiro de Letras 14, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.35499/tl.v14i1.8615.

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Caminhar é uma atividade humana universal. Sua história é perpassada por uma espécie de prazer, liberdade e significados que pessoas diferentes procuram em momentos diversos. Pensando nessa direção, a história do caminhar proposta por Rebecca Solnit (2016) trilha percursos que vão desde a origem do bipedalismo até a caminhada na cidade. Para isso, a autora delineia argumentos que giram em torno do fato de que andar ereto é o primeiro marco do que viria a se tornar a humanidade. Entre os muitos caminhos que esse trajeto envolve, um deles está centrado na atividade de leitura do caminhar para descrever o mundo, fato que certamente contribuiu para que experiências itinerantes servissem como método de ficção. É assim que, ao considerar que há no fato de se deslocar na paisagem algo que estimula e aviva os pensamentos, Solnit evidencia que, no decorrer do tempo em que caminhar deixou de ser apenas uma atividade de descolamento para se tornar uma experiência, foram desenvolvidos métodos ficcionais como o fluxo de consciência e personagens andarilhos como o flâneur. Nessa rede imbricada de ideias e trajetos, acredita-se que as diferentes variações do deslocamento a pé representam ações políticas, estéticas e de grande significado social.

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5

Silva, Ediana Vasconcelos da, Sylla Figueredo da Silva, Roqueline Ametila Glória Martins de Freitas Aversi-Ferreira, Tainá De Abreu, Hisao Nishijo, and Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira. "Anatomia comparativa dos nervos da pelve de macacos-prego (Sapajus sp)." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 53, no. 4 (January 24, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2016.82570.

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Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4] o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.

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6

Lugo-Jiménez, Abdul Abner, Alexaivy Torres, and Rafael Pastor Martínez-Vargas. "Habilidades Básicas del Pensamiento como Preámbulo Epistemológico al Procesamiento Analítico de la Información en la Enseñanza Científica Universitaria." Saber, Ciencia y Libertad 15, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/2382-3240/saber.2020v15n2.6733.

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El proceso evolutivo humano, ha aparecido como producto de los cambios que se generaron con el bipedalismo, siendo el más importante el desarrollo de una estructura cerebral compleja, que adicionó a sus adaptaciones, la capacidad de raciocinio. El desarrollo de procesos complejos del pensamiento le brindó la oportunidad de dar nombre y sentido a todo lo que hoy conocemos. Podemos afirmar entonces que, procesos como la observación, comparación, clasificación y ordenamiento se vienen ejecutando sin discriminar o separar cada uno de estos, e incluso, sin tener consciencia en que se están generando. Para reconocidos autores, especialistas en las diferentes disciplinas y en teorías de procesamiento de la información, esta situación se hace notable cuando se observa un progresivo desmejoramiento de las capacidades cognitivas de nuestros jóvenes, lo que hace necesario proponer modelos educativos que enseñen a pensar y a fortalecer el pensamiento. El presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar el contexto epistemológico que cimienta a las habilidades básicas del pensamiento, como un requerimiento sine qua non conducente al fortalecimiento de las destrezas y procesos analíticos que revisten la enseñanza de las ciencias, a nivel universitario. Para ello, se realizó un estado del arte de los constructos referentes a cada una de estas habilidades, desde los metateóricos más reconocidos y las investigaciones recientes para varias áreas disciplinares, lo que permitió argumentar la sentida necesidad de incorporar esta estimulación cognitiva básica y analítica a los currículos universitarios, sobre todos aquellos relacionados con la enseñanza de la ciencia.

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7

Morgan, Elaine. "Bipedalism." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 3 (July 1993): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609300900305.

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Reasons why mammalian bipedalism is so rare. Problems encountered by the larger arboreal mammals when they descend to ground level. Reasons for believing that hominid ancestors were never knuckle-walkers. Primate models which combine arboreal life with incipient bipedalism. Disadvantages of mammalian bipedalism. Critique of some of the savannah-based theories on the origins of human bipedalism.

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8

Batten, David C. "Bipedalism Revisited." Journal of Anthropological Research 42, no. 1 (April 1986): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.42.1.3630381.

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9

Kubo, Tai, and Mugino O. Kubo. "Associated evolution of bipedality and cursoriality among Triassic archosaurs: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation." Paleobiology 38, no. 3 (2012): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11015.1.

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Bipedalism evolved more than twice among archosaurs, and it is a characteristic of basal dinosaurs and a prerequisite for avian flight. Nevertheless, the reasons for the evolution of bipedalism among archosaurs have barely been investigated. Comparative analysis using phylogenetically independent contrasts showed a significant correlation between bipedality (relative length of forelimb) and cursoriality (relative length of metatarsal III) among Triassic archosaurs. This result indicates that, among Triassic archosaurs, bipeds could run faster than quadrupeds. Bipedalism is probably an adaptation for cursoriality among archosaurs, which may explain why bipedalism evolved convergently in the crocodilian and bird lineages. This result also indicates that the means of acquiring cursoriality may differ between archosaurs and mammals.

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10

Ko, Kwang Hyun. "Origins of Bipedalism." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 58, no. 6 (December 2015): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132015060399.

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11

Banks, Caroline G. "Lessons in Bipedalism." Anthropology Humanism Quarterly 16, no. 4 (December 1991): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1991.16.4.148.

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12

Walter, M. "Defence of bipedalism." Human Evolution 19, no. 1 (January 2004): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02438907.

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13

Thorpe, Susannah. "Evolution of bipedalism." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.496.

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14

Georgiou, Leoni, Christopher J. Dunmore, Ameline Bardo, Laura T. Buck, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Dieter H. Pahr, Dominic Stratford, Alexander Synek, Tracy L. Kivell, and Matthew M. Skinner. "Evidence for habitual climbing in a Pleistocene hominin in South Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (March 30, 2020): 8416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914481117.

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Bipedalism is a defining trait of the hominin lineage, associated with a transition from a more arboreal to a more terrestrial environment. While there is debate about when modern human-like bipedalism first appeared in hominins, all known South African hominins show morphological adaptations to bipedalism, suggesting that this was their predominant mode of locomotion. Here we present evidence that hominins preserved in the Sterkfontein Caves practiced two different locomotor repertoires. The trabecular structure of a proximal femur (StW 522) attributed to Australopithecus africanus exhibits a modern human-like bipedal locomotor pattern, while that of a geologically younger specimen (StW 311) attributed to either Homo sp. or Paranthropus robustus exhibits a pattern more similar to nonhuman apes, potentially suggesting regular bouts of both climbing and terrestrial bipedalism. Our results demonstrate distinct morphological differences, linked to behavioral differences between Australopithecus and later hominins in South Africa and contribute to the increasing evidence of locomotor diversity within the hominin clade.

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15

Vasiljević, Perica, Andrea Žabar, and Milena Aleksić. "Skeletal adaptations to bipedalism." Glasnik Antropoloskog drustva Srbije, no. 49 (2014): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gads1449085v.

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16

SINCLAIR, A. R. E., MARY D. LEAKEY, and M. NORTON-GRIFFITHS. "Migration and hominid bipedalism." Nature 324, no. 6095 (November 1986): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324307c0.

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17

LEUTENEGGER, WALTER. "Origin of hominid bipedalism." Nature 325, no. 6102 (January 1987): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325305c0.

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18

VERHAEGEN, MARC. "Origin of hominid bipedalism." Nature 325, no. 6102 (January 1987): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325305d0.

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19

Williams, Scott A., Thomas C. Prang, Marc R. Meyer, Gabrielle A. Russo, and Liza J. Shapiro. "Reevaluating bipedalism in Danuvius." Nature 586, no. 7827 (September 30, 2020): E1—E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2736-4.

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20

Crompton, Robin Huw, William I. Sellers, and Susannah K. S. Thorpe. "Arboreality, terrestriality and bipedalism." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1556 (October 27, 2010): 3301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0035.

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The full publication of Ardipithecus ramidus has particular importance for the origins of hominin bipedality, and strengthens the growing case for an arboreal origin. Palaeontological techniques however inevitably concentrate on details of fragmentary postcranial bones and can benefit from a whole-animal perspective. This can be provided by field studies of locomotor behaviour, which provide a real-world perspective of adaptive context, against which conclusions drawn from palaeontology and comparative osteology may be assessed and honed. Increasingly sophisticated dynamic modelling techniques, validated against experimental data for living animals, offer a different perspective where evolutionary and virtual ablation experiments, impossible for living mammals, may be run in silico , and these can analyse not only the interactions and behaviour of rigid segments but increasingly the effects of compliance, which are of crucial importance in guiding the evolution of an arboreally derived lineage.

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21

Chaplin, George, Nina G. Jablonski, and N. Timothy Cable. "Physiology, thermoregulation and bipedalism." Journal of Human Evolution 27, no. 6 (December 1994): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1066.

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22

Giardina, F., and L. Mahadevan. "Models of benthic bipedalism." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 174 (January 2021): 20200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0701.

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Walking is a common bipedal and quadrupedal gait and is often associated with terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Inspired by recent evidence of the neural underpinnings of primitive aquatic walking in the little skate Leucoraja erinacea , we introduce a theoretical model of aquatic walking that reveals robust and efficient gaits with modest requirements for body morphology and control. The model predicts undulatory behaviour of the system body with a regular foot placement pattern, which is also observed in the animal, and additionally predicts the existence of gait bistability between two states, one with a large energetic cost for locomotion and another associated with almost no energetic cost. We show that these can be discovered using a simple reinforcement learning scheme. To test these theoretical frameworks, we built a bipedal robot and show that its behaviours are similar to those of our minimal model: its gait is also periodic and exhibits bistability, with a low efficiency mode separated from a high efficiency mode by a ‘jump’ transition. Overall, our study highlights the physical constraints on the evolution of walking and provides a guide for the design of efficient biomimetic robots.

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23

Brace, C. Loring. "Bipedalism, canine tooth reduction, and obligatory tool use." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04260113.

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Bipedalism in the earliest hominid specimens is always accompanied by the reduction of projecting canine teeth. Body size is smaller than chimpanzees or humans, but molar teeth are markedly larger. Use of a pointed stick for defensive purposes on the one hand, and digging for USOs on the other, may be why bipedalism was selected for. Passing such learned behavior to the next generation may have played a role in selecting for language.

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24

Krantz, Grover S. "Relating brains, blood, and bipedalism." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00079164.

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25

Lewin, R. "Hip joints: clues to bipedalism." Science 241, no. 4872 (September 16, 1988): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3138753.

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26

Schwartz;, J. H., S. K. S. Thorpe, R. L. Holder, and R. H. Crompton. "The Origins of Human Bipedalism." Science 318, no. 5853 (November 16, 2007): 1065b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.318.5853.1065b.

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27

Krantz, G. S. "Bipedalism as a brachiating adaptation." Human Evolution 6, no. 3 (June 1991): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02438146.

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28

Ryke, P. A. J. "Nature and origin of bipedalism in primates." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 6, no. 2 (March 17, 1987): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v6i2.947.

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The differences and similarities characterizing apes and humans are the inevitable and predictable consequence of both groups having diverged from a common ancestor. An important question to ask is what prompted the change from quadrupedalism to bipedalism, probably at the time of the divergence of the ape and human lineages. Or did it occur before the split? What are the advantages and disadvantages of bipedal walking? An evaluation of the origin of bipedalism requires a knowledge of the distinctive skeletal and locomotor features of man as a biped in contrast to quadrupeds. Fossil hominid footprints give an indication of the bipedal plantigrade propulsive striding of the protohominids.

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29

Okada, Morihiko. "Emergence of bipedalism in human evolution." Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) 122, no. 1 (2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/asj.122.98.

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30

Casinos, A., and J. Cubo. "Avian long bones, flight and bipedalism." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 131, no. 1 (December 2001): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00463-9.

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31

Langdon, John H. "Fossils and the origin of bipedalism." Journal of Human Evolution 14, no. 7 (November 1985): 615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80071-3.

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32

Thorpe, Susannah K. S., Juliet M. McClymont, and Robin H. Crompton. "The arboreal origins of human bipedalism." Antiquity 88, no. 341 (August 26, 2014): 906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050778.

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Almost a century and a half ago, Charles Darwin inThe Descent of Man(1871: 141) highlighted the evolution of bipedalism as one of the key features of the human lineage, freeing the hands for carrying and for using and making tools. But how did it arise? The famous footprints from Laetoli in Tanzania show that hominin ancestors were walking upright by at least 3.65 million years ago. Recent work, however, suggests a much earlier origin for bipedalism, in a Miocene primate ancestor that was still predominantly tree-dwelling. Here Susannah Thorpe, Juliet McClymont and Robin Crompton set out the evidence for that hypothesis and reject the notion that the common ancestor of great apes and humans was a knuckle-walking terrestrial species, as are gorillas and chimpanzees today. The article is followed by a series of comments, rounded off by a reply from the authors.

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Böhme, Madelaine, Nikolai Spassov, Jeremy M. DeSilva, and David R. Begun. "Reply to: Reevaluating bipedalism in Danuvius." Nature 586, no. 7827 (September 30, 2020): E4—E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2737-3.

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Plomp, Kimberly A., Keith Dobney, and Mark Collard. "Spondylolysis and spinal adaptations for bipedalism." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa003.

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Abstract Background and objectives The study reported here focused on the aetiology of spondylolysis, a vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. The goal was to test the Overshoot Hypothesis, which proposes that people develop spondylolysis because their vertebral shape is at the highly derived end of the range of variation within Homo sapiens. Methodology We recorded 3D data on the final lumbar vertebrae of H. sapiens and three great ape species, and performed three analyses. First, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis. Second, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae. Lastly, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae and to vertebrae of H. sapiens with Schmorl’s nodes, which previous studies have shown tend to be located at the ancestral end of the range of H. sapiens shape variation. Results We found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are significantly different in shape from healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. We also found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are more distant from great ape vertebrae than are healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. Lastly, we found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are at the opposite end of the range of shape variation than vertebrae with Schmorl’s nodes. Conclusions Our findings indicate that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis tend to exhibit highly derived traits and therefore support the Overshoot Hypothesis. Spondylolysis, it appears, is linked to our lineage’s evolutionary history, especially its shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. Lay summary: Spondylolysis is a relatively common vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. There is reason to think that it might be connected with our lineage’s evolutionary shift from walking on all fours to walking on two legs. We tested this idea by comparing human vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to the vertebrae of great apes. Our results support the hypothesis. They suggest that people who experience spondylolysis have vertebrae with what are effectively exaggerated adaptations for bipedalism.

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35

Hartwig, Walter Carl. "Fossils, footprints, and foragers: Bipedalism evolving." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 10, no. 1 (2001): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6505(2001)10:1<3::aid-evan1007>3.0.co;2-6.

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36

Wunderlich, R. E., and J. C. Schaum. "Kinematics of bipedalism in Propithecus verreauxi." Journal of Zoology 272, no. 2 (June 2007): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00253.x.

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37

JAANUSSON, VALDAR. "Morphological changes leading to hominid bipedalism." Lethaia 24, no. 4 (October 1991): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1991.tb01499.x.

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38

Preuschoft, H., H. G. Horn, and A. Christian. "Biomechanical reasons for bipedalism in reptiles." Amphibia-Reptilia 15, no. 3 (1994): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853894x00056.

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AbstractBipedal locomotion can be observed in numerous species of recent tetrapodal reptiles which usually have well developed tails and hindlimbs while the forelimbs are considerably shorter and weaker than the hindlimbs. It is commonly used when the reptiles move at the highest possible speeds of locomotion. The different development of the extremities is a common feature among recent reptiles that can be understood as an adaptation to quick acceleration. Additionally it reduces the interference of fore-and hindlimbs at high speeds. We present some biomechanical arguments to show how and why bipedalism can facilitate quick running in recent reptiles in which the hindlimbs are much longer and stronger than the forelimbs. Our main arguments can also be applied to some dinosaurs.

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Fitzpatrick, Richard C., Jane E. Butler, and Brian L. Day. "Resolving Head Rotation for Human Bipedalism." Current Biology 16, no. 15 (August 2006): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.063.

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40

Bogdanovich, I. A. "Preadaptive Stage for Flight Origin." Vestnik Zoologii 51, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2017-0025.

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Abstract Bipedalism as a preadaptive stage for bird’s flight is considered. We attribute the formation of full bipedalism in bird ancestors with pelvic limbs transition from segmental to parasagittal position. This transition was fast enough. We can assume that the pectoral limbs freed from the support remained while laterally spaced and gave set of transformations with different degrees of reduction. Thus morphologically “winglike” version of the thoracic limbs could appear. Parasagittal pelvic limbs allowed birds ancestors fast and maneuverable running, while the movements of free and highly movable thoracic limbs (feathered unrelated to flight) provided dynamic stability of the animal. In addition, their fluttering movements facilitate hopping from one branch to another and the descent from the trees. On the bottom branches protobirds could jump with perching just by the pelvic anisodactyl limbs, not by thoracic as had supposed earlier. Active interaction of the primary simple feathers with air as well as its protective function could become an impetus for their transformation into differentiated structures. Unlike gliding (as preadaptive stage for active flight) bipedalism with free feathered forelimbs provides per se parallel development of two autonomous enough locomotor systems of birds (flight and terrestrial locomotion) and extensive adaptive radiation of representatives of the class.

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41

Tsimkhes, I. L. "A case of true hypoplastic hermaphroditism (hermaphroditismus vertis hypoplasticus)." Kazan medical journal 19, no. 1 (August 22, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj78654.

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Provine, Robert R. "Walkie-talkie evolution: Bipedalism and vocal production." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04410115.

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A converging pattern of evidence from laughter, tickling, and motherese suggests that bipedal locomotion plays a critical and unanticipated role in vocal evolution. Bipedalism frees the thorax of its support role during quadrupedal locomotion, which permits the uncoupling of breathing and striding necessary for the subsequent selection for vocal virtuosity and speech.

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Li, Gege. "How feet made the leap to bipedalism." New Scientist 245, no. 3272 (March 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)30490-5.

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Winder, Isabelle C., Geoffrey C. P. King, Maud H. Devès, and Geoffrey N. Bailey. "Human bipedalism and the importance of terrestriality." Antiquity 88, no. 341 (August 26, 2014): 915–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0005078x.

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Senut, B., M. Pickford, D. Gommery, and L. Ségalen. "Palaeoenvironments and the origin of hominid bipedalism." Historical Biology 30, no. 1-2 (February 21, 2017): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1286337.

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Brooks, Alison S. "New Perspectives on the Evolution of Bipedalism." AnthroNotes : National Museum of Natural History bulletin for teachers 31, no. 1 (September 12, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/22449.

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Jablonski, Nina G., and George Chaplin. "The origin of hominid bipedalism re-examined." Archaeology in Oceania 27, no. 3 (October 1992): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1992.tb00294.x.

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Stanford, Craig B. "Brief communication: Arboreal bipedalism in Bwindi chimpanzees." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, no. 1 (August 14, 2002): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10050.

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Trevathan, Wenda R. "The Evolution of Bipedalism and Assisted Birth." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.1996.10.2.02a00100.

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Morbeck, Mary Ellen. "Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses and human bipedalism." International Journal of Primatology 7, no. 4 (August 1986): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693704.

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