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Nikiforov, M. E., L. O. Dashevskaya, K. V. Homel, A. A. Valnisty, T. G. Shagova, L. I. Kaigorodova, D. A. Belyavsky, D. A. Zhalova, and Yu S. Getsevich. "Belarusian bird acoustic recognition: data preparation and model training process." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 70, no. 2 (May 8, 2025): 118–24. https://doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2025-70-2-118-124.
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The issue of substantial labor and time demands for monitoring bird species diversity and range changes, especially in developing countries, invites novel technological solutions. The recent advancements in machine learning (ML) have led to breakthroughs in AI-based data processing, including tools for automated passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) that utilize on-site bird vocalizations. Here we describe our preliminary results and difficulties encountered when developing an EfficientNetB3-based model for a PAM system to monitor bird diversity in the forested areas of interest in Belarus. A novel dataset of bird vocalizations from Eastern Europe, processed and converted into mel-spectrograms allowed us to achieve a respectable f1-scores (>0.9) in tests for certain species such as nightjar and nutcracker. However, the overall score (0.52) for the 116 species of interest was unacceptably low. Further testing with a more specialized dataset allowed us to determine that the problem lies with the peculiarities of species, and is not limited to species with complex vocalizations. We hypothesize that model overfitting to specific vocalization signals may be one of the main causes. Additionally, certain species require a thorough coverage of their vocalization diversity in the dataset.
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Batistela, Marciela, and Eliara Solange Müller. "Analysis of duet vocalizations in Myiothlypis leucoblephara (Aves, Parulidae)." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e37655.
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Bird vocalizations might be used for specific recognition, territorial defense, and reproduction. Bioacoustic studies aim to understand the production, propagation and reception of acoustic signals, and they are an important component of research on animal behavior and evolution. In this study we analyzed the sound structure of duet vocalizations in pairs of Myiothlypis leucoblephara and evaluated whether the vocal variables differ among pairs and if there are differences in temporal characteristics and frequency of duets between pairs in forest edges vs. forest interior. Vocalizations were recorded from 17 bird pairs in three remnants of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Six of the bird pairs were situated at the edge of the forest remnant, and 11 were in the interior of the remnant. The duets of different pairs between forest areas showed descriptive differences in the frequency, number of notes per call, and time between issuance of calls, with the main distinguishing feature being a change in frequency of a few notes in the second part of the musical phrase. The minimum frequency of vocalization was reduced at the private area than in the other two remnants (p <0.05). The duets of birds in the forest edge and forest interior did not significantly differ in minimum or maximum frequency of phrases (p> 0.05), phrase duration (p> 0.05) or number of notes per phrase (p> 0.05). Myiothlypis leucoblephara did not show a specific pattern with respect to issue of phrases in duets, but instead showed five different patterns, which were variable among pairs. There was a sharp decline or alternation in frequency between notes in the second part of the musical phrase for recognition among pairs. Variation in vocalization among M. leucoblephara duets may play a role in pair recognition.
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Divyapriya, Chandrasekaran, and Padmanabhan Pramod. "Ornithophony in the soundscape of Anaikatty Hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 12 (September 26, 2019): 14471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4948.11.12.14471-14483.
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An attempt has been made to understand the extent of ornithophony (vocalization of birds) in the soundscape of Anaikatty Hills. The study was limited to 13 hours of daylight from dawn to dusk (06.00–19.00 h) between January 2015 and October 2016. Six replicates of 5-minute bird call recordings were collected from each hour window in 24 recording spots of the study area. Each 5-minute recording was divided into 150 ‘2-sec’ observation units for the detailed analysis of the soundscape. A total of 78 recordings amounting to 390 minutes of acoustic data allowed a preliminary analysis of the ornithophony of the area. A total of 62 bird species were heard vocalizing during the study period and contributed 8,629 units. A total of 73.75% acoustic space was occupied by birds, among which the eight dominant species alone contributed to 63.65% of ornithophony. The remaining 26% of acoustic space was occupied by other biophonies (12.60%), geophony (5.57%), indistinct sounds (7.66%), and anthropogenic noise (0.41%). Passerines dominated the vocalizations with 7,269 (84.24%) and non-passerines with 1,360 (15.76%) units. Birds vocalized in all 13 observation windows, with a peak in the first three hours of the day (06.00–09.00 h). Vocalizations of non-passerines were prominent in the dusk hours (18.00–19.00 h). 
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Abdel-Kafy, El-Sayed M., Samya E. Ibraheim, Alberto Finzi, Sabbah F. Youssef, Fatma M. Behiry, and Giorgio Provolo. "Sound Analysis to Predict the Growth of Turkeys." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050866.
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Protocols for manual weighing of turkeys are not practical on turkey farms because of the large body sizes, heavy weights and flighty nature of turkeys. The sounds turkeys make may be a proxy for bird weights, but the relationship between turkey sounds and bird weights has not been studied. The aim of this study was to correlate peak frequency (PF) of vocalization with the age and weight of the bird and examine the possibility using PF to predict the weight of turkeys. The study consisted of four trials in Egypt. Sounds of birds and their weights were recorded for 11 days during the growth period in each trial. A total 2200 sounds were manually analyzed and labelled by extracting individual and general sounds on the basis of the amplitude and frequency of the sound signal. The PF of vocalizations in each trial, as well as in pooled trails, were evaluated to determine the relationship between PF and the age and weight of the turkey. PF exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with the weight and age of the turkeys showing that PF of vocalizations can be used for predicting the weight of turkeys. Further studies are necessary to refine the procedure.
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Raposo, Marcos A., and Elizabeth Höfling. "Overestimation of vocal characters in Suboscine taxonomy (Aves: Passeriformes: Tyranni): causes and implications." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 4, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2003.21833.
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The difference in treatment of vocal features in Oscines and Suboscines passerine birds characterizes a large portion of the current studies on their taxonomy. In the former taxon, vocalization is supposed to be molded by learning, and consequently is not regarded as taxonomically informative. In the latter, a strong emphasis is given to vocalization because it supposedly reflects the genetic structure of populations. This paper reviews the various assumptions related to this difference in treatment, including the overestimation of the vocal characters in suboscine alpha taxonomy due to the alleged importance of vocalization under the framework of the species mate recognition system. The innate origin of suboscine vocalizations remains to be rigorously demonstrated and the use of vocalization as “super-characters” is prejudicial to bird taxonomy. Despite the possibility of being learned, vocalization should also be used in the taxonomic studies of oscine passerines.
 Keywords: Vocalization, Oscines, Suboscines, Birds, Passeriformes
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Monteiro, Ronan de Azevedo, Carolina Demetrio Ferreira, and Gilmar Perbiche-Neves. "Vocal repertoire and group-specific signature in the Smooth-billed Ani, Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 (Cuculiformes, Aves)." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (July 30, 2021): e20216159. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.59.
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Vocal plasticity reflects the ability of animals to vary vocalizations according to context (vocal repertoire) as well as to develop vocal convergence (vocal group signature) in the interaction of members in social groups. This feature has been largely reported for oscine, psittacine and trochilid birds, but little has been investigated in birds that present innate vocalization. The smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani) is a social bird that lives in groups between two and twenty individuals, and which presents innate vocalization. Here we analyzed the vocal repertoire of this species during group activities, and further investigated the existence of a vocal group signature. The study was conducted in the Southeast of Brazil between May 2017 and April 2018. Two groups of smooth-billed anis were followed, Guararema and Charqueada groups, and their vocalizations were recorded and contextualized as to the performed behavior. The vocal repertoire was analyzed for its composition, context and acoustic variables. The acoustic parameters maximum peak frequency, maximum fundamental frequency, minimum frequency, maximum frequency and duration were analyzed. To verify the vocal signature of the group, we tested whether there was variation in the acoustic parameters between the monitored groups. We recorded ten vocalizations that constituted the vocal repertoire of the Smooth-billed Ani, five of which (“Ahnee”, “Whine”, “Pre-flight”, “Flight” and “Vigil”) were issued by the two groups and five exclusive to the Charqueada group. There were significant differences in the acoustic parameters for “Flight” and “Vigil” vocalizations between the groups, suggesting vocal group signature for these sounds. We established that the Smooth-billed Ani has a diverse vocal repertoire, with variations also occurring between groups of the same population. Moreover, we found evidence of vocal group signature in vocalizations used in the context of cohesion, defense and territory maintenance.
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PK, Nisha, Hariharan CK, Hima Harikumar, Sandra M.P, and Siva S. "An Overview of Deep Learning Approaches for Bird Sound Recognition." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 12 (December 23, 2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem39939.
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The Avian Vocal Recognizer (AVR) is a developing field that utilizes deep learning techniques for bird species recognition from vocalizations. This review highlights recent progress in audio classification using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for feature extraction and temporal pattern recognition. Techniques like Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) further boost the performance of the system along with transfer learning. Hyperparameter tuning has also been found to be promising for enhancing model results, though it is yet to be explored. Data augmentation techniques such as time stretching, pitch shifting, and noise introduction reduce the problems of limited data. Lightweight frameworks such as TensorFlow Lite enable real-time applications, broadening practical usability. Avian vocal recognition systems play a vital role in ecological monitoring, biodiversity conservation, and habitat assessment. Through bird vocalizations, these systems offer information on population dynamics, migratory patterns, and ecosystem health, significantly contributing to global conservation efforts. This review synthesizes current methodologies and trends, offering a comprehensive overview of their applications and impact on conservation science. Key Words: Deep Learning, Avian Vocalization, Bird Species Recognition, CNN, RNN, Bioacoustics.
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Arato, Jozsef, and W. Tecumseh Fitch. "Phylogenetic signal in the vocalizations of vocal learning and vocal non-learning birds." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1836 (September 6, 2021): 20200241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0241.
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Some animal vocalizations develop reliably in the absence of relevant experience, but an intriguing subset of animal vocalizations is learned: they require acoustic models during ontogeny in order to develop, and the learner's vocal output reflects those models. To what extent do such learned vocalizations reflect phylogeny? We compared the degree to which phylogenetic signal is present in vocal signals from a wide taxonomic range of birds, including both vocal learners (songbirds) and vocal non-learners. We used publically available molecular phylogenies and developed methods to analyse spectral and temporal features in a carefully curated collection of high-quality recordings of bird songs and bird calls, to yield acoustic distance measures. Our methods were initially developed using pairs of closely related North American and European bird species, and then applied to a non-overlapping random stratified sample of European birds. We found strong similarity in acoustic and genetic distances, which manifested itself as a significant phylogenetic signal, in both samples. In songbirds, both learned song and (mostly) unlearned calls allowed reconstruction of phylogenetic trees nearly isomorphic to the phylogenetic trees derived from genetic analysis. We conclude that phylogeny and inheritance constrain vocal structure to a surprising degree, even in learned birdsong. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.
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Suzuki, Reiji, Koichiro Hayashi, Hideki Osaka, Shiho Matsubayashi, Takaya Arita, Kazuhiro Nakadai, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2023): 3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063607.
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Songbirds are one of the study targets for both bioacoustic and ecoacoustic research. In this paper, we discuss the applicability of robot audition techniques to understand the dynamics of forest bird vocalizations in a soundscape measured in azimuth and elevation angles with a single 16-channel microphone array, using HARK and HARKBird. First, we evaluated the accuracy in estimating the azimuth and elevation angles of bird vocalizations replayed from a loudspeaker on a tree, 6.55 m above the height of the array, from different horizontal distances in a forest. The results showed that the localization error of azimuth and elevation angle was equal to or less than 5 degrees and 15 degrees, respectively, in most of cases when the horizontal distance from the array was equal to or less than 35 m. We then conducted a field observation of vocalizations to monitor birds in a forest. The results showed that the system can successfully detect how birds use the soundscape horizontally and vertically. This can contribute to bioacoustic and ecoacoustic research, including behavioral observations and study of biodiversity.
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Czyżowski, Piotr, Sławomir Beeger, Mariusz Wójcik, Dorota Jarmoszczuk, Mirosław Karpiński, and Marian Flis. "Analysis of the Territorial Vocalization of the Pheasants Phasianus colchicus." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223209.
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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the duration of the mating season and the time of day on the parameters of the vocalization pheasants (duration of vocalization, frequency of the sound wave, intervals between vocalizations). In the study, pheasant vocalization recorded in the morning (600–800) and in the afternoon (1600–1800) between April and June 2020 was analyzed. In total, the research material consisted of 258 separate vocalizations. After recognition of the individual songs of each bird, frequency-time indicators were collected from the samples to perform statistical analysis of the recorded sounds. The duration of the first syllable [s], the duration of the second syllable [s], the duration of the pause between the syllables [s], the intervals between successive vocalizations [min], and the peak frequency of the syllables I and II [Hz] were specified for each song. The duration of the syllables and the pauses between the syllables and vocalizations were determined through evaluation of spectrograms. The peak amplitude frequencies of the syllables were determined via time-frequency STFT analysis. Statistically significant differences in the distributions of the values of all variables between the analyzed months were demonstrated. The longest duration of total vocalization and the shortest time between vocalizations were recorded in May. Therefore, this month is characterized by the highest frequency and longest duration of vocalization, which is related to the peak of the reproductive period. The time of day was found to exert a significant effect on all variables except the duration of syllable II. The duration of vocalization was significantly shorter in the morning, which indicates that the cooks are more active at this time of day in the study area. The highest peak amplitude frequencies of both syllables were recorded in April, but they decreased in the subsequent months of observation. The time of day was also shown to have an impact on the peak amplitude frequencies, which had the highest values in the morning.
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Derégnaucourt, Sébastien, Alice Araguas, and Bahia Guellaï. "Technological advances for getting insight into the learning capacities of birds in the vocal domain." Interaction Studies 24, no. 2 (November 3, 2023): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.22043.der.
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Abstract Birds produce different types of sounds in different contexts such as begging for food in youngsters, alerting to a danger, defending a territory or attracting a sexual partner. About half of the bird species are able to transform their vocalizations through imitation, improvisation or invention of sounds. Here we review the different experimental procedures that have been used to study the learning capacities of birds in the vocal domain and in the auditory domain, with a particular emphasis on recent technological developments. Nowadays, it is possible to record individual vocalizations of birds living in social groups or to record continuously the vocal ontogeny of birdsong. In conditioning experiments, new paradigms have successfully replaced food rewards with a socio-sexual reward. It is possible to engage in vocal interactions with a bird using dedicated computer systems. In both the laboratory and more recently in the field, different techniques have been used to train young oscine songbirds to learn from acoustic models. The use of virtual social environments and robots as social agents are also promising avenues. All together, these new techniques will permit researchers to explore more deeply the umwelt of bird species.
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Pedroza, Angel David, José I. De la Rosa, Rogelio Rosas, Aldonso Becerra, Jesús Villa, Gamaliel Moreno, Efrén González, and Daniel Alaniz. "Acoustic Individual Identification in Birds Based on the Band-Limited Phase-Only Correlation Function." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072382.
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A new technique based on the Band-Limited Phase-Only Correlation (BLPOC) function to deal with acoustic individual identification is proposed in this paper. This is a biometric technique suitable for limited data individual bird identification. The main advantage of this new technique, in contrast to traditional algorithms where the use of large-scale datasets is assumed, is its ability to identify individuals by the use of only two samples from the bird species. The proposed technique has two variants (depending on the method used to analyze and extract the bird vocalization from records): automatic individual verification algorithm and semi-automatic individual verification algorithm. The evaluation of the automatic algorithm shows an average precision that is over 80% for the identification comparatives. It is shown that the efficiencies of the algorithms depend on the complexity of the vocalizations.
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Blumstein, Daniel T. "The evolution of functionally referential alarm communication." Evolution of Communication 3, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eoc.3.2.03blu.
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Many species produce specific alarm vocalizations when they encounter predators. There is considerable interest in the degree to which bird, ground-dwelling sciurid rodent, and primate alarm calls denote the species or type of predator that elicited the vocalization. When there is a tight association between the type or species of predator eliciting an alarm call, and when a played-back alarm call elicits antipredator responses qualitatively similar to those seen when individuals personally encounter a predator, the alarm calls are said to be functionally referential. In this essay I aim to make two simple points about the evolution of functionally referential alarm communication. Firstly, functionally referential communication is likely to be present only when a species produces acoustically distinct alarm vocalizations. Thus, to understand its evolution we must study factors that influence the evolution of alarm call repertoire size. Secondly, and potentially decoupled from the ability to produce acoustically distinctive alarm vocalizations, species must have the perceptual and motor abilities to respond differently to acoustically-distinct alarm vocalizations. Thus, to understand the evolution of functionally referential communication we also must study factors that influence the evolution of context-independent perception. While some factors may select for functionally referential alarm communication, constraints on production or perception may prevent its evolution.
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Pepperberg, Irene M. "Referential mapping: A technique for attaching functional significance to the innovative utterances of an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)." Applied Psycholinguistics 11, no. 1 (March 1990): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400008274.
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ABSTRACTA set of procedures called referential mapping has been used to assign meaning to spontaneous vocalizations of an African Grey parrot. These spontaneous vocalizations were combinations and phonological variations of specific vocal English labels that the bird had previously acquired in a study on interspecies communication. These recombinations were not necessarily intentionally used to describe or request novel objects or circumstances, even though our earlier data demonstrated that the bird could use vocalizations referentially and intentionally to identify, request, refuse, and categorize various objects. The procedures for dealing with this bird's spontaneous modifications neither attempted to nor needed to evaluate the intentionality of his behavior. Rather, the procedures instructed his trainers to respond to the novel speech acts as though he were intentionally commenting about or requesting objects, actions, or information. The success of such procedures in attaching functional significance to his spontaneous vocalizations and in encouraging subsequent innovation suggests that the technique might be applicable to intervention programs for humans with specific communicative deficits.
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Larsen, O. N., and F. Gollerf. "Role of syringeal vibrations in bird vocalizations." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1429 (August 22, 1999): 1609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0822.
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Zhao, Yilin, Jingli Yan, Jiali Jin, Zhenkai Sun, Luqin Yin, Zitong Bai, and Cheng Wang. "Diversity Monitoring of Coexisting Birds in Urban Forests by Integrating Spectrograms and Object-Based Image Analysis." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020264.
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In the context of rapid urbanization, urban foresters are actively seeking management monitoring programs that address the challenges of urban biodiversity loss. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has attracted attention because it allows for the collection of data passively, objectively, and continuously across large areas and for extended periods. However, it continues to be a difficult subject due to the massive amount of information that audio recordings contain. Most existing automated analysis methods have limitations in their application in urban areas, with unclear ecological relevance and efficacy. To better support urban forest biodiversity monitoring, we present a novel methodology for automatically extracting bird vocalizations from spectrograms of field audio recordings, integrating object-based classification. We applied this approach to acoustic data from an urban forest in Beijing and achieved an accuracy of 93.55% (±4.78%) in vocalization recognition while requiring less than ⅛ of the time needed for traditional inspection. The difference in efficiency would become more significant as the data size increases because object-based classification allows for batch processing of spectrograms. Using the extracted vocalizations, a series of acoustic and morphological features of bird-vocalization syllables (syllable feature metrics, SFMs) could be calculated to better quantify acoustic events and describe the soundscape. A significant correlation between the SFMs and biodiversity indices was found, with 57% of the variance in species richness, 41% in Shannon’s diversity index and 38% in Simpson’s diversity index being explained by SFMs. Therefore, our proposed method provides an effective complementary tool to existing automated methods for long-term urban forest biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
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Zhao, Yilin, Jingli Yan, Jiali Jin, Zhenkai Sun, Luqin Yin, Zitong Bao, and Cheng Wang. "Diversity Monitoring of Coexisting Birds in Urban Forests by Integrating Spectrograms and Object-Based Image Analysis." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020264.
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In the context of rapid urbanization, urban foresters are actively seeking management monitoring programs that address the challenges of urban biodiversity loss. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has attracted attention because it allows for the collection of data passively, objectively, and continuously across large areas and for extended periods. However, it continues to be a difficult subject due to the massive amount of information that audio recordings contain. Most existing automated analysis methods have limitations in their application in urban areas, with unclear ecological relevance and efficacy. To better support urban forest biodiversity monitoring, we present a novel methodology for automatically extracting bird vocalizations from spectrograms of field audio recordings, integrating object-based classification. We applied this approach to acoustic data from an urban forest in Beijing and achieved an accuracy of 93.55% (±4.78%) in vocalization recognition while requiring less than ⅛ of the time needed for traditional inspection. The difference in efficiency would become more significant as the data size increases because object-based classification allows for batch processing of spectrograms. Using the extracted vocalizations, a series of acoustic and morphological features of bird-vocalization syllables (syllable feature metrics, SFMs) could be calculated to better quantify acoustic events and describe the soundscape. A significant correlation between the SFMs and biodiversity indices was found, with 57% of the variance in species richness, 41% in Shannon’s diversity index and 38% in Simpson’s diversity index being explained by SFMs. Therefore, our proposed method provides an effective complementary tool to existing automated methods for long-term urban forest biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
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Parra-Hernández, Ronald M., Jorge I. Posada-Quintero, Orlando Acevedo-Charry, and Hugo F. Posada-Quintero. "Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Clustering Taxa through Vocalizations in a Neotropical Passerine (Rough-Legged Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias burmeisteri)." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081406.
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Vocalizations from birds are a fruitful source of information for the classification of species. However, currently used analyses are ineffective to determine the taxonomic status of some groups. To provide a clearer grouping of taxa for such bird species from the analysis of vocalizations, more sensitive techniques are required. In this study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) technique for grouping the vocalizations of individuals of the Rough-legged Tyrannulet Phyllomyias burmeisteri complex. Although the existence of two taxonomic groups has been suggested by some studies, the species has presented taxonomic difficulties in classification in previous studies. UMAP exhibited a clearer separation of groups than previously used dimensionality-reduction techniques (i.e., principal component analysis), as it was able to effectively identify the two taxa groups. The results achieved with UMAP in this study suggest that the technique can be useful in the analysis of species with complex in taxonomy through vocalizations data as a complementary tool including behavioral traits such as acoustic communication.
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Blumstein, Daniel T., Douglas R. Mcclain, Carrie De Jesus, and Gustavo Alarcón-Nieto. "Breeding bird density does not drive vocal individuality." Current Zoology 58, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.5.765.
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Abstract Many species produce individually specific vocalizations and sociality is a hypothesized driver of such individuality. Previous studies of how social variation influenced individuality focused on colonial or non-colonial avian species, and how social group size influenced individuality in sciurid rodents. Since sociality is an important driver of individuality, we expected that bird species that defend nesting territories in higher density neighborhoods should have more individually-distinctive calls than those that defend nesting territories in lower-density neighborhoods. We used Beecher’s information statistic to quantify individuality, and we examined the relationship between bird density (calculated with point-counts) and vocal individuality on seven species of passerines. We found non-significant relationships between breeding bird density and vocal individuality whether regressions were fitted on species values, or on phylogenetically-independent contrast values. From these results, we infer that while individuality may be explained by social factors, breeding bird density is unlikely to be generally important in driving the evolution of individually-specific vocalizations.
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Moura, Daniella Jorge de, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Elaine Cangussu de Souza Alves, Thayla Morandi Ridolfi de Carvalho, Marcos Martinez do Vale, and Karla Andrea Oliveira de Lima. "Noise analysis to evaluate chick thermal comfort." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 4 (2008): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000400018.
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The relationship between thermal environment and chick performance has widely been evaluated, however the consideration that the assessment of the comfort may be estimated by interpreting both amplitude and frequency of bird vocalization under tropical housing conditions is a new concept. This research had as objective of estimating thermal comfort for chicks during the heating phase using this new concept. An experiment was carried out inside a climate controlled chamber (A) for establishing the behavioral pattern related to environmental temperature limits. Forty five chicks were reared inside a 2.3 m² box. A video camera was placed 2.0 m above the birds and the images were captured and registered in a computer. From the pattern determined in the controlled chamber an evaluation of the results was proceeded in a commercial broiler farm (experiment B) using similar bird density in order to validate the data. Environmental temperature, and both amplitude and frequency of the vocalizations of the chick group reared under heating were continuously recorded in both experiments. A correlation between group behavioral pattern and their vocalization, was found, evaluated not only by the noise amplitude but also by the noise frequency spectrum. When the thermal inertia is maintained by adequate use of curtains the birds vocalized less which is coincident with the low sudden variation of the temperature of the environmental. It was possible to estimate the thermal comfort for chicks at the heating stage by recording the amplitude and the frequency of the noise emitted by the reared group.
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O’Reilly, Colm, Naomi Harte, and Hynek Burda. "Pitch tracking of bird vocalizations and an automated process using YIN-bird." Cogent Biology 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1322025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2017.1322025.
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HORNE, JENNIFER F. M., and LESTER L. SHORT. "AFROTROPICAL BIRD VOCALIZATIONS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT PROBLEMS." Bioacoustics 1, no. 2-3 (January 1988): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09524622.1988.9753089.
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Hetsevich, Y. S., Ya S. Zianouka, A. A. Bakunovich, D. A. Zhalava, and T. G. Shagava. "Automation of bird voice signal analysis." Informatics 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2024): 58–71. https://doi.org/10.37661/1816-0301-2024-21-4-58-71.
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Objectives. The purpose of the work is to create an experimental software for automated recognition of voice signals, which has the capabilities of long-term round-the-clock and round-the-season monitoring of animal species diversity in selected habitats and ecosystems.Methods. The work uses methods of deep machine learning of convolutional neural networks trained on mel-spectrograms of bird vocalizations, which are built using fast Fourier transform.Results. The process, methods and approaches to training a deep machine learning model for a system of passive acoustic monitoring of bird populations in Belarus are described, as well as the difficulties identified during testing of the software prototype and the results that were achieved.Conclusion. A working prototype of the software for automatic recognition of animal (bird) voice signals is presented. It performs the analysis of acoustic recordings of bird voices with the issue of probabilistic assessment of species belonging to animal vocalizations present in the recordings. The software is aimed at increasing the efficiency of bird monitoring, which ensures the implementation of conservation and research activities based on accurate and up-to-date data on species distribution.
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Schieck, Jim. "Biased Detection of Bird Vocalizations Affects Comparisons of Bird Abundance among Forested Habitats." Condor 99, no. 1 (February 1997): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1370236.
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Pereira, Erica M., Irenilza de A. Nääs, and Rodrigo G. Garcia. "Identification of acoustic parameters for broiler welfare estimate." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 3 (June 2014): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000300004.
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Estimates of broiler welfare have subjective character. Nowadays, researchers seek non-invasive features or indicators that may describe this condition in animal production. The aim of this study was to identify acoustic parameters to estimate broiler welfare using the following five vocalization acoustic parameters: energy, spectral centroid, bandwidth, first formant, and second formant. The database that generated the model was obtained from a field experiment with 432 broilers, which half were Cobb® and half, Ross® breed, from day 21 to 42, containing bird vocalizations under either welfare or stress conditions. The results of the experiment generated responses to the tested conditions of gender, genetic strain, and welfare. The proposed model was based on the specific response of mean weights for each situation of stress and well-being. From the results, a model was developed to estimate the welfare condition of broilers from the registered information linked to their vocalization.
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Nicol, C. J., and S. J. Pope. "A Comparison of the Behaviour of Solitary and Group-Housed Budgerigars." Animal Welfare 2, no. 3 (August 1993): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600015918.
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AbstractA comparison was made of the behaviour of budgerigars housed singly in commercially available cages obtained from a pet supplier, and budgerigars housed in a group of six in a small aviary. Budgerigars housed in the aviary consumed significantly more food and were more active, performing more wing stretching and flying. Caged budgerigars performed significantly more vocalizations. When tested individually, aviary birds were more active in a novel test chamber and were significantly more likely to approach an unfamiliar bird. Cage birds were generally reluctant to approach an unfamiliar bird, but showed an increasing tendency to approach when allowed a longer period of familiarization. Pet budgerigars are commonly housed in isolation from conspecifics, with little consideration of potential effects on welfare. The aim of this study was to provide some initial information about the effects of social isolation on the behaviour of budgerigars.
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Wolfgang, Andrew, and Aaron Haines. "Testing Automated Call-Recognition Software for Winter Bird Vocalizations." Northeastern Naturalist 23, no. 2 (June 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.023.0206.
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Okanoya, Kazuo, and Robert J. Dooling. "Auditory filter simulations for perceptual processes of bird vocalizations." Neural Networks 1 (January 1988): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(88)90344-9.
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Kershenbaum, Arik, Amiyaal Ilany, Leon Blaustein, and Eli Geffen. "Syntactic structure and geographical dialects in the songs of male rock hyraxes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1740 (April 18, 2012): 2974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0322.
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Few mammalian species produce vocalizations that are as richly structured as bird songs, and this greatly restricts the capacity for information transfer. Syntactically complex mammalian vocalizations have been previously studied only in primates, cetaceans and bats. We provide evidence of complex syntactic vocalizations in a small social mammal: the rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis : Hyracoidea). We adopted three algorithms, commonly used in genetic sequence analysis and information theory, to examine the order of syllables in hyrax calls. Syntactic dialects exist, and the syntax of hyrax calls is significantly different between different regions in Israel. Call syntax difference is positively correlated to geographical distance over short distances. No correlation is found over long distances, which may reflect limited dispersal movement. These findings indicate that rich syntactic structure is more common in the vocalizations of mammalian taxa than previously thought and suggest the possibility of vocal production learning in the hyrax.
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Noakes, David L. G., and Jeffrey D. Noakes. "A note on bird song: Samuel Hearne’s observations on the Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 128, no. 3 (October 16, 2014): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v128i3.1606.
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In 1795, the Arctic explorer Samuel Hearne recorded detailed observations on the distribution, ecology, molt, and behaviour of the Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). The most significant of his observations was that Snow Buntings imitated the vocalizations of Atlantic Canaries (Serinus canarius) when housed with that species. His account has apparently not been widely recognized by ornithologists, but it is one of the first such observations on bird’s acquisition of vocalizations.
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Sumitani, Shinji, Reiji Suzuki, Takaya Arita, Kazuhiro Nakadai, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "Non-Invasive Monitoring of the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Vocalizations among Songbirds in a Semi Free-Flight Environment Using Robot Audition Techniques." Birds 2, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds2020012.
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To understand the social interactions among songbirds, extracting the timing, position, and acoustic properties of their vocalizations is essential. We propose a framework for automatic and fine-scale extraction of spatial-spectral-temporal patterns of bird vocalizations in a densely populated environment. For this purpose, we used robot audition techniques to integrate information (i.e., the timing, direction of arrival, and separated sound of localized sources) from multiple microphone arrays (array of arrays) deployed in an environment, which is non-invasive. As a proof of concept of this framework, we examined the ability of the method to extract active vocalizations of multiple Zebra Finches in an outdoor mesh tent as a realistic situation in which they could fly and vocalize freely. We found that localization results of vocalizations reflected the arrangements of landmark spots in the environment such as nests or perches and some vocalizations were localized at non-landmark positions. We also classified their vocalizations as either songs or calls by using a simple method based on the tempo and length of the separated sounds, as an example of the use of the information obtained from the framework. Our proposed approach has great potential to understand their social interactions and the semantics or functions of their vocalizations considering the spatial relationships, although detailed understanding of the interaction would require analysis of more long-term recordings.
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Duque, F. G., C. A. Rodriguez-Saltos, S. Uma, I. Nasir, M. F. Monteros, W. Wilczynski, and L. L. Carruth. "High-frequency hearing in a hummingbird." Science Advances 6, no. 29 (July 2020): eabb9393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb9393.
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Some hummingbirds produce unique high-frequency vocalizations. It remains unknown whether these hummingbirds can hear these sounds, which are produced at frequencies beyond the range at which most birds can hear. Here, we show behavioral and neural evidence of high-frequency hearing in a hummingbird, the Ecuadorian Hillstar (Oreotrochilus chimborazo). In the field, hummingbirds responded to playback of high-frequency song with changes in body posture and approaching behavior. We assessed neural activation by inducing ZENK expression in the brain auditory areas in response to the high-frequency song. We found higher ZENK expression in the auditory regions of hummingbirds exposed to the high-frequency song compared to controls, while no difference was observed in the hippocampus between groups. The behavioral and neural responses show that this hummingbird can hear sounds at high frequencies. This is the first evidence of the use of high-frequency vocalizations and high-frequency hearing in conspecific communication in a bird.
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Baklová, Aneta, Eva Baranyiová, and Hana Šimánková. "Antipredator behaviour of domestic guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 3 (2016): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685030293.
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The objective of this study was to test the reactions of domestic guinea pigs to the presence of aerial and terrestrial predators in a laboratory setting. We measured the behavioural reactions of 27 adolescent guinea pigs to the presence of a dog, imitation of a bird of prey and an unknown human as control. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U Test were used to analyse the differences in duration and frequency of responses (freezing, fleeing, and vigilance) to predators. When confronted with the dog, guinea pigs reacted for the longest time and most frequently by freezing. In presence of the bird of prey, they responded for the longest time and most often by freezing and fleeing. In presence of a human, they showed mostly vigilance. When comparing reactions to the dog and human, there were differences in duration and frequency of freezing and fleeing. When comparing reactions to the bird of prey and control test, we observed differences between fleeing and vigilance. The durations and frequencies of freezing, fleeing and vigilance to the dog and bird of prey were different. The only differences in reactions of males and females occurred in duration and frequency of fleeing in presence of the bird of prey. No vocalization was observed except for two occurrences, of a “drrr” and a “chirrup”. Our results indicate that domestic guinea pigs tested under laboratory conditions can discriminate between a terrestrial and an aerial predator, when exposed to them individually. Their antipredator behaviours remained functional, although their vocalizations may have been affected by the absence of signal receivers.
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Branfield, Andy. "Vocalizations of European Honey Buzzards (Pernis apivorus) in Southern Africa." Afrotropical Bird Biology: Journal of the Natural History of African Birds 1, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/abb.v1i.1068.
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Contrary to some sources, the European Honey Buzzard is not silent in Africa. This study documents 51 records of the species vocalizing on the continent. Vocalizations were given by birds apparently encountered alone (n=30) and when accompanied by another European Honey Buzzard (n=22). Where age was known, 11 calling birds were adults and ten were juveniles. Where details were available, most calls were given by birds in flight (n=30), with 11 from perched birds and two from birds heard calling while both in flight and perched. In most cases the sex of the bird was not recorded (n=42) and young birds (first- and second-years) are difficult to sex with certainty; of the remainder, two were males and nine were females. Most calls were the typical flight call of the species (n=43), with apparent alarm calls (n=7) the next most frequent call type. Most calls were delivered in flight (n=31), 19 by single birds and 12 by two birds together in flight. The calling by two birds was associated with flight displays similar to those described on the breeding grounds and occurred especially in late summer (December onwards; 25/40 records). A relatively high proportion of calls occurred during interactions between two European Honey Buzzards (n=18). Calling associated with two birds together and accompanied by aerial displays has not been described in Africa before, and is suggestive of either early pairing of the adult birds prior to migration or breeding activity locally in Africa. Vocalizations between young birds though may be more social as opposed to sexual in nature. The large (5X) increase in records of European Honey Buzzards in South Africa in recent years likely increases the chances of conspecific interaction. It also raises the possibility of breeding, especially in more-temperate South Africa.
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Bhama, Prabhat K., Allen D. Hillel, Albert L. Merati, and David Perkel. "Model for Examining Recovery of Phonation after Nerve Damage." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.512.
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Problem Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury remains a dominant clinical issue in laryngology. To date, no animal model of laryngeal reinnervation has offered an outcome measure that can reflect the degree of recovery based on vocal function. We present an avian model system for studying recovery of learned vocalizations following nerve injury. Methods Digital recordings of bird song were made from 11 adult male zebra finches; 9 underwent bilateral crushing of the nerve supplying the vocal organ, and two birds underwent sham surgery. Song from all birds was then recorded regularly and analyzed based on temporal and spectral characteristics using computer software. Indices were calculated to indicate the degree of similarity between pre-operative and post-operative song. Results Nerve crush caused audible differences in song quality and significant drops (p<0.05) in measured spectral and, to a lesser degree, temporal indices. Spectral indices recovered significantly (mean=43.0%; SD=40.7; p<0.02), and there was an insignificant trend towards recovery of temporal index (mean=28.0%; SD=41.4; p=0.0771). In 5/9(56%) birds, there was a greater than 50% recovery of spectral indices within a four week period. Two birds exhibited substantially less recovery of spectral indices, and two had a persistent decline in spectral indices. Recovery of temporal index was highly variable as well, ranging from persistent further declines of 45.1% to recovery of 87.0%. Neither sham bird exhibited significant (p>0.05) differences in song following nerve crush. Conclusion The songbird model system allows functional analysis of learned vocalization following surgical damage to vocal nerves. Significance The zebra finch provides an animal model for the study of phonatory function following neurolaryngeal injury. Support This project was supported by NIH grant T32DC000018.
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Hammerschmidt, K., K. Radyushkin, H. Ehrenreich, and J. Fischer. "Female mice respond to male ultrasonic ‘songs’ with approach behaviour." Biology Letters 5, no. 5 (June 10, 2009): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0317.
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The ultrasonic vocalizations of mice are attracting increasing attention, because they have been recognized as an informative readout in genetically modified strains. In addition, the observation that male mice produce elaborate sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations (‘song’) when exposed to female mice or their scents has sparked a debate as to whether these sounds are—in terms of their structure and function—analogous to bird song. We conducted playback experiments with cycling female mice to explore the function of male mouse songs. Using a place preference design, we show that these vocalizations elicited approach behaviour in females. In contrast, the playback of whistle-like artificial control sounds did not evoke approach responses. Surprisingly, the females also did not respond to pup isolation calls. In addition, female responses did not vary in relation to reproductive cycle, i.e. whether they were in oestrus or not. Furthermore, our data revealed a rapid habituation of subjects to the experimental situation, which stands in stark contrast to other species' responses to courtship vocalizations. Nevertheless, our results clearly demonstrate that male mouse songs elicit females' interest.
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Deneva, Prolet, and Todor Ganchev. "GMM-Based Parameterization of the Characteristic Melody of Bird Vocalizations." Geometry Integrability and Quantization 21 (2020): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/giq-21-2020-118-126.
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Sandoval, Luis. "Transmission properties of vocalizations in a year-round territorial bird." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 3 (September 2015): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4933982.
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Narins, Peter M., Albert S. Feng, Wenyu Lin, Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler, Annette Denzinger, Roderick A. Suthers, and Chunhe Xu. "Old World frog and bird vocalizations contain prominent ultrasonic harmonics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115, no. 2 (February 2004): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1636851.
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Chen, Zhixin, and Robert C. Maher. "Semi-automatic classification of bird vocalizations using spectral peak tracks." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (November 2006): 2974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2345831.
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Freitas, Ellen F., Edward Ball, Fernando F. Fernandes, Deuslene M. Ferreira, and Luciano Trevisan. "Behaviour of native birds and analysis of vocalizations, in a small reforested urban space near downtown Goiânia, Goiás state, Brazil." International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 7, no. 2 (July 14, 2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2023.07.00193.
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Due to habitat loss, several bird species that are dependent on forest environments seek refuge in green spaces within cities. The objective this study was to verify if the afforestation with autochthonous fruit trees of a small urban space could provide enough resources as food, shelter, and substrate for nesting of autochthonous bird species. Between June 2020-May 2021, during the covid-19 pandemic we observed the activity of bird species that visited a small forested urban space in Goiânia, Brazil. We recorded the behavioural activities of the birds using the focal animal technique, recordings of vocalizations and photographic and video recordings. About thirty species of birds were seen visiting our small urban wooded space. The most conspicuous species were the Amazonian Motmot, Picazuro Pigeon, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, Rufous-Browed Peppershrike, Rufous-bellied Thrush, Yellow-chevroned Parakeet, Great Kiskadee, Blue and Yellow Macaws, and the Common Potoo. All these species rested, vocalized and took refuge in the small urban wooded space. We also observed some species that nested, and many others that fed on tree fruits, insects and earthworms. We verified the presence of Amazonian Motmots (Momotus momota) adapted to this environment when we saw adult and juvenile Motmots and found an active nest. We also verified the reproductive adaptation of the Picazuro Pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro) observing the courtship and mating behaviour and found an occupied nest, which corroborates with the reproductive adaptation of the Picazuro Pigeon. We emphasize that native fruit trees are a fundamental part of urban environments, as they guarantee food for frugivorous birds, whereas mature leafy trees provide conditions for nesting and allow birds to congregate and communicate.
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Wu, Shih-Hung, Jerome Chie-Jen Ko, Ruey-Shing Lin, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, and Hsueh-Wen Chang. "Evaluating community-wide temporal sampling in passive acoustic monitoring: A comprehensive study of avian vocal patterns in subtropical montane forests." F1000Research 12 (October 11, 2023): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.141951.1.
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Background: Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has become a popular tool for bird monitoring, with vocal activity rate (VAR) being a key metric to gauge bird populations. However, the effective temporal sampling design at the community level for representative VAR data remains underexplored. Methods: In this study, we used vocalizations extracted from recordings of 12 bird species, taken at 14 PAM stations situated in subtropical montane forests over a four-month period, to assess the impact of temporal sampling on VAR across three distinct scales: seasonal, diel, and hourly. For seasonal sampling analysis, we employed hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and the coefficient of variation (CV). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were utilized for diel sampling analysis, and we determined the average difference in VAR values per minute for the hourly sampling analysis. Results: We identified significant day and species-specific VAR fluctuations. The survey season was divided into five segments; the earliest two showed high variability and are best avoided for surveys. Data from days with heavy rain and strong winds showed reduced VAR values and should be excluded from analysis. Continuous recordings spanning at least seven days, extending to 14 days is optimal for minimizing sampling variance. Morning chorus recordings effectively capture the majority of bird vocalizations, and hourly sampling with frequent, shorter intervals aligns closely with continuous recording outcomes. Conclusions: While our findings are context-specific, they highlight the significance of strategic sampling in avian monitoring, optimizing resource utilization and enhancing the breadth of monitoring efforts.
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Wu, Shih-Hung, Jerome Chie-Jen Ko, Ruey-Shing Lin, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, and Hsueh-Wen Chang. "Evaluating community-wide temporal sampling in passive acoustic monitoring: A comprehensive study of avian vocal patterns in subtropical montane forests." F1000Research 12 (January 23, 2024): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.141951.2.
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Background From passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) recordings, the vocal activity rate (VAR), vocalizations per unit of time, can be calculated and is essential for assessing bird population abundance. However, VAR is subject to influences from a range of factors, including species and environmental conditions. Identifying the optimal sampling design to obtain representative acoustic data for VAR estimation is crucial for research objectives. PAM commonly uses temporal sampling strategies to decrease the volume of recordings and the resources needed for audio data management. Yet, the comprehensive impact of this sampling approach on VAR estimation remains insufficiently explored. Methods In this study, we used vocalizations extracted from recordings of 12 bird species, taken at 14 PAM stations situated in subtropical montane forests over a four-month period, to assess the impact of temporal sampling on VAR across three distinct scales: short-term periodic, diel, and hourly. For short-term periodic sampling analysis, we employed hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and the coefficient of variation (CV). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were utilized for diel sampling analysis, and we determined the average difference in VAR values per minute for the hourly sampling analysis. Results We identified significant day and species-specific VAR fluctuations. The survey season was divided into five segments; the earliest two showed high variability and are best avoided for surveys. Data from days with heavy rain and strong winds showed reduced VAR values and should be excluded from analysis. Continuous recordings spanning at least seven days, extending to 14 days is optimal for minimizing sampling variance. Morning chorus recordings effectively capture the majority of bird vocalizations, and hourly sampling with frequent, shorter intervals aligns closely with continuous recording outcomes. Conclusions While our findings are context-specific, they highlight the significance of strategic sampling in avian monitoring, optimizing resource utilization and enhancing the breadth of monitoring efforts.
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Seddon, Nathalie, Adriana Alvarez, and Joseph Tobias. "VOCAL COMMUNICATION IN THE PALE-WINGED TRUMPETER (PSOPHIA LEUCOPTERA): REPERTOIRE, CONTEXT AND FUNCTIONAL REFERENCE." Behaviour 139, no. 10 (2002): 1331–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853902321104190.
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AbstractAdult pale-winged trumpeters produce a varied repertoire of vocalizations: apart from one loud 'tremolo song' we recorded 11 structurally discrete close-range calls, one of which (the 'mew') was individually distinct. There was significant variation across vocalization type with respect to the identity and behaviour of the caller and the response of the receiver(s). It was possible to group vocalizations into six broad contextual classes: alarm, recruitment, social, contact, feeding and territory defence. On detection of danger, trumpeters gave two acoustically different calls, one for aerial predators, and another for terrestrial predators or conspecific intruders. They also produced distinct calls on detection of large prey items such as snakes. These (alarm and snake-finding) call types seemed to evoke different responses by receivers and therefore appeared to be functionally referent. Vocal behaviour was positively correlated with dominance rank and at least two other calls had important roles in mediating social interactions within the group. Finally, the 'mew' call was only given when a trumpeter was separated from, and usually out of visual contact with the rest of the group. This call was functionally referent, eliciting a vocal response from receivers: they produced a loud 'grunt' call, which was also unique to this situation. This is the first experimental demonstration in a bird of the proximate factors motivating production of an individually distinct contact call.
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Hart, Vlastimil, Richard Policht, Vojtěch Jandák, Marek Brothánek, and Hynek Burda. "Low frequencies in the display vocalization of the Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)." PeerJ 8 (July 8, 2020): e9189. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9189.
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Only a few bird species are known to produce low-frequency vocalizations. We analyzed the display vocalizations of Western Capercaillie males kept in breeding centers and identified harmonically structured signals with a fundamental frequency of 28.7 ± 1.2 Hz (25.6–31.6 Hz). These low-frequency components temporally overlap with the Whetting phase (96% of its duration) and they significantly contribute to the distinct vocal expression between individuals. The resulting model of discrimination analysis classified 67.6% vocalizations (63%, cross-validated result) correctly to the specific individual in comparison to the probability by chance of 12.5%. We discuss a possible function of low-frequency components that remains unclear. The occurrence of such low frequencies is surprising as this grouse is substantially smaller than cassowaries (Southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius and Dwarf cassowary Casuarius bennetti) , the species that produces similarly low frequencies. Because these low frequency components temporarily overlap with the Whetting phase, they are hardly audible from a distance larger than several meters.
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Goodale, Eben, and Sarath W. Kotagama. "Testing the roles of species in mixed-species bird flocks of a Sri Lankan rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 6 (October 19, 2005): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002609.
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Studies of mixed-species bird flocks have found that ‘nuclear’ species, those important to flock coherence, are either intraspecifically gregarious or are ‘sentinel’ species highly sensitive to predators. Both types of species are present in flocks of a Sri Lankan rain forest: orange-billed babblers (Turdoides rufescens Blyth) are highly gregarious, whereas greater racket-tailed drongos (Dicrurus paradiseus Linnaeus) are less so, but more sensitive and reliable alarm-callers. We hypothesized that flock participants would be attracted to the playback of both species more than to the clearly non-nuclear yellow-fronted barbet (Megalaima flavifrons Cuvier). Further, we hypothesized that insectivores would prefer babbler vocalizations, as babblers could facilitate their foraging in several ways. We found that the response of insectivores was three times greater during babbler or drongo playback, and eight times greater during playback of these two species together, than during barbet playback or silence. Insectivores did not show, however, any difference in their response to babbler as compared to drongo playback; omnivores and frugivores responded relatively equally to all treatments. Our results show that birds with high propensity to flock, such as insectivores, use the vocalizations of nuclear species to locate flocks and that a sentinel species may be as attractive as a highly gregarious species.
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Dermi, Devi Fauzia, Agung Sedayu, and Ratna Komala. "VARIASI POLA VOKALISASI PADA TAKSONOMI ANAK JENIS ELANG-ULAR (Spilornis cheela) DI PKEK, GARUT, JAWA BARAT." BIOMA 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bioma13(2).1.
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Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a bird of prey with distinctive of uniue vocal. Based on several studies mentioned that there are differences in vocalization at the level of subspecies and is often used to study the role vocalization defining the subspecies in taxonomy. This research aimed to determine the role variation of vocalization pattern in taxonomy on subspecies eagle. The research was conducted from May to September 2017 at Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center. The method used is descriptive method with continuous sampling technique. The samples was an adult eagle from three subspecies serpent eagle. The location of observation determined by purposive sampling with the provisions listening post is less than 5 meters until 30 meters. The data is collected at 7 am to 5 pm. Data were analyzed using sound analysis software. The data taken are fundamental frequency, maximum frequency (MinF), minimum frequency (MinF) and duration. Differences between subspecies were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical test with SPSS 17.0. The result of the research is The vocalizations can be utilized in the subspecies eagle taxonomy of the species to complement the morphological data, marked by significantly different results on each parameter of vocalization between (Spilornis cheela malayensis) and (Spilornis cheela natunensis). MaxF significantly different in (Spilornis cheela malayensis) and (Spilornis cheela bido), (Spilornis cheela natunensis) and (Spilornis cheela bido).
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Beckers, Gabriël J. L., Robert C. Berwick, and Johan J. Bolhuis. "Comparative analyses of speech and language converge on birds." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 6 (December 2014): 547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13003956.
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AbstractUnlike nonhuman primates, thousands of bird species have articulatory capabilities that equal or surpass those of humans, and they develop their vocalizations through vocal imitation in a way that is very similar to how human infants learn to speak. An understanding of how speech mechanisms have evolved is therefore unlikely to yield key insights into how the human brain is special.
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Barrantes-Madrigal, Jimmy, Mónica Retamosa, Ricardo Bedoya-Arrieta, Adriana Valerio-Madrigal, and Jonathan Sánchez-Alpízar. "Caracterización acústica de fincas bajo pago por servicios ambientales en la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica." Revista de Ciencias Ambientales 58, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rca.58-2.1.
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[Introduction]: In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. [Objective]: To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. [Methods]: Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. [Results]: It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. [Conclusions]: The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring ofspecies through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with moresampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.
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HAYES, FLOYD E., OSCAR RODRÍGUEZ, ERIKA R. THALMAN, EMILY A. CASTELLANOS, and JOHN STERLING. "Taxonomic status of Paraguay’s only endemic bird, the Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis (Aves: Tinamidae)." Zootaxa 4392, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4392.2.7.
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The Chaco Nothura Nothura chacoensis Conover is endemic to the Chaco of western Paraguay. Originally described as a subspecies of the Spotted Nothura N. maculosa (Temminck), it has been regarded by many authorities as a distinct species based on alleged sympatry with N. maculosa. However, an earlier study revealed no differences in cytochrome b sequences between the two taxa. We reanalyzed the geographic distribution and morphological variation of N. chacoensis and N. maculosa in western Paraguay based on museum specimens. There is no locality where specimens of both taxa were collected, thus there is no evidence for sympatry. Morphologically the two taxa did not differ in any size or shape variable. Plumage characters overlapped in a few specimens. We recorded vocalizations from at least four individuals of N. chacoensis within its known range. Its typical territorial song was a very rapid, relatively monotone trill that was virtually identical with the most frequent territorial song of N. maculosa in length, number of notes, rate of notes, and emphasized frequency, and differed substantially from the songs of other species of Nothura. Based on distributional, morphological, biochemical, and especially vocalization data, we conclude that N. chacoensis should be regarded as a subspecies of N. maculosa.