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1
Longstaff, T. G. "Bird Protection." Ibis 67, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1925.tb02919.x.
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Anugrah, Kiki Dwi, Agus Setiawan, and Jani Master. "Keanekaragaman Spesies Burung Di Hutan Lindung Register 25 Pematang Tanggang Kabupaten Tanggamus Lampung." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1515-116.
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Protection forest is one of the habitats of various birds, however the increasing of forest exposureinto plantation and agriculture area distribution of bird populations surpressed. Protection ForestRegister 25 Pematang Tanggang located in Tanggamus regency has 3.380 ha areas. The purposeof this research is to identify the difference of birds species in the different of habitat. The methodthat used is IPA(Indices Point d,Abondance), with 6 points of observation. The observation wasdone for 5 effective days. Overall, the number of birds that found in Protection Forest Register 25Pematang Tanggang are 37 bird species that come from 16 family with total 985 individu. In eachdense, sparse and residential areas has 26, 29, and 12 birds species. Diversity and evenness ofbirds species in the Protection Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang are moderate(H'= 0,89)and stable (J = 0,80). The index value of the largest bird species similarity between bird species indense forests and sparse forests as big as(IS = 0.69). Overall of all bird species found, 12 birdsspecies that enrolled in protected status PP No. , 7 In 1999, 9 birds species listed are registered inAppendix II of CITES, and 1 bird species is enrolled in protected status of IUCN.Keywords : protection forest, diversity of birds species, protected status.
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Merlin, M. D., and J. O. Juvik. "Bird protection in Western Samoa." Oryx 19, no. 2 (April 1985): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300019803.
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In a study supported by the FFPS Oryx 100% Fund, the authors investigated the impact of traditional hunting practices on native land birds in Samoa. Hunting and habitat modification have contributed to the near extinction of several endemic species. Through new hunting regulations, conservation education programmes and the development of a national park system, the Government of Western Samoa has moved to strengthen its commitment to the conservation of a unique insular biota.
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Forbes, Linda C., and John M. Jermier. "The Institutionalization of Bird Protection." Organization & Environment 15, no. 4 (December 2002): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026602238172.
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Barclay-Smith, Phyllis. "THE BRITISH CONTRIBUTION TO BIRD PROTECTION." Ibis 101, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02363.x.
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Zhang, Shuai, Yang Shi, San Xiang Huang, and Wei Dong Bao. "Spatial Distribution Expending of National Protected Birds after 10 Years Environmental Recovery in Beijing." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3987.
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Environmental protection programs exert strong effects on vegetation and plant conservation; however, few researchers have dealt with the impacts of environmental protection programs on wildlife recovery. We compared the spatial changes in avian species distributions caused by these environmental restoration programs for 63 national key protected bird species by overlaying GIS layers to examine the effects of environmental protection on bird diversity since 2000 in Beijing, China. Generally, these species congregated in areas away from human disturbance and around wetlands, city parks, and woodlands. Class One protected birds appeared to be expanding their ranges although they were sparsely distributed. Two Class One species appeared new to the area after 2000. Several Class Two protected species were also enlarging their ranges and one Class Two species appeared new to the area. The results reveal that the ranges of bird species as well as species diversity of the national key protected birds are increasing as wetlands recover and vegetation conditions improve in the vicinity of Beijing.
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Brooks, T. M., N. J. Collar, R. E. Green, S. J. Marsden, and D. J. Pain. "The science of bird conservation." Bird Conservation International 18, S1 (August 7, 2008): S2—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000427.
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Colin Bibby (1948–2004) was the quintessential bird conservation biologist. Over his career, he served as lead scientist at two of the world's largest bird conservation organizations, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and BirdLife International. His contributions encompassed detailed autecological studies of rare bird species such as the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata (e.g. Bibby 1978) and Fuerteventura Stonechat Saxicola dacotiae (e.g. Bibby and Hill 1987), a sweeping synthesis of the techniques of bird conservation science (Bibby et al. 1992, 2000), and pioneering contributions in conservation planning such as the Endemic Bird Areas concept (ICBP 1992).
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SICURELLA, BEATRICE, VALERIO ORIOLI, GUIDO PINOLI, ROBERTO AMBROSINI, and LUCIANO BANI. "Effectiveness of the system of protected areas of Lombardy (Northern Italy) in preserving breeding birds." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 3 (July 25, 2017): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927091700017x.
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SummaryNetworks of protected areas (PAs) where human activities are allowed at different degrees are fundamental to ensure the long-term conservation of biological diversity and ecological processes. However, studies aimed at assessing their effectiveness, focusing on several species simultaneously are scarce. We assessed the effectiveness of the system of protected areas (PAs) of Lombardy, Northern Italy, in conserving bird populations by comparing the changes from 1992 to 2013 in the occurrence of 54 breeding bird species censused in areas classified in different protection categories, namely Nature Reserves (NRs), areas designed predominantly for the protection of nature; Regional Parks (RPs), naturally valuable areas where human activities, including intensive agriculture, are allowed; and non-protected areas (NPAs). Overall, occurrence of common birds increased in Lombardy in the last 20 years and farmland and long-distance migrants (LDMs), which suffered sharp declines at a continental scale, showed stable and increasing trends, respectively. These trends were, however, the balance between those of species whose occurrence markedly increased, and those of species that dramatically declined. Species occurred more often in PAs than in NPAs, while temporal trends in occurrence were significantly more positive in RPs than in both NRs and NPAs. Hence, PAs seemed effective in preserving common bird communities. Occurrence of woodland and short-distance migrant species was higher in PAs than in NPAs, while occurrence of farmland species and LDMs was similar in all protection categories. PAs of Lombardy appear therefore effective only in protecting some categories of birds. Farmland and LDM birds would benefit more from ecologically sustainable land-use policies aiming at improving agro-ecosystem biodiversity than from protected areas.
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Maharaj, Sabita. ""Dropping" The Migratory Bird Treaty Act." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 1, no. 1 (October 2013): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v1.i1.8.
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Federal law essentially handcuffs residents from protecting their health and their children’s health and severely restricts what they can do to protect their property from MBTA-protected birds. The usefulness of these laws is no longer justifiable. While it is necessary for human enjoyment and the balance of the ecosystem to protect animals, protection should not come at the expense of human health and property use and enjoyment.
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Santos, Francisco das Chagas Vieira, Wedson Medeiros Silva Souto, Arthur Serejo Neves Ribeiro, Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena, and Anderson Guzzi. "Traditional knowledge and perception of birds in the Parnaíba Delta environmental protection area, Northeast Brazil." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (February 13, 2020): e47722. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.47722.
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Local inhabitants retain a vast knowledge about the bird richness surrounding them, as well as many of their ethological and ecological aspects, and can identify the importance of those birds to the maintenance of ecosystem integrity. The present study sought to document the traditional knowledge retained by members of the Labino community concerning the avifauna of the Delta do Rio Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area (APA), Piauí State, Brazil. We interviewed 76 male (51% of the sample) and 74 female (49%) residents. The interviewees indicated the occurrence of 97 bird species belonging to 21 orders and 40 families. Men could identify more bird species than women. Older individuals recognize more bird species than younger members of the community. Individuals with less schooling demonstrated greater knowledge of species richness than those with more formal educations. A very significant percentage (45%, n = 68) of the interviewees reported consuming native birds, principally Aramides cajaneus, Columbina squammata, and Zenaida auriculata. A total of 48 species were perceived as having their populations reduced in recent years, principally Mimus gilvus, Icterus jamacaii, Aramides cajaneus, Turdus rufiventris, and Cacicus cela. The residents of the Labino community were therefore found to have a detailed knowledge of the local avifauna and perceived impacts caused mainly by hunting in the Parnaiba River Delta region.
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Prasad, P. Rama Chandra, J. Asha Kumari, Manju Mathew, and Rosina Thomas. "Human-Bird Conflicts and Management Issues: A Case Study of Birds at Uppalapadu Lake, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Zoology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/848757.
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The current research focused on the issues related to human-bird conflicts and subsequent alternatives adopted by the migratory birds at Uppalapadu Lake (India). The study collates the information from field observations and literature surveys and draws conclusions based on the observation data. The study highlights the ways the local community, Forest Department, activist groups and other organizations participate in protecting the birds from harm. It also focuses on some of the management initiatives taken by the Forest Department that are helping the birds during their breeding periods. Overall, the research identifies the ecological importance of the lake with respect to birds and stresses the need for its protection and further expansion.
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Simons, Edward A. "NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-621.
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ABSTRACT On October 31, 1984, the vessel USS Puerto Rican exploded at sea off San Francisco. The disabled vessel was towed offshore and on November 3, 1984, the stern sank releasing, at least, an estimated 12,000 barrels of petroleum products. California experiences oil spills affecting natural resources every year. Rarely are these spills as large as the Puerto Rican spill, but natural resource protection minimized the losses of bird life as a result of this incident. Planning for oil spill cleanup helped prevent more losses to these natural resources. In addition, some bird cleaning and rehabilitation equipment and facilities have been provided. The equipment and facilities will remain available to reduce the effect of future spills of oil in, or offshore, California.
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Rowlands, Jonathan. "Jesus and the Wings of Yhwh." Novum Testamentum 61, no. 2 (March 5, 2019): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341623.
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AbstractIn this article the author analyses the lament over Jerusalem (Matt 23:37–39; Luke 13:34–35) and its use of bird imagery. He argues the picture of Jesus as a mother hen builds on an established metaphor that uses the imagery of a protective bird to refer to Yhwh’s divine protection over Israel. The author therefore asserts this pericope most likely portrays Jesus as the person of Yhwh.
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Dragomir, Matei–Ionuţ, Adrian Cosmin Stîngă, and Alina Dragomir. "Distribution and Habitat Selection of Wintering Birds in the Special Protection Area ROSPA0071 ”Lower Siret Meadow” (Eastern Romania)." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 58, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2016-0010.
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Abstract The ecosystems from the Special Protection Area ROSPA0071 „Lower Siret Meadow” (36492 ha, between Adjud city, Vrancea County and Şendreni village, Galaţi County) in the analysed sector (sixteen sample surfaces) present a scientific interest because of the geographical, ecological and biological characteristics. The paper treats details such as the number of individuals, the spatial distribution, availability of suitable habitats and threats, necessary data for the evaluation of the conservation status. We present the data obtained in the period 2010–2014 from 64 field visits in the Special Protection Area ROSPA0071 „Lower Siret Meadow”, all made in the hiemal season. The observations were made as an activity of monitoring the protected bird species distribution and habitat selection of wintering populations. Five important sites were identified as being used by wintering birds here. During the monitoring actions, eighty–one bird species were identified. The paper brings new data about the way birds use their range and existing habitats for wintering.
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Fidlóczky, József, János Bagyura, Károly Nagy, Tamás Szitta, László Haraszthy, and Péter Tóth. "Bird conservation on electric-power lines in Hungary: Nest boxes for saker falcon and avian protection against electrocutions. Projects' report." Slovak Raptor Journal 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2014-0010.
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Abstract Bird conservation on electricity transmission lines has a 40-year history in Hungary. It started with the saker conservation program. The initial small-scale activities were considerably enlarged through the LIFE projects. In the first project, 301 nest boxes for sakers of a new type made of aluminium were installed on pylons of high-voltage transmission lines. In 201 3 nearly 70% of saker pairs nested in these new boxes. An estimated 1 00 000 different birds used to be killed annually on the transmission line pylons in Hungary. During the two LIFE projects about 1 4 300 pylons were made bird-safe using improved technology and materials. Nearly 800 new bird-safe crossarms of pylons are being installed in the second project, which is expected to completely eradicate the danger
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ZoBell, Vanessa M., and Brett J. Furnas. "Impacts of land use and invasive species on native avifauna of Mo’orea, French Polynesia." PeerJ 5 (September 15, 2017): e3761. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3761.
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Oceanic islands are among the most endemically biodiverse ecosystems in the world. They have been adversely impacted by human expansion, which affects regional biodiversity by altering the natural habitats of vulnerable, indigenous species. Birds represent a valuable indicator species of environmental change due to their ability to adapt quickly. Investigating the relationship between environmental change, abundance, and behaviors of birds can help us better anticipate potential impacts to island ecosystems. In addition, we can understand the population trends and restricted ranges of native avifauna, identify the regions needing protection, and assess habitat vulnerability linked to anthropogenic activities. In Mo’orea, French Polynesia, we studied nine passerine bird species using automated acoustic recording devices placed in agricultural, forested, and mixed habitats. Based on call counts per unit time and occupancy modeling, we found evidence that three non-native species preferred agricultural areas and low-canopy cover over dense forested areas. Furthermore, native bird detectability and possibly abundance was significantly lower than non-native birds. Using hierarchical cluster analysis to support inferences regarding behavioral differences, we found that native bird calling activity was negatively associated with non-native bird calling activity. Altogether, these results suggest native bird populations are at risk in all of the habitats studied, but forests serve as a potential refuge.
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Esmail, Hanif, and Emma Aarons. "Management of Suspected Avian (H5N1) Influenza in a Non-pandemic Setting." Acute Medicine Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0146.
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Avian (H5N1) influenza has been responsible for millions of wild bird and poultry deaths throughout the world. Sporadic human cases with a high mortality have occurred, almost exclusively in association with very close contact with sick, dying or dead birds. Appropriate management of suspected cases requires their prompt recognition via attention to travel and bird-exposure history. The early isolation, diagnosis and treatment of suspected cases as well as prompt involvement of the health protection unit should enable patients to be optimally managed with minimum risk to health care staff.
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Bairamgulova, G. R., A. B. Zulkarnaev, S. M. Muzafarov, G. A. Yagafarova, and F. G. Aminev. "Fauna, ecology, and protection of birds in the vicinity of Meryasovo village, Baymaksky district, republic of Bashkortostan of the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129601001.
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Avifauna is of great importance in anthropogenic, natural biocenoses. In order to regulate and protect them, it is necessary to investigate firstly the composition of the ornithofauna, secondly the specific distribution, and thirdly the population activity of the species composition. We studied the spatial and temporal structure of the avifauna in the vicinity of the village of Meryasovo in the Baymaksky district. We have identified 34 bird species belonging to 10 orders and 22 families in the vicinity of Meryasovo, Baimaksky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The conducted measures to preserve the bird habitats and territories with the main conditions for birds as breeding sites, stopping-off points during migration, wintering, moulting have contributed to the conservation of the bird fauna in the vicinity of Meryasovo village, Baymaksky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
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K Dhami, Kirandeep. "The electromagnetic radiations and its impacts on bird diversity in India." International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 5, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2020.05.00166.
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Cellular phones are essential to our lives and so are the cellular phone base stations. They are not simply free standing towers but a balloon of invisible electromagnetic field with radiations that continue to threaten life around them, specifically of the birds. This article explores the various published scientific studies of the effects that electromagnetic radiations produce on various bird species in India. Relevant information was collected from different peer reviewed publications on how the electromagnetic radiations have been impacting the bird species. Research results from the available studies are presented and discussed. The limited number of observations and studies endorse the negative impacts the electromagnetic radiations carry for the various bird species in the country. Overall, there is a decline in the diversity of the bird species. Therefore, it becomes important to pay considerable attention to the observed patterns and opt for a sustainable development approach for the protection of bird species
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Matsyura, A. V. "МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ НЕКОТОРЫХ ОКОЛОВОДНЫХ ВИДОВ ПТИЦ ОСТРОВОВ СИВАША." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 2, no. 2 (October 15, 2012): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20122_24.
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<p>The problem of the mathematical analysis of dynamics of number of key colonial breeding waterbirds regarding to the islands of region is considered. The algorithm of an estimation of changes in number of birds is offered in scope of specific features of colonies and habitats. The data of long-term monitoring of island birds’ number have been analyzed according to proposed algorithm. On the basis of analysis results the necessity of use of the statistical indexes expressing the tendencies of changes in bird number and bird turnover is proved. For the key species of island communities the tendencies of changes in number are determined within the limits of researched region. The discussed technique of a complex estimation of breeding island bird dynamics is offered for the use at drawing up the management plans and development of nature protection actions with the purpose of conservation of bird diversity and their habitats.</p> <p><em>Key words: colonial birds, islands, dynamics of number, complex estimation</em></p> <p> </p>
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ZAWODNIAK, Józef J., and Piotr TRYJANOWSKI. "Bird Protection in Medium Voltage Lines with Bare Wires." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 11, no. 2(40)2020 (June 30, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2020.40.02.
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ICHINOKIYAMA, Hiromichi, and Masami TAKEUCHI. "Protection of Citrus from Bird Damage by a Dog." Japanese Journal of Farm Work Research 43, no. 1 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4035/jsfwr.43.1.
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Pappila, Minna. "Summer loggings and bird protection: On regulation and derogations." Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 28, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12271.
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Mužinić, Jasmina. "The state of bird and nature protection in Croatia." Environmentalist 15, no. 3 (September 1995): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01901574.
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Hamman, Evan. "Bilateral agreements for the protection of migratory birdlife: the implementation of the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA)." Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (May 2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2019.01.07.
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Every year, millions of migratory birds journey along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF). The scope of the EAAF encompasses Asia Pacific nations like Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. The effective conservation of these birds rests upon the implementation of bilateral legal agreements as well as non-binding regional initiatives along this North-South nexus. This article evaluates the implementation of one of the most important bilateral bird agreements in the region – the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA). The main obligations in CAMBA are identified; as are the legal initiatives adopted by both China and Australia which reflect CAMBA's obligations. Whilst Australian law makes specific reference to CAMBA, Chinese law is far less direct, though perhaps no less effective. The argument is made that the findings in this article have relevance for an improved understanding of the mechanisms for transboundary governance of migratory birdlife, especially in the Asia Pacific.
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Dewi, Nilasari, and Agung Sih Kurnianto. "Buffer Zone Management Impact on Birds Assemblage in the High Nature Value Farmland (HNVf) : a study case on Meru Betiri National Park." Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology 9, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.biotropika.2021.009.01.04.
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This study aims to analyze the distribution of bird communities and the impact of vegetation on bird habitat preferences in the buffer zone. Research is carried out in agricultural areas in the Buffer zone, Rehabilitation Zone, and on the edge of the plantation. The research location was determined at 37 points: Rajekwesi (4), Sukamade (12), Bandealit (8), Wonoasri (5), Andongrejo (3), Sanenrejo (5). We applied the point count method (r = 17.5 m) in this study, where each point is at least 100-150 meters apart. In the study, 74.6% of records were birds with agricultural specialities and 71.30% of individuals on tree habitats. Birds with specialization in agriculture were found in large numbers related to the protection provided by the TNMB conservation area to bird habitat. Sukamade is the area with the highest number of records. As many as 40.10% were found in tree habitats followed by seedling (16.28%), poles (15.93%), flying over (15.76%), and sapling (11.90%)
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Nussbaumer, Raphaël, Lionel Benoit, Grégoire Mariethoz, Felix Liechti, Silke Bauer, and Baptiste Schmid. "A Geostatistical Approach to Estimate High Resolution Nocturnal Bird Migration Densities from a Weather Radar Network." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192233.
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Quantifying nocturnal bird migration at high resolution is essential for (1) understanding the phenology of migration and its drivers, (2) identifying critical spatio-temporal protection zones for migratory birds, and (3) assessing the risk of collision with artificial structures. We propose a tailored geostatistical model to interpolate migration intensity monitored by a network of weather radars. The model is applied to data collected in autumn 2016 from 69 European weather radars. To validate the model, we performed a cross-validation and also compared our interpolation results with independent measurements of two bird radars. Our model estimated bird densities at high resolution (0.2 latitude–longitude, 15 min) and assessed the associated uncertainty. Within the area covered by the radar network, we estimated that around 120 million birds were simultaneously in flight (10–90 quantiles: 107–134). Local estimations can be easily visualized and retrieved from a dedicated interactive website. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that a network of weather radar is able to quantify bird migration at high resolution and accuracy. The model presented has the ability to monitor population of migratory birds at scales ranging from regional to continental in space and daily to yearly in time. Near-real-time estimation should soon be possible with an update of the infrastructure and processing software.
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Petre, Cristiana, Teodor Petre, and Carolina Petre. "Ornithological study of the special protected area "Benturi" (Balta Ialomiţei Area, Romania)." Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10191-011-0012-4.
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Ornithological study of the special protected area "Benturi" (Balta Ialomiţei Area, Romania) "Benturi" special protected area (SPA) (Balta Ialomiţei area) is formed of three lakes: Bentul Mare, Bentul Mic and Bentul Mic Cotoi, and is situated in a natural area, without dams, belonging to the Lower Danube Green Corridor. By its position, in the middle of Balta Ialomiţei area, "Benturi" SPA represents one of the few territories which were not subjected to major anthropic influences, being visited by many birds. Avifaunal list includes 76 bird species (after new observations made in 2010) which use this territory for its trophic potential, as a resting and nestling place. Among them, there are 25 bird species of EU community interest, 35 bird species which need special protection and 17 bird species included in the Red Book of Vertebrates from Romania (for their conservation a Special Protected Area is needed). The list of the breeding bird fauna includes 54 breeding species and 11 probably breeding species; we noticed the presence of some rare breeding species in Romania and globally threatened species. Near this surface, there is an important archaeological site: Popina-Borduşani.
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Petrovici, Milca, and Attila Nagy. "Structure of Bird Communities from Cefa Nature Park." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0006.
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Abstract Cefa Nature Park had, even before its establishment, a protection status directed especially towards the bird fauna, in which varied and vast wetlands, forests, meadows and agricultural lands with low agricultural activity are found. The present paper shows the results of a long period of monitoring (1991-2012) the bird fauna from this area. There are currently 78 identified species, protected and recorded in the Annex I from Birds Directive 79/409/CEE. Another 168 species were identified, that are not found on the above list, thus reaching a total number of 246 species (66% of the total bird fauna of Romania). Quantitative data is also shown with respect to the size of these species population, as well as the belonging to the sedentary or migratory species group. All of the results support the fact that Cefa Nature Park is an area of major importance for bird fauna in the Northwestern territory of Romania, and especially for those species that need wetland habitats for nesting, passage or wintering
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Rahmani, Asad. "Protection for the great Indian bustard." Oryx 21, no. 3 (July 1987): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300026922.
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In 1981, as a result of Dr Sálim Ali's assessment of the deteriorating status of the great Indian bustard, the Bombay Natural History Society embarked on a five-year project to study the ecology and distribution of the bird. The author, who has worked on the great Indian bustard in three places in India and who took part in the BNHS bustard project, describes its findings.
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Wheeler, Kim. "BIRD PROTECTION & CLIMATE CHANGES: A CHALLENGE FOR NATURA 2000?" Tilburg Law Review 13, no. 3 (January 1, 2006): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221125906x00057.
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Ghommem, M., and V. M. Calo. "Flapping wings in line formation flight: a computational analysis." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1203 (May 2014): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009325.
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AbstractThe current understanding of the aerodynamics of birds in formation flights is mostly based on field observations. The interpretation of these observations is usually made using simplified aerodynamic models. Here, we investigate the aerodynamic aspects of formation flights. We use a potential flow solver based on the unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM) to simulate the flow over flapping wings flying in grouping arrangements and in proximity of each other. UVLM has the capability to capture unsteady effects associated with the wake. We demonstrate the importance of properly capturing these effects to assess aerodynamic performance of flapping wings in formation flight. Simulations show that flying in line formation at adequate spacing enables significant increase in the lift and thrust and reduces power consumption. This is mainly due to the interaction between the trailing birds and the previously-shed wake vorticity from the leading bird. Moreover, enlarging the group of birds flying in formation further improves the aerodynamic performance for each bird in the flock. Therefore, birds get significant benefit of such organised patterns to minimise power consumption while traveling over long distances without stop and feeding. This justifies formation flight as being beneficial for bird evolution without regard to potential social benefits, such as, visual and communication factors for group protection and predator evasion.
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Wang, Yun Cai, and Ying Cui. "Green Infrastructure and Ecological Technology Application Based on Lakes Overall Protection: A Case Study of Wolong Lake Area of Shengyang." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3947.
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This paper studied the green infrastructure and ecological technology application based on lakes overall protection, in the case of Wolong Lake area in Shenyang, Liaoning Province of China. Wolong Lake is located in boundary of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia Province, and closed to Horqin sandy land. It is the second largest fresh water lake in northeast China, which is important node for eastern Asia bird migration and for migratory bird propagation in summer. It is the important ecological security strategy node in Liaoning Province and even in Northeast China for the ecological security effect of sand fixation, freshwater supply, birds conservation, etc. It has some practical significance for the study of lake and estuary landscape ecological planning in small town of Northeast China, especially for the the green infrastructure planning.
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Li, Yaohui, Jingjing Shan, Zhenhai Shao, and Quan Wang. "The Design of Compass/BeiDou Navigation Satellite Terminal for Migrant Bird Research." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/957071.
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A terminal of Compass Navigation Satellite System (CNSS), which can not only support BeiDou-1 and BeiDou-2 but also support Global Positioning System (GPS), is designed to research the activities of the migrant birds, with our novel design of a multiband antenna. By a high-density integration, this terminal is designed with a compact size and light weight. When the terminal is assembled to a whooper swan, its flying trace is recorded by the CNSS, which is in agreement with that of GPS. The flying route map based on the CNSS is useful to check the situation and habit of the migrant bird, which is important for animal protection and bird flu outbreak prediction.
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Outridge, P. M., A. M. Scheuhammer, G. A. Fox, B. M. Braune, L. M. White, L. J. Gregorich, and C. Keddy. "An assessment of the potential hazards of environmental selenium for Canadian water birds." Environmental Reviews 7, no. 2 (October 1, 1999): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a99-009.
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Elevated dietary intake of selenium (Se) causes dramatic teratogenic and other reproductive effects in water birds at dietary levels only a few times greater than those that are generally regarded as nutritionally essential. Possible risks to the health of Canadian water birds and other wildlife from Se may be posed by seleniferous habitats in western Canadian provinces, and over-wintering by migratory water birds in some National Wildlife Refuges in the western U.S.A. where Se-related deaths and embryonic deformities in birds have occurred. These Refuges have in common an arid climate, closed drainage basins, seleniferous Cretaceous geology, and they receive irrigation drainage water from nearby agricultural areas. Similar conditions occur in SW Saskatchewan and SE Alberta, and these areas overlap parts of the critical water bird habitat of the region. Selenium concentrations in wetland ponds, agricultural tile drainage water and bird tissues in the western provinces are, with a few exceptions, generally lower than threshold concentrations for reproductive toxicity. However, some surface waters and aquifers contain dissolved Se concentrations that exceed guidelines for the protection of aquatic life, irrigation uses, and human and livestock drinking water. Use of this aquifer water for irrigation or replacement of freshwater flows into wetlands would greatly increase the risk of Se bioaccumulation to hazardous levels in water bird food chains.Key words: selenium, toxicity, birds, wildlife, Canada.
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Rohiyan, Muhammad, Samsul Bakri, and Susni Herwanti. "Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung Di Hutan Pinus Dan Hutan Campuran Muarasipongi Kabupaten Mandailing Natal Sumatera Utara." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl2289-98.
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Muarasipongi pine and mixed forests contribute greatly to the biodiversity wildlife. The study of bird species diversity in pine and mixed forests Muarasipongi, to support the preservation and protection efforts on biodiversity especially bird species. This research was conducted on August 2013 by the point count method on Muarasipongi pine and mixed forest then mark and record all the birds over a predetermined period of time before moving to the next point. The data obtained were analyzed and then used to calculate the index of species diversity equality, and community similarity were determined. Observations were made during six repetitions. There are 19 species pine forest, 24 species in the mixed forest and 5 types of birds found in both forest. Total birds found in Muarasipongi 38 species of 20 families. Diversity index (H ') (3.358). The equality index is 0.923, and has a (IS) or Similarity index is worth 0.277 which means that the similarity between the two species is different habitats.
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Sikorsky, I. A. "ADDITIONS TO THE AVIFAUNA OF THE STATE NATURE RESERVE «OPUKSKIY» AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), no. 3 (2021): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-3-225-245.
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Information about the bird fauna of the reserve and adjacent territories, including their numbers, areas of permanent or temporary habitat, biotopic distribution, seasonal residence, and behavior is of interest in determining and clarifying the current conservation status of these species in a particular region. To do this, it is necessary to conduct faunal research, monitor species in General and compile (clarify) lists of bird species, in particular species of reserves and adjacent territories. State Naturе Reserve «Opukskiy» (further − the reserve) is a protected area that ensures the protection of unique natural complexes of the South of the Kerch Peninsula on the narrow coastal strip from Western tip of Kojashskoe lake to Chebakskaya beams (near Yakovenkovo). The location of the reserve determines its significance for the conservation of bird species that nest, migrate along the black sea coast and winter in the protected water area. The reserve plays an important role in maintaining breeding populations of rare and protected species of birds and are most numerous in the South of the Kerch Peninsula winter waterfowl, a transit district of rest and feeding for migratory birds and breeding areas of some species. Numbers in the last published list of bird fauna of the reserve [13] reflect the reliability of the presence of the species in the described territory. Baseline – 195 bird species in the reserve; 205 – taking into account adjacent areas [13] only in the reserve and adjacent areas was 241 and 263 species of birds, respectively, 46 and 58 species more above baseline. In this article, the author presents additions that provide information about the registration of new species of bird fauna in the reserve and adjacent territories and their status listed in the list. It contains information about 68 species of birds, 39 of which were registered in the reserve for the first time, 17 species of birds were found in neighboring territories, and 7 species were confirmed to be present in the reserve [13]. The State Nature Reserve «Opukskiy» plays an important role in maintaining breeding populations of rare and protected species of birds and are most numerous in the South of the Kerch Peninsula winter waterfowl, a transit district of rest and feeding for migratory birds and breeding areas of some species. Additions to the list of avifauna of the reserve and adjacent territories provide information on the species composition and state of the bird fauna, their current status and seasonal residence periods for the period from 1989 to 2020. 241 species of birds belonging to 132 genera, 53 families and 20 orders were registered on the territory of the reserve between 2011 and 2020, of which only 97 (39 %) nest relatively regularly. Among them – 39 new species for the reserve, and for 22 species – confirmed presence in neighboring territories. The total list of avifauna of the reserve and adjacent territories is 263 species of birds, which is 78 % of the total avifauna of the Crimea. Among the species registered in the reserve – 58 rare (37 species — in the red book of the Russian Federation and 51 species — in the red book of the Crimea). The results obtained are of theoretical and practical value for optimizing measures for the protection of rare birds in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic influence and global climate change.
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Bergmann, Pamela Ann. "Implementation and Revision of the Wildlife Protection Guidelines for Alaska's Federal On-Scene Coordinators." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-137.
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ABSTRACT The Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) established the Wildlife Protection Working Group in September 1987 to develop and maintain guidelines to assist Alaska's federal on-scene coordinators (OSC) in dealing with potential wildlife impacts resulting from oil spills. The working group is composed of representatives of four federal and state agencies and three special-interest groups. The guidelines, which were adopted by the Alaska RRT on December 14, 1988, address three response strategies: controlling the release and spread of oil to protect wildlife, keeping wildlife away from spills through the use of deterrent techniques, and attempting to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife. Since adoption by the Alaska RRT, the guidelines have been used in conjunction with response activities associated with the following spills: the Swallow diesel fuel and fuel oil spill near Dutch Harbor on February 27, 1989, the Exxon Valdez crude oil spill in Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, and the Milos Reefer fuel oil and diesel fuel spill on St. Matthew Island on November 15, 1989. In the Swallow incident, protective booming, bird hazing, and bird capture and rehabilitation programs were conducted in accordance with the guidelines. In the Exxon Valdez incident, information in the guidelines was used to establish the sea otter rescue program and to begin implementation of the bird capture and rehabilitation program. In the Milos Reefer spill, the guidelines were used as the basis for a decision not to initiate a rescue program for birds oiled as a result of the vessel's grounding. In October 1989, the working group met to conduct a review of the guidelines based on experience gained through the Swallow and Exxon Valdez incidents. As a result of this meeting, seven principal additions have been proposed for the guidelines.
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Vermeer, Kees. "Pleas for Protection of Fish-eating Bird Colonies Reminiscences of a Biologist." Blue Jay 76, no. 4 (November 22, 2018): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/bluejay370.
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Poli, Zibran, Bobby Polii, and Umar Paputungan. "TINGKAH LAKU BERTELUR BURUNG MALEO (Macrocephalon maleo) DI MUARA PUSIAN KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL BOGANI NANI WARTABONE KECAMATAN DUMOGA TIMUR KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW." ZOOTEC 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.36.2.2016.12394.
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EGG LAYING BEHAVIOR OF MALEO BIRD (Macrocephalon maleo) AT MUARA PUSIAN NATURAL CONSER-VATION IN BOGANI NANI WARTA-BONE NATIONAL PARK, EAST DUMO-GA DISTRICT OF BOLAANG MONGON-DOW REGENCY Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park was conservation living area of the all flora and fauna species including maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) as the endemic bird in Sulawesi Island. Objective of this research was to study behavioral laying egg of maleo bird, temperature and hole deep of laying egg, total visitation of maleo bird at laying egg hole places and predator threat around laying egg hole places. Research was conducted by direct observation at the maleo habitat of laying egg holes place. Data obtained were analyzed descriptively to describe the facts and phenomena occurring at the bird habitat. Results showed that bird activities before laying egg at holes included digging the laying egg hole, laying egg in the hole, heaping up egg hole, digging false egg holes. Bird activities after laying egg at holes included pause and look for feed around holes and then they flied to the forest area. The average times of laying egg were 1 to 3 hours, started from looking for area of hole, digging holes, playing around egg holes area to the end of laying egg in the hole. The averages of egg holes deep were 41.8 ± 14.28 cm and egg holes temperatures were 270 C - 340 C. Maleo birds were laying their eggs more around Tower I compared with around Tower II. Around Tower I had dense vegetation of trees used as shelter, protection place from predators, clean area from scrubs for easy digging holes of laying egg. Around Tower II, there were growing scrubs (Saccharum spontaneum) and coarse grass (Imperata cylindrical) causing unsecure and difficult digging holes by maleo birds in laying their eggs. The total visitations of maleo birds around egg holes areas were visibly observed of 28 pairs and 1 male without spouse and 9 pairs found by auditory observation. Therefore, there were 37 pairs consisted of 37 females and 38 males of maleo birds observed. The total eggs obtained during observation were 42 eggs, consisted of 2 damaged eggs and 40 hatching eggs using the artificial hatchery at study location. Key words: Behavioral laying egg, maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo).
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Gunawan, Andi, and Setia Permana. "KONSEP DESAIN EKOLOGIS RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DI SUDIRMAN CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (SCBD) SEBAGAI HABITAT BURUNG." TATALOKA 20, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.20.2.181-194.
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Landscape in Central Business District (CBD) is part of urban green spaces which have a role to enhance ecological value of the city, one of them is Sudirman Central Business Distict. The existence of birds will strengthen the ecological functions of the city. The aim of this study is to design the green spaces as bird habitat. Lot 17 SCBD has the potential to be developed as a bird sanctuary protection area divided into two areas: nesting and transition area. The method that will be used for this research is descriptive analysis through site survey and literature. The concept that used is eco-friendly bird park, a park that is able to present the directly or indirectly interaction between humans and birds without reducing the fulfillment of ecological functions of the park. The design concept applies the deco art style that has a dynamic impression and a pliable flexible shape. The dynamic impression will be applied in the form of arches on the park patterns and circulations to create natural impression. The existence of Lot 17 park can soften the surrounding condition, which is a storey building. Visitors can observe birds on tree canopies using binoculars that is placed on the deck view and canopy tree rail.
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Adelina, Maya, Sugeng P. Harianto, and Nuning Nurcahyani. "Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung Di Hutan Rakyat Pekon Kelungu Kecamatan Kotaagung Kabupaten Tanggamus." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl2451-60.
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Bird is one of the wild animals that often utilized by people. Since the condition of natural ecosystems pressed continually, the conservation efforts for bird also need to be done. Qece 4ionservation efforts also need to be done in other areas, one of them is at the community forest. One of the community forest identified as bird habitats is the community forest in Kelungu Village. Besides as timber production, community forest also serve as protection and preservation place of birds diversity. This research necessary because of the lack the data about the diversity of bird species in this area. The purposes of this research was to determine the diversity of bird species in the community forest Kelungu Village, Kotaagung Subdistrict, Tanggamus, Lampung Province. The research was conducted in June 2015 using a direct observation method (point count) at three points of the observation location that were the border between the community forest and the settlement (PC 1), between the palm garden and protected forest (PC 2), and river border lines (PC 3) with 3 repetitions. The results showed there were 27 bird species from 16 families (3018 individuals). The first habitat type has (H’= 1,701) Shannon Weiner diversity index. The second habitat type has (H’2,630) then the third habitat type has (H’= 2,58) were classified moderate. Evenness index in first habitat (J= 0,578) was classified relatively, in second habitat (J= 0,817) and third habitat (J= 0,801) were classified stable. Similarity index (PC I and II = 0,773) and (PC I and III = 0,773) were classified high category, (PC II and III = 1) very high category. Key words: birds, biodiversity, community forest, and Kelungu Village
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DOWSETT-LEMAIRE, FRANCOISE, JOHN G. M. WILSON, ROBERT D. MEDLAND, and LIZANNE ROXBURGH. "Excessive bird collecting in Malawi: a new threat." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 3 (April 24, 2015): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000446.
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SummaryMalawi is under heavy pressure for land by an increasing human population, and there is little natural habitat left outside gazetted wildlife and forest reserves. Widespread collecting of birds in Malawi’s small protected rain forests by the National Museum of Malawi in conjunction with Western academic institutions has been taking place almost yearly since 2001 and has continued until at least 2011. The collection of specimens, although often a contentious issue, does have scientific value but should be undertaken in a limited way with careful evaluation of the populations from which birds are being taken. We consider that the numbers collected are likely to pose a threat to some bird populations in view of their isolation and the slow turn-over rates of breeding individuals. Collecting has been carried out in some of the same reserves two or three times within a few years. Examples are given of very small populations in Malawi and adjacent Mozambique where the slightest off-take would be very dangerous. Many species have been collected during their breeding season, which we find both wasteful and unethical. Several of the species collected occur in no more than one or two reserves today in Malawi and in such instances we recommend their complete protection. We are also concerned about the example presented to the local communities, reserve wardens and young conservation biologists by the off-take of hundreds of birds in official reserves which were primarily set up for the protection of wildlife.
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Slabe-Erker, Renata, Marko Ogorevc, Primož Kmecl, and Rok Ciglič. "Effects of the European Common Agricultural Policy on Preserving Biodiversity: Farmland Birds in Slovenia." European Countryside 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2019-0018.
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Abstract This paper assesses the effects of agricultural payments on changes in farmland bird diversity in Slovenia. Diversity was measured by Shannon index, while the impacts were estimated with the first-difference estimator on panel data for municipalities with and without special protection areas for birds. The effects of agricultural payments on farmland biodiversity require that the balance of financial instruments be taken into account when the agricultural policy is being drafted. The effects of payments in municipalities with and without special protection areas indicate the need to consider the landscape perspective and adapt schemes to landscape type while preparing the national agricultural policy.
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Pigniczki, Csaba, Zsolt Bakró-Nagy, Gábor Bakacsi, Csaba Barkóczi, Tamás Nagy, József Puskás, and Róbert Enyedi. "Preliminary results on bird collision with overhead power lines in Hungary: a case study around Pusztaszer Landscape Protection Area." Ornis Hungarica 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2019-0012.
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Abstract The literature on bird collision with power lines in Hungary is rather limited. We collected published records and carried out research on birds that collided with overhead wires, and we made a list of species, and the number of individuals recorded, around Pusztaszer Landscape Protection Area. The quality of data did not allow us to do robust statistical tests, and a large amount of collected data was not used in this paper, because of uncertainty. Finally, we used the records of 519 individuals of 63 species that got injured or died during collision with overhead wires. We found evidence, that low-, middle- and high-voltage power lines were all responsible for the collision accidents of birds. Birds that use wetlands or both wetlands and farmlands are the most threatened to collide with overhead electric wires. Most victims of collision accidents belong to Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Pelecaniformes and Anseriformes orders. Our preliminary results suggest that the bigger the rate of weight and wingspan (wing-loading proxy) is, the greater the risk of birds colliding with power lines, probably because of poor manoeuvrability. Birds that move regularly, on a daily basis between their nests/roost sites and foraging areas are at higher risk to collide with electric wires. Our preliminary results do not support the hypothesis that birds which sit on power lines collide more frequently than birds that do not use wires. It seems that foggy weather circumstances increase the probability of collision events particularly in case of Common Cranes. Some large birds were found with burnt feathers after collision with middle-voltage power lines. A sizeable part of collided birds were protected or strictly protected. Bird collision with overhead wires is a serious problem in Hungary. Collision can be stopped on most dangerous part of overhead wires by converting to underground cabling. It is possible to reduce the number of collision events in case of high-voltage power lines by increasing their visibility. We always recommend underground cabling in case of wetlands, if new segments of electric wires would be carried out.
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Subono, Subono, Alfin Hidayat, Vivien Arief Wardhany, and Abdullah Fahmi. "Sistem pemeliharaan burung lovebird dalam sangkar berbasis IoT (internet of things)." JURNAL ELTEK 18, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/eltek.v18i1.210.
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Spesifikasi dan populasi burung di Indonesia termasuk lima besar di dunia. Pada tahun 2019 terdapat 1777 jenis burung. Perlindungan terhadap ekosistem burung Indonesia, menjadi salah satu bentuk konservasi alam dari pemerintah Indonesia melalui Dinas Lingkungan Hidup. Pemerintah dan masyarakat harus bersama-sama berperan aktif dalam perlindungan satwa langka untuk menghindari dari kepunahan. Proses pengembangbiakan satwa burung langka menjadi prioritas pemerintah dalam menjaga kelestarian dari kepunahan. Salah satu tujuan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana membuat kandang koloni atau kandang pasangan burung yang dapat dikendalikan atau difungsikan secara otomatis agar lebih mudah bagi para peternak untuk mengembangbiakkan burung lo, dalam hal ini burung lovebird. Kandang pintar dengan kelengkapan seperti nodeMCU, Arduino, ESP8266 dapat diitegrasikan sebagai layanan kendali menggunakan IoT. Penelitian ini mempunyai spesifikasi pemberi pakan dan minum otomatis agar burung dapat dikendalikan pola makannya dan terhindar dari kegemukan dan beberapa penyakit patogen yang menyertainya.
Species and bird populations in Indonesia are among the top five in the world. In 2019 there were 1777 species of birds. Protection of Indonesian bird ecosystems has become one of the forms of nature conservation from the Indonesian government through the Office of the Environment. The government and the community must jointly play an active role in the protection of endangered species to avoid extinction. The process of breeding endangered species of birds has become the government's priority in preserving extinction. One of the aims of this research is how to make a colony cage or a pair of bird cages that can be controlled or function automatically to make it easier for breeders to breed lo birds, in this case lovebird birds. Smart enclosures with equipment such as node MCU, Arduino, ESP8266 can be integrated as a control service using IoT. This study has the specifications of automatic feeding and drinking so that birds can be controlled by their diet and avoid obesity and some pathogenic diseases that accompany it.
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Remsen, J. V. "The importance of continued collecting of bird specimens to ornithology and bird conservation." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 2-3 (September 1995): 146–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927090000099x.
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SummaryBecause museum scientists and conservationists are natural allies in the struggle to preserve biodiversity, conflict over the legality, morality, and value of collecting scientific specimens is counterproductive. Modern bird specimens contain a variety of data, summarized briefly herein, that are applied to numerous questions concerning the biology of birds, many of which have direct and often critical relevance to conservation. In particular, continued collecting of specimens has been shown to be critical in determining species-level classification in birds; unless species limits are established correctly, conservation priorities cannot be established reliably. Objections to collecting specimens are summarized and discussed. Calculations are presented to show that the effect of collecting specimens on most bird populations is insignificant. Moral objections t o collecting specimens seem to reflect a lack of awareness of the extent and causes of natural mortality, as well as a failure to recognize the magnitude of unintentional mortality inflicted on bird populations by routine human activities. The reason why more specimens are needed than currently exist in museum collections is that most existing specimens lack the data needed for most kinds of modern analyses, and even common species are represented by inadequate samples for research. Reasons are given for why equivalent data cannot be obtained solely from living birds that are subsequently released. Objecting to collecting specimens because it sets a bad example for developing countries trying to establish an environmental ethic is counterproductive in that it draws attention away from the fundamental units of concern for conservation biology: the population, and the habitat that supports it. Biological specimens differ from some other scientific specimens (e.g. archaeological) in that they are renewable resources whose removal does not deplete a country's national heritage. Misconceptions about museum scientists and their motives are discussed. Regarding collecting permits, recommendations are presented concerning (1) numbers of specimens, (2) percentage of specimens left in the host country, (3) species composition, (4) deposition of specimens, and (5) processing permit applications. Regulating agencies are often overly enthusiastic i n restricting scientific collecting, which is the only kind of mortality that is so highly controlled and yet from which bird species might derive benefit, whereas the same or sister agencies often permit and even encourage activities that are responsible for massive mortality in bird populations. Given that (1) the goal of scientists, conservation agencies, and governments is protection of populations, not individual birds; (2) scientific collecting has no measurable impact on the vast majority of bird populations; (3) scientific specimens represent an important source of information on bird biology and conservation; and (4) existing scientific collections are largely inadequate for answering many questions that could be answered with greater numerical, seasonal, or geographic representation, then it follows that continued scientific collecting will benefit ornithology and conservation and should, therefore, be encouraged by conservation and government agencies.
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Monge, CC, F. Leon-Velarde, and C. Carey. "Oxygen Transport System of High-Altitude Bird Embryos." Physiology 12, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1997.12.3.121.
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In the absence of its mother's protection, a bird embryo incubated at high altitude must detect its hypoxic condition and regulate its oxygen transport so as to hatch and grow with the same efficiency as it would at sea level.
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Cooper, John, Eric Woehler, and Lee Belbin. "Selecting Antarctic Specially Protected Areas: Important Bird Areas can help." Antarctic Science 12, no. 2 (June 2000): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200000016x.
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A key element in Antarctic conservation over the past forty years has been area protection. In pursuit of this and the protection of continuing scientific investigations 59 protected areas have so far been agreed by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings. Although both flora and fauna have been protected under this regime there has only been the habitat matrix devised by SCAR as a guide to selection of areas. What could we do to improve the process of identification and selection?
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L. Oliver, Damon, Andrew J. Ley, Hugh A. Ford, and Beth Williams. "Habitat of the Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia and the value of the Bundarra-Barraba region for the conservation of avifauna." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990224.
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Five types of woodland and forest in the Bundarra-Barraba region of northern New South Wales were surveyed for Regent Honeyeaters Xanthomyza phrygia and other birds over two years. Regent Honeyeaters were found in 24 of the 93 transects, at a density of 0.09 birds/ha. Most were found in box-ironbark woodland (34% of 62 sites), with single records from box-gum woodland, box-stringybark woodland and dry plateau complex woodland. No Regent Honeyeaters were found in riparian gallery forest during censuses, but they were found breeding there at other times. All habitats contained a high density of birds, compared to other wooded regions in southern Australia, with riparian gallery forest and box-ironbark woodland being particularly rich in species and numbers. These habitats had greater flowering indices, larger trees and more mistletoes than other habitats. Sites used by Regent Honeyeaters supported significantly more birds and bird species than unoccupied sites. The region supports a total of 193 species, four of which are nationally threatened and seven which are threatened in New South Wales. The richness of the bird community in the region is partly because it retains a higher proportion of native vegetation cover (43%) than many other parts of rural Australia. Protection and rehabilitation of box-ironbark woodland and riparian gallery forest is of high priority in a regional conservation plan. However, all habitats in the Bundarra-Barraba region should be protected from clearing and degradation, because they are also used at times by Regent Honeyeaters and support a wide range of bird species. Wise management should retain many sensitive bird species that have disappeared from or declined in other regions of southeastern Australia.