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1
Tambat, Deepal, and Ketki Adhav. "Mandoor Shodhana - A Bird Eye Review." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 9, no. 4 (2024): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.4.34.
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Mandoor (Iron Oxide) is important in Rasashastra as a Dravya from Upadhatu Varg. It is widely used in Ayurveda therapeutics for the treatment of Pandu Roga, Kamala Roga, Rajakshaya and Raktakshaya. Mandoor is found buried inside the earth’s land and is said to be of mineral origin. Thus, it becomes important to get rid of physical and chemical impurities in Mandoor and make it potent for using it in therapeutics. To serve the necessity, Shodhana procedure is mentioned in classical texts of Ayurveda. The physical and chemical changes occurring during Shodhana make Mandoor suitable for the therapeutic use. In the classical texts of Ayurveda and Rasashastra numerous Shodhana procedures for Mandoor are found mentioned. So here an attempt was made to review various Shodhana procedures for Mandoor. In this context eighteen Vishesh Shodhana methods and a Samanya Shodhana found mentioned in different texts. A thorough review was carried out for the Shodhana procedures.
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CEYHAN, Tevfik, and Okan AKYOL. "Some interactions between coastal fisheries and sea birds in the Aegean Sea." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, no. 2 (2020): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.2.04.
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In this study, it is aimed to determine the some interactions between various fishery types and seabirds, results of this interaction and sea bird species that have been interacting due to secondary attraction factors. A total of 80 fishermen, working in fish farms, small scale fishery (SSF) and lagoons located in Izmir, Aydın and Muğla were face-to-face interviewed between September 2016 and December 2018. The great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), great white egret (Ardea alba), some yelkouan shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan) and great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) are the bird species that have an interaction with coastal fishermen and sea-cage fish farms. 82% of employees in sea-cage fish farms mentioned that they have an interaction with sea birds in winter, besides %50 of SSF have an interaction with sea birds in summer. The difference between interaction rate according to seasons has been found as statistically significant (p<0.05). 33% of employees in fish farms expressed that they see sea birds during the day. This ratio is 21.7% and 15% for SSF and fishermen in lagoon, respectively. Furthermore, 8.3% of fishermen in lagoon, 11% of employees in fish farms and SSF mentioned that they have an interaction with seabirds especially in the morning time.
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Ćwiklak, Janusz, and Henryk Jafernik. "Flight Safety In The Aspect Of Bird Strikes In Polish Air Force." Journal of KONBiN 35, no. 1 (2015): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0036.
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Abstract The paper presents analysis of bird strikes, that occurred in Polish Air Force. Data of Polish Air Force were used to analysis. Mentioned analysis concern such problems as time of day, height, kind of flight operation, severity of bird strikes. It is considered, that the results of researches can be used to determine bird strikes hazard and elaborate SMS in the context of bird strikes for military air bases.
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Hepburn, Lauren, Adam C. Smith, John Zelenski, and Lenore Fahrig. "Bird Diversity Unconsciously Increases People’s Satisfaction with Where They Live." Land 10, no. 2 (2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020153.
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There is growing evidence that exposure to nature increases human well-being, including in urban areas. However, relatively few studies have linked subjective satisfaction to objective features of the environment. In this study we explore the links among objective environmental features (tree cover, water, and bird diversity) and subjective judgements of satisfaction. We surveyed residents of Ottawa, Canada (n = 1035) about their satisfaction with their local neighbourhoods. We then compared the survey responses to measures of nature near their homes, including bird diversity (number of bird species), tree canopy cover, and distance to water. After controlling for effects of income and subjective happiness, residents’ neighbourhood satisfaction was positively related to the number of bird species nearby, even before participants were prompted to consider nature. Residents’ appreciation of their local neigbourhood relative to others also increased with tree canopy cover and nearness to water. Unsolicited comments from participants following the survey indicated that while residents consciously appreciate trees and water, the relationship between bird diversity and neighbourhood satisfaction appears to be unconscious; very few of the participants mentioned birds. Based on these results, we speculate that a diverse local bird community may provoke feelings of satisfaction through their presence, activity, and songs. Our results create a compelling argument for city planners and individual residents to maintain bird-friendly spaces in urban areas.
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Frątczak, Martyna, Tim H. Sparks, Christoph Randler, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Circadian preferences of birdwatchers in Poland: do “owls” prefer watching night birds, and “larks” prefer daytime ones?" PeerJ 8 (March 2, 2020): e8673. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8673.
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Birdwatching is a very popular and increasing leisure activity, and the study and observation of birds is more popular in the morning due to the greater activity among birds at that time of day. The aim of our study was to find out whether there was a relationship between the circadian preference of observers and their favourite bird species and whether it was influenced by such factors as professional status, age and gender. In an e-mail survey we asked a total of 433 Polish ornithologists (professionals) or birdwatchers (non-professionals) for their morningness–eveningness preferences (four categories) and favourite (open choice) bird species and received 143 responses. The temporal (circadian) preferences of respondents declined from early morning (35.7%) to evening/nighttime (11.4%). Circadian preference categories differed significantly by age, with early morning respondents significantly older. These preference categories did not differ significantly in terms of response time to the survey invitation or in the percentage of their favourite birds that were categorised as daytime birds. A total of 204 species were identified as favourite birds of which 34 species were mentioned by five or more respondents, with only two, the common crane Grus grus and the Eurasian pygmy owl Glaucidium passerinum mentioned by more than 10% of respondents. The white stork Ciconia ciconia was more popular with professionals than non-professionals and the swift Apus apus less popular. A significant gender × circadian preference interaction was detected for the percentage of favourite birds categorised as daytime birds, with fewer daytime birds among early morning female recorders. The presented results are obviously of a correlative nature, but open the door for further, more advanced study and suggest there may be a need to investigate temporal biases when analysing citizen-based data.
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Fitriana, Fauziah, Mas Farouq Uz Zaman Al Qodry, Juan Carlos Greevins De Lucas, Dian Ritma Setyorini, and Fatkhanuddin Aziz. "Appropriate Primer Selection Improves Molecular Bird Sexing Accuracy." Buletin Peternakan 47, no. 4 (2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v47i4.83320.
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Birds sexing utilize the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is increasingly being used by researchers and breeders. The PCR technique has high sensitivity, but its success is influenced by the specificity of the DNA template with the oligo primer used. This study aimed to evaluate 5 types of PCR primers P2/P8, 2550F/2718R, CHD1F/CHD1R, 1237L/1272H, and CHD1LF/CHD1LR to determine the sex of Phasianidae, Anatidae, Muscicapidae, and Psittacidae families. This research was conducted by tested primers mentioned above to amplify the target gene chromodomain helicase DNA binding 1 (CHD1) on DNA samples of each pair of males and females from four bird families, respectively. The results indicated that CHD1LF/CHD1LR PCR primer gave the best results and was recommended to determine the sex of four families tested. Some of other primers tested in this study failed to amplify targeted gene correctly, it is important to use appropriate primer to increase bird sexing accuracy.
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Machar, Ivo, Karel Poprach, Luděk Praus, and Luboš Úradníček. "Floodplain Forests and Urban Parks – A Brief Comparison of Bird Diversity." Journal of Landscape Ecology 14, no. 3 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0015.
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Abstract Urbanization in cultural landscapes generally tends to select for omnivorous, granivorous, and cavity/hole nesting bird species in green urban areas. Studies on bird diversity in the cities are important to better understanding to the ecology of urban and sub-urban landscapes. The aim of this study was research on bird diversity in urban parks in Olomouc city in order to brief comparison with bird diversity in hardwood floodplain forest habitats based on our older above-mentioned study. Bird diversity in urban parks was very similar to the bird diversity in some localities of floodplain forests from the Czech Republic. Comparison between urban parks and hardwood floodplain forests in the vicinity of the city revealed a high similarity of alpha-diversity and diversity indexes. These results indicated that large urban parks have nearly the same importance for bird diversity such as managed hardwood floodplain forests. Results highlighted an importance of urban green areas for biodiversity maintaining in European cultural landscapes.
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Ujhelyi, Péter. "Cranial morphology of European passerine bird families (Aves, Passeriformes)." Ornis Hungarica 24, no. 2 (2016): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2016-0015.
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Abstract The subject of this study focuses on the cranial morphology of 24 native European passerine bird families. In addition to the discussion of taxonomical questions regarding to the examination of beak, orbit, cranium and mandible, the author aims to provide guidance to the determination of raptors’ prey remains. Most of the studied bird families are well-distinguishable using the knowledge on the mentioned osteological traits except some less-specialised families.
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Darras, Kevin F. A., Franziska Deppe, Yvonne Fabian, et al. "High microphone signal-to-noise ratio enhances acoustic sampling of wildlife." PeerJ 8 (October 20, 2020): e9955. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9955.
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Background Automated sound recorders are a popular sampling tool in ecology. However, the microphones themselves received little attention so far, and specifications that determine the recordings’ sound quality are seldom mentioned. Here, we demonstrate the importance of microphone signal-to-noise ratio for sampling sonant animals. Methods We tested 12 different microphone models in the field and measured their signal-to-noise ratios and detection ranges. We also measured the vocalisation activity of birds and bats that they recorded, the bird species richness, the bat call types richness, as well as the performance of automated detection of bird and bat calls. We tested the relationship of each one of these measures with signal-to-noise ratio in statistical models. Results Microphone signal-to-noise ratio positively affects the sound detection space areas, which increased by a factor of 1.7 for audible sound, and 10 for ultrasound, from the lowest to the highest signal-to-noise ratio microphone. Consequently, the sampled vocalisation activity increased by a factor of 1.6 for birds, and 9.7 for bats. Correspondingly, the species pool of birds and bats could not be completely detected by the microphones with lower signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of automated detection of bird and bat calls, as measured by its precision and recall, increased significantly with microphone signal-to-noise ratio. Discussion Microphone signal-to-noise ratio is a crucial characteristic of a sound recording system, positively affecting the acoustic sampling performance of birds and bats. It should be maximised by choosing appropriate microphones, and be quantified independently, especially in the ultrasound range.
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Seshan, Haritha, Ramamurthy M, Elansekaran S, Srinivasan V, Gayatri R, and Christian GJ. "Diagnostic correlation of elemental derangement findings through Panchapatchi sasthiram (Five bird diagnostic sign) in patients of Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus)." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 14, no. 1 (2023): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v14i1.3212.
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Panchapatchi Sasthiram or five bird diagnostic methodology is one among the diagnostic methods that relies on the concept of Panchabootha theory. Panchaboothas are represented by five birds (Patchi) in Panchapatchi Sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign) which helps in cost effective diagnosis of various diseases. Objective: To evaluate the representative Patchi & Humours associated with Madhumegam (Diabetes Mellitus) patients as per Panchapatchi Sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign) during consultation. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 Madhumegam patients reported in the OPD of Ayothidoss Pandithar hospital. Panchapatchi calculation is the methodology of identifying the relevant affected action corresponding to each bird which may be further correlated to identify the affected Panchabhootham and affected humour in turn based on the waxing and waning of moon. Results: According to Siddha text; Pithavatham, Vathapitham and Vathakabam are the predominant humours in madhumegam. Among 100 patients assessed by means of Panchapatchi sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign), 32 patients had pithavatham, 26 patients had vathakabam, 14 patients had vathapitham, 18 patients had kabavatham, 5 patients had kabapitham, 5 patients had kabam and it is observed that 72% participants possessed where of Naadinadai (Estimated through Panchaptchi sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign)) as per the madhumegam literature. Conclusion: The Naadinadai (pulse play) mentioned in the literature agrees more than 70% with that of Panchapatchi based estimation. Hence it is hypothesized that Panchapatchi sasthiram based humoral assessment can be further evaluated as it is found helpful in the estimation of Naadinadai in diabetes mellitus. More over by means of this tool we can diagnose a condition with contactless evaluation.
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Mammadov, A. F., and A. Matsyura. "Bird collisions with power lines in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 1 (2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_29.
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The article summarizes the results of research in four selected sites (observations) on the impact of surface power lines on bird death in the area of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in 2016-2017. Studies show that electrical wires have a major impact on bird death during the spring migration and nesting period. We determined that 225 individual of 27 species were killed by electric shock in selected areas, while 16 individuals belonging to 3 predator bird species were exposed to this threat. Two of these species are in the World Red List. The next plot with high mortality rate was the Cananbar well - Shikhmahmud plain (2 km), although we did not make a research here for the first two months. An average mortality rate of birds here were 2.72 individuals/km. The electric poles in the selected Nakhchivan - Shikhmahmud road (4 km) consisted mainly of wooden material and were sometimes replaced with reinforced concrete. We attribute the fact that the percentage of deaths in this area is lower than other stations because of the poles are more wooden. Among the dead birds some species belonging to the Red List of the World (Falco naumanni and Coracias garrulus). As we already mentioned, beside the overhead electric wires were mainly dangerous to Ciconia ciconia, Buteo rufinus and eagles. The dead and wounded species were recorded only one to four km from the electric line. Among the most common species exposed electric shocks were: Columba livia, Merops apiaster, Corvus frugilegus, Sturnus vulgaris and Passer domesticus. A total of 3,225 birds from 26 species were killed by the private electric shock during the study, four birds could not be identified (unknown species). When looking at the process from a landscape-species perspective, bird species - those most exposed to the electric wires are: less open, open space (loos); forest landscape (fl); residential areas (ra) and less grove areas (lga).
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QUAISSER, CHRISTIANE. "On the nomenclature of the Pale Blue Flycatcher Cyornis unicolor infuscatus E. Hartert, 1902 (Aves: Muscicapidae) with lectotype designation for Cyornis cyanopolia Blyth, 1870." Zootaxa 2450, no. 1 (2010): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2450.1.6.
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In autumn 1869, Edward Blyth (1810–1875) visited the bird collection of the Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden (RMNH, now: Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, NCB, Leiden) to check its holdings of birds from India, and he then published his findings accompanied by taxonomic notes in the journal Ibis (Blyth 1870: 157–176). One of the taxa mentioned was a muscicapid flycatcher of which he had examined specimens collected on Sumatra, Java and Borneo. The reason Blyth listed them in this publication was that, to his eye, they appeared similar to birds he already knew and had described under the name Cyornis unicolor Blyth, 1843, from Sikkim. However, instead of applying this name in his discussion of these birds in the Leiden collection, presumably because of some uncertainty he retained MS names mentioned on their museum labels, listing them as “Cyornis cyanopolia (Boie)” and “Muscicapa infuscata (Müller)” (Blyth 1870). In doing so he laid the ground for a long-sustained dispute over name availability, redoubled by the discovery of Finsch (1901) that more than one taxon was involved. Aspects of this situation have been summarized recently by Dickinson et al. (2002), Mees (2004) and LeCroy (2008).
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Merkeviciene, Lina, Irena Klimiene, Rita Siugzdiniene, Marius Virgailis, Raimundas Mockeliunas, and Modestas Ruzauskas. "Prevalence and molecular characteristics of multi-resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds." Acta Veterinaria Brno 87, no. 1 (2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201887010009.
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Humans and animals share the same bacterial species including the resistant ones. For that reason, epidemiological studies in domestic and wild animals should be performed on a regular basis. Wild, particularly migratory birds, should be investigated as potential carriers of antimicrobial resistant bacteria that can be spread globally in a short time. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and to characterize multi-resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds. Three hundred and ninety two samples were obtained from different bird species including gulls (Larus spp.), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), mute swans (Cygnus olor), as well as other species of birds. Phenotypical and genotypical resistance of E. coli was investigated. In total 60 isolates from 179 tested were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes and treated as multi-resistant (33.5%; 95% CI 21.56–45.44); the isolates were obtained from gulls, mallards, swans, and rooks. All of the strains demonstrated resistance to aztreonam and cefpodoxime. The most frequent resistance prevalence of the above-mentioned isolates in vitro was also demonstrated to ampicillin (82%), ampicillin/sulbactam (68%), cefazolin (66%), ceftriaxone (55%), and ciprofloxacin (47%). All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin. The results of polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of the genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, amphenicols, trimethoprim, and sulphonamides. Consequently, wild birds might constitute a potential hazard to human and animal health by transmitting multi-resistant E. coli strains to waterways and other environmental sources via bird faeces.
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Islam, Mohammed Sirajul, Md Yousuf Ali, Md Humayun Kabir, et al. "Assessment of present bio-security practices in live poultry markets in some selected areas of Bangladesh." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (2016): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v1i2.61600.
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A study was conducted to assess the existing bio-security practices in different live poultry markets in some selected areas of Bangladesh such as Dhaka City Corporation, Sirajgong Sadar and Sahjadpur Upazila from January 2015 to May 2015 using semi-structured and pre-tested questionnaire along with observation. A total number of one hundred twenty (120) respondents were purposively selected from the above mentioned locations. Forty (40) respondents were selected involved in live bird market and information collected from each area of markets to know the different contributing factors of live bird market bio-security situation through personal interviewing method. The results of the present study reveals that around seventy one percent (71%) live bird’s sellers used different type’s drugs to keep their birds sound and alive until sold out all birds. This study noticed that more than 71 percent respondents did not dispose the dead birds scientifically. The survey result showed that about fifty percent (50%) respondents used separate dress during working period at their sale centers. It was also observed that 87 percent respondents did not use commercial disinfectant to clean their dressing materials. Further it is noted that the sanitary and hygienic practices of the most live poultry sale centers were poor. This study clearly revealed that there was a high risk of disease transmission and dissemination both to poultry and human beings due to poor bio-security of live poultry markets in the study areas. It could be concluded that immediate necessary steps need to be undertaken by the government and other regulatory organizations to improve the live bird market situation for ensuring the safe poultry meat in the country. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2016, 1 (2), 333-337
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Yousaf, Muhammad Abrar, Misbah Noreen, Muhammad Faisal Maqbool, Amina Irfan, Ishfaq Ahmad, and Memoona. "Foraging Behavior of Birds at Morning and Evening Times: A Preliminary Study." BioScientific Review 2, no. 1 (2020): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/bsr.0201.04.
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Birds exhibit a wide variety of behaviors including foraging behavior which could vary both inter- and intra-specifically. The current study was aimed to investigate different aspects of the foraging behavior of birds in different fields situated at the Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore. The said campus covers an area of about 721 ha and has a stable ecosystem which supports a diverse range of birds. Three fields were selected for study purposes. The first field (F1) was characterized by dense vegetation. The second field (F2) contained relatively less vegetation and the third field (F3) was situated near the premises containing the hostel and the shopping center. Observations were recorded during December 2019 for a week at morning (0800-0900 h) and evening (1500-1600 h) times. The observations were based on the assumptions that an abundant availability of food will increase the stay time and vice versa. Moreover, number of pecks by birds also correlate with stay time. A total of 10, 8 and 5 bird species were observed in the above mentioned three fields, that is, F1, F2 and F3, respectively. Different patterns of bird frequency, pecking rate and search time were observed in all fields at morning and evening times which could be associated with the nature of the microhabitat, vegetation, predator risk, food availability, group size and various environmental factors such as temperature. Spearman’s correlation revealed a significant (p < 0.01) association between search time and number of pecks of birds in all three fields.
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Marwa Jamal Hussain Al Kinany. "Histological Study of Esophagus in White Breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon symernensis)." Journal of Wasit for Science and Medicine 10, no. 1 (2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/jwsm.416.
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Study targeted to clarification the microscopic features of the esophagus structure in (white breasted kingfisher) bird Halcyon smyrnensis, which is primarily piscivorous, through studying of various histological modifications such as relative development of mucosal folds, mucous-secreting glands and musculature have been shown to be correlated with the specific feeding habits of studying bird. Histological study was conducted on ten adult healthy birds during the period from March to May of 2016 in the Animal House of the College of Science / University of Wasit. The results showed that the esophagus kingfisher birds characterized as a thin flexible muscular tube. The most important characteristic of the installation of the esophagus in a bird Kingfisher histologically that the wall of the esophagus found to be composed of only three layers or tunics: mucous, muscular and adventitious arranged from the inside to outside, referring to the absence of tunica submucosa. Microscopic observation of first mucosal layer of esophageal wall showed that it was consists of lamina propria, epithelia and groups of longitudinal folds without discrimination for presence of muscularis mucosae. Mucosal layer of esophagus wall lined by epithelium of non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium tissue. Lamina propria noticed to compose of numerous mucous esophageal glands. The histological study of esophageal wall also indicated to the absence of submucosa layer because the difficulty to distinguish from the lamina propria. The second tunica tunica a muscularis externa composed of smooth muscle fibers arranged into two secondary layers, inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. In addition to the mentioned tunics it's found a third layer surrounding the muscularis externa consisted of nerve fibers, and fatty cells known adventitia.
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Elvis Umbu Lolo, Cicik Sudaryantiningsih, Yonathan Suryo Pambudi, Widianto, Richardus Indra Gunawan, and Agerippa Yanuranda Krismani. "The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic Appears as a Result of Human Beings not Friendly to the Environment." Asian Journal of Community Services 2, no. 4 (2023): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ajcs.v2i4.3793.
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The number of new deadly infectious diseases in the world, including Covid-19, has quadrupled in the last 60 years. For example, HIV is known to have originated from chimpanzees, the Ebola outbreak was related to hunting habits or the use of several species of bats that carried the virus, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) was transmitted from mongooses to humans, while MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) was transmitted from humped camels and Bird flu (H5N1), also known as avian influenza, is a viral infection originating from wild birds (chickens) that can attack not only birds, but also humans and other animals. All of the events mentioned above have awakened humanity to exploit natural resources. responsibly so as not to cause the emergence of new diseases such as the corona virus 2019 disease 2019 (covid-2019).
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Dyta Septiyatik, Hendrokumoro. "When Human is Depicted as Birds: Moral Education through Javanese Saloka." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 4s (2024): 1616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.2224.
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Saloka is one of Javanese proverbs which includes comparison of human to other objects, such as goods or animals. Concerning on its structure, Javanese saloka can be expressed in various linguistic units, for instances word, phrase, even clause. Generally, the use of proverb in Javanese people‟s everyday life is still solid, especially when it is involved in advice, criticism, or quibble. In addition, another charm of Javanese saloka lies on the choice of vehicles – what is used to depict the object of discussion – in which human is portrayed as a thing or animal. For that reason, this study aims to reveal the use of bird types as a representation of human in Javanese saloka that contains moral values. The approach of qualitative descriptive was utilized in this work, extracting the data from several books of Javanese proverbs collection. Subsequently, the collected data was analysed through semantic metaphor with the help of literature such as journal articles, encyclopaedia, and internet sources. The result of the study shows that there are nine types of bird mentioned in Javanese saloka: beluk „owl‟, cocak „bulbul‟, dhandhang „crow‟, emprit „Javan munia‟, glathik „padda or Java sparrow‟, jalak „starling‟, kontul „heron‟, pecruk „cormorant‟, and peking „scaly-breasted munia or spice finch‟. Likewise, the motivations behind the use of bird types in Javanese saloka include: (1) bird habit; (2) bird colour; (3) bird size; and (4) bird chirp characteristics. To finish, the objective of saloka with b
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Płusa, Magdalena. "„Głuszec”, „pieun”, „śpiewak” – nazwy ptaka łownego utrwalone w powieściach Józefa Weyssenhoffa." Respectus Philologicus, no. 44 (49) (October 12, 2023): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2023.44.49.106.
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This article focuses on the names of the game bird (capercaillie) as recorded in two literary works by Józef Weyssenhoff, namely Puszcza and Soból i panna. These novels provide research material regarding the terms used to refer to the wild bird, namely głuszec, pieun, śpiewak. The names, supported by examples from the mentioned texts, were examined in terms of their documentation (formal and semantic), in various sources, such as dictionaries, regionally-derived lexical elements, collections of hunting vocabulary, nature studies and literature. The findings show that the author used not only the wildly known name (głuszec) but also confirmed the presence in the hunting terminology (pieun, śpiewak) with very scant documentation (sometimes only from Weyssenhoff).
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Leonard, M. "An overview and comparative analysis of singing on the nest in North American birds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (2008): 1101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-092.
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Bird song is used to defend territories and attract mates and tends to make the singer conspicuous. Singing on the nest (SOTN) has been mentioned since 1904 but has remained largely unexplored. This behavior occurs in 10.1% of breeding birds of North America. Factors that predict the likelihood of SOTN for any species include colonial nesting, incubation sharing and feeding, and taxonomic family. If SOTN is as conspicuous as other forms of singing, this behavior may incur significant costs, such as increased nest predation and parasitism. Data collected from the literature regarding nest vocalizations of adult birds (calls and songs) showed those costs were not significantly different between vocalizing and silent birds. There was greater variance in the rates of nest predation and parasitism for vocalizing birds, which may suggest greater risk. The function(s) of SOTN are not well understood and are mostly untested. Several hypotheses are presented to explain this behavior. This is the first attempt to examine this behavior in any depth and demonstrates the need for further research to explore its function(s) and consequences.
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Yang, Lung Jieh, Chung Yu Kao, and Chin Kwang Huang. "Development of Flapping Ornithopters by Precision Injection Molding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 163 (April 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.163.125.
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The authors investigate the component fabrication of a flapping ornithopter with 21.6 cm wing span by using precision injection molding. For making a bio-mimicking flapper like birds, two fold of plastic injection moldings have been done. Firstly the flapping mechanism of a 4-bar linkage gear transmission module has been studied, and the according plastic components for the gear transmission module were designed as light as possible. Thereafter the injection flow analysis in the multi-mold cavity and the fabrication parameters of the molding process has been implemented. The finished polyoxymethylene (POM) components for the transmission module of 1.2 gram in mass finally verify the design and process of the precision injection molding. After the ornithopterGolden Snitchwas assembled and tested with the fore-mentioned plastic 4-bar linkage, a maximum flight record of 480 sec was created in 2010. The second framework of injection molding is to design a bird-like expandable polystyrene (EPS) fuselage with 19.5 cm in length as the mechanical protection. After this ornithopterGolden Snitch-Prowas assembled, it has a successful flight of 230 sec and 100 times of landing capability. In summary, the fabrication of a polymeric bird-like flapper is proved, and the precision injection molding technique shows its feasibility in realization of ornithopters.
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Ghalekhani, Golnar, and Mahdi Khaksar. "A Thematic and Etymological Glossary of Aquatic and Bird Genera Names in Iranian Bundahišm." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 62 (October 2015): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.62.39.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to present a thematic and etymological glossary of aquatic and bird genera names which have been mentioned in Iranian Bundahišn. In this research, after arranging animal names in Persian alphabetic order in their respective genus, first the transliteration and transcription of animal names in middle Persian language are provided. Afterwards, the part of Bundahišn that contains the actual animal names and the relevant translations are mentioned. The etymology of every animal name is described by considering the morphemic source. Finally, mention is made of the mythology connected to the animal and the animal category in Iranian Bundahišn (if available), and the way in which the words have changed from Old Persian up to now. Changes in the name of every animal from the ancient languages such as Indo-European, Sanskrit, Old Persian and Avestan to middle languages such as Pahlavi, Sogdian, Khotanese, and Chorasmian and how the name appears in new Iranian languages and dialects such as Behdini (Gabri), Kurdi, Baluchi and Yaghnobi are also referred to.
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TURIENZO, PAOLA, and OSVALDO DI IORIO. "Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina. Part I: a bibliographical review, with taxonomical corrections, comments and a hypothetical mechanism of transmission of cimicid bugs." Zootaxa 1561, no. 1 (2007): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1561.1.1.
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A bibliographical review of the insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina is herein presented. The bird species are cited as they were originally recorded in the respective publications, but their nomenclature is updated. For each kind of nest, the data are ordered in the following manner: by insect order, family, subfamily and species (references, without locality) and by province: locality with specimens when stated (reference with locality data). Comments on nomenclature and some corrections are included under the respective notes. Three items that have received most attention were the hematophagous Reduviidae: Triatominae, Cimicidae, and the larvae of Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae). Identifications of other insects are scarce, and were explicitly mentioned in only three short works, and in an anecdotal manner in other papers. In general, insects found in birds’ nests may be grouped by ecological guilds (predators, hematophagous parasitoids, detritivores, phytophagous and some predator insect hibernants, and inquilines), permanency (temporal and permanent residents) inside the nests, and according to their direct relationship to the birds. A transmission mechanism is hypothesized for the hematophagous bugs of the family Cimicidae based upon data on birds that nidificate in nests of other birds. Some new records are included.
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Szafrański, B., M. Zieja, and J. Wójcik. "The review of methods for a real-time monitoring and forecasting bird strike risk level." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2198, no. 1 (2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2198/1/012002.
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Abstract A high level of flight safety is a priority for all aviation organizations in the world. The negative impact of the natural environment on air operations is one of the most common factors causing the situations exerting a negative influence on flight safety (in short-aviation occurrence) in the Polish Army. The most common reason of the aviation occurrence connected with the environment area is the bird strike. The lack of a method for real-time monitoring and forecasting bird strike risk level is a significant gap in the proactive approach to flight safety within the Polish Air Force. The article presents a review of the methods for monitoring and forecasting the intensity of bird movements, which were used to build advisory systems used by air forces of the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Israel. The article consists of summary of most important properties of the methods and analysis in terms of their applicability in the Polish conditions. Particular attention was paid to the complicated network of routes of bird species occurring on Polish territory. Finally, after proving the incomplete usefulness of the above-mentioned methods in Polish conditions, the need to develop a more adequate method was justified.
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Bezerra, Dandara M. M., Helder F. P. Araujo, and Rômulo R. N. Alves. "Keeping wild birds as pets in a semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil." El Hornero 32, no. 1 (2017): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.56178/eh.v32i1.543.
Full textAbstract:
There is a wide variety of wild birds in the semiarid region of Brazil. Some of these birds are frequently used by local populations in various ways, and the habit of keeping wild birds in cages as pets is very common. The objective of this study was to survey the birds kept as pets in a semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state in northeastern Brazil. Field study was conducted from September 2009 to March 2010 in the districts of Caicó, São João do Sabugi, Serra Negra do Norte, and Timbaúba dos Batistas. A total of 101 individuals were interviewed, including 91 male respondents, with ages ranging 10–75 years. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews of local residents who kept wild birds as pets. Twenty-five species of wild birds kept as pets, belonging to seven families, were mentioned by the respondents. The family Thraupidae was the most represented, with 10 bird species. Sporophila albogularis, Paroaria dominicana and Icterus jamacaii had the highest use values, all of them species endemic to the Caatinga and Brazil. Capturing wild birds for caged keeping is an activity still practiced in the study area by local human populations, who prefer species endemic to Brazil.
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Kravchenko, N. "BIRD HUNTING IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE COMMONWEALTH IN THE LIGHT OF NARRATIVE SOURSES OF THE 16TH – 17TH CENTURIES." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 152-153 (2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2022.152-153.4.
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The article analyzes bird hunting in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the light of such sources as treatises and diaries; some of them have also left their impression on the history of literature. Depending on their subject, hunting as such or merely bird hunting (as its branch) are represented completely or fragmentarily in these sources. Owing to hunting treatises as the main source in the context of this study, it is possible to reconstruct the technical level of development in this area at the time mentioned. These sources are relevant in terms of researching the knowledge about avifauna of the time, habits of its representatives, behavior, breeding season (during that period it was recommended to limit hunting). The latter is a manifestation of a pragmatic attitude to this resource, awareness of its value, which can also be interpreted as a primary manifestation of environmental awareness. A small number of the analyzed sources relate to the Ukrainian lands in particular. However, due to the similarity of landscapes and the conservatism of hunting practices, Polish examples can sometimes be illustrative. In the memoirs of this period hunting is represented from a different angle than that of the treatises – as part of everyday life at that time. Given that hunting chase was considered the best way for elites to hunt as a form of military training, bird hunting was inconspicuous. It was often a craft of poor servants, so it is visible in diaries from another angle – as a source of new gastronomic experiences. Most often we are talking about baked partridges and blackbirds, capercaillie, bustard, quail, etc.; the use of smaller birds is known mainly due to rare mentions. In the diaries, dedicated to the diplomatic missions to other countries and diplomatic receptions, the birds of prey, along with expensive sable furs can often be found in the lists of prestigious gifts. A spin-off manifestation of the popularity of hunting was the emergence of hunting sayings.
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Tryjanowski, Piotr, Mateusz Hetman, Paweł Czechowski, et al. "Birds Drinking Alcohol: Species and Relationship with People. A Review of Information from Scientific Literature and Social Media." Animals 10, no. 2 (2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020270.
Full textAbstract:
Ethanol is a natural by-product of the fermentation process of fruit sugars and is occasionally consumed by fruit-eating and tree sap drinking birds. Information on this form of alcohol consumption features in the scientific literature. However, as pets or as wild animals living close to humans in urban habitats, birds have increasing possibilities to consume alcohol from beverages, such as beer, wine or spirits. Some observations have been discussed in a light-hearted manner in mass media and social media, but without any generalization of why some bird species drink the beverages intentionally or unintentionally provided by humans. To check which species and in what circumstances birds drink alcohol and how this is evaluated by humans, we reviewed the scientific literature and analysed videos from YouTube. In total we found and analysed 8 scientific papers and 179 YouTube videos, from which we identified at least 55 species (in some cases not all birds were identified to species level), 11 in the scientific literature and 47 in videos. The distribution of these species over the avian phylogenetic tree suggests that the origin of this convergent behaviour is mainly by human influence. The two data sources differed in the species covered. Videos typically presented interactions of birds with human-provided alcoholic beverages, and were dominated by two groups of intelligent birds: parrots and corvids. The popularity of YouTube videos for a particular species was positively correlated with the general popularity of the species as measured by the number of hits (results listed) on Google. Human responses to the videos were generally very positive and we analysed how the responses were influenced by factors derived from viewing the videos. Moreover, YouTube videos also provide information on at least 47 new bird species not previously mentioned as using alcohol, and our results suggest that parrots in particular can be potentially good candidates for future restricted laboratory studies on the effect of ethanol on birds and their relationship with humans.
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Etayeb, Khaled, Ashraf Galidana, Ali Berbash, et al. "Results of the eighteenth winter waterbird census in Libya (IWC), January 2022." Open Veterinary Journal 13, no. 4 (2023): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i4.2.
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Background: Libyan wetlands are diverse; the coastline of Libya in particular has different kinds of wetlands such as salt marshes, bays, lakes, lagoons and islands. These varieties in habitats provide good shelters and foraging sites for migratory birds during their journeys between Eurasia and Africa. Since the beginning of the Libyan winter census of waterbirds (Libya IWC) in 2005 which continued regularly until 2012, it had relatively the same performance in the number of covered sites. Since 2013, due to the security situation that Libya has experienced as a result of wars and conflict which negatively affected the quality of the IWC in Libya, the number of sites has dramatically decreased, reaching only 6 sites during the middle of the previous decade. Aim: The IWC 2022 aimed to counting the birds along the Libyan coast from January 10 to 29. Methods: The census activities were conducted from the dawn to dusk along the period of the study, by using high quality Telescopes, binoculars and digital cameras for the documentation. Point transects method was used to cover the sites. Results: The results of this year showed that a total of 64 sites were covered, 68 species of waterbirds were counted, with an abundance of 61,850 individuals. During the census period, a total of 52 non-waterbirds species found in Wetlands were recorded, and the number of individuals was 14,836 birds. A total of 18 threatened species were observed during this survey, 12 of them are mentioned in the IUCN Red-list, and 9 species are mentioned in the RAC/SPA annex II as threatened in the Mediterranean, where the species; Larus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826), Larus genei (Breme, 1839) and Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) are mentioned in both of them. Conclusion: The lack of the number of Ornithologists and bird watchers is still one of the factors affecting the quality of the IWC in Libya, as well as lack of funding remains an important factor that plays a major role in the success of the waterbirds census.
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S, Karumbayiram. "Omen - a word and its meaning." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 3 (2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2133.
Full textAbstract:
Words are always coined, and the people accept them as per the circumstances. Some of those words are used in the literature. Many words which are used in literature become obsolete. Even so, some words are still used by the people. In that sense, the word nimittam, which means Omen, has been used by people from ancient times. This research aims to explore the meaning of the word with its different terminologies. Books such as Tolkappiyam, Silappathikaram, Perungkatai and Kambaramayanam mention that the purpose of the word is to say what will happen in the future. The word is also used in other forms such as Nimittu, nimittiyam. Cakuṉam, puḷ, kuṟi, cōtiṭam, ētu, cōtaṉam are the synonyms of this word. Duraisamy Pillai comments, the word sakunam is derived from sokinam. It can be seen that the word sakunam refers first to the bird and then to the sakunam associated with the bird and all sorts of sakunam (omens) throughout the time. Bull, another word, is used by the people of ancient times. This word denotes the name of this bird, which has been mentioned in ancient Tamil literature such as Naṟṟiṇai, puṟanāṉūṟu, perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai, malaipaṭukaṭām Later, like the word sakunam, it denotes the signs of bird, after some time, it is named for all kinds of signs. One can see the use of the word in Kalingathu Parani. Thus this article tries to explore the various terms which mean nimittam.
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De Lozoya, Arturo Valledor, David González García, and Jolyon Parish. "A great auk for the Sun King." Archives of Natural History 43, no. 1 (2016): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2016.0345.
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This paper describes two watercolours and one engraving of the great auk (Pinguinus impennis) executed by the French painter Nicolas Robert probably between 1666 and 1670. Despite their interest as early images of this extinct species and the first ones rendered in colour, they have not been mentioned in the literature. The images suggest that the bird was kept alive in the menagerie at the palace in Versailles, where Robert portrayed it for Louis XIV; Robert's paintings are collectively known as “Les vélins du Roi”.
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Ferrari, Michele, and Francesca Cirisano. "Wetting Properties of Simulated and Commercial Contaminants on High Transmittance Superhydrophobic Coating." Nanomaterials 13, no. 18 (2023): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13182541.
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The large and necessary diffusion of huge solar plants in extra urban areas implies the adoption of maintenance strategies especially where human intervention would require high costs and logistic problems. Animal dejections like bird droppings and agricultural sprays are environmental agents able to significantly decrease light absorption and, in some cases, cause serious damage to the electric conversion systems in a photovoltaic panel. In this work, the performance of a superhydrophobic (SH) coating in terms of durable self-cleaning properties and transparency has been studied in the presence of commercial and simulated contaminants on glass reference and solar panel surfaces. Wettability studies have been carried out both in static and dynamic conditions in order to compare the compositional effect of commercial liquids used as fertilizers or pesticides and molecules like pancreatin as model substances simulating bird droppings. From these studies, it can be observed that the superhydrophobic coating, independently from the surface where it is applied, is able to repel water and substances used such as fertilizers or pesticides and substances simulating bird droppings, maintaining its properties and transparency. This kind of approach can provide information to design suitable spray formulations without the above-mentioned drawbacks to be used in natural environment areas and agrosolar plants.
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Desoky, Abd El-Aleem. "The most important animal pest is the possibility of transmitting or reservoirs the Corona virus." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 4, no. 2 (2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/059.
Full textAbstract:
Although the bat has unique characteristics compared to other mammals, but it currently enjoys a poor reputation, especially after being linked to being the source of the Corona virus, as international researchers recently published a large-scale research, which is the largest of its kind, about corona viruses in the bat, If this hypothesis is correct, then the Corona virus will be added to other dangerous viruses carried by the bat bird. The bird had caused, years ago, the spread of viruses such as “SARS” and “MERS”, because the bat can carry different viruses without getting sick. The bat is a "reservoir for viruses" that have caused a number of diseases and epidemics in Africa, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Australia. It is not limited to the mentioned viruses, as the bat carries an "Ebola" infection, and the "rabies" virus also carries. Other mammals. It is possible that other animal pests such as rodents may be related to reservoiror transmitting the Corona virus.
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Mills, Patrick C., and R. L. Langenheim. "Wolfcampian brachiopods from the Bird Spring Group, Wamp Spring area, Las Vegas Range, Clark County, Nevada." Journal of Paleontology 61, no. 1 (1987): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000028171.
Full textAbstract:
The Wamp Spring section of the Bird Spring Group consists of approximately 1,600 feet of carbonate rocks subdivided into a basal platy limestone member, lower cliff-forming member, and upper cliff-forming member.Triticites, Schwagerina, andSchubertella kingiin the platy limestone member indicate an early Wolfcampian age.Schwagerina, Schubertella kingi, and a distinctive assemblage of brachiopods, similar to the West Texas fauna, includingKozlowskia kingi, Elliottellaaff.E. multicostata, Leurosina sinesulca, Gypospirifercf.G. infraplicus, andCompositacf.C. apheles, indicate that the upper cliff-forming member is late Wolfcampian. The lower cliff-forming member is tentatively assigned to the middle Wolfcampian. The Wamp Spring sequence correlates temporally with the BSe “formation” of the Bird Spring Group.In addition to the previously mentioned taxa, the fossil-rich upper cliff-forming limestone member includes the new speciesPontisia boodi, Crurithyris wampensis, andCalliprotonia(?) n. sp. A, as well asHustedia culcitula, Crenispirifer(?) sp.,Cenorhynchia(?) sp.,Kutorginella(?) sp., marginiferids, lyssacine hexactinellid sponges, pleurotomarid and bellerophontid gastropods, cidaroid echinoids, rugose corals, cylindrical cryptostome bryozoans, and nuculids.
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Kawashima, Hideo, Kiyotaka Fukahori, Mahfuza Parveen, Garu Muni Wathsala Lakpriya Gunawardena, and Takashi Asaeda. "Citizen’s Perception on Eco-friendly Lifestyle for Conserving Endangered Oriental White Stork and Crested Ibis Bird Species in Japan – Case Studies in Toyoka, Sado and Konosu Cities." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 10, no. 3 (2023): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v10.n3.1119.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to find out the relationship between an eco-friendly lifestyle and the attitude towards conservation of endangered Oriental White Stork and Japanese Crested Ibis bird species in Toyooka, Sado, and Konosu cities in Japan. Citizens were surveyed to assess their willingness to spend an eco-friendly lifestyle to protect the above-mentioned endangered bird species through questionnaire surveys. Ecological Mind Evaluation Scale (EM Evaluation scale) developed by Tanaka and Joh (2012) based on Hirose model and Bandura’s research on Self Efficacy was applied in this research. This Ecological Mind Evaluation Scale includes 10 factors and it was applied to develop the questionnaire survey. The factor analysis was undertaken based on 4 groups of questionnaire results; environmental awareness, attitude towards environmental conservation, environmental consciousness and self-efficacy. Factor analysis was performed using the varimax method and sample data set comprised 686 valid responses from the three study sites. The KMO values were over 0.80 indicating the sampling was adequate. According to the factor analysis Sado city scored high for environmental awareness and environment consciousness. Toyooka city scored high on self-efficacy and environmental consciousness. Konosu city was compared with the Toyooka and Sado cities, where more advanced habitat conservation activities are already implemented. Findings displayed that the citizens in Konosu city had low awareness about these bird conservation activities, however, they are willing to contribute in such activities in the future. Thus, this study demonstrated that by engaging in environmentally friendly lifestyles, the citizens can contribute to habitat conservation of endangered bird species
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Bukaciński, Dariusz, Monika Bukacińska, and Arkadiusz Buczyński. "Awifauna wodno-błotna środkowej Wisły w okresie lęgowym: wpływ działalności człowieka na rozmieszczenie, liczebność i bogactwo gatunkowe." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 9, no. 2 (2011): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2011.9.2.04.
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The inventory of birds was conducted in the years 2005-2010 on the Vistula River section between Dęblin (388 km of the river) and Podwierzbie (435 km of the river). The study area includes a southern section of the European Ecological Natura 2000 Site in Poland PLB140004 „Middle Vistula River Valley” (IBA, PL083). In most areas the Vistula flows here within unregulated or relatively little modified riverbed, having features of natural, lowland, braided river. Sandy islands and braid bars within the main channel, steep banks, and old riparian afforestation create the unique breeding habitats of the Vistula River Valley. Especially the river channel habitats provide suitable breeding sites for many rare bird species, constituting some of them the key-breeding sites. There are, however, fragments of several kilometers, where people transformed the Vistula River in a more visible way (Table 1). These are, among others: an urban section within Dęblin boundaries (km 388-393 of the river), a fragment adjacent to Kozienice Power Plant (km 421-426), and the area, where since 2007 gravel for the industry has been mining from the river bottom (km 426-431). The aim of this inventory was the comparison of richness and abundance of breeding bird species associated directly with the river channel on fragments mentioned above. It will allow us to estimate soberly how very the intensity of human utilization of the river affects the distribution of avifauna of the Vistula, determining the richness and abundance of valuable and/or endangered species breeding in a given area.
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Nobrega, Veruska Asevedo, José Aécio Alves Barbosa, and Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves. "Utilização de aves silvestres por moradores do município de Fagundes, Semiárido paraibano: uma abordagem etno-ornitológica." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 11, no. 2 (2012): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb106.
Full textAbstract:
Since the mankind’s beginnings, birds were associated with humans in a relationship that involveduse, mastery and admiration. Many birds species are kept as pets or as decorations, whether by its visual beauty or fortheir ability to sing. This study was aimed to discover the relations of wild bird usage by locals in rural areas in themunicipality of Fagundes, Paraiba’s semiarid region, looking to identify and characterize the socio-economic, cultural andenvironmental contexts in which such uses occur. The information was obtained through opened interviews and semistructuredquestionnaires given to 56 locals. The interviewees cited 53 differents species of birds used for many purposes,especially for food or as pets. This result reflects the fact that the birds are used for subsistence and are a natural resourceof great importance to the culture and economy of the locals. The most frequently mentioned species by intervieweeswere: ‘rolinha-picui’ (Columbina picui), ‘ribaçã’ (Zenaida auriculata), ‘rolinha-cambuta’ (Columbina minuta), ‘lambu-dopé-roxo’ (Crypturellus tataupa) and ‘galo-de-campina’ (Paroaria dominicana). Among the species cited, one is present inthe list of endangered species: ‘pintassilgo’ (Sporagra yarrellii). Some interviewees also noted that the birds specieswhich were usually captured, are becoming increasingly scarce, suggesting a reduction of the natural populations. Therefore,it is important to understand the context in which the uses of birds occur and socio-cultural factors in order to establishmanagement plans associated with the sustainable use of this resource.
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Bukaciński, Dariusz, Monika Bukacińska, and Arkadiusz Buczyński. "Wetland birds of middle Vistula River during breeding season: the impact of human activities on the distribution, abundance and richness of species." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (2020): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.30.
Full textAbstract:
The inventory of birds was conducted in the years 2005-2010 on the Vistula River section between Dęblin (km 388 of the river) and Podwierzbie (km 435 of the river). The study area includes a southern section of the European Ecological Natura 2000 Site in Poland PLB140004 "Middle Vistula River Valley” (IBA, PL083). On most areas the Vistula flows here within unregulated or relatively little modified riverbed, having features of a natural, lowland, braided river. Sandy islands and braid bars within a main channel, steep banks and old riparian afforestation create the unique breeding habitats of the Vistula River Valley. Especially the river channel habitats provide suitable breeding sites for many rare bird species, constituting for some of them the key-breeding sites. There are, however, fragments of several kilometres, where people transformed the Vistula River in a more noticeable way (Table 1). These are, among others: an urban section within Dęblin boundaries (km 388 to km 393 of the river), a fragment adjacent to Kozienice Power Plant (km 421 to km 426) and the area, where since 2007 gravel for industry has been mined from the river bottom (km 426 to km 431).
 The aim of this inventory was the comparison of richness and abundance of breeding bird species linked directly to the river channel in fragments mentioned above. It will allow to estimate soberly how very the intensity of human utilization of the river affects the distribution of avifauna of the Vistula, determining the richness and abundance of valuable and/or endangered species breeding in a given area.
 In the years 2007-2009 within a whole study area 32 breeding species characteristic for the riverbed and its surroundings were recorded. Among them 6 are threatened in Poland: mew gull (Larus canus), little tern (Sternula albifrons), ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula), Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), corncrake (Crex crex) and hoopoe (Upupa epops) (Table 2a, b). The comparison of bird richness revealed significant differences between adjoining fragments of the river (Table 3). Decidedly the most valuable was the section between Wróble and Kozienice Power Plant (km 416-421). The Vistula River flows here within a riverbed only a little changed by man. It has an appearance typical for a large, lowland braided river with meandering channels, network of small side channels, steep banks, sandy bars and different kind of islands. Such differentiated environment is reflected in richness of birds. The association of 27-30 species reached here the total density of 337-397 pairs/km along the river, unparalleled in other habitats (Table 3). The urban section within Dęblin boundaries (km 388-393) and a 5-kilometer-long area of gravel mining (km 426-431) were much less attractive for birds. Straight, much narrower river channel, small number of islands in a main channel and a degraded valley in the vicinity of river banks caused, that only six to ten species nested there, of the total density ranged between 2.0-2.7 pairs/km on the urban fragment and 3.8-6.6 pairs/km within the gravel pit area (Table 3). However, these values are quite high in comparison to those recorded for the fragment adjoining Kozienice Power Plant (km 421-426). The river channel is here clearly contracted and the bottom is deepened. The river flows fast within one channel. Numerous, concrete, submerged groynes, revetments on both sides of the river and a bank made of concrete, protecting a power station are very characteristic for this place. Such a man-made environment almost excludes the possibility of breeding of birds within a riverbed. Only single pairs of lapwings (Vanellus vanellus), common sandpipers (Actitis hypoleucos), little ringed plovers (Charadrius dubius) and goosanders (Mergus merganser) occurred here, sporadically also common terns (Sterna hirundo) (Table 2a,b). The total density was very low and did not exceed 1.5 pairs/km along the river.
 The yearly surveys of birds in the years previous to and after beginning of a gravel and sand mining from the river bottom allowed to estimate if the development had changed somehow the status of riparian bird populations. During three years of an activity a negative impact of the development on the richness and abundance of bird species was not recorded, both in direct vicinity and on the fragment below (Table 4). Not the small harmfulness of the development finally influences the status and changes of avifauna in these sections, but the place where it is situated. It should be kept in mind that the sand mining takes place only within 2 km of the section of Vistula that is regulated to a large degree, and the section above is almost unavailable for riparian birds (Kozienice Power Station). One can assume with high probability bordering on certainty that when the gravel excavation took place on the fragment between km 393 and km 421 or below km 431 of the river, the negative impact of the development on breeding habitats and avifauna of the river channel would be much more noticeable and worse still – it would be irreversible. Both fragments mentioned above are now unique places, where the bird association characteristic for the unregulated channel of lowland river can be found – the environment, which irrevocably declines due to human activities.
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Berezkin, Y. E. "Sumerian poem about Lugalbanda and parallels for one of its episodes." Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, no. 6 (December 15, 2023): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869541523060131.
Full textAbstract:
This article begins with the paraphrase of the Sumerian poems “Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave” and “Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird”. The retelling is made by Rim M. Nurullin who consulted the recent studies related to these texts. A parallel between “Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave” and the Rigveda is specifically discussed. Further, a classification of episodes found in the narratives recorded in Eurasia and America ca. A.D. 1850-1950 that contain the same motifs as the episode of Lugalbanda’s meeting with the Anzu bird is provided. The area distribution of two main variants is revealed. According to the first one, a man kills a serpent that was going to devour the nestlings of a mighty bird, and the grateful bird helps him. This variant is attested from Algeria to India and from Manchuria to the Carpathian-Balkan region. The American parallels also exist. According to the second variant, the man cares for nestlings (feeds them, covers from a storm, etc.) while the serpent is not mentioned. In the Sumerian poem, the hero decorates the nestlings. Concerning late traditions, such an episode being rare in the south (from the Maghreb to India) is predominant among the Eastern Slavs, Baltic Finns, and probably Balts. Rare Siberian cases are scattered from the Northern Khanty to Asiatic Eskimo. Considering the American parallels, the first variant looks like the earlier one. The basic motif of a hero who helps the nestlings is an example of a narrative element that had spread at least in the Terminal Paleolithic and has survived until recent times when it was incorporated into the fairytales.
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Slapinia, Anna A. "12TH CENTURY GUSLI WITH ZOOMORPHIC DECORUM FROM NOVGOROD: WESTERN EUROPEAN ANALOGIES AND POSSIBLE SYMBOLIC MEANING." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 1 (2022): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-1-85-97.
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The article is devoted to the decorum of the wooden gusli (psal- tery) found during archaeological excavations in Novgorod the Great in 1969. This artefact, dated from the first half of 12 th century, is decorated with two carved dragon’s heads. Also there are depicted graffiti carvings: one with drag- on’s heads and another one with a lion and a bird. The similarity between caved dragon’s heads at gusli from Novgorod and decorum of Western European medieval musical instruments (citoles and harps) is found. There is mentioned in the article that images of harps with zoomorphic decorum are known from miniatures with King David depicted in medieval illuminated psalters. Also it is found that the graffiti with a lion and a bird has iconographic parallels in the stone carvings with King David on the walls of the Church of the Interces- sion on the River Nerl (1165) situated near the city of Vladimir in Russia. Therefore a hypothesis about reflection of King David’s theme in the decorum of gusli from Novgorod is expressed.
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Mishra, Kaushik, and Santosh Kumar Majhi. "A binary Bird Swarm Optimization based load balancing algorithm for cloud computing environment." Open Computer Science 11, no. 1 (2021): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2020-0215.
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Abstract Task scheduling and load balancing are a concern for service providers in the cloud computing environment. The problem of scheduling tasks and balancing loads in a cloud is categorized under an NP-hard problem. Thus, it needs an efficient load scheduling algorithm that not only allocates the tasks onto appropriate VMs but also maintains the trade-off amidst VMs. It should keep an equilibrium among VMs in a way that reduces the makespan while maximizing the utilization of resources and throughput. In response to it, the authors propose a load balancing algorithm inspired by the mimicking behavior of a flock of birds, which is called the Bird Swarm Optimization Load Balancing (BSO-LB) algorithm that considers tasks as birds and VMs as destination food patches. In the considered cloud simulation environment, tasks are assumed to be independent and non-preemptive. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm under real workloads, the authors consider a dataset (GoCJ) logged by Goggle in 2018 for the execution of cloudlets. The proposed algorithm aims to enhance the overall system performance by reducing response time and keeping the whole system balanced. The authors have integrated the binary variant of the BSO algorithm with the load balancing method. The proposed technique is analyzed and compared with other existing load balancing algorithms such as MAX-MIN, RASA, Improved PSO, and other scheduling algorithms as FCFS, SJF, and RR. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms when being compared with the different algorithms mentioned above. It is noteworthy that the proposed approach illustrates an improvement in resource utilization and reduces the makespan of tasks.
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Hahn, Ingo, Uwe Römer, Gerardo Soto, Julia Baumeister, and Pablo Vergara. "Diversity, biogeography, abundance, and conservation of the birds of Mocha Island National Reserve, Chile." Vertebrate Zoology 66, no. 3 (2016): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.66.e31571.
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The avifauna of Mocha Island is analysed according to species richness, habitat use, and reproductive status, and the first quantitative population estimates of forest landbirds are presented basing on unbiased survey data as a basis for conservation. We recorded a total of 100 species, including non-breeders. Among all recorded taxa, landbirds (n = 48 spp. or 48 %) exhibit higher species numbers when compared to shore- and seabirds (38), and freshwater birds (14). Within the documented breeding avifauna (n = 54 spp.) landbirds take an even relative higher value, amounting to 88 % (or 42 spp.). Austral and Neotropical species are most numerous within the landbird assemblage, reflecting the closest biogeographical realm. When comparing different Chilean avifaunas, southern mainland ecosystems show the highest landbird richness (90), followed by Chiloe Island (61), Mocha Island (42), and remote Juan Fernandez Islands (11). From line transects surveyed, 884 bird individuals belonging to 18 resident forest landbird species were recorded (averaging 10.3 ind/ha). We calculated the total population size of forest landbirds in the reserve (2300 ha) being 23,681 individuals. Two of the three endemic taxa (Mocha Rayadito and Mocha Chucao) show relatively high population sizes of about 4,100 and 3,700 individuals, respectively. The Mocha Thrush shows a population of about 670 individuals in forests, but is equally abundant in anthropogenic pastures around. Future conservation management of Mocha Island should consider richness, composition, and abundance of landbirds reported in this study, with emphasis on breeding ecology of the three mentioned endemics. Priority should be put on controlling illegal timber extraction, bird hunting and chick collecting, as well as on sensitization of local people to avoid introducing alien species.
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Chao, Shan-Hui, Jin-Zhang Jiang, Kuan-Chu Wei, et al. "Understanding Pro-Environmental Behavior of Citizen Science: An Exploratory Study of the Bird Survey in Taoyuan’s Farm Ponds Project." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 5126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095126.
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This exploratory study aims to fill the gap by adopting Hirose’s two-phase decision-making model with the theory of social networks to explore the environmentally friendly attitudes and environmental behavioral intentions toward pro-environmental behaviors of the citizen scientists who participated in the Bird Survey in Taoyuan’s Farm Ponds Project. The Bird Survey in Taoyuan’s Farm Ponds Project is a systematic citizen science project founded in 2003 with the aim to identify existing and potential irrigation ponds that are important to creating waterbird refuges to secure habitats for wintering waterbirds in anthropogenically influenced areas. The participation in this project itself can be considered as a form of pro-environmental behavior. A total of 24 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants of the Bird Survey in Taoyuan’s Farm Ponds Project. Qualitative data showed that participants mentioned six variables (i.e., perceived seriousness, ascription of responsibility, belief in the effectiveness, feasibility evaluation, cost–benefit evaluation, and social norms evaluation) of the two-phase decision-making model in relation to environmentally friendly attitudes and environmental behavioral intention. Findings also revealed three key variables (i.e., social networks, learning and growth, and belonging and contribution) in the theory of social networks that are associated with environmentally friendly attitudes and environmental behavioral intention. Based on the findings, it is proposed that the social needs variables are incorporated as an extension to the two-phase decision-making model to offer a more comprehensive explanation of pro-environmental behavior.
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Karen Aghababyan, Anush Khachatryan, Sevak Baloyan, et al. "Influence of public hunting lands on water birds of internationally recognized conservation areas in Armenia." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 2 (2023): 087–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2023.17.2.0417.
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The paper is aimed at identification of the use of the Public Hunting Lands (PHL) by hunters in Armenia, and determination of the risks for priority waterbird species. In Armenia, the Government has allocated 40 PHLs, with a total area of 5,426.48 square kilometres, which do not overlap with the nationally protected areas, but overlap with the internationally recognized conservation sites, important for protection of breeding populations of waterbird species and their congregations during migrations: Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), Emerald Sites protected under Bern Convention, and critical sites for migratory waterbirds, recognized under African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA sites). Thus, PHLs overlap with 40,660 ha or 10% of the total IBA’s area, 84,933 ha or 8% of Emerald Sites, and 14,864 ha or 8% of AEWA sites. Some of the most frequently visited PHLs overlap with all three categories of the mentioned conservation sites, imposing threat of illegal shooting of the priority waterbird species (listed in national legislation and/or in international agreements). Among 200 priority bird species recorded within the overlapping areas, there are eight species with 50-100% of their Armenian population inside the overlapping areas. To reduce the risks of illegal hunting for the priority bird species it is necessary: · To review the PHLs and exclude overlapping areas, · To set up other alternative PHLs, and · To begin a process of wetland restoration instead of lost ones, with the main aim to increase breeding habitats and stopover points for the waterfowl and waders.
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Savarin, Alexandr, and Sergey Shokalo. "Osteological material and the population state of the speckled ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus) on the periphery of the species’ distribution (Belarus)." Theriologia Ukrainica 2023, no. 25 (2023): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/tu2509.
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The studies were carried out in 2021 near the village of Yushevichi, Nesvizh Raion, Minsk Oblast (Belarus). The content of pellets of three bird species were analysed: Buteo buteo, Buteo lagopus, and Corvus corax. In total, 129 intact and about 30 destructed pellets were processed. Skeletal elements of five small mammal species belonging to five genera of two orders (Rodentia and Eulipotyphla) were found, including remains of nine speckled ground squirrels. The remains of seven of the nine ground squirrel individuals found in the pellets were found in raven pellets, however, the authors believe that this fact does not yet prove a greater influence of the raven on the local ground squirrel population. The pellets analysis and observations of feeding behaviour of the three bird species prove that the speckled ground squirrel is constantly included in the diet of both diurnal birds of prey (genus Buteo) and of atypical predators with a mixed nutrition (raven). Finding of intact skulls of Spermophilus suslicus in pellets of the mentioned bird species is unlikely, which is determined by its considerable size. This circumstance does not allow obtaining most of the craniometric characters, but does not prevent the detection of pathomorphological changes. To compare the craniological characters, we used the skulls of dead ground squirrels (n = 5) found in the field near the village of Yushevichi. These individuals had visible injuries (lacerated wounds, etc.) presumably left both by predators and fights between ground squirrels. The most striking pathomorphological changes were revealed: osteoporosis and osteolysis of dental alveoli of the upper and lower jaws and initial osteomyelitis of the cranial vault (in the parietal and frontal bones). We believe that the speckled ground squirrel’s conservation status should be raised to at least Category II (according to the system of categories adopted in Belarus) for the following reasons: over the past six years, out of 12 known colonies, only four colonies have survived, two of which are practically unviable; stable for 10 years reduction in the number; and range fragmentation (single localities). According to the IUCN classification, it corresponds to category CR (critically endangered).
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Sahana Krishna and C.V Rajashekhar. "Unlocking the clinical utility of Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa a mystical therapy in the present era - A Bird View." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, no. 10 (2023): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.10.26.
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Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa is one of the Mystical therapies mentioned under Trivida Chikitsa according to Ayurveda. Even though this is mentioned in the first-place utmost importance is not given nowadays as a treatment is concerned. Knowingly or unknowingly these Chikitsa principles are being carried out in different parts of the world as a part of religious belief. The concept of Pindanda and Brahmanda throws the light that all that outside us resides within us which indicates that we are the miniature of this universe, which can also be taken spiritually to mean that their consciousness or inner life is indistinguishable from that outside of them, which is ultimately leads the way to Brahma the superior. Every Karma has its own Phala which gets served accordingly, Karmaroga Shanti can be achieved only when Karmakshaya occurs, through Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa it’s not possible this can be done only when one experiences Phala Upayoga. As Adarma increases day by day, the incidence of occurrence of new diseases also increases hence Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa are useful to reduce the sufferings and increase the quality of life. Due to its Achintya Prabhava and immediate effect, it has the capacity to bring the Dhatusamyata in the Purusha without contact with Jataragni hence it is considered Shreshta. Understanding this mystical therapy becomes difficult as it is something spiritual and beyond it, hence many more studies are needed to decode the importance and action which helps the Vaidyas to practice confidently along with Yuktivyapashraya and Satwaavajaya Chikitsa which will surely help to achieve a great result. In this article, an attempt has been made to understand the components of Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa with its utility and clinical application in the present era.
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Previatto, DM, and SR Posso. "Jaw musculature of Cyclarhis gujanensis (Aves: Vireonidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 3 (2015): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.20113.
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AbstractCyclarhis gujanensis is a little bird which feeds on high number of large preys, such frogs, lizards, snakes, bats and birds. As there are few studies on the cranial anatomy of this species, we aimed to describe the cranial myology to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of this species and to make some assumptions about functional anatomy. Thus, we described the muscles from the jaw apparatus (external and internal adductor muscles, the muscles of the pterygoid system and the depressor muscles of the mandible). The adductor system is the greatest and multipinulated, particularly in its origin in the caudal portion of the temporal fossa. The depressor jaw muscles systems are enlarged with many components in complexity. The most of jaw apparatus muscles are short, but the strength (biting or crushing forces) from short feeding apparatus fibers probably is increased by high number of components and pinnulation. These anatomical aspects of the muscles indicate a considerable force in the jaws, without which C. gujanensis probably could not cut their prey into smaller pieces. However, functional approaches to analysis of forces of the muscle fibers are needed to corroborate / refute the hypotheses mentioned above.
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Hernandes, Fabio A. "New records of feather mites (Sarcoptiformes: Proctophyllodidae) on tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) from Brazil." Entomological Communications 3 (December 7, 2021): ec03039. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec03039.
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Herein, three feather mite species (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae) are reported from tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in Brazil: Proctophyllodes thraupis Atyeo & Braasch, 1966 on Thraupis ornata (Sparrman, 1789), Thraupis palmarum (Wied, 1821), and Stilpnia peruviana (Desmarest, 1806); Amerodectes thraupicola (Černý, 1974) and Amerodectes bilineatus (Berla, 1958) on T. ornata. Proctophyllodes thraupis is herein reported for the first time on the hosts mentioned above. Amerodectes thraupicola is reported in synoxenism with A. bilineatus on the same bird specimen of T. ornata, a new host for both mites. Despite being described from a Cardinalidae (Passeriformes) host, this latter mite species was subsequently recovered only from tanagers, which reinforces the suggestion that non-thraupid hosts might be accidental records.
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Abdul Karim Khan. "Parallelism of Words and their Socio-cultural Implications in Hamid Khan’s Velvet of Loss." sjesr 3, no. 3 (2020): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(169-175).
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This paper analyses the parallel words that occur in various poems of Hamid Khan in the collection, “Velvet of Loss”. These words are: night, bird, dream, dawn, life, mist, dusk, and hope. The analysis of the words is based on foregrounding that is subcategorized as deviation and parallelism. Here, for the sake of brevity and restrictions of the space, only parallelism is taken into consideration and that too is delimited to the frequency of the above mentioned words in various poems of the entire collection, “Velvet of Loss”. These words are tabulated with the page numbers of the book and frequency of repetition. Moreover, these words are also shown in the 3-D pi-chart so that their frequency could be highlighted in percentage as well. This is done in order to make it reader-friendly. In addition, the words are contextualized and taken into consideration with reference to the time frames of past, present and future. Lastly, the socio-cultural implications that are foregrounded are also mentioned. This article will lead other researchers to novel directions to probe into Pakistani poetry in English. This will add to their methods of objective analysis.
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MARTÍNEZ, JAVIER, RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ, CRISTOBAL VENEGAS, and SANTIAGO MERINO. "Molecular characterisation of haemoparasites in forest birds from Robinson Crusoe Island: Is the Austral Thrush a potential threat to endemic birds?" Bird Conservation International 25, no. 2 (2014): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000227.
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SummaryThe Juan Fernández Firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis and Juan Fernández Tit-Tyrant Anairetes fernandezianus are two endemic forest birds inhabiting Robinson Crusoe Island and are classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ and ‘Near Threatened’ respectively by IUCN. Previous research concluded that the two main factors involved in the decline of these birds were habitat degradation and the introduction of predator / competitor species. However, the potential role of parasitic diseases has not yet been explored. In order to explore hypothetical host-switching phenomena, we genetically identified the haemoparasites present in four bird species, the two endemic species mentioned above and two recent colonisers, Green-Backed Firecrown Sephanoides sephaniodes and Austral Thrush Turdus falcklandii. We failed to find infections by different blood parasites (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma, Babesia and Isospora) in the endangered Juan Fernández Firecrown. However, the Juan Fernández Tit-Tyrant was infected with some parasites shared with the Austral Thrush. The latter species may function as a key-host species on the island as it showed both the higher hemoparaasitic diversity and prevalence. The role of Green-Backed Firecrowns is apparently of lower importance because only one individual was found parasitized. The Austral Thrush could be responsible of the introduction of some parasites also isolated from the Juan Fernández Tit-Tyrant and represent a potential threat to the endemic firecrown due to its role as a reservoir. The spread of Austral Thrushes could increase the contact between species, increasing the probability of a switching event.
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Yap, Timothy. "Eat Your Way to Perdition: Food and the Judgement of Jeroboam in 1 Kings 12–14." Biblische Zeitschrift 66, no. 2 (2022): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890468-06602005.
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Abstract This article argues that the notion of food plays an important role in the structural and thematic developments of the story of Jeroboam in 1 Kings 12–14. Food and the language related to it are not only mentioned throughout the vicissitudes of Jeroboam’s saga, but they also serve three literary functions. First, the motif reveals the attitudes of the tale’s characters and their responses towards Jeroboam’s reforms and God. Second, food also serves as a test of one’s faithfulness to God’s word. Third, for those who are disobedient to Yhwh’s word, food serves as judgement. In short, the narrative of Jeroboam is a reversal of the food chain. From being host of one of Israel’s greatest feasts, Jeroboam’s household will take a plunge to become dog and bird food.