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1
Lindell, Catherine, Melissa Hannay, and Benjamin Hawes. "Bird Management in Blueberries and Grapes." Agronomy 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120295.
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Bird damage to fruit is a long-standing challenge for growers that imposes significant costs because of yield losses and grower efforts to manage birds. We measured bird damage in ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry fields and Pinot noir vineyards in 2012–2014 in Michigan to investigate how year, grower, and forest cover influenced the proportions of bird damage. We tested whether inflatable tubemen (2013–2014) and a methyl anthranilate spray (2015) reduced bird damage in blueberries, and tested the deterrent effect of inflatable tubemen in grapes (2014). Years when crop yield was lower tended to have a higher damage percentage; for blueberries, bird damage was highest in 2012, and in grapes, damage was highest in 2012 and 2014. Neither blueberry fields nor vineyards with inflatable tubemen showed significantly reduced bird damage, although the blueberry fields showed a non-significant trend toward lower damage in the tubemen blocks. Blueberry field halves treated with the methyl anthranilate spray had equivalent bird damage to untreated halves. Our results correspond to previous work showing that percent bird damage varies by year, which was likely because bird consumption of fruit is relatively constant over time, while fruit yield varies. Fruit growers should expect a higher proportion of bird damage in low-fruit contexts, such as low-yield years, and prepare to invest more in bird management at those times. Investigating patterns of bird damage and testing deterrent strategies remain challenges. Bird activity is spatially and temporally variable, and birds’ mobility necessitates tests at large scales.
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Honda, Takeshi. "Exploiting Scanning Behavior for Predators Can Reduce Rice Damage Caused by Birds." International Journal of Zoology 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/568494.
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Rice is often damaged by birds, especially sparrows, in Asia. Bird nets are sometimes used as countermeasures; however this approach is expensive and labor intensive. For this reason, farmers generally eschew bird nets, even though no alternative countermeasures are available. This study focused on exploiting the bird behavior of scanning for predators to reduce crop damage. When birds forage for seeds on the ground they often stop pecking and briefly raise their heads, apparently to scan for predators. Low visibility habitats increase scanning behavior and increased scanning behavior reduces habitat quality from the bird’s perspective; therefore, this study tested the relationship between rice damage rate and visibility at the periphery of rice fields, where tree sparrows rest after feeding. Overall, low visibility reduced damage to rice. Because visibility was mainly affected by weeds, weed management techniques contribute to crop damage management. To reduce damage, weeding can be decreased; therefore, this technique is cost- and labor-efficient.
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Dolbeer, R. A., P. P. Woronecki, and R. A. Stehn. "Resistance of Sweet Corn to Damage by Blackbirds and Starlings." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 2 (March 1986): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.2.306.
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Abstract Twenty-five cultivars of sweet corn were evaluated for resistance to bird damage in an aviary during 1983 and 1984. A free-choice test was used in which red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula L.), and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) could select from among 8 cultivars at a time. In addition, no-choice conditions in which red-wings were presented with only one cultivar at a time were tested. In the free choice test, there were significant differences among bird species and corn cultivars in the amount of damage. The most damaged cultivar had 4.8 times the damage of the least damaged cultivar. Starlings did the most damage and grackles the least, but all bird species damaged the cultivars in the same approximate order. Differences in damage among cultivars were diminished in the no-choice tests; however, the damage ranking of cultivars was similar to that of the free-choice test. Husk weight, length of husk beyond kernels, and weight of husk extension were the best correlates (all negative) with damage. The incorporation of these characteristics into sweet corn lines should increase cultivar resistance to damage by birds.
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Coleman, J., and E. B. Spurr. "Farmer perceptions of bird damage and control in arable crops." New Zealand Plant Protection 54 (August 1, 2001): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2001.54.3719.
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One hundred arable farmers from across New Zealand were randomly selected and interviewed in summer 2000 to assess their perceptions of the nature and extent of bird damage to their crops the bird species involved the factors affecting the level of damage and the type and cost of any bird control undertaken Most farmers considered birds caused serious damage to their crops with wheat barley peas and some speciality seed crops such as brassicas borage and evening primrose most at risk Damage was rarely perceived to exceed 5 in cereals but was often higher in speciality crops It was most severe at seed maturation The birds responsible for most of the damage were house sparrows and greenfinches Most farmers undertook some form of bird control to protect their crops with shooting gas guns and avicides most commonly used The overall expenditure on bird control was far less than the value of the damage reported
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Mega, Fitri Ramadhani, and Priyambodo Swastiko. "Attacks of munia bird (Lonchura spp.) on rice crops and control carried out by farmers in Tigo Nagari, Pasaman, West Sumatra, Indonesia." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 516–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13182633.
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The cultivation of rice crop could not be separated from the disturbance caused by plant pests, one of which is munia bird (<em>Lonchura </em>spp.) which eat grain. The objective of this research is to observe the types of munia bird and its population level, as well as the farmers' perceptions to the presence of munia birds, and the control methods that farmers apply. This research was conducted in the Tigo Nagari Sub-district, Pasaman District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia to calculate the population and intensity of munia birds’ attacks through field observations. In addition, find out farmers' perceptions about the attack of bird, losses, and its control technique, through interview method. The intensity of attack was calculated based on the grain damage scoring. Results showed that there were two species of munia birds that dominate in field, namely white-headed munia (<em>Lonchura maja</em>) (397 heads) and scally-breasted munia (<em>L. punctulata</em>) (172 heads). The average intensity of the munia bird attack was 15.39%, the maximum reached 22.05%, and could reach losses up to one million rupiah per hectare. The presence of bird was influenced by the density of vegetation around the land. The higher number of bird presence, the higher damage intensity it caused. Control technique carried out by farmers using a net to cover crop and tying plastic to rope, then it can be pulled and cause noise and shock to bird, moreover farmers’ screaming to keep birds away.
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Jun, Liu. "Dynamic Damage of Aircraft Wing Leading Edge Impacted by Birds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.292.
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In order to verify the preliminary design of Aircraft Wing Leading Edge structures to bird impacting loads. The tests of bird impacting on Wing Leading Edge structure configurations were carried out using the relevant experimental facility. The impacting velocity was measured by laser velocity finder. The structure configuration was impacted by bird on three points and the whole process of dynamic deformation and damage on bird and Wing Leading Edge structure were recorded using high speed camera system. The test results showed that the leading edge slat was weak in anti-bird impacting and can not satisfy the airworthiness certification requirements. At the meantime the test results provid abundant experimental validation datas for the numerical simulation model applied in birds impacting.
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Crisostomo, J. M., D. B. Estano, B. M. Shepard, and J. Olvida. "Efficacy of Nets to Prevent Bird Damage to Rice." International Rice Research Newsletter 11, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 40–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7121965.
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This article 'Efficacy of Nets to Prevent Bird Damage to Rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
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Akinola, O.O. "Socio-Ecological Assessment of Bird Species in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State." Continental J. Biological Sciences 11, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1283268.
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The study was based mainly on the socio-ecological assessment of bird species in Akinyele Local Government with reference to five villages. The study examined the location and the assessment of the bird species and the problem encountered in the area of damage done by the birds on agricultural produce. The villages chosen include Moniya, Onidundun. Akinyele, Ijaye and Isdigba. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered of which 20 questionnaires were distributed to each village, 88 were retrieved and analyzed using Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency court and simple percentages. Lists of some bird species within the study area include Vulture, Owl, Cattle Eaglet, Hawk, Pigeon, and Parrot among others. The study revealed that some birds are regarded as sacred, while some like vultures are forbidden to be consumed by anyone. Some birds are regarded as pests because of damages they cause to farm produce; these include maize, paper, cassava, cocoyam and yam. It is known that the stage of damage is the germination and growing stages. The economic benefits of some birds are; some bird’s serves as time indicator, some are used for medicinal purpose, some serve as source of protein and some serves as sources of income. Also, some are predators to agricultural pest like grasshoppers. Recommendations were made that the government should make law against the illegal hunting of birds and enlighten farmers on how to protect their farms against bird attack. Research should be done to investigate the medicinal values of birds.
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Wang, Siqi, Jinhui Li, Haidong Lin, Zhenhong Deng, Baoqiang Zhang, and Huageng Luo. "Multiple-Bird-Strike Probability Model and Dynamic Response of Engine Fan Blades." Aerospace 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2024): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11060434.
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Bird strikes pose one of the most significant threats to aviation safety, often leading to substantial loss of life and economic damage. Many bird strike incidents involve multiple birds. However, in previous bird strike studies, the problem of multiple bird strikes has often been neglected. In this paper, the bird slicing process of a rotating engine fan is examined, and a probability model is introduced to assess the risk of multiple impacts on the fan blades. In addition, this paper utilized an implicit–explicit calculation method. The parameters of blade root stress, tip displacement, plastic deformation, and energy were selected to investigate the effects of the time interval and strike position of a bird strike on the dynamic response of and damage to the blades. The results indicated that the position of bird strikes has a more pronounced effect on blade damage compared to the time interval between impacts. Damage to a blade is most severe when the blade root is struck multiple times. Multiple bird strikes may not always lead to a significant increase in maximum blade tip displacement, and may even have a dampening effect.
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M T, Ranjith, Dr Mani Chellappan, Dr Vipin Chaudhary, and Sreejeshnath K A. "Bird Pests: Damage and Ecofriendly Management." Annals of Arid Zone 62, no. 4 (December 23, 2023): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.59512/aaz.2023.62.4.11.
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Wang, Jinfeng, and Edwin E. Herricks. "Risk Assessment of Bird–Aircraft Strikes at Commercial Airports." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2266, no. 1 (January 2012): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2266-09.
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Bird strikes are a continuing problem in aviation. Despite the number and severity of reported bird strikes, quantification of the effect of contributory factors has been limited because of the absence of data, especially data on bird activity around airfields. The purpose of this study is to provide initial insight into this important problem by combining a number of databases and information resources available at the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in Washington, including airplane operations, bird strike reports, and the avian radar data on bird movements. Logistic regression and multinomial regression models were used to analyze, respectively, bird strike occurrence and severity. The results indicate that bird track density and airplane movement frequency significantly correlate with bird strike occurrence. High altitude and cloudy weather increase the probability of serious damage. Airplanes weighing less than 27,000 kg and those with turbofan engines and struck positions including tail and light move the propensity toward minor damage compared with no damage. Factors such as single-engine airplanes, medium and large birds, and strikes occurring at engines and wings increase the chance of both serious and minor damage. The findings of this study could provide support for potential changes in airport bird hazard management, airplane operations, and engineering designs of engines and airframes. The study highlights the importance of managing accurate bird strike reports and applying new statistical approaches as more data become available.
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Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders, and Gary W. Luck. "Cost-benefit trade-offs of bird activity in apple orchards." PeerJ 4 (June 30, 2016): e2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2179.
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Birds active in apple orchards in south–eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south–eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artificial codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae (a major pest in apple crops). We found that: (1) excluding birds from branches of apple trees resulted in an average of 12.8% more apples damaged by insects; (2) bird damage to apples was low (1.9% of apples); and (3) when trading off the potential benefits (biological control) with costs (bird damage to apples), birds provided an overall net benefit to orchard growers. We found that predation of real codling moth larvae was higher than for plasticine larvae, suggesting that plasticine prey models are not useful for inferring actual predation levels. Our study shows how complex ecological interactions between birds and invertebrates affect crop yield in apples, and provides practical strategies for improving the sustainability of orchard systems.
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Abadi, Assefa, Abrhaley Shelema, and Tsehaye Brhane. "Occasional Occurrences and Distributions of Red Billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) Birds on Cultivating Crops during the Belg Season at Raya Azebo District of Tigray, Ethiopia." Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science 9, no. 4 (October 2, 2024): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2024/v9i4294.
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The Belg season plays a crucial role in the agricultural calendar of the Raya District, particularly due to the shortage of rainfall during the summer season. This seasonal pattern of rainfall scarcity necessitates the significance of the Belg season for agricultural activities in this region. Aim of the study was to assess the Quelea bird incidence and its association agronomic practice and environmental factors. Field survey was conducted in Raya-azebo district during 2024 Belg season. A total of 49 farmers field were assessed for the incidence and prevalence of the quelea bird. Result indicated that out of the assessed fields, 69.39% was affected by Quelea birds the assessed fields. The damage level caused by birds was varied from 0% to 100%. On average, it was determined that approximately 32.37% of the cultivated crops were affected by birds. The mean percentage of crop damage across all kebelles was observed. Ewo had the highest mean damage at 61.45%, followed by Kara-Adishaho at 57.5%. On the other hand, Tsigea experienced a significantly lower damage rate of 1.67% followed by Genete with damage rat of 11%. Independent variables such as crop types, planting time, harvesting time, source of water, and coverage of trees play a significant (p<0.05) role in influencing bird damage in belg season crops. The lowest bird damage percentage were observed in crops planted in middle March, with 6.19% and late May harvesting, with a rate of 19.38%. Adopting practices such as cultivating crops in clusters and planting crops of similar maturity at the same time can be effective strategies for controlling Quelea birds’ damage in agricultural settings.
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Zafante, Matthew, and Steve Hampton. "LOST BIRD-YEARS: QUANTIFYING BIRD INJURIES IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS FOR OIL SPILLS1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 1019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-1019.
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ABSTRACT Large oil spills routinely impact hundreds or even thousands of birds. In order to determine the compensation that responsible parties owe the public, trustee agencies typically examine the number of live and dead birds collected to estimate total bird mortality caused by the spill (Ford et al., 1987). In these natural resource damage assessments (NRDA), compensation is typically based upon the potential ecological benefits that flow from a restoration project. In the case of a bird kill, final compensation is based upon the cost of implementing a restoration project and not upon a dollar value per bird. The dominant paradigm for calculating compensatory restoration for bird injuries is Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA). This paper begins by providing a brief overview of REA when applied to birds. We then examine the REA implications of varying the level of mortality, baseline variability, and demographic variables in a simple population model that tracks both injured and baseline population levels. After finding no evidence that these factors necessarily produce short recovery times, we summarize two general approaches for calculating lost bird-years. We conclude that short recovery times (e.g., one-year) are unlikely for birds when using individual-based measures of injury. Further, we believe that recovery times may be much longer than currently calculated for situations where plausible “recovery mechanisms” cannot be defined.
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Daugovish, Oleg, and Michi Yamomoto. "(112) Bird Control in Production Strawberries with Falconry." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1047C—1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1047c.
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California leads national strawberry fruit production with annual value in Ventura County alone near $300 million. Bird damage to fruit routinely accounts for 3–5% losses and may exceed 50% in some fields. Conventional bird control tools have limited or no effect on fruit damage and may contribute to noise pollution. A four-site study at Oxnard, Calif., from Jan. to Apr. 2005 (highest value fresh market season) showed that release of Peregrine, Saker, or Barbary falcons in combination with helium balloon launching (site 4) in response to fruit damage reduced fruit damage from 80–90% to 15–20% after 1 week. When fruit damage increased again (>20%) a repeated 1-week daily program completely reduced fruit damage during the rest of the season. Falconry alone at site 2 (near man-made structures) for two consecutive days reduced fruit damage from 70–80% to 10–20%, however, at site 3, near giant reed, three weeks of daily releases did not eliminate the damage, but confined it to the strawberry beds adjacent to reed shelter (reducing overall damage from 100% to 25–50%). High frequency of release is likely unfeasible and destruction of shelter habitat may be justified. Falconry alone before damage occurrence (site 1) seemed to prevent fruit damage; however, lack of birds and fruit damage before, during, and after releases made it difficult to draw conclusions about the success of the preventive program. In April, no fruit damage occurred even during bird presence suggesting the change in their diet. The study showed that seed-eating birds were the main pests at Oxnard, Calif., and that trained falcons can disperse them, thus, reducing fruit damage. The success of falconry was site-specific and depended on proximity of suitable habitat and availability of food sources for pest birds.
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Seprido, Desta Andriani, Febra Heriansyah, and Andi Alatas. "The influence of bird pest attack on rice damage and production in Kuantan Singingi." BIO Web of Conferences 99 (2024): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249903003.
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Birds pest in rice field activities are one of the important pest that attack. It has even caused 161,4 ha of crop loss and 124.05 ha of heavy damage in Riau. This neet to be handled and managed properly. This study was initiated by identifying the types and effects of bird pest attacks on the damage and productionof rice crops in Kuantan Singingi. This study was used a survey method by making plots (10x10 m), bird pests species and populations by using a point transect. Observations were carried out in the morning, afternoon and evening. Bird species identification refers to the MacKinnon Bird Guide in Sumatera, Jawa, and Bali. Diversity of birds pest was calculated by the Shannon-Wienner index, species richness by margaleft index, and species dominance by the Simpson index. This study were observed 1.045 birds attack of paddy field. Koto Kari site was observed 479 individual, 332 individu in Kampung Baru, and 214 in Sangau Lonchura striata was observed as many as 635 individuals. Species diversity index was 0.667, species richness index 0.288, density 0.616 and dominance value 0.527. the highest frequency of bird pest visit was in Koto Kari sithe which was 42 times while based on the species was Lonchura striata71 times with an attack time in the morning of 83 times. The highest damage to panicles by bird pest was caused by Lonchura maja at 46.09% but the highest loss of rice wight was caused by Lonchura striata.
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Hedenström, Anders. "Effects of wing damage and moult gaps on vertebrate flight performance." Journal of Experimental Biology 226, no. 9 (June 7, 2023): jeb227355. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13456430.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vertebrates capable of powered flight rely on wings, muscles that drive their flapping and sensory inputs to the brain allowing for control of the motor output. In birds, the wings are formed of arrangements of adjacent flight feathers (remiges), whereas the wings of bats consist of double-layered skin membrane stretched out between the forelimb skeleton, body and legs. Bird feathers become worn from use and brittle from UV exposure, which leads to loss of function; to compensate, they are renewed (moulted) at regular intervals. Bird feathers and the wings of bats can be damaged by accident. Wing damage and loss of wing surface due to moult almost invariably cause reduced flight performance in measures such as take-off angle and speed. During moult in birds, this is partially counteracted by concurrent mass loss and enlarged flight muscles. Bats have sensory hairs covering their wing surface that provide feedback information about flow; thus, wing damage affects flight speed and turning ability. Bats also have thin, thread-like muscles, distributed within the wing membrane and, if these are damaged, the control of wing camber is lost. Here, I review the effects of wing damage and moult on flight performance in birds, and the consequences of wing damage in bats. I also discuss studies of life-history trade-offs that make use of experimental trimming of flight feathers as a way to handicap parent birds feeding their young.
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Curtis, Paul D., Ian A. Merwin, Marvin P. Pritts, and David V. Peterson. "Chemical Repellents and Plastic Netting for Reducing Bird Damage to Sweet Cherries, Blueberries, and Grapes." HortScience 29, no. 10 (October 1994): 1151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.10.1151.
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We conducted 3 years of field tests comparing two chemicals [methyl anthranilate (MA, a natural compound used as a flavor additive) and Keyplex-350 (a proprietary micronutrient formulation)] that were reported to repel birds to exclusionary plastic netting and nontreated plots. Cumulative fruit damage from birds was monitored on sweet and tart cherry (Prunus avium L. and P. cerasus L.), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera × labrusca). Initial MA formulations caused injury to fruit and foliage. Two modified MA formulations with microencapsulation and photooxidation inhibitors provided significant reductions in bird damage and fruit splitting on sweet cherries in one of four experiments. A taste panel could not detect MA residues on sweet cherries at harvest. Bird damage was slightly reduced in MA-treated grapes, but damage to blueberries was similar in MA and control treatments. Keyplex did not deter birds from feeding on fruit and caused blemishes on and an unpleasant flavor in treated fruit. Many bird species were observed feeding on these fruit crops during successive years at the three experimental sites. Although these two chemicals have the potential to deter bird depredation, our work suggests that neither is consistently effective against all the frugivorous species in the northeastern United States. Chemical name used: 2-Aminobenzoic acid methyl ester [methyl anthranilate (MA)].
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Mega Fitri Ramadhani and Swastiko Priyambodo. "Attacks of munia bird (Lonchura spp.) on rice crops and control carried out by farmers in Tigo Nagari, Pasaman, West Sumatra, Indonesia." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.2654.
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The cultivation of rice crop could not be separated from the disturbance caused by plant pests, one of which is munia bird (Lonchura spp.) which eat grain. The objective of this research is to observe the types of munia bird and its population level, as well as the farmers' perceptions to the presence of munia birds, and the control methods that farmers apply. This research was conducted in the Tigo Nagari Sub-district, Pasaman District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia to calculate the population and intensity of munia birds’ attacks through field observations. In addition, find out farmers' perceptions about the attack of bird, losses, and its control technique, through interview method. The intensity of attack was calculated based on the grain damage scoring. Results showed that there were two species of munia birds that dominate in field, namely white-headed munia (Lonchura maja) (397 heads) and scally-breasted munia (L. punctulata) (172 heads). The average intensity of the munia bird attack was 15.39%, the maximum reached 22.05%, and could reach losses up to one million rupiah per hectare. The presence of bird was influenced by the density of vegetation around the land. The higher number of bird presence, the higher damage intensity it caused. Control technique carried out by farmers using a net to cover crop and tying plastic to rope, then it can be pulled and cause noise and shock to bird, moreover farmers’ screaming to keep birds away.
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Markovic, Maja, and Ksenija Palic. "Natural enemies of fish as cause of economic losses in fish ponds." Veterinarski glasnik 60, no. 5-6 (2006): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0606417m.
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The presence of natural enemies of fish can result in huge economic damage to fish ponds. Direct damages result from the fact that ichthyophagous bird species are capable of eating large quantities of fish in a short time interval, or can cause mechanical injuries to fish which later on become ideal places for the development of secondary infections. In the surviving fish, depending on the depth of the lesions, the healing process takes place either by regeneration or substitution. More serious, bigger damaged areas heal with a scar that can lead to the deforming of parts of the body, and consumers find such fish, which are generally used for human consumption, repellent. According to Schaperclaus, birds can cause even more than 60% losses in carp breeding ponds, in particular in objects where carp fry are maintained. Indirect damages occur when the bird organs are inhabited by larvae or other forms of parasites, which reach the water through feces, and later become fish pathogens through transitory hosts.
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Huang, Qing, Meng Tian, and Ziyang Chen. "Deep Learning-based Detection of Bird’s Nests on Power Transmission Towers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2774, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2774/1/012046.
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Abstract The problem of birds building nests on high-altitude towers has posed a significant hidden danger to the safe operation of long-distance transmission lines. The current manual inspection method is inefficient and costly, while automatic inspection technology still faces challenges in accuracy and efficiency. This article mainly aims to propose a deep learning target detection algorithm YOLOV3 based on convolutional neural networks to monitor and retrieve bird damage faults on power towers. By constructing a large dataset of bird nests on power towers, deep learning training models are used to extract features of the detection targets, and the YOLOV3 algorithm is used to intelligentially identify images with bird damage faults. Experiments show that YOLOV3 can effectively detect bird nests on power towers.
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Salama, M. A., M. I. Aamir, A. A. G. Farag, M. A. Issa, and M. A. Hendawy. "Estimating the Damage of Birds to Wheat, Gurma Melon and Cowpea Crops During the Ripening Period at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt." Arab Journal for Plant Protection 42, no. 4 (December 2024): 552–57. https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-001281.
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Salama, M.A., M.I. Aamir, A.A. Gh. Farag, M.A. Issa and M.A. Hendawy. 2024. Estimating the Damage of Birds to Wheat, Gurma Melon and Cowpea Crops During the Ripening Period at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(4): 552-557. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001281 The damage caused by birds to wheat crop is increasing during the ripening stage. The house sparrow, Passer domesticus niloticus is the main bird pest that attacks wheat spikes during the ripening stage (milk, dough, and mature levels) during 2020 and 2021 seasons. The 6th week of the ripening period suffered the highest damage in all samples compared with other weeks. The samples collected from the field edge showed the highest damage, with 13.05 and 6.75% yield loss during 2020 and 2021, respectively. The samples collected at 6 m from borders didn't show any damage. The statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the tested distances in all weeks of the repining stage during 2020 and 2021 seasons. The gurma melon fruits were attacked by hooded crow, Corvus corone during the ripening stage and the mean proportion of damaged fruits reached 9.47% at the 6th week of fruit development. The special features of the gurma melon plants made it easy for hooded crows to land and take off, thus the birds attacked the crop at any point in the field, thus there was no significant difference between the fruit damage level and distance from the field border. Cowpea was an attractive crop for many bird species such as pigeons and house sparrows. Birds did attack the cowpea pods during the ripening stage, with 6.97% damage during this stage. Keywords: Damage, birds, house sparrow, hooded crow, wheat, gurma melon, cowpea.
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Salahuddin, M. A. A., I. S. Rohayani, and D. A. Candri. "Species diversity of birds as bioindicators for mangroves damage at Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Mandalika in Central of Lombok, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012058.
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Abstract The Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was designated as a tourist area in 2015. The development of the Mandalika area directly impacts the sustainability, diversity of species, especially birds that make mangroves their habitat. The study aims to investigate the value of bird species diversity in mangrove habitats as bioindicators. Furthermore, the research has been carried out for three months, from March to May 2021. Research data collection uses the roaming method, and data analysis uses bird community structure analysis (Diversity Index). In this study, 33 species of birds were found. Furthermore, it was found that six species of birds are protected wildlife. In addition, 16 are migratory birds, and 27 are Least Concern (LC) bird species; four species have Near Threatened (NT) status. Meanwhile, the Index of bird community structure is H’ 2.7, uniformity E 0.8, and dominance C 0.9. The value of the bird community structure in the Mandalika SEZ shows the condition of mangrove habitat in the moderate damage category. Therefore, there needs to be an effort to preserve mangroves involving the community, government, and Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) area managers.
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Yamaguchi, Yasuhiro, Hoshiko Yoshida, Masayuki Saito, and Midori Saeki. "Bird damage to sunflower harvest." Japanese Journal of Ornithology 61, no. 1 (2012): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.61.124.
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Luck, Gary W., Shannon Triplett, and Peter G. Spooner. "Bird use of almond plantations: implications for conservation and production." Wildlife Research 40, no. 6 (2013): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13079.
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Context Farmland crops may suffer damage from native animals, but also provide a critical resource during times of food scarcity. We know little about bird use of almond crops. Aims To examine factors influencing temporal and spatial variation in the use of almond crops in north-western Victoria by bird species, including the threatened regent parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus), and to record levels of crop damage. Methods We measured bird occurrence in 15 transects during the almond-growing season of 2009/10, and 32 transects during 2010/11. Crop-damage assessments were conducted in 2010/11. Spatio-temporal variation in bird occurrence was related to seasonal factors, landscape variables and bird-control activities. Key results Significantly more regent parrots and small parrots (e.g. Platycercus elegans and Psephotus haematonotus) were recorded in almond plantations in 2009/10 than in 2010/11. Rainfall and wheat production was much higher in 2010/11, and we hypothesise that the availability of alternative foods reduced parrot dependence on almonds. Regent parrot occurrence did not differ across months within a season, but more small parrots were recorded during almond nut maturity. Regent parrots appeared to prefer locations where almond crops abutted native vegetation, but only during 2009/10, a dry year with likely limited food availability. Small parrots occurred more often in crops close to riverine vegetation and distant from farm offices. Nut damage was generally low, with only 7 of 32 transects sustaining >4% total damage, but damage assessments were conducted during a season of high rainfall, with likely greater availability of alternative food. Percentage damage was significantly correlated with the number of regent and small parrots. Shooting activity did not deter birds from using almond crops. Conclusions Parrots appear to rely more on almond crops for food when environmental conditions limit other food resources. A key strategy for managing bird impacts on almonds while supporting species conservation is to provide decoy crops of preferred native plants. Implications Rapid loss of almond plantations may lead to population declines in the threatened regent parrot if the availability of alternative food is not simultaneously increased. The role of production land uses in supporting native birds needs to be recognised by conservation management agencies.
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Mao, Weiyun, Chen Shen, Rong Xiao, Kefu Zhang, KaiZhao Guo, Wenbin Zhao, Ya Wang, and Dongsheng Zhang. "Analysis and Research on the Relationship Between Bird Related Faults in Transmission Lines and Bird Activity Patterns." E3S Web of Conferences 617 (2025): 01006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202561701006.
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With the implementation of national greening policies, bird related faults in transmission lines have become increasingly serious, and have become the third largest transmission line fault problem after lightning strikes and external damage. In previous studies on electric birds, strong stimuli such as electricity, sound, and light were mostly used for bird prevention, and there was a lack of research on the relationship between bird activity patterns and line fault data. This study is based on public collection of bird watching data and compares the situation of power facility failures in Shanghai. The results show that the high incidence areas of bird related failures coincide with bird activity areas, and bird related failures in transmission lines are closely related to bird habits and bird diversity, both of which are directly affected by the surrounding environment. By analyzing these survey data, the distribution and activity patterns of these birds were studied, providing a basis for bird line symbiosis and achieving a combination of ecological protection and power grid construction.
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Bhusal, Santosh, Kapil Khanal, Shivam Goel, Manoj Karkee, and Matthew Edmund Taylor. "Bird Deterrence in a Vineyard Using an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12923.
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Abstract. Washington State growers lose more than $80 million annually to bird damage in fruit crops such as cherries, grapes, Honeycrisp apples, and blueberries. Conventional bird deterrence techniques, such as netting, auditory devices, visual devices, chemical application, falconry, and shooting, are either costly, ineffective, or harmful to birds. At the same time, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have become popular in military, civilian, and agricultural applications due to decreasing cost, good maneuverability, and their ability to perform multiple types of missions. This article presents an approach using UAS to deter birds and minimize their damage to wine grapes. A quadcopter UAS was flown for three days in September 2016 over a section (30 m × 30 m) of a vineyard to deter birds. The test section of the vineyard was next to a canyon with many trees that provided shelter for a large number of birds. The experimental design included different deterrence methods against birds, including auditory deterrence, visual deterrence, and varying UAS flight patterns. The test section of the vineyard was under continuous video surveillance from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. using four GoPro cameras for five continuous days, including three days when the UAS was flown. A Gaussian mixture model-based motion detection algorithm was used to detect birds in the videos, a Kalman filter was then used for tracking the detected birds, and bird activities (incoming and outgoing birds) were counted based on the movement of birds across the plot boundary. Two accuracy measures (precision and recall) were calculated to analyze the performance of the automated bird detection and counting system. The results showed that the proposed system achieved a precision of 84% and recall of 87% in counting incoming and outgoing birds. The automated bird counting system was then used to evaluate the performance of the UAS-based bird deterrence system. The results showed that bird activity was more than 300% higher on days with no UAS flights compared to days when the UAS was flown with on-board bird deterrence measures. UAS flights covering the entire experimental plot with auditory deterrence had a better effect than flights with visual deterrence. The results showed the potential for developing an automated bird deterrence system for vineyards and other crops. Extended studies with multi-year, multi-field, and multi-platform experiments are essential to further validate the results. Keywords: Bird deterrence, Fruit crops, Machine vision, Unmanned aerial systems, Vineyards.
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Shnayder, Elena P. "Electrocutions of Bids on Power Lines in the Altai Kray (Russia) in 2021." Raptors Conservation, no. 43 (December 31, 2021): 42–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2021-43-42-68.
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In September 2021, 126 km of 6-10 kV power lines were surveyed in Altai Kray, Russia. The survey encompassed different types of habitat from pine forests to the foothills of Altai mountains. Out of 126 km, 27.94 km of power lines were equipped with bird-protection devices to prevent bird death from electrocution. We uncovered 515 cases of bird death on unsafe lines. Raptors make 21% and endangered species – 1.94%. The density of dead birds was equal to 5.6 ind./km of non-safe power lines, and of raptors – 1.18 ind./km. The observed damage to the ecosystem was estimated as 6.1 million of Rub (equal to $83 350 or € 73 600), and the damage calculated per one electric pole was 3 925 Rub. The estimation of the death rate of birds on the observed length of power lines through the whole migration and breeding seasons makes 8.63 ind./km. Approximation to the presumptive total length of bird unsafe power lines in the Altai Kray makes 50 700 birds possibly die every year in the region from April till October. The highest level of bird mortality was observed on power lines stretching through open undisturbed habitats (i.e. steppe biotope). We also noted 2.9 times higher mortality on push brace poles compared with intermediate ones for all species, and 4.9 times higher for raptors only.
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Mezquida, Eduardo T., and José Miguel Olano. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions among Seed Predator Arthropods, Seed-Dispersing Birds, and the Spanish Juniper." Insects 15, no. 8 (August 18, 2024): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15080620.
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Plants interact with both antagonistic and mutualistic animals during reproduction, with the outcomes of these interactions significantly influencing plant reproductive success, population dynamics, and the evolution of plant traits. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in the interactions between Juniperus thurifera, its seed-dispersing birds, and three specific arthropod species that attack the fleshy cones during the predispersal period. We assessed how plant traits affect levels of cone damage by arthropods and seed dispersal by birds, the occurrence of competition among arthropod species, and the impact of seed predators on the activity of frugivores. Plant traits, cone damage by arthropods, and seed dispersal by birds showed spatiotemporal variability. Fluctuation in cone abundance was the leading factor determining damage by arthropods and bird dispersal with a secondary role of cone traits. Large crops satiated predispersal seed predators, although the amount of frugivory did not increase significantly, suggesting a potential satiation of bird dispersers. Crop size and cone traits at individual trees determined preferences by seed predator species and the foraging activity of bird dispersers. Competition among arthropods increased during years of low cone production, and seed predators sometimes negatively affected bird frugivory. High supra-annual variations in cone production appear to be a key evolutionary mechanism enhancing J. thurifera reproductive success. This strategy reduces the impact of specialized seed predators during years of high seed production, despite the potential drawback of satiating seed dispersers.
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Shnayder, Elena P., Elvira G. Nikolenko, and Igor V. Karyakin. "Electrocutions of Bids on Power Lines in the Khakassia Republic, Russia, in 2020." Raptors Conservation, no. 41 (2020): 26–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2020-41-26-63.
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The article represents results of inspection of power lines for bird casualty in the Minusinsk Hollow, Khakassia, Russia in 2020. Previous inspection was done in the region in 2011 thus our work reveals changes in bird casualty over the last 10 years. The bird mortality on power lines of medium voltage remains remarkably high – mean value for the breeding season is 8.21 ind. per 1 km of line. The most dangerous lines are the ones on concrete poles with pin insulators located in open habitats away from human settlements. Lines of this type attract vast abundance of birds with high species diversity including high percentage of birds of prey and owls. Short lines protruding in the open terrain and parts of lines running through hilly landscapes are of extreme danger. Electrocuted birds are mostly represented by Corvids (66%). Raptors made 28% from the total, represented mostly by the common species such as Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) – 17.7% and Black Kite (Milvus migrans) – 6.5%, that is character for the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Total damage done to nature by 111.5 km of surveyed power lines was accounted for 18 100 000 Rub (about €204 000 or $243 770). The overall damage which could be caused by the power network of Khakassia was estimated as 64 171 440 Rub per year (that is equal to €723 310 or $864 246). This involves death of more than 3 252 birds per year in one small republic. The damage caused by one electricity pole calculated by the actual results of inspection was 10 485.6 Rub, that is at least 10 time higher that the cost of a set of bird-protection devices for a pole. At the end of the article, we gave our recommendations for minimizing the damage.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Theoretical aspects of calculating the main design parameters of an electric bird repeller." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 47 (September 22, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20215508.
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The problem of scaring birds, which has turned into a problem of protecting economic objects from biological damage caused by birds, was born in ancient times and remains relevant to this day. Elevators, fishing and animal husbandry facilities, and other agricultural structures have become the favorite habitats of synanthropic birds. The first ones cause irreparable economic damage to agriculture, destroying, in particular, crops in fields and gardens. One of the solutions to this problem, which became the goal of this work, is to increase the efficiency of protecting agricultural facilities from synanthropic birds with the help of electric bird repellents. To carry out this research work, an experimental stand was designed and constructed in the laboratory of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals, which received a positive decision for a patent. With its help, an analytical dependence of the magnitude of the scaring pulse on the mass of the bird was obtained; a method for calculating the minimum and maximum distances of the scaring range for the blue pigeon was developed. Keywords: SYNANTHROPIC BIRDS, AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES, ELECTRIC BIRD REPELLER, DESIGN PARAMETERS PULSE, ELECTRIC CURRENT, EFFICIENCY
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Van Bael, Sunshine A., Peter Bichier, and Russell Greenberg. "Bird predation on insects reduces damage to the foliage of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao) in western Panama." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 6 (October 29, 2007): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004440.
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In the Neotropics, crops that are grown in agroforestry systems with shade trees support high levels of bird diversity compared with crops grown without shade (Estrada & Coates-Estrada 2005, Faria et al. 2006). Several experiments in shaded coffee farms have explored how insectivorous birds reduce herbivore numbers and their damage to plants and have simultaneously approached ecological questions that are applied (e.g. biological control) and basic (e.g. tri-trophic interactions) (Borkhataria et al. 2006, Greenberg et al., Perfecto et al. 2004). Here we used exclosures to test whether birds lower the densities of herbivorous insects and reduce insect damage to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) foliage in shaded farms of western Panama. Although bird predation has been shown to reduce insect damage to crops in other systems (Mols & Visser 2002), we provide the first test for shade-grown cocoa.
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Metz, Isabel, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Joost Ellerbroek, Dirk Kügler, Hans van Gasteren, Jan Kraemer, and Jacco Hoekstra. "Simulation Model to Calculate Bird-Aircraft Collisions and Near Misses in the Airport Vicinity." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040112.
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Annually, thousands of birds collide with aircraft. The impact usually has lethal consequences for the bird, the involved aircraft can experience severe damage. The highest bird strike risk occurs at low altitudes. Therefore, aircraft within the airport area as well as the adjacent approach and departure corridors are especially vulnerable to collisions with birds. To analyse risk-reducing measures in these areas, a fast-time bird strike simulation environment was developed. An open-source Air Traffic Management simulator was enhanced with a model to represent bird movements and to recognize bird strikes. To confirm the reproducibility of the outcome, Monte Carlo simulations were performed. They included bird movement data from one year and air traffic flight plans for various air traffic volumes. The number of strikes and near misses showed an expected variance within the individual replications. The results indicate that the predictability of the number of strikes and near misses increases with rising number of birds, and rising air traffic intensity. Thus, by considering simulation scenarios including bird movement information from all seasons and a sufficient air traffic volume, the described set-up leads to stable results.
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Honda, Takeshi, Jun-ichi Tsuboi, and Hiroshi Kuwata. "Seeing Is Feeding for the Frugivorous Bird Brown-Eared Bulbul (Microscelis amaurotis)." International Journal of Zoology 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/869820.
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We examined feeding behavior by visually blocking fruit to establish a new theory of bird damage management for agricultural practices. Partly or fully invisible clusters of grapes were fixed on a perch. The birds selectively pecked the clearly visible part of the half-visible bag at a pecking count rate of 0.94–1.00 (95% CI). Half-visible bags allowed the birds to look inside like a skirt and detect the initially hidden portions of grapes, which were covered with opaque white bags. However, very few birds pecked at the white bags that were partially covering the grapes. That is, very few birds attempted to eat covered but easily detectable fruits. Only five birds gravitated toward the grapes in the completely covered nontranslucent bags, but they never pecked at them. Our results show that visual blocking could be a promising new technique to prevent bird damage.
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Veselovský, Tomáš, Boris Maderič, Jozef Chavko, and Ján Svetlík. "Bird crime and the assessment of risk areas in Slovakia." Raptor Journal 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2024-0007.
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Abstract Bird crime is a serious problem in many countries around the world. This study focuses on the situation in Slovakia, summarising data on bird crime in the country between 2016 and 2022. Over the course of that period, 92 cases were recorded in 27 districts involving 33 animal species. At least 249 protected birds and 78 mammals fell victim to illegal activities, and 61 poisoned baits were discovered. Social value is the monetary value which state institutions use to quantify the damage incurred to wildlife. Slovak law determines whether an illegal act is an offence or a criminal act based on the value of the incurred damage. The total social value of all of the protected animals as a result of illegal activities was estimated at € 696,250. Intentional poisoning, typically using carbofuran, was the most common of illegal act identified in the recorded cases, followed by shooting and trapping. An analysis of the recorded cases of bird crime was also used to assess the risk in each of Slovakia’s districts in relation to landscape structure variables. The percentage share of arable land was found to be a reliable predictor of bird crime, regardless of whether the birds had been poisoned or shot. These findings can help to develop better preventive inspections to detect bird crime incidents. We also recommended several management measures to help tackle bird crime more quickly and effectively.
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Michel, Nicole L., Thomas W. Sherry, and Walter P. Carson. "The omnivorous collared peccary negates an insectivore-generated trophic cascade in Costa Rican wet tropical forest understorey." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 1 (November 11, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000709.
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Abstract:Insectivorous birds and bats often protect plants through density- and trait-mediated cascades, but the degree to which insectivores reduce herbivorous arthropods and leaf damage varies among systems. Top-down interaction strength may be influenced by the biotic and abiotic context, including the presence of vegetation-disturbing animals. We tested two hypotheses: (1) insectivorous birds and bats initiate trophic cascades in tropical rain-forest understorey; and (2) the native, omnivorous collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) negates these cascades via non-trophic effects. We studied the top-down effects of birds and bats on understorey plants in north-eastern Costa Rica using 60 netted exclosures within and outside existing peccary exclosures. Excluding birds and bats increased total arthropod densities by half, both with and without peccaries. Bird/bat exclosures increased Diptera density by 28% and leaf damage by 24% without peccaries, consistent with a trophic cascade. However, bird/bat exclosures decreased Diptera density by 32% and leaf damage by 34% with peccaries, a negation of the trophic cascade. Excluding peccaries increased leaf damage by 43% on plants without birds and bats. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that the non-trophic activity of an omnivorous ungulate can reverse a trophic cascade.
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Michel, Nicole L., Thomas W. Sherry, and Walter P. Carson. "The omnivorous collared peccary negates an insectivore-generated trophic cascade in Costa Rican wet tropical forest understorey." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 1 (June 7, 2014): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13441862.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Insectivorous birds and bats often protect plants through density- and trait-mediated cascades, but the degree to which insectivores reduce herbivorous arthropods and leaf damage varies among systems. Top-down interaction strength may be influenced by the biotic and abiotic context, including the presence of vegetation-disturbing animals. We tested two hypotheses: (1) insectivorous birds and bats initiate trophic cascades in tropical rain-forest understorey; and (2) the native, omnivorous collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) negates these cascades via non-trophic effects. We studied the top-down effects of birds and bats on understorey plants in north-eastern Costa Rica using 60 netted exclosures within and outside existing peccary exclosures. Excluding birds and bats increased total arthropod densities by half, both with and without peccaries. Bird/bat exclosures increased Diptera density by 28% and leaf damage by 24% without peccaries, consistent with a trophic cascade. However, bird/bat exclosures decreased Diptera density by 32% and leaf damage by 34% with peccaries, a negation of the trophic cascade. Excluding peccaries increased leaf damage by 43% on plants without birds and bats. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that the non-trophic activity of an omnivorous ungulate can reverse a trophic cascade.
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Mohammed, I. G., M. Bashiru, S. T. Gbadeyan, B. Ehirin, S. O. Bakare, U. Aliyu, A. Isong, O. F. Ajaye, and A. M. Shema. "Evaluation of AV-5055 as Seed Dresser in Lowland Rice Production." BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202103017.
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This experiment was established in 2020 cropping season at National Cereals Research Institute experimental field at Badeggi in Guinea Savannah agro-ecological Zone, (Latitude 9 040 Longitude 6 070 E), to assess seed dressing effect of AV-5055 on rice seed. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD), replicated three times. It consisted of four (4) treatments: application of AV-5055 rate at 0.7L, 1.2L, 1.7L per 100kg of rice seed and no application of chemical as (control). Data was taken on plant height, tiller count, days to 50% flowering, bird damage, rodent damage panicle per meter square and grain yield. The result shows that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in plant height, tiller count, days to 50% flowering and bird damage. However, control plot had significantly (P < 0.05) lower rodent damage (0.00) and higher grain yield (2060.00kg/ha) compared to rodent damage and grain yield in treated plots (0.33-2.33) and (1789.00-1999.03) respectively. It was concluded from the result of analysis that AV-5055 offer protection to dressed seed against bird depredation from planted field as there was no significant difference on bird depredation among the various rates of AV-5055 application. However, various rates of AV-5055 application attract picking by rodents and subsequent reduction on yield. Thus it was recommended that AV-5055 should be applied in combination with rodenticides to give perfect seed protection against birds and rodents.
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Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders, and Gary W. Luck. "Providing perches for predatory and aggressive birds appears to reduce the negative impact of frugivorous birds in vineyards." Wildlife Research 44, no. 4 (2017): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17028.
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Context Birds active in vineyards in south-eastern Australia can reduce or enhance crop yields via their foraging activities (e.g. by consuming grapes or by preying on grape-eating species). Aims We examined the effectiveness of artificial perches in encouraging predatory birds into vineyards to scare frugivorous birds and consequently reduce the damage they cause to grapes. Methods We monitored 12 artificial perches for 4 months during the growing season, spread over six vineyards in north-eastern Victoria, and compared bird damage to grapes at these sites with control sites without perches. Key results We found that raptors did not use the artificial perches. However, the large and aggressive Australian magpie (Cracticus tibicen) commonly used perches and we recorded 38513 perch visits by this species. Grapevines around perch sites suffered >50% less grape damage (4.13% damage per bunch) than control sites (8.57% damage per bunch). Conclusions Our results suggest that providing artificial perches in vineyards can play a role in reducing frugivore damage to grapes. However, the effectiveness of perches can vary under different environmental conditions and certain perch types are not suitable for all predatory or aggressive birds. Implications Future research should focus on the potential role of large-bodied and competitively aggressive species such as the Australian magpie in altering the activity of smaller frugivorous birds in vineyards, and also on the optimum height and location of artificial perches within vineyards to increase visitation by other predatory or aggressive bird species.
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Soliman,, A. "CHRONOLOGY OF BIRD DAMAGE TO SUNFLOWER." Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 8023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2006.235379.
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Metz, Isabel C., Joost Ellerbroek, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Dirk Kügler, and Jacco M. Hoekstra. "Analysis of Risk-Based Operational Bird Strike Prevention." Aerospace 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8020032.
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Bird strike prevention in civil aviation has traditionally focused on the airport perimeter. Since the risk of especially damaging bird strikes outside the airport boundaries is rising, this paper investigates the safety potential of operational bird strike prevention involving pilots and controllers. In such a concept, controllers would be equipped with a bird strike advisory system, allowing them to delay departures which are most vulnerable to the consequences of bird strikes in case of high bird strike risk. An initial study has shown the strong potential of the concept to prevent bird strikes in case of perfect bird movement prediction. This paper takes the research to the next level by taking into account the limited predictability of bird tracks. As such, the collision avoidance algorithm is extended to a bird strike risk algorithm. The risk of bird strikes is calculated for birds expected to cross the extended runway center line and to cause aircraft damage upon impact. By specifically targeting these birds and excluding birds lingering on the runway which are taken care of by the local wildlife control, capacity reductions should be limited, and the implementation remain feasible. The extrapolation of bird tracks is performed by simple linear regression based on the bird positions known at the intended take-off times. To calculate the probability of collision, uncertainties resulting from variability in bird velocity and track are included. The study demonstrates the necessity to limit alerts to potentially damaging strikes with birds crossing the extended runway center line to keep the imposed delays tolerable for airports operating at their capacity limits. It is shown that predicting bird movements based on simple linear regression without considering individual bird behavior is insufficient to achieve a safety-effect. Hence, in-depth studies of multi-year bird data to develop bird behavior models and reliable predictions are recommended for future research. This is expected to facilitate the implementation of a bird strike advisory system satisfying both safety and capacity aspects.
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Agossou, Hippolyte, Emeline P. S. Assede, Paulin J. Dossou, and Samadori Honoré Biaou. "Effect of bird scaring methods on crop productivity and avian diversity conservation in agroecosystems of Benin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i2.2.
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Farmers are developing methods to scare off and reduce bird damages. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of these methods through a simple form of evaluation that allowed to highlight relationship between these methods and productivity on the one hand, and the relationship between these methods and conservation of birds in the agricultural environment according to different vegetative stages on the other hand. 713 farmers were interviewed in the agro-ecological zones of Benin. This study reveals the use of four methods. These are auditory method, visual method, exclusion method and mixed method. They are used primarily to reduce "loss and damage" and "reduce the frequency of bird visits". 96.78% of farmers agreed that these methods improve yields. Moreover, effectiveness of the methods varies according to the vegetative stages and the duration of its application. Bird species richness was also significantly and positively influenced by bird control methods (Maize: p= 5767e-3) and (Rice: p=4482e-6). Long-term studies, generalized to different forms of agricultural area, are needed for a better assessment.
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Price, Megan, and Alan Lill. "Does pedestrian traffic affect the composition of ?bush bird? assemblages?" Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 1 (2008): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080054.
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Outdoor recreational activities (e.g., bushwalking and bird-watching) can increase participants? environmental awareness, but can also cause environmental damage and impact negatively on wildlife if conducted irresponsibly and/or in large numbers. A field experiment with a before-after-control-impact design conducted in Wyperfeld National Park, Victoria determined whether simulated bushwalking by researchers over a 4-week period had an immediate impact on the composition of breeding bird assemblages on ten 1-ha mallee plots. Birds were surveyed with point counts preand post-intrusion. Species richness, diversity and composition of bird assemblages were unaffected by the pedestrian traffic regime imposed. Results suggest that normal pedestrian traffic in spring and summer may not influence ?bush bird? assemblage composition very markedly in the short-term in Victorian parks. However, the birds could have responded to intrusion, but less dramatically than by leaving the plots. That bushwalking and allied activities may have other adverse effects on the behaviour and physiology of Australian ?bush birds? still needs to be investigated.
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Ritti, Anup, and J. Chandrashekhara. "Detecting Intended Target Birds and Using Frightened Techniques in Crops to Preserve Yield." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 12, no. 5 (September 2024): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2024.12.5.4.
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An invention that is more appealing and practical for the general public is required as the world moves toward new trends and technology. The study uses AI and IoT technology to reduce crop damage caused by birds, a significant threat to crops. The automated system identifies and discourages specific bird species, reducing the cost of traditional deterrents. The system uses YOLO, a high-performance object detection model, to identify birds in real-time using a webcam feed. It then uses a ResNet100-based CNN for selective bird classification, minimizing disruption to wildlife. The system identifies a bird and triggers automated responses, providing real-time notifications via the Blynk platform. A buzzer on an ESP32 board scares birds, protecting crops. The ESP32 board manages the buzzer and communication with the Blynk server. The Paper utilizes AI and IoT to automate bird detection and deterrence, reducing human intervention and providing a cost-effective solution for farmers.
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Luck, Gary W. "The net return from animal activity in agro-ecosystems: trading off benefits from ecosystem services against costs from crop damage." F1000Research 2 (November 12, 2013): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-239.v1.
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Animals provide benefits to agriculture through the provision of ecosystem services, but also inflict costs such as damaging crops. These benefits and costs are mostly examined independently, rather than comparing the trade-offs of animal activity in the same system and quantifying the net return from beneficial minus detrimental activities. Here, I examine the net return associated with the activity of seed-eating birds in almond orchards by quantifying the economic costs and benefits of bird consumption of almonds. Pre-harvest, the consumption of harvestable almonds by birds cost growers AUD$57.50 ha-1 when averaged across the entire plantation. Post-harvest, the same bird species provide an ecosystem service by removing mummified nuts from trees that growers otherwise need to remove to reduce threats from fungal infection or insect pest infestations. The value of this ecosystem service ranged from AUD$82.50 ha-1–$332.50 ha-1 based on the replacement costs of mechanical or manual removal of mummified nuts, respectively. Hence, bird consumption of almonds yielded a positive net return of AUD$25–$275 ha-1 averaged across the entire plantation. However, bird activity varied spatially resulting in positive net returns occurring primarily at the edges of crops where activity was higher, compared to negative net returns in crop interiors. Moreover, partial mummy nut removal by birds meant that bird activity may only reduce costs to growers rather than replace these costs completely. Similar cost-benefit trade-offs exist across nature, and quantifying net returns can better inform land management decisions such as when to control pests or promote ecosystem service provision.
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Luck, Gary W. "The net return from animal activity in agro-ecosystems: trading off benefits from ecosystem services against costs from crop damage." F1000Research 2 (April 30, 2014): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-239.v2.
Full textAbstract:
Animals provide benefits to agriculture through the provision of ecosystem services, but also inflict costs such as damaging crops. These benefits and costs are mostly examined independently, rather than comparing the trade-offs of animal activity in the same system and quantifying the net return from beneficial minus detrimental activities. Here, I examine the net return associated with the activity of seed-eating birds in almond orchards by quantifying the economic costs and benefits of bird consumption of almonds. Pre-harvest, the consumption of harvestable almonds by birds cost growers AUD$57.50 ha-1 when averaged across the entire plantation. Post-harvest, the same bird species provide an ecosystem service by removing mummified nuts from trees that growers otherwise need to remove to reduce threats from fungal infection or insect pest infestations. The value of this ecosystem service ranged from AUD$82.50 ha-1–$332.50 ha-1 based on the replacement costs of mechanical or manual removal of mummified nuts, respectively. Hence, bird consumption of almonds yielded a positive net return of AUD$25–$275 ha-1 averaged across the entire plantation. However, bird activity varied spatially resulting in positive net returns occurring primarily at the edges of crops where activity was higher, compared to negative net returns in crop interiors. Moreover, partial mummy nut removal by birds meant that bird activity may only reduce costs to growers rather than replace these costs completely. Similar cost-benefit trade-offs exist across nature, and quantifying net returns can better inform land management decisions such as when to control pests or promote ecosystem service provision.
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Sun, Youchao, Yuemei Zhang, Yadong Zhou, Haitao Zhang, Haijun Zeng, and Kun Yang. "Evaluating Impact Damage of Flat Composite Plate for Surrogate Bird-Strike Testing of Aeroengine Fan Blade." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070171.
Full textAbstract:
Bird-strike failure of fan blades is one of the basic challenges for the safety of aircraft engines. Simplified flat blade-like plates are always used for damage mechanism study of composite laminates. One undesirable issue is the failure at the root of clamped flat plates under high-velocity impact. For this purpose, two different strategies were exploited to obtain desirable impact damage distributions, namely the impact location and the boundary condition. Numerical models of the simplified flat blade-like plate and the bird projectile were constructed by using finite element method (FEM) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approaches. The impact damage distributions were comparatively investigated in detail. The numerical results show that changing the boundary condition is the most effective way to obtain preferable impact damages for further failure analysis of real fan blades. Present results will be useful to the future surrogate experimental design of simplified bird-strike testing.
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Kale, Manoj Ashokrao, Nandkishor Dudhe, Raju Kasambe, and Prosun Bhattacharya. "Crop Depredation by Birds in Deccan Plateau, India." International Journal of Biodiversity 2014 (September 3, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/947683.
Full textAbstract:
Extent of crop depredation in agricultural fields of groundnut, pearl millet, peas, sorghum and sunflower was assessed in Pune, Akola and Amravati, the three productive districts of Maharashtra, India. The study included interviews with the farmers, identification of the bird species responsible for the crop depredation and actual field assessment of damage. The problem of crop depredation is severe for the crops mostly during harvesting season. Most farmers were not satisfied with the conventional bird repelling techniques. A maximum depredation was observed by Sorghum crops by house sparrows Passer domesticus, baya weavers Ploceus philippinus, and rose-ringed parakeets Psittacula krameri, accounting to 52% of the total damage. Blue rock pigeons Columba livia damaged 42% of the peas crop (chick peas and pigeon peas), while house sparrows and baya weaver damaged the groundnut crop by 26% in the sampling plots. House sparrow Passer domesticus and baya weaver Ploceus philippinus damaged the groundnut crop in the sampling plots just after the sowing period. The sustainable solution for reducing crop depredation is a need for the farmers and also such techniques will help avoid direct or indirect effects of use of lethal bird control techniques on bird species.
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Papadopoulos, Kosmas, Ioannis Floros, and Konstantinos Tserpes. "Bird strike simulation on a bonded Ti/CFRP leading edge of an engine fan blade." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2526, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012074.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Bird strike represents a critical loading scenario for aeronautical structures, especially for engine fan blades. It is, therefore, of great importance both to protect the leading edge of the fan blade from impact damage and to be able to detect impact damage directly. In the present study, an explicit finite element (FE) model was developed using the LS-DYNA software to simulate bird strike on the leading edge of a CFRP fan blade protected by an adhesively bonded Ti layer. The model accounts for damage on the CFRP blade through a progressive damage modeling scheme and for debonding through a cohesive zone modeling scheme but not for damage on the Ti layer. For the modeling of the bird, the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method was used, due to the large deformations that were expected. Using the model, a parametric study on the effects of bird mass and impact energy was performed. The numerical results show that impact damage depends more on impact velocity than the bird mass. In all cases, debonding of the tip of the leading edge was predicted, while for combinations of small bird mass and large impact velocity a more extensive debonding of the protective layer was predicted. Regarding damage in the CFRP, only matrix cracking on the leading edge has been predicted. Aiming to assess the effectiveness of FBGs to detect debonding of the Ti layer due to bird strike, an FBG network has been modeled into the bondline and a study was performed on the correlation of the measured strains with impact damage.
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Sausse, Christophe, and Myriam Lévy. "Bird damage to sunflower: international situation and prospects." OCL 28 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021020.
Full textAbstract:
Bird damage to sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) degrades the profitability of this crop and calls into question its place in rotations. Our international literature review shows that sunflower is one of the crops most vulnerable to bird attacks. However, these predatory pests are not specialized: if the sunflower is affected in one region, then the other crops sharing the same cycle could also be affected to varying degrees. All production areas are affected by flowerhead damage at maturity. Damage at emergence has recently become more visible in France, Italy and Switzerland, probably as a result of global changes and evolving farming practices. Birds are highly mobile pests with complex behaviour. The problem needs to be tackled in a hierarchical framework that takes into account field, landscape, and regional scales, along with processes at different timescales from rapid field selection to long term demographic trends. Moreover, the distribution of damage is asymmetrical: few fields are affected, but with a high severity. At this time, there is no single effective method for preventing damage, and coordination at the landscape scale should be initiated to find potential solutions. Finally, there is a gap between theoretical and applied knowledge, even though initiatives in North America have helped to move research forward. These difficulties imply an integrated approach combining partially effective methods, the association of several stakeholders, and the coordination of several policies (agricultural, environmental, and recreational hunting or wildlife management). Additionally, data collection appears essential to acquire knowledge about economic damage and efficacy of control programmes. Digital technology can be useful for such purposes. Finally, this review advocates international networking to consolidate a research community on this topic and on the wider issue of bird damage to crops.