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Gutkevich, E. V., E. D. Schastnyy, and E. Stoyak. "Bipolar affective disorders." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 26 (September 2011): e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000405626.33943.fe.
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Young, A. "Bipolar affective disorder." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S8—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.44.
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Abstract BodyAbstract: Biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of Bipolar Disorder: hope or hype? Professor Allan Young, Centre for Affective Disorders, IoPPN, KCL London, SE5 8AF. allan.young@kcl.ac.uk The use of “biomarkers” (biological markers) in basic and clinical research as well as in clinical practice has become so commonplace in many areas of medicine that their presence as primary endpoints in clinical trials is now widely accepted. In clinical disciplines where specific biomarkers have been well characterized and repeatedly shown to correctly predict relevant clinical outcomes across a variety of treatments and populations, this use is entirely justified and appropriate. However, the validity of biomarkers in most psychiatric disorders continues to be evaluated. This lecture will review the current conceptual status of biomarkers as clinical and diagnostic tools for bipolar disorder and as surrogate endpoints in clinical research in bipolar disorder. The conceptual background in terms of current diagnostic categories and research domain criteria will be discussed and the various approaches with putative value (e.g., brain imaging, genetics, and neuroendocrinology) reviewed (1, 2). The lecture will end with a discussion of approaches to evaluating biomarkers of lithium response (3).ReferencesWise et al, Mol Psychiatry. 2016 May 24. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.72. [Epub ahead of print]; Young AH. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014 Nov-Dec;22(6):331–3 Bellivier F, Young AH, et al, Bipolar Disord. 2020 Oct 23. doi: 10.1111/bdi.13023. Online ahead of print.DisclosurePaid lectures and advisory boards for the following companies with drugs used in affective and related disorders: Astrazenaca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Servier, Livanova, Janssen, Allegan, Bionomics, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, COMPASS Principal Inve
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Galkin, S. A., S. N. Vasilieva, G. G. Simutkin, and S. A. Ivanova. "Executive dysfunction in affective disorders: differences in bipolar affective disorder and depressive episode." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 21, no. 3 (2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-28-33.
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Aim. To identify the differences in executive function (inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility) between patients with bipolar affective disorder and depressive episode.Materials and methods. A total of 72 patients with affective disorders aged 20–40 years were examined. Of them, 30 patients had bipolar affective disorder, a current episode of mild or moderate depression, and 42 patients had a mild, moderate, and severe depressive episode without symptoms of psychosis. The executive function was evaluated using PsyToolkit, a set of software tools for programming psychological experiments. Computerized Go/ No–go tasks (assessment of inhibitory control and psychomotor functions), the Corsi block-tapping test (assessment of visual and spatial working memory capacities), and the Stroop Color and Word Test (assessment of cognitive flexibility) were used.Results. An intergroup comparison of patients revealed that patients with bipolar disorder significantly more often demonstrated false button press in the Go/No–go task (p = 0.043); however, they exhibited a greater working memory capacity in the Corsi block-tapping test (p = 0.049) compared with patients with a depressive episode.Conclusion. Important data were obtained regarding the specifics of executive dysfunction depending on the type of affective disorder. The presented data expand and supplement available information about the cognitive characteristics of patients with bipolar affective disorder and depressive episode, which may be useful in clinical practice and serve a focus of future research.
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Daskalopoulou, E. G., D. G. Dikeos, G. N. Papadimitriou, et al. "Self-esteem, social adjustment and suicidality in affective disorders." European Psychiatry 17, no. 5 (2002): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00681-8.
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SummarySelf-esteem (SE) and social adjustment (SA) are often impaired during the course of affective disorders; this impairment is associated with suicidal behaviour. The aim of the present study was to investigate SE and SA in unipolar or bipolar patients in relation to demographic and clinical characteristics, especially the presence of suicidality (ideation and/or attempt). Forty-four patients, 28 bipolar and 16 unipolar, in remission for at least 3 months, and 50 healthy individuals were examined through a structured clinical interview. SE and SA were assessed by the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the social adjustment scale, respectively. The results have shown that bipolar patients did not differ from controls in terms of SE, while unipolar patients had lower SE than bipolars and controls. No significant differences in the mean SA scores were found between the three groups. Suicidality during depression was associated only in bipolar patients with lower SE at remission; similar but not as pronounced was the association of suicidality with SA. It is concluded that low SE lasting into remission seems to be related to the expression of suicidality during depressive episodes of bipolar patients, while no similar pattern is evident in unipolar patients.
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Hayes, Stephen. "Acetazolamide in Bipolar Affective Disorders." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (1994): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10401239409148987.
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Pauls, D. L. "Genetics of bipolar affective disorders." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1, no. 1 (1988): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198801000-00008.
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Post, Robert M. "Prophylaxis of Bipolar Affective Disorders." International Review of Psychiatry 2, no. 3-4 (1990): 277–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269009026602.
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Martín Calvo, M. J., L. Fernández Mayo, I. García del Castillo, et al. "Comorbidity of affective disorders." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73418-6.
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IntroductionThe studies about the comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have increased in the last years. The comorbidity with Axis I psychiatric disorders complicates the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.ObjectivesTo analyze the prevalence of affective disorders associated with another Axis I psychiatric disorders to treat correctly from the beginning of the diagnosis and to improve the course of the disorder and the quality of life of these patientsMethodsThe subjects who participated in the study were diagnosed of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and MDD, according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The sample (n = 114) was divided into three groups: MDD (n = 58), BD (n = 31) and a control group of healthy subjects (n = 25). The diagnosis and stability were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsyquiatric Interview and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).ResultsBD had a significantly association with risk of suicide (38%), anxiety disorder (3.3%) and social phobia (12.9%). It was also reported a significant association between MDD and risk of suicide (71%), manic/hypomanic episodes (25.9%), anxiety disorder (37.9%), social phobia (25.9%) and generalized anxiety disorder (37.9%).ConclusionsIt is necessary for clinical practice an integrative model which takes into account the comorbidity of affective disorders to improve the response to treatment and the prognosis of these mental disorders
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Silva, Rafael de Assis da, Daniel C. Mograbi, Evelyn V. M. Camelo, et al. "The relationship between insight and affective temperament in bipolar disorder: an exploratory study." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, no. 3 (2018): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0073.
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Abstract Introduction In recent years, the association between temperament and clinical characteristics of mood disorders has been studied. Most bipolar patients show deficits in their awareness of signs and symptoms. The relationship between affective temperament and insight in bipolar patients has not been carried out in the literature so far. Objective To evaluate the relationship between affective temperament and insight in bipolar disorder. Method A group of 65 bipolar patients were followed during a year. Patients underwent a clinical assessment and were diagnosed using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Insight was evaluated through the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD), and affective temperament, through the TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro. The relationship between affective temperament and insight was explored with Spearman rho correlations between scores on each item of the ISAD and on the TEMPS-Rio de Janeiro subscales. Results In euthymic phases, bipolars with depressive temperament were associated with a higher level of insight about the consequences of the disorder; when in mania, patients showed better insight about having an affective disorder, presenting psychomotor alterations, and suffering from guilt or grandiosity. Similarly, bipolar patients with higher scores of anxious temperament, when in mania, had better insight on alterations in attention. Bipolar patients with higher scores of hyperthymic temperament, when in mania, showed the worst insight about thought disorder. Conclusion In addition to being determined by the phase of the disease and several varying symptoms, the level of insight in bipolar patients is also influenced by affective temperament.
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Tsuang, Ming T., Stephen V. Faraone, and Jerome A. Fleming. "Familial Transmission of Major Affective Disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 3 (1985): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.3.268.
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SummaryThe two-threshold multifactorial polygenic (MFP) model was applied to blind family study data, collected in a long-term follow-up and family study of major affective disorders. This model tested whether bipolar and unipolar disorders are manifestations of the same underlying factors or if they are independently caused disorders. The hypothesis that bipolar and unipolar disorders are, respectively, severe and mild forms of the same disorder was supported. There was little evidence for different familial aetiologies for bipolar and unipolar disorders in our sample.
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Byrne, Sharyn, and Anne Jeffers. "The borderlines of bipolar affective disorder." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 26, no. 4 (2009): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700000720.
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AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the major studies of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), and assesses whether the disorders might be better understood as variants of the same basic disorder. There is a shortage of research that delineates the features of both disorders within their representative samples. As a consequence the symptomatic overlap of the disorders, detected by categorical assessment instruments, is often misconstrued as an indication of the disorders' high rates of comorbidity (up to 81%).In paying particular attention to features of both disorders, eg. affective instability and impulsivity, the paper provides evidence that BPD attenuates bipolar disorder along the spectrum of affective disorders, from non-classical bipolar presentation through to severe BAD with borderline features. The paper cites clinical, research and pharmacologic support of the contention that BPD, rather than representing a distinct disorder, is merely an attenuation of Axis I disorders, most especially bipolar affective disorder. Borderline personality is evident across the bipolar spectrum and exacerbates symptomatology and leads to poorer recovery prognosis.
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Yuriy, Mysula. "Features of cognitive disorders in patients with primary episodes of bipolar affective disorder." ScienceRise: Medical Science, no. 2(35) (March 31, 2020): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4798.2020.198667.
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<strong>The aim</strong> of the work was to study the features of cognitive disorders in the primary episode of bipolar affective disorder, taking into account the gender factor and clinical variant. <strong>Materials and methods.</strong> 153 patients with primary episode of bipolar affective disorder: with prevalence of depressive symptomatology (44 men and 75 women), with prevalence of manic symptoms (15 men and 8 women) and with simultaneous presence of depressive and manic symptomatology or with rapid or severe manic symptoms and 5 women) were examined using the Stroop test. <strong>Results and discussion.</strong> In patients with the depressed primary episode variant, a general slowdown in the performance of all four subtests of the Stroop test was detected: reading time of the names of colors printed in black font (TNFb) in all patients 63.7±8.1 sec., in men 65.0±9.6 sec., in women 63.0±7.0 sec.; names of colors (NС) were respectively 96.6±9.2 sec, 96.5±9.1 sec and 96.6±9.3; reading time of color names where the font color is different from the word value (TNCd) – respectively 153.5±20.3 sec., 153.8±23.3 sec., 153.3±18.6 sec.; name of the word color where the font color is different from the word value (NCWd) – 62.6±7.9 sec., 63.8±9.3 sec. and 61.9±6.9 sec. In patients with a manic variant, the time to perform the Strup test is the smallest of all groups: TNFb – 44.3±4.0 sec., 44.5±4.1 sec. and 43.8±4.1 sec.; NC – 62.7±4.9 sec., 61.7±5.5 sec. and 64.6±3.2 sec.; TNCd – 116.2±9.5 sec., 118.0±10.5 sec. and 112.9±6.4 sec.; NCWd – 43.3±4.0 sec., 43.5±4.1 sec. and 42.8±4.1 sec, respectively. In patients with mixed variant indicators occupy an intermediate position: TNFb – 59,8±16,1 sec., 57,3±14,6 sec. and 62.8±19.0 sec.; NC – 79.1±10.1 sec., 76.5±10.3 sec. and 82.2±10.0 sec.; TNCd – 124.3±22.5 sec., 120.7±18.9 sec. and 128.6±27.7 sec.; NCWd – 58.5±15.7 sec., 56.2±14.3 sec. and 61.4±18.5 sec. in accordance. Gender differences in Stroop test performance are not significant. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> The primary episode of BAD is characterized by the presence of cognitive impairment, the structure and expressiveness of which is determined by the clinical variant. In the depressive variant revealed the greatest overall slowdown in the execution of the Stroop test with a significant number of errors, with manic - deterioration of attention, behavioral inhibition and maximal impulse control when mixed - a marked slowdown in the performance of the Stroop test with a significant number of errors. Gender differences in cognitive impairment are insignificant
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Adomaitiene, V., A. Kunigeliene, K. Dambrauskiene, and V. Danileviciute. "Bipolar Affective Disorders: Diagnostic and Treatment Situation in Lithuania." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70790-4.
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Introduction:Bipolar disorder is one of the most important psychiatric diseases. This is a lifelong illness which increases disability, bad social, employment, and functional outcomes. Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings - from overly “high” and irritable to sad and hopeless, often with periods of normal mood between. Bipolar I disorder is characterized by a history of at least one manic episode, with or without depressive symptoms. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by the presence of both depressive symptoms and a less severe form of mania.Objective:To review diagnostic and treatment situation of bipolar affective disorders in Lithuania.Method:A review of bipolar affective disorders in Lithuania: the prevalence of bipolar disorders, the differences between genders, the clinical features between genders.Results:Studies have suggested, that the prevalence of bipolar disorder in Lithuania is 1 % of population. The rates of bipolar disorder: in 2003 was 1131 cases, in 2004 - 1133 cases, in 2005 - 1147 cases, in 2006 - 1255 cases, in 2007 - 1257 cases. Distribution of bipolar disorders between males and females: males - 35,88 %, females - 64,12 %.Conclusion:The rates of Bipolar I disorder are equal between female and male population, but bipolar II disorder is more frequent in female population (bipolar depression, mixed manic disorder). Bipolar disorder with alcohol and drug abuse are very common among male population. Bipolar disorders are very common with somatic disease (thyroid disease, migraine, obesity of medication), anxiety disorders are more frequent in female population.
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Pardoen, D., F. Bauwens, M. Dramaix, et al. "Life Events and Primary Affective Disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 2 (1996): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.2.160.
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BackgroundUnipolar and bipolar patients with a chronic illness pattern were investigated to determine whether they experienced a higher number of life events prior to the onset of recurrent affective episodes.MethodThe study participants consisted of 27 recovered bipolar patients, 24 recovered unipolar patients and 26 healthy control subjects. Life events and psychiatric status were assessed by bimonthly interviews over the period of one year using the Inventory for Recent Life Events and the Research Diagnostic Criteria.ResultsIn both unipolar and bipolar patients, analyses revealed no significant differences in the number of life events experienced, irrespective of whether the patients had presented with a depressive episode of at least minor intensity during the study (all P > 0.1). Specifically, an increase in marital problems was observed in bipolar patients prior to the onset of recurrent hypomanic and manic episodes (P=0.06).ConclusionThe causal association between life events and the onset of depression, shown to be relevant in non-chronically depressed subjects, does not apply in chronic affective disorders. In addition, our results suggest that marital events have an impact on the onset of recurrent hypomanic and manic episodes.
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Engmann, Birk. "Bipolar Affective Disorder and Migraine." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/389851.
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This paper consists of a case history and an overview of the relationship, aetiology, and treatment of comorbid bipolar disorder migraine patients. A MEDLINE literature search was used. Terms for the search were bipolar disorder bipolar depression, mania, migraine, mood stabilizer. Bipolar disorder and migraine cooccur at a relatively high rate. Bipolar II patients seem to have a higher risk of comorbid migraine than bipolar I patients have. The literature on the common roots of migraine and bipolar disorder, including both genetic and neuropathological approaches, is broadly discussed. Moreover, bipolar disorder and migraine are often combined with a variety of other affective disorders, and, furthermore, behavioural factors also play a role in the origin and course of the diseases. Approach to treatment options is also difficult. Several papers point out possible remedies, for example, valproate, topiramate, which acts on both diseases, but no first-choice treatments have been agreed upon yet.
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Lapalme, Micheline, Sheilagh Hodgins, and Catherine LaRoche. "Children of Parents with Bipolar Disorder: A Metaanalysis of Risk for Mental Disorders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 6 (1997): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200609.
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Objective: To compare the prevalence rates of mental disorders among children of parents with bipolar disorder and of parents with no mental disorders. Method: Seventeen studies, meeting specific selection criteria, were included in the metaanalyses. Risks for mental disorders among children were estimated by aggregating raw data from the selected studies. Results: Results indicate that in comparison with children of parents with no mental disorders, children of parents with bipolar disorder are 2.7 times more likely to develop any mental disorder and 4.0 times more likely to develop an affective disorder. The metaanalyses indicate that during childhood and adolescence, the risks for any mental disorder and for affective disorders in children are consistently but moderately related to having a parent who suffers from bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Risk factors that could account for the psychopathology observed in children of bipolar parents are explored.
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Koparal, Buket, Mehmet Unler, Hayriye Cisem Utku, and Selcuk Candansayar. "REVOLVING DOOR PHENOMENON AND RELATED FACTORS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS." Psychiatria Danubina 33, no. 1 (2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2021.18.
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Kavitha, R. R., and S. Kamalam. "Functional Improvement of Bipolar Affective Disorders." International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing 3, no. 1 (2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-180x.2017.00007.x.
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Feinstein, A. David, and R. Michael Morgan. "Hypnosis in Regulating Bipolar Affective Disorders." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 29, no. 1 (1986): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1986.10402675.
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El-Rasas, Hanan, Menan Rabie, Hesham Hatata, Amani Haron, and Tarek Asaad. "Sleep profile in bipolar affective disorders." Middle East Current Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (2014): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.xme.0000443893.92706.fa.
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Canete, Maria, and Arturo Ezquerro. "Bipolar Affective Disorders and Group Analysis." Group Analysis 45, no. 2 (2012): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316412439368.
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Ramana, R., and P. Bebbington. "Social influences on bipolar affective disorders." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 30, no. 4 (1995): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00790652.
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Van Eerdewegh, M. M., P. Van Eerdewegh, W. Coryell, et al. "Schizo-affective disorders: bipolar-unipolar subtyping." Journal of Affective Disorders 12, no. 3 (1987): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(87)90031-0.
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Vivalya, Bives Mutume, Germain Manzekele Bin Kitoko, Adelard Kalima Nzanzu, et al. "Affective and Psychotic Disorders in War-Torn Eastern Part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study." Psychiatry Journal 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9190214.
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Background. There is lack of information about prevalence of affective and psychotic disorders triggered by traumatic events among people living in war-affected regions. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence rate of affective and psychotic disorders and the associated factors in a war-torn eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods. This epidemiological cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019 at Cepima and Muyisa health centers. This study enrolled 344 patients that had experienced traumatic events in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo from the 1119 participants, of whom 229 had positive bipolar affective disorder and 115 patients had psychotic disorders. Results. The results revealed that bipolar affective disorders were two times more than psychotic disorders. Sexual abuse, sudden death of a relative, kidnapping, the physical torture, and childhood trauma were the psychological factors correlated to the occurrence of bipolar affective and psychotic disorders. Conclusions. It was concluded that the traumatic experiences were precursors for the occurrence of bipolar affective and psychotic spectrum disorders.
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Simutkin, G. G. "Probabilistic diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder: possibilities and limitations (literature review)." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY 58, no. 4-1 (2024): 45–60. https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-902.
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The literature review presents the main modern data on the epidemiology and socio-economic significance of bipolar affective disorder (BD), discusses the difficulties of early diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorders, predictors of the bipolar course of affective disorders and a probabilistic approach to the diagnosis of BD, discusses controversial issues in the diagnosis of mixed affective states, the use of potential biomarkers both for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and for the differential diagnosis of unipolar and bipolar depression, as well as possible therapeutic approaches for the probabilistic diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
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Jones, Lisa, Jan Scott, Sayeed Haque, et al. "Cognitive style in bipolar disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 5 (2005): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.5.431.
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BackgroundAbnormalities of cognitive style in bipolar disorder are of both clinical and theoretical importance.AimsTo compare cognitive style in people with affective disorders and in healthy controls.MethodSelf-rated questionnaires were administered to 118 individuals with bipolar I disorder, 265 with unipolar major recurrent depression and 268 healthy controls. Those with affective disorder were also interviewed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and case notes were reviewed.ResultsThose with bipolar disorder and those with unipolar depression demonstrated different patterns of cognitive style from controls; negative self-esteem best discriminated between those with affective disorders and controls; measures of cognitive style were substantially affected by current levels of depressive symptomatology; patterns of cognitive style were similar in bipolar and unipolar disorder when current mental state was taken into account.ConclusionsThose with affective disorder significantly differed from controls on measures of cognitive style but there were no differences between unipolar and bipolar disorders when current mental state was taken into account.
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Craddock, Nick, and Mike Owen. "Chromosomal Aberrations and Bipolar Affective Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 4 (1994): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.4.507.
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Chromosomal abnormalities associated with bipolar disorder may help in the localisation of susceptibility genes for bipolar illness by pinpointing ‘candidate’ regions of the genome for further study using molecular genetic methods. We review descriptions of chromosomal abnormalities in association with bipolar and related affective disorders and evaluate their relevance for localising susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder, using standardised criteria. We found 28 reports. We identified four genomic regions of potential interest: 11q21-25; 15q11-13; chromosome 21; Xq28. It is important that clinicians are able to recognise patients who may have chromosome abnormalities which could help in the localisation of susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders. We suggest referral for specialist investigation and karyotyping, to a psychiatric genetics research group, of any patient with functional psychosis and one or more of the following: (a) a strong family history of functional psychosis; (b) mental retardation; (c) another disease known to be caused by a single gene; or (d) congenital abnormalities.
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Vasilieva, S. N., G. G. Simutkin, E. D. Schastnyy, E. V. Lebedeva, and N. A. Bokhan. "Bipolar Disorder: Comorbidity with Other Mental Disorders." Psikhiatriya 19, no. 3 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-3-15-21.
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Failure to diagnose bipolar disorder (BD) in time leads to an increase in suicide risk, worse prognosis of the disease, and an increase in the socioeconomic burden. Aim: to assess the incidence of comorbidity of bipolar disorder (BD) and other mental and behavioral disorders, as well as the sequence of formation of this multimorbidity. Patients and methods: in the Affective States Department of the Mental Health Research Institute TNRMC, 121 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder were selected for the study group according to the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. The predominance of women in the study group was revealed (n = 83; 68.6%; p < 0.01). Median age of male patients was 36 [30; 54] years, for females — 47 [34; 55] years. Results: data were obtained on a high level of comorbidity in the study group: in 46.3% of patients, BD was combined with another mental disorder. It was found that personality disorders as a comorbid disorder in type I bipolar disorder are less common than in type II bipolar disorder. Gender differences were found in the incidence of anxiety-phobic spectrum and substance use disorders in bipolar disorder. The features of the chronology of the development of bipolar disorder and associated mental disorders have been revealed. Conclusion: in the case of bipolar disorder, there is a high likelihood of comorbidity with other mental disorders. Certain patterns in the chronology of the formation of comorbid relationships between BD and concomitant mental and behavioral disorders were revealed.
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Vuk Pisk, S., K. Matic, E. Ivezic, N. Geres, and I. Filipcic. "comparisation of ABO blood groups between female patiens diagnosed with depressive disorders an bipolar affective disorders." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (2022): S851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2206.
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Introduction The prevalence of ABO alleles in population is different. Many studies confirmed the correlation between the occurrences of some diseases with different genotypes of ABO blood groups. Studies had shown possible differencese between patients with depressive dissorder and bipolar affective disorders according to ABO blood groups. There are contradictory results; some studies had shown significant association between blood group O and BAP, other showed relationship between unipolar depression and blood type O. Others shoedn association between involuntary depression and blood group A and negative association between blood group A and BAP. Objectives The purpose of this study was to reassess the potential diferences between patients with depressive dissorder and bipolar affective disorders according to ABO blood groups. Methods A total of 97 adult female psychiatric inpatients participated in this study. 57,7% were diagnosed with depressive disorder and 42,3% were diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Type of ABO group were measured from the blood samples taken in the morning after 30 min rest. From whole blood, genomic DNA was isolated on QIAcube device (Qiagen, Germany) using QIAamp DNA Blood mini QIAcube kit (Qiagen, Germany). ABO genotyping on 5 basic ABO alleles was performed using allele-specific PCR. Results Comparing ABO blood groups between female patients who are suffering from depressive disorders and bipolar affective disorders, we didn’t found any differences. In both examination groups, higher proportion of A blood group was significant. Conclusions The results of this study didn’t support the hypothesis of diferences in ABO blood group between depressive disorders and bipolar affective disorders. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Singh, Sukhmeet, Liz Forty, Arianna di Florio, et al. "Affective temperaments and concomitant alcohol use disorders in bipolar disorder." Journal of Affective Disorders 186 (November 2015): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.027.
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Kaleda, V. G., and V. A. Zyablov. "Continuous cycling bipolar affective disorders in youth." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 120, no. 4 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202012004114.
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Gutkevich, EV, ED Schastnyy, and IA Zrazhevskaya. "Bipolar affective disorders – investigations of the families." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 28 (December 2012): e19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yic.0000423263.87068.d8.
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Goldberg, Joseph F., Martin Harrow, and Linda S. Grossman. "Recurrent Affective Syndromes in Bipolar and Unipolar Mood Disorders at Follow-Up." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 3 (1995): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.3.382.
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BackgroundIt is in dispute whether affective relapse disrupts psychosocial functioning to the same extent in depressed and manic patients.MethodA prospective, naturalistic, longitudinal follow-up of 84 unipolar and bipolar affectively disordered in-patients was conducted to examine the extent of recurrent affective syndromes and their relationship to overall outcome. Global adjustment relative to relapse was assessed at 2- and 4.5-year follow-ups.ResultsNearly half of the bipolar patients had subsequent syndromes, which were often associated with uniformly poor psychosocial functioning. Fewer than one-quarter of those with recurrences had steady work performance. Bipolar patients taking lithium alone had fewer recurrences than those taking lithium as well as neuroleptics (P<0.05). Bipolar and unipolar patients relapsed with equal frequency, but unipolar relapse was less often associated with readmission to hospital, work impairment, or uniformly poor functioning.ConclusionAffective relapse in bipolar disorders was more detrimental to overall functioning than was recurrence in unipolar depression.
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Lazarescu, M. "the Long Term Evolution of Periodical Affective Disorders, with and without Psychotic Symptoms." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71401-4.
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In the Psychiatric Clinic in Timisoara, we began a study of the long term evolution (over 10 years) on two comparative groups of patients with affective disorders, with and without incongruent psychotic symptoms. We compared one group of 20 bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms with another group of 20 bipolars without psychotic symptoms. the same was done with two groups of 20 patients with monopolar depression. We did not include the cases with more than one schizoaffective episode, which were studied separately. We came to the conclusion that affective disorders associated with incongruent psychosis, had an earlier onset, a worse prognosis and other genetic and temperamental characteristics, than the ones without psychotic symptoms. Also the cases with schizoaffective disorder (schizo-bipolar and schizo-depressive) we have studied had an earlier onset and a bad prognosis.
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Zhang, Hanru. "Causes of Bipolar Disorder in Adolescents." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 9, no. 1 (2023): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/9/20230189.
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Mood fluctuation is common in daily life, however, severe mood fluctuation may be a symptom of affective illness. Bipolar disorders as a severe affective illness have a high prevalence, especially among adolescents. Although one of the most frequently discussed psychiatric illnesses is bipolar disorder, the causes are still not precisely known. Through reviewing previous research, this paper analyzes the causes of bipolar disorder, including personal and social factors, as well as the intervention and treatment of bipolar disorder. Both personal and social factor serve as important variables in affecting bipolar disorder. Offspring of parents with bipolar disease undoubtedly have considerable genetic impact; nonetheless, an adolescent's individuality leads their mood to swing correspondingly, ultimately progressing to bipolar disorder. Social factors such as family environment have a huge impact on adolescents mental state; interpersonal relationships strongly affect adolescents mood status, and furthermore, social environment also hugely affects how adolescents interact with their peers, as a result causes bipolar disorder. The intervention and treatment of bipolar disorder should be further developed in future research.
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BEBBINGTON, PAUL. "Recent findings in bipolar affective disorder." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 5 (2004): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002855.
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Goodwin (2000) famously argued that bipolar disorder was the Cinderella of psychiatry. It certainly should not be: there is no doubt of the anguish caused by the condition, in particular the excess of natural mortality and the great excess of death by suicide (Ösby et al. 2001). In this issue, Mitchell et al. (2004) report that 26% of their cases of bipolar disorder had attempted suicide at some point. This reflects the sheer persistence of personal suffering: Judd and colleagues (2002, 2003) demonstrated in a long and detailed follow-up that patients with bipolar disorder were symptomatic at least half the time. The Australian National Survey of Psychotic Disorders found levels of disability in affective psychosis equal to those of schizophrenia (Jablensky et al. 2000), and bipolar cases are more likely to score highly on measures of disability than unipolar cases (Mitchell et al. 2004). People with bipolar disorder are more likely to be single, widowed or divorced than both the general populace and those with unipolar depression (Mitchell et al. 2004).
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Vohra, Adarsh, and Caroline Leeming. "Bipolar affective disorder as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 27, no. 2 (2010): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700001142.
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AbstractThe association between bipolar affective disorder and multiple sclerosis continues to be poorly understood in view of the limited knowledge and research in this field. Here we present the case of a 43 year old female with bipolar affective disorder who later developed multiple sclerosis. The relationship between the two disorders is discussed in the light of relevant and pertinent literature. It is hypothesised that bipolar affective disorder may be the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients of bipolar affective disorder with neurological symptoms.
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Orsolini, L. "Temperament, bipolar disorder and addictive disorders: Which personalized and integrated approach?" European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.57.
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Affective Disorders are on a clinical continuum in which temperaments and other coexisting or emerging mental conditions may cover the role of risk factors or determinants of specific dimensional aspects of Bipolar Disorder. Overall, it is important to better characterize the psychopathological conditions associated to the clinical picture of an affective disorder in order to perform more personalized and integrated approach for the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of individuals with dual disorder.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Hollander, Eric. "Introduction: The Impact and Management of the Bipolar Spectrum in 2004." CNS Spectrums 9, S12 (2004): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900028832.
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This academic supplement to CNS Spectrums high-lights the impact of the broader bipolar spectrum as a considerable public health concern, the side effects that must be considered in a risk/benefit analysis of effective pharmacologic treatments of bipolar disorder, and the state of the art of psychosocial interventions utilized to manage the disorder.One important development in the conceptualization of bipolar disorder is that a common underlying endophenotype may mediate a range of presentations manifesting as the broader bipolar spectrum. This includes variants of bipolar disorder, such as bipolar II, cyclothymia, and mixed states; disorders characterized by affective instability, such as cluster B personality disorders; and disorders characterized by impulsivity associated with affective instability, such as impulse-control disorders. Since there may be various phenotypic expressions of a common underlying endophenotype, this may also help to explain the high rate of comorbidity found in bipolar disorder.
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Hallonquist, J. D., M. A. Goldberg, and J. S. Brandes. "Affective Disorders and Circadian Rhythms." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 3 (1986): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378603100315.
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Abnormal circadian rhythms have been associated with affective disorders. A review of this rapidly expanding area of investigation shows that while a clear causal relationship has not yet been proven, a knowledge of the circadian system and its dysfunction can help in understanding unipolar and bipolar depression. Evidence suggests that existing therapies such as lithium and antidepressants act upon the circadian system. Better identification of individuals at risk for affective disorders and the development of new preventive and therapeutic interventions may result from further study of circadian dysfunction.
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Musalek, M. "Alcohol Addiction and Bipolar Disorders." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70260-3.
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In the last decades a large number of co-morbidity studies were published indicating a strong relationship between affective disorders and alcohol addiction. Patients with affective disorders suffer also from dependence disorders at about 6 times more often than the rest of the population. In 30 to 60 percent of patients with alcohol addiction also affective disorders are present. In this context authors emphasized that depressive states observed in the course of alcohol addiction may be reactions to problems occurring in the frame of dependence disorders. In contrast to that depressive mood disorders in general (and above all states of anxiety and increased tension often connected with depressive states) can also be considered as starting points of addictive behaviour. Furthermore alcohol itself may induce and catalyze depressive mood. Less attention has been paid to the role of manic or hypomanic states in dependence disorders. The few studies indicate an increased co-morbidity rate between bipolar II disorders and alcohol addiction. In a psychopathological study carried out on 200 alcohol addicts in the Anton Proksch Institute Vienna we focused on the co-morbidity with bipolar II as well as on the pathogenetic role of hypomanic states in the frame of constellations of conditions of alcohol dependence using among other scales and a standardized interview, the Hypomania Self Rating Scale (HSRS, Angst). Preliminary results underline a strong relationship between Bipolar II Disorders and Alcohol Addiction: hypomanic states induce high risk behaviours which may become responsible for relapse and increased alcohol consumption.
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Souery, D., I. Massat, and J. Mendlewicz. "Genetics of bipolar disorders." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 12, no. 3 (2000): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800035420.
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ABSTRACTAdvances towards the understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in mood disorders provide interesting yet diverse hypotheses and promising models. In this context, molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD. This phenomenon describes the increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific mutations (Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences) and may represent a genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder. In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, provided additional evidence in favour of the genetic hypothesis in mood disorders. Moreover, these methods have been improved through models to test the gene-environment interactions. While significant advances have been made in this major field of research, it appears that integrative models, taking into account the interactions between biological (genetic) factors and social (psychosocial environment) variables offer the most reliable way to approach the complex mechanisms involved in the etiology and outcome of mood disorders.
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Schiavone, Paolo, Stella Dorz, Donatella Conforti, Caterina Scarso, and Giuseppe Borgherini. "Comorbidity of DSM–IV Personality Disorders in Unipolar and Bipolar Affective Disorders: A Comparative Study." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (2004): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.121-128.
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The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Personality Disorders assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for Axis-II in 155 inpatients diagnosed with Unipolar Disorder vs inpatients with Bipolar Disorder (39). The most frequent Axis II diagnoses among Unipolar inpatients were Borderline (31.6%), Dependent (25.2%), and Obsessive-Compulsive (14.2%) Personality Disorders. Among Bipolar inpatients, the most prevalent personality disorders were Borderline (41%), Narcissistic (20.5%), Dependent (12.8%), and Histrionic disorders (10.3%). Using chi squared analysis, few differences in distribution emerged between the two groups: Unipolar patients had more recurrent Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder than Bipolar patients (χ12 = 6.24, p < .005). Comorbid Narcissistic Personality Disorder was significantly more frequent in the Bipolar than in the Unipolar group (χ12 = 6.34, p < .01). Considering the three clusters (DSM–IV classification), there was a significant difference between the groups, Cluster C (fearful, avoidant) diagnoses being more frequent in the Unipolar than in the Bipolar group (48.4% vs 20.5%, respectively). Cluster B (dramatic, emotionally erratic) diagnoses were found more frequently in patients with Bipolar Disorders (71.8% vs 45.2% in Unipolar patients, χ22 = 10.1, p < .006). The differences in the distribution and prevalence of Personality Disorders between the two patient groups are discussed.
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Forstner, Andreas J., Per Hoffmann, Markus M. Nöthen, and Sven Cichon. "Insights into the genomics of affective disorders." Medizinische Genetik 32, no. 1 (2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/medgen-2020-2003.
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Abstract Affective disorders, or mood disorders, are a group of neuropsychiatric illnesses that are characterized by a disturbance of mood or affect. Most genetic research in this field to date has focused on bipolar disorder and major depression. Symptoms of major depression include a depressed mood, reduced energy, and a loss of interest and enjoyment. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the occurrence of (hypo)manic episodes, which generally alternate with periods of depression. Formal and molecular genetic studies have demonstrated that affective disorders are multifactorial diseases, in which both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease development. Twin and family studies have generated heritability estimates of 58–85 % for bipolar disorder and 40 % for major depression. Large genome-wide association studies have provided important insights into the genetics of affective disorders via the identification of a number of common genetic risk factors. Based on these studies, the estimated overall contribution of common variants to the phenotypic variability (single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]-based heritability) is 17–23 % for bipolar disorder and 9 % for major depression. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that the associated loci and implicated genes converge into specific pathways, including calcium signaling. Research suggests that rare copy number variants make a lower contribution to the development of affective disorders than to other psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia or the autism spectrum disorders, which would be compatible with their less pronounced negative impact on reproduction. However, the identification of rare sequence variants remains in its infancy, as available next-generation sequencing studies have been conducted in limited samples. Future research strategies will include the enlargement of genomic data sets via innovative recruitment strategies; functional analyses of known associated loci; and the development of new, etiologically based disease models. Researchers hope that deeper insights into the biological causes of affective disorders will eventually lead to improved diagnostics and disease prediction, as well as to the development of new preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacogenetics and the application of polygenic risk scores represent promising initial approaches to the future translation of genomic findings into psychiatric clinical practice.
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Agius, M., and G. Tavormina. "The Bipolar Spectrum; Do we Need a Single Algorithm for Affective Disorders?" European Psychiatry 24, S1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70839-9.
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Increasing understanding of the bipolar spectrum of disorders has led to an increasing integration of concepts regarding the aetiology and treatment of affective disorders.Thus, for example, we now understand that an illness, previously believed to be recurrent depressive disorder, may develop over time into a bipolar illness, and bipolar II illnesses may develop into bipolar I.Agitated depression may in fact be a mixed affective state, and injudicious use of powerful antidepressants in patients with undiagnosed bipolar disorder may lead to the development of mixed states or rapid cycling illness, as well as a complete switch from depression to mania.Mixed states and rapid cycling states are linked with increased suicidality.Meanwhile bipolar disorder, especially bipolar II disorder, remains a condition which is underdiagnosed and often inappropriately treated.Unfortunately, NICE guidelines are separate for Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Illness; those for Unipolar illness advocate a 'stepped care’ model, centred round primary care, while bipolar guidelines warn against injudicious use of antidepressants and the use of mood stabilisers to prevent ‘switching’ to mania.Primary care physicians are not warned to take a full longitudinal history in depressed patients, to identify bipolar illness, nor are they trained to use mood stabilisers in patients with bipolar II disorder, and in the risks of injudicious use of antidepressants.We need a single algorithm for identifying and treating affective disorders.The symposium will consider these issues as a prelude to a Europe Wide meeting planned for later in 2009, to develop guidelines about these issues.
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Winthorst, Wim H., Annelieke M. Roest, Elisabeth H. Bos, et al. "Seasonal affective disorder and non-seasonal affective disorders: Results from the NESDA study." BJPsych Open 3, no. 4 (2017): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004960.
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BackgroundSeasonal affective disorder (SAD) is considered to be a subtype of depression.AimsTo compare the clinical picture of SAD to non-seasonal affective disorders (non-SADs).MethodDiagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) were established in 2185 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire was administered to diagnose SAD. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured with the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Fear Questionnaire.ResultsParticipants with SAD, participants with a lifetime bipolar disorder and participants with a lifetime comorbid anxiety and depressive disorder scored highest in terms of psychopathology in the past year. The seasonal distribution of major depressive episodes was not different for participants with or without SAD.ConclusionsSAD may be a measure of severity of depression with a subjectively perceived worsening of symptoms in the winter months.
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Bosić, Vanja, Boris Golubović, Vladimir Knežević, Aleksandra Dickov, and Dušan Kuljančić. "The significance of distinguishing unipolar depression and depressive episodes in bipolar affective disorder: Case report." Timocki medicinski glasnik 49, no. 1-2 (2024): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tmg2401035b.
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Introduction. Mood disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders, divided into unipolar depression and bipolar affective disorders. Bipolar affective disorders manifest as mania, hypomania, mixed episodes, and depressive episodes, with depressive episodes occurring much more frequently. Hypomanic/ manic episodes often remain unrecognized by patients, their families, and even physicians due to insufficiently available heteroanamnestic data. It is crucial to raise awareness of the importance of thorough history taking, as therapy differs significantly between unipolar depression and bipolar affective disorder. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of distinguishing unipolar depression from depressive episodes in bipolar affective disorder and establishing an accurate diagnosis. Case presentation: We present a case of a 73-year-old female patient who has been undergoing outpatient psychiatric treatment for the past twenty years, diagnosed with recurrent depression. During her last hospitalization, she presented to the clinic accompanied by her children, who reported significant changes in her emotions and behavior, accompanied by paranoid-interpretative delusional ideas. Overall, this description corresponds to a manic psychotic episode within the framework of bipolar affective disorder. Further heteroanamnestic data revealed the patient's history of regularly seeking medical help when experiencing low mood and impaired functioning on a daily basis. However, episodes of hypomania, characterized by elevated mood, logorrhea, increased activity, decreased need for sleep, and the absence of accompanying fatigue, were perceived simply as her good mood by both her family members and herself. Consequently, the patient was perceived as having a recurrent depressive disorder, leading to therapy with antidepressants only, while in fact, the lack of data led to the oversight of bipolar affective disorder. Conclusion: From the presented case, we conclude that timely distinction and accurate diagnosis of these two disorders are crucial for prescribing appropriate therapy and preventing the occurrence of "switching" into mania.
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Dmitriev, Maxim, Ekaterina Nikitenko, Maria Mamedova, and Nikita Spryshkov. "Aspects of the affective disorders and the affective temperaments in medical students from Rostov-on-Don, Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 19022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021019022.
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Affective disorders are widespread among student youth. Anxiety and depression are the most common disorders, but thorough diagnostics reveals other emotional disturbances as well, which may imply bipolar disorder (BD). BD is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes; therefore, it is important to identify masking symptoms that predict the onset and course of BD. One of the predictors of bipolar disorder is the temperament. The present study aimed to analyze the entire spectrum of affective disorders and determine the correlation between them and the affective temperaments. The study involved 106 medical students. They completed the following autoquestionnaires: PHQ-9, ASRM, GAD-7, ShARS, HCL-32 and TEMPS-A. Conducting analyses, the results of the HCL-32 questionnaire were statistically significantly correlating with the results of GAD-7 (p = 0.034) and the hyperthymic (p = 0.000), cyclothymic (p = 0.000) and excitable (p = 0.004) temperaments according to TEMPS-A. When dividing the total sample into two groups, based on the HCL-32 questionnaire data, a higher incidence of depressive disorders on the PHQ-9 scale (p = 0.023) was found among respondents who scored more than 14 points on the HCL-32. Almost half of the respondents showed a high level of hypomania, which implies a high risk of developing bipolar spectrum disorders. A statistically significant relationship between hypomania and personality traits was found with hyperthymic, cyclothymic and excitable temperaments. It is necessary to diagnose such disorders in time to improve the social functioning of the students.
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Kessing, Lars Vedel, Tom Gert Bolwig, Per Kragh Andersen, and Preben Bo Mortensen. "Recurrence in affective disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 1 (1998): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.1.23.
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BackgroundIn recent years, studies of the risk of recurrence in affective disorder in relation to the number of prior episodes have given contradictory results.MethodSurvival analysis was used to calculate the rate of recurrence after successive episodes in a case register study including all hospital admissions with primary affective disorder in Denmark during 1971–1993. A total of 20 350 first-admission patients were discharged with a diagnosis of affective disorder, depressive or manic/cyclic type.ResultsThe rate of recurrence increased with the number of previous episodes in both unipolar and bipolar disorder. Initially, the two types of disorders followed markedly different courses, but later in the course of the illness the rate of recurrence was the same for the two disorders.ConclusionsThe course of severe unipolar and bipolar disorder seems to be progressive in nature despite the effect of treatment.
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Souery, D., O. Lipp, B. Mahieu, and J. Mendlewicz. "Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders with Particular Reference to Affective Disorders." European Psychiatry 12, S2 (1997): 63s—69s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80209-x.
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SummaryThe present article reviews the recent molecular genetic findings in affective disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole, linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation of some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar affective disorder on chromosomes 18, 5, 11, 4, 21 and X. The hypothesis of anticipation in affective disorders is also considered in light of interesting results with trinucleotide repeat mutations.