Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bird protection'

Background The foundation for life on our planet are all the resources we can draw upon: sunlight, clean water, fresh air and many more. But one existential resource a lot of people are not aware of, is the rich variety of life forms on earth. Biodiversity surrounds us every day: It is in the clothes we wear, the food we eat and the medicine we take. It is also an important driver for tourism, economy and technology: Various technological innovations are directly inspired by nature.But biodiversity is degrading rapidly caused by the rising land consumption in many countries. In Germany, this pressure is exceedingly high: 70% of natural habitats are endangered, 40% of animal species are on the IUCN red list and every second bird species is threatened.Using scientific methods and inventive technology, SPAN helps to monitor bird protection areas in Germany and to collect data as a basis to enforce conservation supported by European legislation.
Methods Involving all important stakeholders was inevitable to make sure the result will fit their needs. In meetings with coordinators of different existing caretaker networks in Berlin I learned about the organizational aspects and got an holistic perspective on the topic. The creation of blueprint drafts and stakeholder maps in an early phase was an effective way to figure out what kind of touchpoints are needed by which users.Voluntary caretakers who monitor protection areas are the primary users, so I conducted interviews with caretakers of other networks to learn everything about their monitoring work, their needs and experiences.An in-depth analysis and synthesis of my research findings led to the ideation phase where I explored in which ways I could involve, educate, bond and assist caretakers with diverse profiles. Getting their feedback on the ideas helped me to select the most promising concepts and consolidate the final result.
Result SPAN consists of a web-application and a smartphone app performing a wide range of functions for caretakers of protection areas. With their help they can retrieve information, network with other caretakers, conduct monitoring activities and submit reports about the condition of protection areas.With SPAN, caretakers can learn about habitats, species, and other caretakers who help with monitoring them. Together they can plan their activities and exchange information with the shared schedule and annotation tools.With the smartphone app, caretakers can take notes or retrieve location based information while being out in the field. Another mobile feature are customizable print-out forms making the caretakers independent from access to power or signal-coverage.Filled-in forms are digitalized and put into the database with the help of an image recognition scanning tool.With SPAN, caretakers can also lend unmanned photogrammetry vehicles to conduct aerial monitoring in a feasible and easy-to-use way.
SPAN - A platform to monitor bird protection areas.

Abstract The goal with this study was to investigate the possibility for bird watching tourism in the northernmost national park in Sweden, Vadvetjåkka and to enhance the knowledge of bird species that occur in the area.  To find out which and how many species of birds that nest in Vadvetjåkka a field study in form of bird inventories and spontaneous bird watching was done in the period 1-12 / 7 2014. Line tax was chosen as a method of bird inventory. Together 43 species of birds and 248 individuals of birds were observed. The three most common bird species along the line transects were: brambling (Fringilla montifringilla), willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) and meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis). During the spontaneous bird observations 20 bird species and 65 individuals were found and the three most common species there was: redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) and hawk owl (Surnia ulula). International studies on bird tourism indicate that bird watching is a very popular nature activity. In Sweden there is no research on bird tourism, but there is a variety of nature companies that engaged in birdwatching tourism in combination with other nature activities. There are attractive and rare species found in Vadvetjåkka national park, so the potential is there to attract birdwatchers. To promote nature tourism in Vadvetjåkka national park the Swedish government has decided to make it easier for nature companies to engage in commercial activities in Vadvetjåkka. If eco-tourism companies and nature conservation authorities work together to minimize the potential negative influence of tourism on birds and nature bird tourism can contribute to a positive development in the area.

Human enlargement and improvements are following the same scheme as the world economies, and have through the same structure damaged and overexploited the ecological systems of the Earth, leading to a progressive degradation of its biodiversity. The need for protected areas is now inescapable when it comes to restoring species while sustainable development and prevention of damaging the environment have become prominent. It is now even more important that the awareness of an actual impact of our living standards on the ecological system has been established. International and more specifically European Laws have been established to prevent and ensure species of all kinds to live in a safe and preserved environment, but the question of their effectiveness has to be asked and nuanced. In that respect the issue of bird species is one of major importance as they are victims of human development. Within the European member states the problem is coming from the inability of some of them to implement and apply European laws because all do not agree on the terms of a protection provided for bird species.

Seit 2006 sind in Sachsen 77 europäische Vogelschutzgebiete ausgewiesen und gesichert. Diese Gebiete umfassen rund 13 % der Landesfläche und werden zu 40 % landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Dies verdeutlicht: Die Landwirtschaft hat eine wichtige Bedeutung für die Erhaltung einer vielfältigen Vogelwelt. Gleichzeitig wird derzeit beklagt, dass bestimmte Vogelarten der Feldflur stark von Rückgängen betroffen sind. Für die zukünftige Landbewirtschaftung gilt es daher nutzungsintegrierte und praxisgerechte Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen zu entwickeln und zu erproben, um den Erhalt und die Entwicklung der Vögel zu sichern. Im Lehr- und Versuchsgut (LVG) Köllitsch, das im SPA-Gebiet »Elbaue und Teichgebiete bei Torgau« liegt, wurde dazu ein betriebsspezifisches Konzept erstellt. Nach Analyse der ornithologischen und betrieblichen Ausgangssituation werden zahlreiche Empfehlungen für die betriebliche Umsetzung von Vogelschutzmaßnahmen im LVG gegeben. Das Vorgehen und die Ergebnisse des Projektes können Landwirten, landwirtschaftlichen und naturschutzfachlichen Beratern sowie Behörden, Institutionen und Verbände, als Orientierung im Hinblick auf die Konzipierung und Umsetzung des europäischen Vogelschutzes im landwirtschaftlichen Bereich dienen.

The breeding behaviour of the Blue-throated Bee-eater was studied at two colonies in Peninsula Malaysia during 3 breeding seasons, with particular emphasis on pair behaviour, mixed reproductive strategies and nestling competition. This is the first study of vertebrate social behaviour and ecology to contain the documentation of a relational database. This was designed to store and manipulate all data obtained from regular captures and biometric measurements of adults and nestlings and from observations of adults. DNA fingerprinting was used to establish the true genetic relationships between nestlings and their social parents: most nestlings were genetic offspring (72%). Nestlings were classified as illegitimate offspring using 95% confidence intervals of the band sharing coefficient and number of unexplained nestling bands as criteria. Very few if any nestlings were sired by an extra-pair male (fewer than 5%). Behavioural evidence of strong cooperation between pair members throughout the breeding season supports the DNA fingerprinting results of no confirmed case of offspring fathered by extra-pair males (extra-pair offspring; EPO). The Blue-throated Bee-eater probably has a near monogamous mating system. Most illegitimate nestlings had been 'dumped'. They were either the result of intra-specific nest parasitism (INP; 7%) or of 'quasi' parasitism (the offspring of the pair-male and an extra-pair female; 7-12%). INP by relatives of the hosts could have explained some intermediate band sharing coefficients. Anti-INP behaviour was demonstrated when experimentally 'dumped' eggs were almost always expelled before the onset of laying, but never afterwards. DNA fingerprinting showed that relatives may roost together and that related males may nest close together. Compared with other colonial Bee-eaters, M. viridis had low levels of helping-at-the-nest and EPO, but similar or higher levels of INP. The high nestling mortality in Blue-throated Bee-eaters was explained by a combination of three hypotheses, some of which were tested by experiment. (1) Insurance: extra-eggs are needed to counter hatch failure. (2) Brood reduction (including resource tracking): in times of food constraint, the laterhatched nestlings in asynchrously hatched broods starve. (3) Anti-INP hypothesis: these later-hatched nestlings are eliminated because they are likely to be illegitimate. Hatching failure was about 1 in 3 eggs overall. Help from the male allows an early onset of incubation which results in asynchronous hatching. Nestling hunger was shown to be a proximate factor affecting runt mortality both directly through competition and indirectly through nestling aggression. The demise of runts was delayed when conditions improved. Blue-throated Bee-eater broods are severely limited by food. Under this severe brood size constraint, breeding females may increase reproductive output by 'dumping' their last egg. This leads to the high frequency of INP observed in Blue-throated Bee-eaters. An early onset of incubation also gives the first-laid egg(s) a temporal developmental advantage over subsequently 'dumped' parasitic eggs. The 'dumped' nestlings are eliminated by starvation and siblicide, which may itself be an adaptation to INP to eliminate of unrelated nestlings.

Change in species geographic ranges is a natural phenomenon, but the rate and magnitude of such change has significantly increased due to anthropogenic causes. The rate at which a population spreads/contracts through space is a function of the rates of population growth and dispersal, coupled with density-dependence. Human-induced environmental changes can lead to variation in density-independent components of local birth or death rates through deterministic process (e.g. impoverishment/increase of habitat and food resources), thus pushing populations toward positive/negative growth. Moreover, spatial range constraints, such as dispersal, and density-dependence may also limit population growth and range expansion, beyond environmental characteristics. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the role played by ecological factors such as habitat and food availability, spatial range constraints and density-dependence in the expansion of a species through human-transformed environments. For this purpose, I use as a study model an expanding population of the marsh harrier living in an agricultural landscape of the Ebro Valley (northeastern peninsular Spain). Results obtained in this thesis suggest that environmental factors, sociability, dispersal constraints and density-dependent mechanisms may play an important role in the distribution of a species. Marsh harrier breeding numbers had been greatly reduced in previous decades (1960-1980) mainly due to organochlorine pesticides, drainage of wetlands and direct persecution. Thus, at least part of their increase in recent decades may represent population recovery following reductions in organochlorine use and direct persecution. However, the species may also have benefited from the spread of human-made structures such as artificial ponds and reservoirs related to agricultural intensification, for breeding and from their surrounding herbaceous crops for hunting. At a local scale, individual variation in density-dependence for productivity and settlement patterns may have favoured dispersal of some individuals to new empty habitat patches, while others aggregated around traditional areas. However, at a large scale (i.e., across peninsular Spain), the breeding population of marsh harriers seems to be spatially constricted beyond environmental variables. This result indicates that potential habitat for marsh harriers still exists for further expansions in the Iberian Peninsula (at least at the spatial resolution of our analyses, which does not allow us to consider smaller scale processes that may restrict the species distribution such as local food abundances or pesticides). Potential consequences of this expansion for other species should be considered in order to properly conserve biodiversity in a world of change.
En aquesta tesi s’analitza el paper que desenvolupen factors ecològics com l’hàbitat i la disponibilitat d’aliments, les limitacions espacials i la denso-dependència en l’expansió d’una espècie en ambients transformats per l’home. S’utilitza com a model d’estudi l’arpella Circus aeruginosus en una zona agrícola de la Península Ibèrica, a la part oriental de la Vall de l’Ebre. Els resultats d’aquesta tesi indiquen que tant els factors ambientals, de sociabilitat, les limitacions dispersives i els mecanismes de denso-depèndecia poden jugar un paper important en la distribució d’una espècie. La població d’arpella s’havia reduït en dècades anteriors (1960-0980) degut principalment a l’assecament i contaminació de les zones humides on criava, a l’ús de pesticides i a la persecució directa per part de l’home. Si bé, part de l’augment que la població ha experimentat en els darrers anys podria ser degut a la recuperació de la seva població després de la reducció en l’ús d’organoclorats i en la seva persecució per part d l’home, l’espècie també s’hauria beneficiat en els darrers anys de l’increment d’estructures artificials, com embassaments i basses de reg artificials relacionades amb l’agricultura, e l’espècie utilitza per nidificar i dels cultius herbacis del voltant per caçar. A escala local, la variació individual en els efectes de la denso-dependència en la productivitat i patrons d’assentament, podrien haver afavorit la dispersió d’alguns individus a noves localitats buides, mentre altres individus amb una resposta diferent a la densitat s’agregaven al voltant de zones ja ocupades. A escala de la Península Ibèrica, l’àrea de distribució de l’arpella encara es veuria limitada, per factors espacials diferents al clima i al tipus d’hàbitat, indicant que encara hi hauria hàbitat potencial per a l’espècie (com a mínim a la resolució espacial de les nostres anàlisi, que no permeten considerar processos a escala local). Les possibles conseqüències de l’expansió d’aquesta i altres espècies haurien de ser considerades per tal de conservar adequadament la biodiversitat en l’actual escenari de canvi global.

Birds are one of the best studied animal groups in the world but are also amongst the most endangered. The wealth of ecological information has shown habitat protection to be vital to bird biodiversity, but habitat loss and degradation continue to defeat conservationists.
Community-based biodiversity conservation efforts have been recently recognized as an important option for safeguarding ecosystems while reducing land use conflicts arising from the material, cultural and spiritual needs of local inhabitants. Community involvement is particularly critical for conservation in anthropogenic habitats. Few studies have linked the ecological impacts of community land use practices with the auto-ecological requirements of dependent bird species. In this study I examine the conservation possibilities for the endangered Sierra Madre sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) by considering three basic elements: the ecological requirements of the bird, the effects of traditional land use practices in shaping the habitat, and the economic and social conditions that influence current and future land use decisions. I draw on ecological field studies, on traditional ecological knowledge systems, and studies of the political ecological context that influences local practices.
The studies were carried out from 2000-2003 and employed a combination of ethnographic, participative and spatial-ecological approaches to address human-land interactions and their impacts on the sparrow habitat. Social data were obtained through nine workshops which included site visits, transect walks, participatory mapping, oral histories and semi-structured interviews. Ecological data were obtained from landscape ecology analysis, vegetation post-disturbance assessments and detailed bird's nest-site selection analysis.
Results indicate that local people, principally herders, hold a rich knowledge of fire use to achieve diverse purposes, including pasture renewal, grassland maintenance and grass species selection, and prevention of dangerous fires. In order to accomplish their goals, herders have established rotational fire and grazing regimes that consider timing, frequency, location and extent of these disturbance-based practices. This rotational system was found to benefit the Sierra Madre sparrow by maintaining the grassland at the scales needed by the sparrow for nesting. Multiscale habitat recommendations for the species' conservation were derived from this socio-ecological interaction and dynamics.
Unfortunately, external conservation perspectives and interests and internal land tenure conflicts have altered this rotational regime and local perspectives on resource management that threaten the resilience of this social-ecological system. Consequently, traditional ecological knowledge on grassland management can be on risk of disappearing and, with it, important native grasses and grasslands are being made vulnerable. The survival of the Sierra Madre sparrow in particular and of associated biodiversity in general, is in peril if these conflicts are not solved in a relatively short time. A community-based fire co-management program is recommended to promote integrative bird conservation-local development scenarios.

Proefschrift--Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde--Universiteit Leiden, 2003.
Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Schema voor het inschatten van de risico's van het gebruik van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen voor vogels en zoogdieren. Résumés en anglais et néerlandais. Bibliogr. en fin de chap.

Bibliography: p. 231-256.
The primary objectives of this study were to assess the protected status of birds in the Succulent and Nama-Karoo, and to identify areas, using a GIS approach, where new protected areas could be established. The Karoo sensu lato lacks a distinctive avifauna, but is rich in species. A total of 407 bird species has been recorded in the Succulent and Nama-Karoo, of which 294 species are considered typical of the region. The Karoo is not particularly rich in bird species endemic to the region, and all Karoo endemic species occur in both biomes. The Nama-Karoo has an unusually high species richness of nomadic birds, and both the Succulent and Nama-Karoo have an unusually high species richness of larks (Alaudidae) compared with other biomes. The Succulent and Nama-Karoo have stochastically low annual rainfall and generally low above-ground primary production. Rainfall is often highly localized and varies annually in amount and timing. The variability of the rainfall and long dry spells or severe droughts create a mosaic so that high and low resource areas occur as patches in the landscape. Resident species of birds tend to maintain low densities and wait for rainfall events, whereas nomadic species search for high resource patches scattered in time and space, so that their respective densities likewise vary temporally and spatially. Compared with other biomes in southern Africa, there is a high species richness of nomadic birds in the Karoo. The small nomadic larks are most common in areas of perennial and annual desert grasses, and they feed on grass seeds, whereas resident granivorous birds tend to feed on the seeds of forbs and shrubs. Clutch sizes of the nomadic larks birds are small, apparently selected for by the need for a short breeding cycle.

Conservation is costly, and choices must be made about where to best allocate limited resources. I propose a regional evolutionary diversity and endangerment (RED-E) approach to prioritization of endangered species. It builds off of the evolutionary diversity and global endangerment (EDGE) approach, but will allow conservation agencies to focus their efforts on species in specific regions. I used the RED-E approach to prioritize mammal and bird species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), as well as to make a ranking of species without ESA critical habitat (CH), as a practical application. Regional conservation approaches differ significantly from global approaches. The RED-E approach places a high significance on the level of endangerment of a species, but also allows for very distinct species to have increased prioritization on the RED-E list. Using the CH RED-E list, the U.S. government could begin focusing resources toward endangered and genetically diverse species.

Devido à fragmentação florestal do bioma Mata Atlântica, o estudo das populações da fauna e da flora se torna cada vez mais urgentes para o entendimento dos processos ecológicos que possam levar à extinção de espécies e ao desequilíbrio das comunidades. Esse entendimetno é crucial para a conservação da biota, principalmente das Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais, uma das formações mais ameaçadas no sul e sudeste brasileiro. O trabalho apresentado foi conduzido em uma fazenda de gado (23°32'S e 50°58'w) de 3.670,29 ha, sendo cerca de 1.000 ha destinados a uma reserva florestal, fragmentada em manchas de diversos tamanhos. Foram estudados a avifauna, a estrutura da vegetação de seis fragmentos e a paisagem da fazenda. Os dados foram cruzados para tentar encontrar relações entre a riqueza e a abundância da avifauna e a vegetação e a paisagem. Foram utilizados três métodos de levantamento da avifauna: trajetos, ponto-fixo e rede-neblina. Foram registradas 224 espécies de aves e 70 espécies de árvores. Realizando uma Análise de Agrupamento, os fragmentos foram divididos em pequenos, médios e grandes. Através da Análise de Correlação com o Coeficiente de Pearson, observou-se que algumas espécies de aves típicas de interior florestal estão relacionadas positivamente à densidade da cobertura vegetal e à freqüência de árvores no fragmento. Algumas espécies típicas de borda estão relacionadas a fragmentos com altura mais baixa do dossel e menor densidade da cobertura vegetal. O estudo demonstra que há grande diversidade de espécies de aves na fazenda, porém a maioria típica de áreas abertas, enquanto que espécies típicas de interior florestal se restringem praticamente aos maiores fragmentos, com estrutura da vegetação mais próxima das matas primárias. A proximidade dos fragmentos menores com os maiores facilita a presença, nos primeiros, de aves mais exigentes quanto à cobertura florestal.
Due to forest fragmentation of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, fauna and flora populations studies became priority to understand ecological process that end on species extinction. This is particulary for the Semidecidual Forest of South and South-easten Brazil. This study was carried out at a 3,670.29 ha cattle farm (23°32'S - 50°58'W). At least 1,000 ha are forest reserves, fragmented in various pacthes. It was studied the avifauna, the vegetation structure of six fragments and some metrics of landscape. It was looked for standards on richness and abundance of birds related with vegetation and landscape. It was used three methods of bird census: transect, point count and mist-netting. It was recorded 224 bird species and 70 tree species. With cluster analysis the pacthes were divided into small, medium and large. Correlation Analysis with Pearson Coeficient shows some forest birds related to vegetation cover and tree frequency. Some edge forest birds are related with low canopy and less cover vegetation. Most birds in farm are open area species and most forest birds are restricted to larger pacthes. Forest birds present in small pacthes maybe are related with close large patches.

Os modelos de distribuição de espécies (MDEs) utilizam dados de ocorrência de campo e variáveis ambientais para indicar locais adequados para a ocorrência de uma espécie. Apesar dos inúmeros trabalhos que avaliam diversos aspectos deste tipo de modelagem, a aplicação desses métodos para predição do distribuição potencial de espécies de aves em escala local para o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) São Paulo, ainda não foi avaliada. Este trabalho analisa o potencial dos MDEs para o referido parque a partir das variáveis ambientais disponíveis para modelagem da área. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos modelos para 23 espécies de aves a partir de dados coletados em levantamento sistemático da avifauna do Núcleo São Sebastião um dos 8 núcleos que integram o PESM. Numa primeira etapa foi utilizado o algoritmo Maxent, por ser um dos mais utilizados segundo a literatura e por sua habilidade em realizar predições a partir de informações incompletas. A seguir a performance do Maxent foi comparada com as performances dos algoritmos GARP e Enviromental Distance. O parâmetro utilizado para analisar o desempenho e definir os melhores modelos preditivos foi a analise do valor de AUC. Os modelos ainda foram avaliados através da matriz de confusão, para estabelecer a taxa de omissão, e realizar o Teste Binomial Duas proporções do BioEstat 5.0 a fim de estabelecer a probabilidade dos acertos destes modelos serem diferentes do acaso. E finalmente foi determinada a área mínima estimada, baseado na premissa que um bom modelo deve prever a menor área possível com o maior numero de acertos ao mesmo tempo. Apesar de existir um número reduzido de camadas disponíveis para modelagem da área em escala local 8 mapas - O Maxent, teve o melhor desempenho entre os algoritmos testados, esse algoritmo se mostrou capaz de gerar mapas estatisticamente bons e biologicamente confiáveis para aves, nas áreas estudadas. São necessários cuidados específicos com relação a escolha das espécies a serem modeladas, assegurando que os camadas disponíveis representem premissas das necessidades ecológicas dessas espécies. Estudos posteriores sobre as respostas do algoritmo a diferentes quantidades e padrões de distribuição dos dados de ocorrência podem elucidar a aplicabilidade do algoritmo como ferramenta para auxiliar nos trabalhos de conservação.
Species Distribution Models (SDM) use Field occurrence data and environmental variables to indicate adequate places for the presence of a species. Despite a number of papers evaluate various aspects on these methodologies, the application of such models in order to predict the potential niche for bird species in Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) in Sao Paulo, hasnt been analyzed yet. This paper examines the potential of SDM for the referred park from available variable to the modelling of the area. In order to do so, models were developed for 23 bird species form data collected in a systematic survey in the avifauna in Núcleo Sao Sebastião which is one of the 8 centers that are part of PESM. At first, Maxent algorithm was used as it is one of the most used algorithms according to current literature and due to its ability to accomplish predictions from incomplete information. Maxent performance was then compared to GARP and Environmental Distance algorithms performances. The parameter used to analyze skill and define the best predicting models was AUC value analyses. They were also evaluated though the confusion matrix as to establish the omission rate and take the binomial test of two proportions in order to define the correctness of such models as being different from chance and finally the estimated minimum area was determined based on the premise that a good model must predict the smallest possible area with the biggest number of correctness allowed. Although there are a few number of layers for modelling the area in local scale (just 8 maps), maxent results to be potentially useful for generating maps for potential distribution of the birds from the park. It was the best result shown by the 3 algorithms methods tried out. More studies are necessary as to evaluate the algorithms behavior from a smaller number of records occurrences well as different patterns en these records for the definition of the best method of distribution modelling of the avifauna in the park. Maxent proved itself to be capable of generating maps that are mathematically good and ecologically reliable for the birds in studied areas, It was the best result shown shown by the 3 algorithms methods tried out. Specific care is necessary in relation to the species to be modeled so as to assure the feasible layers represent premises of the ecological needs for such species. Further studies on the algorithm responses to different quantities and distributions patterns of occurrence data may elucide its applicability as a tool to help conservation work.

This graduation thesis "Public Procurement of Local Selfgovernment" describes the problems of public procurement. The core subject is the difficulty to observe the law on public procurement. This work includes a case study that mainly evaluates the process of a specific public procurement carried out by a local selfgovernment and the method used to appraise the bids. In order to obtain further information on public procurement at the municipal level, the paper includes a survey addressed to the public administration. The work concludes with a SWOT analysis on public procurement.

O Maracanã- verdadeiro é um psitacídeo vulnerável a extinção, por estar havendo redução de suas populações em diferentes partes de sua área de ocorrência. Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a distribuição, histórica e atual, e o estatus da espécie através de dados de espécimes de museus e literatura. Foram reunidos 176 registros de localização do maracanã e comparadas as distribuições histórica e atual. Constatou-se, principalmente, uma contração dos limites ao sul da distribuição histórica da espécie. Dessa maneira, foi avaliado se nessa região a ocorrência do maracanã está associada a características da composição e estrutura da vegetação. Dados de ocorrência atual da espécie foram relacionados com a localização geográfica e índices de paisagem de 54 localidades, através da análise de regressão logística. Verificou-se que o “total de cobertura vegetal da paisagem” foi a única característica de paisagem significativamente relacionada com a ocorrência do maracanã (p<0,01), porém o poder explicativo da variável foi baixo. A variável “latitude” também foi altamente significativa (p<0,001) e não foi relacionada com nenhuma das métricas de paisagem analisadas. Isso sugere a existência de um outro fator não avaliado, com estrutura espacial em clina latitudinal, que está afetando as populações meridionais do maracanã. Foi também estudado o padrão de ocorrência do maracanã em escala local, no entorno da Estação Ecológica de Caetetus (2178 ha). Essa reserva está imersa em um mosaico de paisagem constituído por pequenos remanescentes florestais que podem ser importantes para a conservação da espécie. Foram amostradas 36 destas áreas remanescentes, através do método de contagens em pontos estratégicos. Cada fragmento obteve um índice de visitas por maracanã que foram relacionados as suas características espaciais, através da análise de regressão linear. As características das paisagens no entorno dos remanescentes estudados explicaram mais a variação da freqüência de visitas pelo maracanã que as características dos próprios fragmentos. As visitas dos maracanãs foram diretamente relacionadas com a “distância do fragmento até a cidade mais próxima” (p<0,05) e o “tamanho do remanescente” (p<0,05), e inversamente relacionado a “distância mínima do fragmento até um dormitório conhecido de maracan㔠(p<0,01) e “distância mínima do fragmento até a E.E. dos Caetetus” (p<0,05). Todas essas análises indicaram que a conservação da paisagem como um todo parece ser fundamental para manutenção de populações do maracanã, em escala local e regional. Porém deve-se levar em conta a área dos fragmentos e sua configuração espacial, investindo esforços para a conservação das áreas de dormitórios.
The blue-winged macaw is a vulnerable psittacidae, which has been suffering a rapid reduction of its populations in different parts of its occurrence. Thus, it was carried a detailed revision on the, historical and current, distribution and estatus of the species through using literature and specimens in museums data. We gathered 176 records of blue-winged macaw sites and compared its historical and current distributions. We verified a range contraction in the south limit of blue-winged macaw’s historical occurence. In this way, we evaluated if, in this zone, the blue-winged macaw’s occurrence is correlated to composition and structure of residual vegetation. The current occurrence of the species was related to geographic coordinates and landscape indices of 54 localities, through the logistic regression analysis. The "total of vegetal cover of the landscape" was the only feature of the landscape significantly related to blue-winged macaw’s occurrence (p<0,01), however its explicatory power was very low. The "latitude" was highly significant to predict blue-winged macaw’s occurrence (p<0,001), and also was not related to any analyzed landscape metric. This suggests the existence of another non-evaluated factor, with spatial structure highly related to latitude, affecting the southern populations of blue-winged macaw. Also we studied the occurrence pattern of blue-winged macaw in local scale, around of Caetetus Ecological Station (2178 ha). This reserve is placed in a mosaic of landscape, consisting of small remnants of native vegetation that may have some value to the specie’s maintenance. We sampled 36 of these remaining areas through the method of countings in advantage points. Each remnant got a "blue-winged macaw’s visit index" that was related to spatial remnants features and its surrounding landscape, through the linear regression model. The landscape features around of the fragments explained more the variation of the bluewinged macaw’s visit index than the features of the fragments itself. The "index of visits of maracanãs" was directly related to "distance to the closest city" (p<0,05) and to "remnant size" (p<0,05), and inversely related to "distance to the closest known roost of blue winged macaw " (p<0,01) and "shortest distance to the Caetetus Ecological Station" (p<0,05). All these analyses indicate that the conservation of the landscape as a whole seems to be critical for the maintenance of blue-winged macaw’s populations, in local and regional scale. However the size of the remnants and its spatial configuration must be taken in account, besides the efforts for the conservation of the roost sites.

Šiame darbe, kuris gali būti įvardijamas kaip lyginamasis-teisinis kokybinis tyrimas, nagrinėjamas Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvos Respublikoje susiklostęs privalomo akcijų pardavimo teisinis reguliavimas. Darbu siekiama nustatyti privalomo akcijų pardavimo (pirkimo) teisinį reguliavimą bei jį įvertinti akcininko teisių užtikrinimo efektyvumo požiūriu identifikuojant pagrindines praktikoje bei teorijoje kylančias problemas. Darbe pristatomu tyrimu siekiama įvertinti privalomo akcijų pardavimo teisinį reguliavimą ne tik mažumos akcininkų, bet ir didžiojo akcininko teisių užtikrinimo efektyvumo aspektu. Tai daroma analizuojant ne tik privalomo akcijų pardavimo instituto tikslus, bet ir šiam institutui būdingas suderinamumo su nuosavybės teisės apsauga, teisingos kainos užtikrinimo bei kitas problemas.
This work, which could be defined as a comparative-legal qualitative study, analyses legal regulation of squeeze-out existent in United States of America, European Union and the Republic of Lithuania. This research aims at determining legal regulation of squeeze-out (sell-out) and to evaluate it with regard to the effective protection of shareholder’s rights by at the same time identifying main practical and theoretical problems. The research presented in this work is aimed at evaluating legal regulation of squeeze-out not only with regard to the effective protection of minority shareholders’ rights but with regard to the effective protection of majority shareholder’s rights as well. It is done not only by analyzing aims of the squeeze-out institute but also the major problems inherent to this legal institute such as compatibility with the protection of private property, determination of fair squeeze-out compensation etc.

O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi obter o índice de abundância, a densidade e o tamanho populacional de mamíferos e aves cinegéticos (preferencialmente caçados) na Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), através do método de transecções lineares. Mapas de ocorrência das espécies foram gerados, bem como foram testadas relações entre estrutura da vegetação e variáveis antrópicas com a abundância e ocorrência das espécies. Foram percorridos 273,05 km em 13 trilhas distribuídas por várias regiões do PEIC. Dentre as aves cinegéticas com maior densidade destacaram-se o uru Odontophorus capueira (26,7 indivíduos/ km2), tucanos Ramphastos spp. (8,9 indivíduos/ km2) e jacú Penelope spp. (3,2 indivíduos/ km2). Dentre os mamíferos cinegéticos, o bugio Alouatta guariba (8,9 indivíduos/ km2) e a cutia Dasyprocta leporina (3,4 indivíduos/ km2) apresentaram maior densidade. A jacutinga é uma espécie ameaçada de extinção no Brasil, com tamanho da população que varia entre 203 e 304 indivíduos. Esta é uma das aves caçadas ilegalmente no PEIC por caiçaras, índios Guarani Mbya e pessoas provenientes do entorno do parque, não havendo conhecimento de quantos animais são abatidos anualmente. Foi utilizado um tipo de análise de viabilidade de populações, sendo possível predizer a probabilidade de extinção, simulando-se diferentes cenários de caça no PEIC (ou seja, diferentes quantidades de jacutingas caçadas por ano). O cenário-base considerado teve como principais características uma baixa taxa de mortalidade anual (10%), capacidade suporte alta (1770 indivíduos) e população efetiva alta (64%). Neste cenário, classificado como otimista devido às características atribuídas, há probabilidade de jacutingas sofrerem extinção local quando mais de 20% dos animais forem abatidos por ano. Contudo, no cenário alternativo onde foi considerado uma capacidade suporte menor que a do cenário-base (177 indivíduos), o dobro da taxa de mortalidade anual do cenário-base ou uma população efetiva de 44%, a população de jacutingas só permanece na ilha se não houver caça. Ao ser considerado uma população efetiva de 24%, há probabilidade de extinção local mesmo se não houver caça, pois neste caso há tão poucos indivíduos aptos a reprodução, que até mesmo efeitos estocásticos (ao acaso) causam a extinção local. Em relação à disponibilidade de frutos, houve correlação entre biomassa de frutos e abundância de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) (Rs= 0,56, p= 0,05). Macucos (Tinamus solitarius) e catetos (Pecari tajacu) apresentaram maior abundância em locais com maior riqueza de frutos (R2= 43,2%, p= 0,01 e R2= 25,5%, p= 0,05, respectivamente). Através da análise de Regressão Logística, foi possível constatar que existiu cerca de duas vezes mais chances de mamíferos ocorrerem em locais com maior densidade de palmito juçara Euterpe edulis adulto e em lugares afastados de comunidades tradicionais da Ilha do Cardoso. Os resultados demonstraram a importância de se proteger áreas que ainda possuem alta densidade de palmitos juçara e grande produção e riqueza de frutos, pois são fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência e abundância de muitas espécies de aves e mamíferos cinegéticos. Além disso, este estudo forneceu embasamento empírico para a polêmica questão do possível impacto das populações humanas na biodiversidade, demonstrando-se que a presença de comunidades tradicionais em unidade de conservação de uso indireto influenciou a ocorrência de mamíferos cinegéticos.
The principal aim of this work was to estimate the abundance, density and population size of game birds and mammals from the Atlantic rainforest at Ilha do Cardoso State Park through linear transect methods. We made ocurrence maps and we looked for relationships between environmental and anthropic variables and the abundance and occurrence of species. The observations summed up to 273.05 Km of transects at 13 trails at different regions in the park. Among the most abundant game birds are the quails Odontophorus capueira (26.7 individuals/ km2), toucans Ramphastos spp. (12.2 individuals/ km2) and guans Penelope spp. (3.2 individuals/ km2). Among the game mammals, howler monkeys Alouatta guariba (8.9 individuals/ km2) and agoutis Dasyprocta leporina (3.4 individuals/ km2) were the most abundant. Jacutinga is threatened by extinction in Brazil and this species is represented by few individuals at Ilha do Cardoso (minimum of 203 individuals and a maximum of 304 individuals). This bird is ilegally hunted by local people and hunters that come from other neighbor cities, and information about how many jacutingas are killed per year is unknown. So, we used a population viability analysis in order to predict probability of extinction, by simulating different hunting scenarios at Ilha do Cardoso. The base-line scenario considered had low annual mortality rates (10%), high carrying capacity (1770 individuals) and high effective population size (64%). At this scenario, classified as optimistic, there is probability of extinction if more than 20% of individuals are hunted per year. However, if we consider a lower carrying capacity (k=177 individuals), a higher annual mortality rate (20%) or an effective population size of 44%., jacutingas only remain in the island if there is no poaching. Nevertheless, with an effective population size of 24% there is probability of extinction even if there is no poaching, because there are so few individuals constituting the population, that stochastic events cause local extinction. This study indicates that conservation status of jacutingas is critical and poaching must be controlled, in order to maintain this population in long term at Ilha do Cardoso State Park. In relation to fruit disponibility, there were correlation between fruit biomass and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) (Rs= 0.56, p= 0.05). Tinamous (Tinamus solitarius) and collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) presented higher abundance in places where fruit richness were higher (R2= 43.2%, p= 0.01 and R2= 25.5%, p= 0.05, respectively). Through Logistic Regression we demonstrated that there was approximately twice more chance of mammals to occur in places with high density of adult palms Euterpe edulis and in places far from traditional communities at Ilha do Cardoso. These results demonstrate the importance on protect areas that still have high density of palm trees and high fruit production and fruit richness, because these are factors which contribute to abundance and occurrence of many game birds and mammals species. Indeed, this study provides scientific basis for the polemic subject about the possible impacts caused by traditional population in local biodiversity, since we have demonstrated that presence of traditional communities in protected areas exerted influence upon occurrence of game mammals.

Biodiversity is a concurrent part of the nature inheritance. The human’s activity (development of cities, industry, agriculture, transport infrastructure, pollution, etc) is influencing the nature’s disbalance. Natural areas of habitats are on the way to disappear or their status is getting worse. There is a need for special means to ensure the protection of many species of fauna and flora and their natural habitats, because they are in danger of disappearing. The network “Natura 2000” has few goals: to cover the fragile and valuable natural habitats and species of particular importance for the conservation of biological diversity within the territory of EU and to guarantee sustained efforts to protect the most important areas properly. The main objective of the “Natura 2000” network is to ensure the survival of species that are threatened or rare throughout Europe. These legal EU documents ensure the creation of the above-mentioned European network of protected territories in public territories as well as in private lands. Economic and farming activities are restricted in these areas as a way to protect natural habitats types, rare animals as well as are plants habitats. That way the interests of land owners become quite different from the nature protectionists and the prohibitions of land or forest property rights. It is quite difficult to evaluate the economical loss while establishing some new protected areas in public and private lands. The evaluation is specific for... [to full text]

O presente trabalho avaliou não somente a abundância e densidade de mamíferos e aves cinegéticas na área do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), mas também identificou fatores que influenciaram a ocorrência e distribuição destas espécies. O PESM tem ao todo 3.150 km2 e é o maior remanescente de florestas contínuas de Mata Atlântica no Brasil. Foram percorridos 633,55 km em 15 trilhas distribuídas em três núcleos do setor norte do PESM. Foram obtidas 184 visualizações, tendo sido registradas 11 espécies de mamíferos e 6 espécies de aves cinegéticas durante os censos, num total de 77 encontros com mamíferos e 107 com aves. Dentre as aves cinegéticas com maior abundância destaca-se o jacu Penelope sp. (0,99 visualizações/10 km) e dentre os mamíferos o esquilo Sciurus aestuans (0,48 visualizações/10 km). As espécies apresentaram padrões diferenciados de uso do habitat, padrão de atividades e ocorrência nas áreas avaliadas. Através da análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) dos fatores ambientais foi possível determinar que de maneira geral as espécies de aves apresentamse correlacionadas com uma maior disponibilidade de frutos carnosos, enquanto que as espécies de mamíferos apresentam-se correlacionadas com parâmetros de estrutura física da floresta tais como cobertura de dossel, densidade arbórea e densidade de outras palmeiras que não o palmito, este último principalmente para o queixada (Tayassu pecari). A caça se mostrou um fator que afeta negativamente a maioria das espécies sendo que seu efeito somente não foi observado para S. aestuans e Penelope sp. que, ao que tudo indica, não são espécies intensamente caçadas nas áreas avaliadas. A partir das densidades obtidas foram realizadas estimativas populacionais para as áreas de estudo e extrapolações para todo o PESM. Considerando-se apenas 500 indivíduos como o número mínimo necessário de indivíduos para garantir a viabilidade destas populações foi possível perceber que as áreas estudadas, avaliadas separadamente, não seriam capazes de garantir a manutenção de boa parte das espécies. Quadro este agravado quando considerados valores ainda maiores de população mínima viável necessária. Contudo, para todos os cenários avaliados dados indicam que maiores seriam as chances de manutenção das espécies quando considerado todo o setor norte do parque, área formada pelos três núcleos avaliados, e principalmente o PESM como um todo. Este fat reforça a importância da conectividade entre estas áreas e a manutenção de grandes blocos de matas contínuas. O PESM pode ser considerado uma das mais importantes áreas para a preservação de espécies cinegéticas, sendo a área estratégica no contexto de criação de um corredor ecológico na região, devido principalmente a sua riqueza faunística, qualidade dos remanescentes existentes, presença de espécies raras e ameaçadas de extinção, localização biogeográfica e também por seu gradiente altitudinal.
The aim of this work was to estimate the abundance, diversity and population size of game birds and mammals from the rain forest at Serra do Mar State Park (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - PESM), and to identify the variables which influence the ocurrence and distribution of those species. The PESM has 3.150 km2 and is the major continuous remaining of Atlantic Forest in Brazil. A total of 633,55 km census using line transect method, distributed on 15 trails on the north-sector of PESM, resulted in 184 observations, which 77 of those were encounters with game mammals and 107 with birds. Eleven species of mammals and six of birds were recorded during the census. Among game birds the most abundant was the guan, Penelope spp. (0,99 encounters/10 km), and among the game mammals was the squirrel, Sciurus aestuans (0,48 encounters/10 km). The species presented different habitat uses, activity and ocurrence patterns, but when analysing the environmental variables with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) we detected that the birds were correlated with fruit aviability, while mammals were more correlated to the vegetation structure, such as canopy cover, arboreal density and palms (not palmito) density, this last one specially to the whitelipped- peccaries (Tayassu pecari). The hunting pressure affected negatively most of the species, except for S. aestuans and Penelope spp., which seems to not be intensively hunted at the study areas. Using the densities obtained we estimated the remaining population to the study areas and also to the different scenarios proposed. Even considering only 500 as a minimum number of individuals necessary to guarantee the viability of those populations, the study areas, when analyzed separally, could not maintain most of the game species. It does get worst when considering higher numbers of minimum viable population. Moreover, the results indicate better chances of maintaining populations of the species when considering the area of the north-sector and higher chances when considering the entire park. This fact regards the importance of the connectivity between these areas and the necessity of maintaining large continuous block of forests. PESM can be considered one of the most important areas for the conservation of game species and it’s a strategic area in a context of an ecological corridor, due to it’s richness, quality of forest remains, presence of rare and threatened species, biogeographic localization and also by the altitudinal gradient.

Les oiseaux marins sont des espèces emblématiques. Passeuses de frontières, de la mer à la terre, de l’air à l’eau, des pays du nord au pays du sud, elles créent un lien entre les différents sociaux- écosystèmes marins de notre planète. Du fait de leur ubiquité, elles sont exposées à de nombreuses menaces autour du monde. Parmi elles, les interactions avec les pêcheries représentent la part de risque la plus importante pour ces espèces lorsqu’elles sont en mer. Leur statut de conservation en est affecté, et des actions prioritaires visant à réduire ces impacts doivent être mis en place. Ces espèces bénéficient de l’intérêt, voir de la sympathie des populations et le grand public est sensible au sort de leurs populations. Mettre en place des stratégies et des outils permettant la conservation des populations d’oiseaux marins répond donc à une demande sociétale urgente.Le fou de Bassan (Morus bassanus) est une espèce emblématique de la conservation des oiseaux marins en France métropolitaine. Au sein de la Réserve Naturelle Nationale de l’archipel des Sept-Îles, la seule colonie de reproduction Française de cette espèce bénéficie d’un statut de protection fort. Malgré cela, au cours de la dernière décennie, notre étude a mis en évidence une inversion de la dynamique de la population et une baisse du succès reproducteur. La mise en place d’un suivi bio-télémétrique nous a alors permis de chercher à comprendre et expliquer ces changements. Nous avons notamment mis en évidence, que durant la saison de reproduction, les fous des Sept-Îles souffraient de la diminution de leurs proies naturelles et se rabattaient alors sur des rejets de pêche. La consommation de ces subsides anthropiques affecte les efforts de recherche alimentaire, la condition des individus et finalement leur reproduction. De plus, nous avons montré que durant la période internuptiale, ils étaient exposés à de forts risques de captures accidentelles et à une diminution globale de leurs proies préférentielles, affectant les taux de retours à la colonie et expliquant potentiellement la baisse observée de la taille de la population.Ces travaux nous amènent à conclure que la bonne conservation des fous des Sept-Îles, comme celle de toute la mégafaune marine, ne pourra se faire qu’en adoptant une approche écosystémique des pêches. Particulièrement, le partage de certaines ressources entre prédateurs supérieurs et pêcheries devra être pris en compte dans la gestion des stocks, la diminution des rejets de pêche devra être favorisée et des aires marines protégées pélagiques excluant les activités de pêche, dessinées à partir des zones d’intérêt pour les oiseaux marins, devront être mise en place
Seabirds are flagship species, boundary objects linking air and water, oceans and continents, Northern and Southern countries, binding a great variety of socio-ecosystems across the planet. Due to their ubiquity, they are exposed to numerous global threats. Among them, interactions with fisheries might be the main risk for seabirds at sea. The conservation status of seabirds is thereby affected, and priority actions due to reduce these impacts have to be established. Indeed, seabirds catch the attention of all stakeholders and of the general public, who are sensitive to the fate of their populations. Implementing tools and strategies allowing seabird conservation is therefore an urgent societal request. The Northern gannet (Morus bassanus) is emblematic of seabird conservation in metropolitan France, with a single breeding colony under strict protection within the Réserve Naturelle Nationale de l’archipel des Sept-Îles. Despite all conservation efforts, colony size and breeding success have been declining in recent years. A decadal biotelemetry study allowed us to test hypotheses linked to this decline. Notably, we showed that, during the breeding season, gannets shifted from feeding on natural prey, to taking fisheries waste. The consumption of these anthropogenic subsides affects foraging effort, adult body condition and reproductive output. Further, we showed that, during the inter-breeding period, gannets were exposed to enhanced bycatch risk and competition with fisheries for small pelagic fish. This had a strong impact on adult inter-annual return rates to the colony, potentially explaining the recent decline of the Sept-Îles gannetry. Overall, we conclude that an integrated conservation plan for Northern gannets, as well as for the marine megafauna in general, is only possible through ecosystem-based fisheries management. Specifically, the joint use of fish stocks by marine predators and fisheries should be taken into account by management schemes, at-sea dumping of fishery wastes should be reduced, and marine protected areas including true no-take zones should be designed, also by taking into account the spatial ecology of the marine megafauna such as seabirds

La gestion de la faune sauvage hors des ENP pose en premier lieu la question de la connaissance des milieux qu'elle fréquente et de l'évolution de leur capacité d’accueil. Aboutir à une description détaillée de la répartition qualitative et quantitative des espèces, avec comme seuls collecteurs de données des professionnels formés à ces fins, peut sembler utopique. L’immensité des espaces de la campagne banale combinée à la mobilité des espèces supposent une présence régulière et un relevé assez fréquent d'indices de présence lorsque des suivis sont nécessaires. Si certains chercheurs et gestionnaires n’hésitent désormais plus à utiliser l’écologie participative comme un moyen de collecte de ces données, cette méthode souffre parfois d’un manque de bénévoles, donc d'un défaut d’informations sur certaines parties des maillages qu'il faudrait renseigner. Dans ce contexte, envisager de solliciter ceux qui façonnent ces milieux naturels, donc qui séjournent longuement et utilisent cette nature, semble une alternative plausible pour acquérir des informations et des savoirs nécessaires à la gestion de la faune sauvage. Or, la qualité de ceux-ci est à interroger pour en mesurer la richesse et la fiabilité, et donc les possibilités ou non de les mobiliser dans des processus de suivis ou de gestion. Afin de conduire cette recherche, un objet et un terrain d’étude appropriés étaient nécessaires. Le choix s’est porté sur les savoirs locaux des chasseurs de gibier d’eau des zones humides girondines. La pratique de la chasse de la nuit a été plus particulièrement ciblée, ces adeptes disposant de carnets sur lesquels ils enregistrent parfois depuis longtemps des observations de l’avifaune, et l’activité en elle-même imposant de se tenir dans un poste fixe. Au-delà de leurs observations, des savoirs locaux potentiellement importants ont donc pu être accumulées. Dans les deux cas, l’accès à ces items est complexe et impose de créer une relation de confiance, que nous avons acquise grâce à l’échange d’informations. Il a ainsi été possible de poursuivre notre recherche en nous intéressant à l’aspect « observations » grâce aux carnets, puis à l’aspect « savoirs » en menant des entretiens en situation avec ces locaux. Notre travail interroge d’abord à la nature des informations nécessaires à la gestion de différentes espèces de la faune sauvage, et à la variabilité des moyens qui sont utilisés pour les collecter. La mobilisation de savoirs appartenant parfois à des ruraux amène ensuite à s’interroger sur leur pertinence scientifique. Il apparaît que ces derniers peuvent s’avérer être des contributions probantes qui concourent à une meilleure gestion de la faune sauvage. Ainsi, on montre ensuite en quoi différentes pratiques cynégétiques mobilisent des savoirs qui semblent pouvoir contribuer à la gestion de la faune sauvage. Les caractéristiques de la chasse de nuit au gibier d’eau la rendent plus propice à la collecte d’observations et de savoirs originaux, dont certains pourraient contribuer à la gestion de l’avifaune migratrice. Les zones humides girondines apparaissent alors comme un terrain d’étude approprié. Puis, on regarde de manière détaillée en quoi consiste la pratique de la chasse au gibier, et on montre que ces pratiquants sont susceptibles de collecter des informations originales sur l’avifaune et les milieux humides. La fiabilité des informations collectées et donc la qualité des observateurs pouvant être hétérogènes suivant les affinités de ces pratiquants, les meilleurs d’entre eux doivent être identifiés. On s’attache alors à déceler, en utilisant leurs carnets, les chasseurs qui, parmi la masse de ces individus, s’avèrent être des observateurs fiables. Au-delà, les informations qu’ils ont accumulées sont susceptibles de s’être combinées en savoirs. A travers une série d’entretiens puis d’évaluations, c’est la nature et la richesse de leurs savoirs qu’on interroge, pour identifier les plus experts et compétents d’entre eux
The wildlife management outside the protected natural area asks the question of knowledge of the environments it attends and the evolution of their capacity. Achieve to a detailed description of the qualitative and quantitative distribution of species, with the only professionals as data collectors trained for these purposes, seems Utopian. The immensity of spaces of trivial campaign combined with the mobility of species involved a regular presence and a fairly common statement for presence indices when monitoring is necessary. While some researchers and managers are now more reluctant to use the participatory ecology as a way of collecting these data, this method can sometimes suffer from a lack of volunteers. A lack of information can exist on some parts that it would inquire. In this context, consider seeking those who shape these natural environments, staying long and using this nature seems a plausible alternative to acquire information and knowledge necessary to wildlife management. But the quality of these collectors is to ask to measure wealth and reliability, and thus the opportunities or not to engage in follow-ups or management process. To conduct this research, an object and a field of appropriate study were required. The choice fell on local knowledge of waterfowl hunters of the Gironde wetlands. The practice of hunting at night was particularly targeted, these enthusiasts have books on which they sometimes long record observations of birds, and the activity itself imposing to stand in a fixed position. Beyond their observations, potentially significant local knowledge could therefore be accumulated. In both cases, access to these items is complex and requires to create a relationship of trust that we have gained through the exchange of information. It was thus possible to continue our research by focusing on the aspect of "observations" through books, and then to the aspect of "knowledge" by conducting interviews with these locals hunters. Our work first examines the nature of the information necessary for the management of different species of wildlife and variability wherewithal that are used to collect. The mobilization of knowledge sometimes belonging to rural then raises questions about their scientific relevance. It appears that these may contribute to better management of wildlife. Thus, we show how various hunting practices mobilize knowledge that appear to contribute to the management of wildlife. The characteristics of the night hunting waterfowl make it more conducive to the collection of observations and original knowledge, some of which could contribute to the management of migratory birds. Wetlands Gironde appear as an appropriate field study. Then, we look in details what constitutes the practice of hunting game, and show that these practitioners are likely to collect original information on birds and wetlands. The reliability of information collected and therefore the quality of the observers may be heterogeneous according to the affinities of these practitioners, the best of them should be identified. The last part then attaches to detect, using their notebooks, hunters who among the mass of these individuals turn out to be reliable observers. In addition, the information they are likely to have accumulated combined knowledge. Through a series of interviews and evaluations, it is the nature and the richness of their knowledge that asks to identify the most expert and competent of them

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Abreu dos Santos Tourinho.pdf: 1153194 bytes, checksum: f5a573ee7c27d41958b5c0071bcddbb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-14
This work aims to analyze and explore the controversial aspects related to mandatory bid rule under Brazilian Corporate Law (Law 6,404/76), which extends to voting minority shareholders the right to sell their shares in case of a control transfer. For this purpose we analyze (i) the nature of control , as a power to direct the corporation s business; (ii) the legal definition of controlling shareholder under Brazilian law; (iii) the history of the Brazilian institutional framework; (iv) the different justifications for the rule under Brazilian and foreign doctrines; (v) the elements for the characterization of the transfer of control, taking into consideration the key precedents of Comissão de Valores Mobliários - CVM; and (vi) the mandatory bid rule procedures
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e explorar os aspectos controversos envolvendo a regra da oferta pública de aquisição de ações prevista no art. 254-A da Lei 6.404/76, que estende aos minoritários titulares de ações votantes o direito de alienar suas ações em casos de alienação de controle. Para tal analisamos (i) a natureza do controle , entendido como poder de direcionar a atividade empresarial; (ii) a definição legal de acionista controlador de acordo com a legislação brasileira; (iii) o histórico do instituto; (iv) as diferentes justificativas para o instituto, segundo as doutrinas brasileira e estrangeiras; (v) os elementos para a caracterização da alienação de controle, abordando os principais precedentes da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários CVM; e (vi) o procedimento para a realização de uma oferta pública

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glaucio Roberto Brittes de Araujo.pdf: 993084 bytes, checksum: 6295e6d1a3544f78c9d40729765efd96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-01
This area, are exposed some misconceptions of the legislature in relation to parental bids, as inflation punitive scattered through legislation, rather than simple point releases enough of the Penal Code, such as the advance of the barriers of penal intervention, with the characterization of negligible preparatory acts and conduct abstract and remotely related to the possibility of injury to the interest protected at the expense of the principles of minimum intervention and injury; as the equivalence between an attempt and completion, to the detriment of the principles of culpability and proportionality, as the autonomous classification conduct that would configure as an attempt to more serious crimes or who were under the Penal Code, as over crimes of abstract danger and formal, as the adoption of open standards and penal rules too criminal blank inadequate to achieve the principle of legality, in the form of legal reserve and taxativity; as the pain of penalties for similar infractions of gravity substantially different in relation to injury to the legal and housed, without due attention to the principle of proportionality, and as the criminalization of conduct that could be curbed by Administrative Law sanctioning or intervention, reserving and prestige to the application of prison sentences, depending on the primary functions assigned to it in our times, serious injury or threat to the relevant legal right under the constitutional prism, without yielding to the temptation of building a Symbolic Criminal Law. Eventually, assuming a minimum functionalism, considers it is appropriate to outline the contours of the criminal action, as ultima ratio, but effective, in the area of bid and contract administration in a model of itself guarantees the democratic rule of law, in its dual meaning, ie, the guarantor of both fundamental human rights, as an efficient protection of legal interests relevant to all citizens, in the terms that had been sheltered by the Constitution
Nesta sede, são expostos alguns equívocos do legislador pátrio em relação às licitações, como a inflação punitiva, mediante legislação esparsa, ao invés de simples e suficientes atualizações pontuais do Código Penal; como o adiantamento das barreiras da intervenção penal, com a tipificação despicienda de atos preparatórios e de condutas abstrata e remotamente relacionadas à possibilidade de lesão do interesse tutelado, em detrimento dos princípios da intervenção mínima e da lesividade; como a equiparação entre tentativa e consumação, em prejuízo dos princípios da culpabilidade e da proporcionalidade; como a tipificação autônoma de condutas que já configurariam tentativa de delitos mais graves ou que estariam previstas no Código Penal; como o excesso de crimes de perigo abstrato e formais; como a adoção de tipos demasiadamente abertos e normas penais em branco, inadequada à concretização do princípio da legalidade, na forma de reserva legal e taxatividade; como a cominação de sanções semelhantes para infrações de gravidade substancialmente distinta, em relação à lesão ao bem jurídico albergado, sem a devida atenção ao princípio da proporcionalidade; e como a criminalização de condutas que poderiam ser coibidas pelo Direito Administrativo Sancionador ou de Intervenção, reservando e prestigiando a aplicação de penas privativas de liberdade, consoante as funções primordiais que lhe são atribuídas hodiernamente, para graves lesões ou ameaças a bem jurídicos relevantes, sob o prisma constitucional, sem ceder à tentação da construção de um Direito Penal Simbólico. Por fim, assumindo um funcionalismo mínimo, reputa-se conveniente esboçar os contornos da intervenção penal, como ultima ratio, mas eficaz, na seara de licitações e contratos administrativos, em um modelo de garantias próprio do Estado Democrático de Direito, na sua dúplice acepção, ou seja, garantidor tanto dos direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana, como de uma proteção eficiente dos bens jurídicos relevantes para todos os cidadãos, nos termos em que foram albergados pela Constituição Federal

This report presents the fmdings of an exploratory study into the perceived benefits and subjective experiences of Local Bird Guides along the Zululand Birding Route, an avitourism project, sponsored by Rio-Tinto, managed by BirdLife South Africa (BLSA), one of the largest conservation Non-Governmental Organisations in South Africa. The report explores the impact development and empowerment, through training, offered by BLSA as part of a conservation initiative, has had on the every day lives of Local Bird Guides. The fmdings are based on research generated by conducting qualitative, semistructured interviews with eight Local Bird Guides operating along the Zululand Birding Route. Recorded interviews were transcribed, and analysed using theory led thematic analysis. The results of the study provide insight into the perceived benefits and expectations of participants, their experiences, perceptions, expectations and disappointments in respect of the project.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

Die Studie untersucht im Lehr- und Versuchsgut in Köllitsch bei Torgau (Sachsen) die Wirkung von landwirtschaftlichen Vogelschutzmaßnahmen auf den Agrarflächen im Hinblick auf den Bestand an Brutvögeln und deren Nahrungsangebot. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass u. a. Feldlerchenfenster, neu angelegte Brachen und Ackerraine, reduzierter Einsatz von Pflanzenschutz und Düngung am Ackerrand sowie der Zwischenfruchtanbau deutlich positive Effekte auf den Brutvogelbestand und dessen Nahrungsangebot an Insekten, Spinnen und Samen haben. Auf den Untersuchungsflächen, insbesondere auf den Brachen und Ackerrainen, wurden bei Insekten 29 und bei Spinnen 19 Rote Liste-Arten festgestellt.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
地理學系
90
The Tainan Su Taso District, once part of Tai Chiang inner sea, is situated at the estuary of Lu Ert Men Creek, Boarder of Chia Nan Main Drainage Trench and Yen Suei Creek. It is a wetland of rich nutrition . Local residents have developed lagoons to fishponds culturing ponds and salt fields , and thus made this area a mixture of natural and artificial wetland. The ecological environment of the swampy Su Taso District thus provides birds with mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic invertebrates for food and draws many migratory birds and transit migrants to stay here temporarily or for the winter . Consequently , unusual bird-watching resources are developed. The purpose for this study is to analyze the bird-landscape resources and sustainable protections in Tainan Su Taso District , which has not been thoroughly researched before. This study was theoretically built on biogeography, landscape ecology and nature conservation and conducted on field work and interviews with the locals. In order to collect data the researcher had worked as a voluntary narrator in the research area for one year. The research findings are as follows : (1) From 1994 to 1999, there is a 200% growth tendency on both the species and the amount of the birds in the research area. (2) The diversity and the amount of birds are directly proportional in the middle of the year, but with a higher diversity in winter. We therefore have abundant opportunity of winter bird-watching , mainly at the Scolopacidae and Charadridae Family, Anatidae Family and Ardeidae family. The diversity in summer is reduced to mainly Ardeidae family and Laridae family. (3) The bird-watching resource can be found most easily in the fish-farm ponds and the deserted salt fields. The former has a resource peak during December and March, mainly Pied Avocet, Northern Shoveller, Green-winged Teal and Little Egret. The best view spots line up the fish-farm ponds along Provincial Highway 17, with a peak time during September and February, mainly stopping Kentish Plover, Pacific Golden Plover, Dunlin, the Great Egret and Grey Egret etc. The most ideal observation spot is in the water bird conservation (A2 zone) within the Su Tsao Wild Life Reserve. Though the Tainan City Su Tsao Wild Life Reserve, which covers 515.1 hectares, was founded in 1994, many problems await to be resolved, such as water and air pollution and fishermen’s protest. The research tries to analyze the rationality of the spatial arrangement in the conservation area, while at the same time find out the ways and policies which satisfy both the public authorities and private interests in order maintain the bird-landscape resources. Through an integration of natural and human resources and local participation, we hope to reach a ecotourism balance among the ecology, life and production and a win-win solution among the public and private sectors and the local residents.

The work presented in this thesis aimed to do the following : 1. investigate the cause of decline of the three Melithreptus species of the Mt Lofty Ranges, with a particular emphasis on M. gularis due to its critical status in the ranges ; 2. investigate the ecology and behaviour of sympatric M. brevirostris and M. lunatus populations in the Mt Lofty Ranges ; and 3. suggest management options for the three species. Further, it became clear through the course of the project that an understanding of the decline in Melithreptus required : 1. comparisons with other honeyeater species, particularly widespread and abundant honeyeater species. Three species of Melithreptus occur in the Mt Lofty Ranges : Brown - headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris ; White - naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus ; and Black - chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis. Since at least the 1970 ' s all three species have been in decline within the ranges. One species has been reduced in both abundance and distribution within the region ( M. gularis ), while the other two are now recognised as having reduced in abundance. Melithreptus species in the Mt Lofty Ranges are sympatric with strikingly similar ecology. Melithreptus gularis is the largest of the three, while M. brevirostris and M. lunatus are almost identical in weight, feeding behaviour and morphology. Despite their similarities no studies have closely examined their ecology in sympatry and no studies have examined possible causes of their decline. Interspecific competition is thought to be important in the organisation of honeyeater communities. Studies of nectarivore communities suggest a number of ways in which competition causes the component species to partition resources : size ; beak length ; habitat ; and behaviour, which includes a mix of social and feeding strategies. Due to its role in honeyeater community organisation, changed level of interspecific competition has been highlighted as a possible cause of decline in some honeyeater species in the woodlands of southern Australia. Both interference competition and exploitative competition have been highlighted in various situations ( Ford et al. 2001 ). Given the hypothesised role of interspecific competition in the decline of honeyeater species and the declining status of all the Melithreptus in the Mt Lofty Ranges the genus appeared to provide a good basis for examining the hypothesis that interspecific competition is contributing to the decline of some honeyeater species through exclusion from resources and / or reduction in resources available. ( Ford et al. 2001 ) give the following as potential tests for their interspecific competition hypothesis : 1. examine community structure for ' forbidden combinations ' ( pairs of species that rarely occur together ) ; 2. compare time spent in interspecific competition ( interference ), and foraging in fragmented and continuous habitat ; 3. measure seasonal and spatial patterns of resource abundance and depletion ; and 4. remove competitors and observe response in abundance and behaviour of other species. These suggestions form the basis for much of the work presented in this thesis. An initial survey examined not only community structure for forbidden combinations, but also investigated other possible causes of decline, based on literature for both declining woodland birds and Melithreptus. Besides interspecific competition, other possible causes included insufficient preferred habitat, insufficient food resources and landscape fragmentation. Repeated counts of honeyeaters at 90 sites of one hectare in the Mt Lofty Ranges were undertaken over a one year period. Melithreptus lunatus was found to be more abundant where certain eucalypt species occurred ( particularly E. viminalis ), although this was postulated to be a reflection of productive soils. Melithreptus brevirostris was found to be more abundant where Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ( New Holland Honeyeater ) was most abundant, despite P. novaehollandiae also being the most widespread and abundant honeyeater in the Mt Lofty Ranges. Thus, the survey work did not find forbidden combinations of honeyeaters. However , the scale at which the survey work was undertaken ( sites of 1ha ) may have masked any competition between species due to spatial heterogeneity. At the scale of one hectare there is likely to be areas of resource not used by other honeyeaters, allowing Melithreptus to avoid feeding territories of aggressive honeyeaters. Therefore, in order to more thoroughly investigate competition between P. novaehollandiae and Melithreptus, a removal experiment with finer resolution than 1ha was carried out. This demonstrated that P. novaehollandiae do prevent M. lunatus from using certain areas of the landscape. A final examination of interactions between Melithreptus and widespread and abundant honeyeaters was carried out in the form of a survey in which individual trees were watched and visits by honeyeater species timed. Based on observations of Melithreptus, it appeared that generally M. brevirostris groups used a swamping strategy to access defended resources, whereas M. lunatus moved quietly, often as individuals or pairs. Thus the two species were hypothesised to use two different behavioural strategies to access defended resources, termed stealth ( the use of secretive behaviour to access resources that are being protected ) and swamping ( the use of a combined direct approach by a number of individuals to access resources that are being protected ). Based on estimations of the standardised protection of resources for individual trees, M. lunatus were able to access defended resources for longer, while M. brevirostris were able to access better defended resources but for a shorter time. These results were consistent with the hypothesis of two different behavioural strategies for accessing defended resources. Both species may employ both strategies, but M. brevirostris more often use swamping, and M. lunatus more often use stealth. Investigating the morphology of the small honeyeaters of the Mt Lofty Ranges confirmed that size and beak length were important in discriminating between most species. However, these did not provide any basis for separating the Melithreptus. Closer examination of morphology between M. brevirostris and the M. lunatus sexes revealed further similarities to those previously documented. The average values for many morphological attributes of M. brevirostris fell between the average value for the M. lunatus sexes, suggesting that ecologically the three species / sexes formed a continuum. The M. lunatus sexes and M. brevirostris were then referred to as the small Melithreptus guild ( it was not possible to sex M. brevirostris based on the range of attributes measured ). The greatest differences between the small Melithreptus guild were found in wing length and leg morphology. The direction of the differences suggested that M. brevirostris would be more similar to female M. lunatus in movements and more similar to male M. lunatus in foraging behaviour. These two aspects of Melithreptus ecology were the subject of the last and most extensive phase of the project. Movements were investigated for Melithreptus at four sites in the Mt Lofty Ranges using radio - telemetry techniques. Melithreptus were found to use large areas of the landscape and to have large core areas of activity within their home range. Using the same methods confirmed that Melithreptus had larger home ranges ( mean 100 % minimum convex polygon 23 hectares ) than P. novaehollandiae ( mean 100 % MCP 5 hectares ), and larger home ranges than those reported in the literature for other honeyeater species. Data on a single M. gularis ( 100 % MCP 140 hectares ) suggest that this species has even larger home range requirements. Information from colour - banded birds suggests that most M. brevirostris and male M. lunatus had stable core areas of activity over the period of this study, while female M. lunatus were less likely to have stable core areas of activity, particularly during the non - breeding season. A trend in home range and movement data was consistent with the hypothesis that M. brevirostris was more similar to female M. lunatus than to male M. lunatus. Behaviour of Melithreptus and P. novaehollandiae were investigated using time budget techniques. Melithreptus were found to spend most of their day foraging ( up to 84 % ), very little time resting ( as little as 1.8 % ) and very little time in aggression ( as little as 0.6 % ). These values are each within the outer range of results published on other honeyeaters. Melithreptus gularis behaviour was very similar to both M. brevirostris and M. lunatus. Melithreptus appear to forage predominantly from poor quality resources, requiring a large proportion of their time allocated to foraging. The small proportion of time spent resting is probably a result of the time spent foraging. The small proportion of time spent in aggression is partly the result of a lack of aggression by Melithreptus, but is also potentially due to their knowledge of aggression levels within their home range and their use of stealth and swamping. Melithreptus are likely to avoid the most highly protected ( and therefore the most productive ) areas within their home ranges. A trend in behavioural data was consistent with the hypothesis that M. brevirostris was more similar to male M. lunatus than to female M. lunatus. Based on the data collected in this study, Melithreptus in the Mt Lofty Ranges are characterised by : relatively large home range size with core areas that are used over extended periods of time ; similar foraging behaviour and morphology ; lack of aggression ; and ( probably ( complex social behaviour. Their decline in the Mt Lofty Ranges can be attributed to the preferential clearance of their preferred habitat, their requirement for a large home range and their predominant use of poor quality resources, particularly in comparison to other, locally successful honeyeaters. The final aim of this work on Melithreptus honeyeaters in the Mt Lofty Ranges was to provide options for managing remaining Melithreptus populations, in particular M. gularis which according to informed observers is now critically endangered in the region. Due to the extent of habitat clearance in the Mt Lofty Ranges, the decline of Melithreptus will only be addressed in the long term through large scale revegetation projects. Melithreptus requirements in any large scale revegetation are most likely to be met by providing a range of eucalypt species. In the short to medium term, management actions may be needed to prevent the loss of M. gularis from the region. Given the findings of this study, there are few such options available. The management of woody weeds in known Melithreptus home ranges is suggested as one possible management strategy. Melithreptus rarely use a shrub layer for foraging, shelter or nesting, whereas P. novaehollandiae use a shrub layer for each of these activities. Thus, where grassy woodlands have been invaded by woody weeds, P. novaehollandiae potentially have an increased year round presence.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.

Forest assemblage composition is determined by local ecological (e.g. patch area, species interactions), landscape (e.g. patch connectivity) and regional (e.g. historical change in forest distribution) processes. I investigated the relative effect of these processes on bird and frog assemblage composition in two isolated archipelagos of Afrotemperate forest in the Limpopo Province. The linear relationship between local and regional species diversity suggests that forest bird assemblages in the Limpopo Province are unsaturated. In addition, 66% of bird species and 42% of frog species in southern African forests are generalist species (i.e., forest associated as opposed to forest dependent), suggesting that matrix species have invaded forest assemblages. I thus argue that forest bird and frog assemblage composition is primarily determined by regional (historical) processes and that local ecological processes play a relatively minor role. Forests in the Limpopo Province were eliminated by major climatic changes during the Quaternary with major forest expansion only in the last 6000 years. Limpopo Province forest assemblages have thus established fairly recently. No forest dependent frogs and one forest dependent bird have established in the Limpopo Province forests from the relatively proximate forests in eastern Zimbabwe. This suggests that the Limpopo River catchment has acted as a significant barrier to the dispersal of forest vertebrate faunas. Cluster analyses showed that the forest bird and frog assemblages are essentially Afrotemperate and South African in origin with all forest dependent frogs and 97% of forest dependent birds occurring in the KwaZulu-Natal scarp forests. In addition the most important environmental gradient of change in the southern African forest bird faunas was the geographical distance from northern KwaZulu-Natal. This gradient is congruent with a major northward radiation of faunas from the KwaZulu-Natal scarp into the Limpopo Province. As a result the Limpopo Province forests have low biodiversity values compared to the KwaZulu-Natal scarp because forest frog and bird faunas are largely derived from the latter region. However, the importance of the Limpopo Province forests lies in their protection of threatened vertebrates as well as in providing landscape heterogeneity and ecological services to the surrounding matrix. Soutpansberg forest bird assemblages appear to be more robust and resilient and comprise a significantly greater proportion of forest associated species than those of the Limpopo Province Drakensberg. This is likely to be a consequence of more severe climatic extinction filtering of these faunas caused primarily by the proximity of the Soutpansberg forests to the arid Limpopo valley during the development of these forests. Consequently, regional and historical processes have played a relatively greater role in determining forest bird assemblages in the Soutpansberg than in the Limpopo Province Drakensberg and species richness in the former region was not significantly affected by local ecological processes (including forest area, isolation and habitat heterogeneity). Forest area and habitat heterogeneity did, however, affect forest bird species richness and abundance in the Limpopo Province Drakensberg where the relatively lower importance of regional processes (compared to the Soutpansberg) has combined with anthropogenic disturbance of smaller forests to increase the influence of local ecological processes. However, the role of local processes in determining local species richness is likely to increase in both archipelagos if the current rates of anthropogenic change and disturbance to forests are sustained. Forests greater than 138 ha (minimum critical patch size) are needed to avoid an island effect on bird species richness in the Limpopo Province Drakensberg. However, the long-term conservation of vertebrate assemblages in Limpopo province forests depends upon the successful conservation of evolutionary and landscape processes. This can best be achieved by maximising forest connectivity and landscape heterogeneity through the protection of both riparian corridors and forests of all sizes. The maintenance of historical dispersal routes, in particular connectivity along the escarpment with the scarp forests of KwaZulu-Natal, is important. This would require the protection of forests on the KwaZulu-Natal scarp and along the entire northern Drakensberg escarpment.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

The conservation of biotic diversity is a growing challenge within southern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century. Growing populations and trends toward a questionable Western development model place demands on the use of land for food, fiber, and fuel production. The traditional establishment and use of formal conservation areas is being challenged against the needs of humans and the past unbalances created by colonial rule. Conservation areas, as isolated islands in a sea of change driven by interconnected economic and social systems, may not be a basis for sustainable biodiversity conservation. This thesis examines characteristics of avian species diversity response to abiotic environmental variables and land transformation. Environmental and land-use correlates of species gradients, species diversity patterns, and the spatial patterning of bird assemblages varied with location. The findings supported a conceptual model of multi-scaled controls on bird distribution, and the related notion that local community structure is the result of both regional environmental and local-scale landscape pattern that must be taken in to account in regional conservation planning assessments. An analytical framework including an landscape model, use of complementary-based reserve selection procedures, gradient analysis, and inclusion of the total spatial economy and development needs of the KwaZulu-Natal Province proved to be important for developing an integrated conservation plan for sustainable avian conservation. Pattern recognition results of the spatial economy and landscape pattern revealed the strong dichotomy in Western economic versus rural African landscapes, which have lead to strong differences in avian assemblage patterns. The research described in this thesis targets specific objectives of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative by addressing requirements for landscape level analysis of humans and ecosystems in an integrated analytical framework. The development of a co-evolutionary landscape ecology framework for examining human-ecosystem interaction provides a strong basis for supporting targeted conservation planning within regions rather than supporting a generic conservation planning framework.
Thesis (DPhil (Sustainable Ecological Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted

碩士
銘傳大學
法律研究所
92
In academicals, “mandatory bid” means that the bidder intent to acquire the control of a company or a proportion sufficient to enable him to exercise voting control should make a general offer to the all shareholders of target company. The purpose of mandatory bid rule protect minority shareholders from the excesses of controlling shareholders. Taiwan Securities and Exchange Law introduced the “mandatory bid” refer to the City Code of England and Article §43-1 provided that“Where any person independently or jointly with another person(s) proposes to acquire a certain percentage of the total issued shares of a public company shall make the acquisition by means of a public tender offer, unless certain conditions are satisfied.”Owe to the meaning of mandatory bid stated in said article is not defined clearly that brings the debates how to apply the provision in practice and what’s the policy should stand. At first the study approach of the paper views on the regulatory form in addition to the content of the countries or area, such as EU, England, Hong Kong, Sing pore, Mainland China and so on, which have adopt the mandatory bid system. Furthermore we analysis the reason why U.S. doesn’t have the mandatory bid and what the related measures he takes. Then we discuss the purpose、benefit and weakness of mandatory bid rule and discuss the allocation of social cost and resource regarding to the protection of minority shareholders under equal treatment and what’s the economic efficiency it accomplish with the sight of economic analysis of law. After reviewing the domestic regulation and discussing the issues of mandatory bid, we analysis the possibility of adopting the system of England and U.S.A. Finally we address the recommendations are what’s our long-tem and short-term policy position regarding to transfer of cooperate control and how to protect the minority shareholders for the paper’s conclusion.

The three South African crane species, namely, the Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), the Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradisea) and the Grey Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum regulorum) are all threatened. South African legislation protects the cranes, however eggs and/or fledglings are sometimes illegally collected from the wild. These are then sold, often by registered breeders, who falsely claim them as the offspring of their captive breeding pair. DNA fingerprinting is one method to detect this crime. Fifteen RAPD primers were screened for polymorphism in the three species. Seven primers produced polymorphic profiles in the Blue Crane and eight each in the Grey Crowned Crane and Wattled Crane, with an average of 14.57, 12.38 and 5.88 scorable loci per primer, respectively. The Band Sharing Coefficient for unrelated individuals was found to be 0.665, 0.745 and 0.736 for the Blue, Grey Crowned and Wattled Crane respectively. Five microsatellite primers, originally developed for use in Whooping Cranes (Grus american), had previously been shown to be polymorphic in the Wattled Crane. This was also the case in this study with an average of 3.6 alleles per primer. Although all primers cross amplified, only a single primer each showed polymorphism in the Blue Crane (showing 6 alleles) and the Grey Crowned Crane (showing 5 alleles). The RAPDs were found to be irreproducible, show high numbers of novel bands and had parent: offspring BSC values that were not significantly higher than those of unrelated individuals. Statistics showed that, in the Blue Crane, the probability that misassigned parents would be detected was low whilst there was an almost certainty that true parents would be incorrectly excluded. The five microsatellite primers examined gave exclusionary powers of 0.869 and 0.641 where one or two parents were unknown in the Wattled Crane. The exclusionary powers for the Blue Crane and Grey Crowned Crane calculated at only one locus were much lower. It was concluded that RAPDs were totally inappropriate for parentage analyses, however, microsatellites are a suitable technique and recommendations are made that other microsatellites, developed for other species of crane, should be examined for their potential in this respect.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Cranes are large elegant birds that occur on all continents of the world except for South America and Antarctica. Of the fifteen species of crane worldwide, three predominantly occur in southern Africa; the Wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), the Blue crane (Anthropoides paradisea) and the Crowned crane (Balearica regulorum). Crane numbers throughout the world are diminishing, mostly because of the destruction of their habitat and illegal bird trading. Efforts are underway to prevent species extinction, legally and through the compilation of a studbook that contains descriptions of physical attributes, ownership, location and possible kinships of birds in captivity . This investigation, first of its kind, WdS undertaken to assess whether twelve published and unpublished microsatellite primers developed for the related Whooping crane and Red-Crowned crane could be used to fingerprint the southern African crane species using cost effective polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results obtained were then used to determine the extent of genetic variation within species and distance between species. All primer sets amplified heterologous microsatellite loci in the three crane species, however, the unpublished primers produced poorly defined fingerprints even after extensive optimization. Of the twelve microsatellite loci investigated, the Blue crane and the Wattled crane revealed a high level of polymorphism. The Blue crane displayed 76% polymorphism and the Wattled crane 92%. In contrast, for the Crowned crane, that belongs to a different subfamily, Balearicinae, only 50% of the loci were polymorphic. The alleles displayed sizes similar to that of the species for which the primers were developed. Little variation in size, less than 10 bp, was noted for the different alleles of the polymorphic loci. The number of alleles, on the other hand, at each of the polymorphic loci was found to be low. The frequency of the most prevalent allele at most of the loci was generally reasonably high. These results therefore suggest that these primer sets are not suitable for individual identification and differentiation using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Xll The observed heterozygosity of the three crane species was low; 12% in Blue crane; 7% in Crowned crane; and 13% in Wattled crane. Nei's identity further confirmed the high similarity between individuals; 66-100% for Blue crane; 55-100% for Crowned crane and 41-95% for Wattled crane. This low genetic variation is attributed to possible relatedness between birds supplied by aviculturists whom have a limited number of birds in captivity. A Hardy-Weinberg test for equilibrium revealed that most of the microsatellite loci displayed a deficiency of heterozygotes, while a few loci displayed an excess of heterozygotes. In general, the Hardy Weinberg test of equilibrium supported the notion that the individuals within each of the species might have been related. Differentiation between the three crane species ranged from 3-5%, with Blue and Wattled crane displaying a higher degree of genetic similarity when compared to the Crowned crane, known to be the oldest extant crane species. The limited allelic variation within the microsatellite loci tested, as well as the extensive genetic similarity between individuals suggests that a wide-ranging search for additional microsatellite loci that are more polymorphic and contain a larger number of alleles should be undertaken for the southern African crane species.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.