Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bird wings

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Bird wings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bird wings"

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Anderson, E. N. "Bird Without Wings." Anthropology News 39, no. 8 (November 1998): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.8.2.2.

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TUCKER, VANCE A. "Gliding Birds: The Effect of Variable Wing Span." Journal of Experimental Biology 133, no. 1 (November 1, 1987): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.133.1.33.

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The equilibrium gliding performance of a bird is described by the relationship between sinking speed (V8) and air speed (V). When V9 is plotted against V, the points fall in a ‘performance area’ because the wing span is changed during gliding. The lowest V3 for each V in the performance area defines a ‘maximum performance curve’. This curve can be predicted by a mathematical model that changes the wing span, area and profile drag coefficient (CD, pr) of a hypothetical bird to minimize drag. The model can be evaluated for a particular species given (a) a linear function relating wing area to wing span, and (b) a ‘polar curve’ that relates CDpr and the lift coefficient (CL) of the wings. For rigid wings, a single polar curve relates CDpr to CL values at a given Reynolds number. The position and shape of the polar curve depend on the aerofoil section of the wing and the Reynolds number. In contrast, the adjustable wings of a laggar falcon (Falco jugger) and a black vulture (Coragyps atratus) gliding in a wind tunnel have CL, and CD,pr values that fall in a ‘polar area’ rather than on a curve. The minimum values of CD,pr at each CL bound the polar area and define a polar curve that is suitable for evaluating the model. Although the falcon and the vulture have wings that are markedly different in appearance, the data for either bird are enclosed by the same polar area, and fitted by the same polar curve for minimum CD,pr at each CL value. This curve is a composite of the polar curves for rigid wings with aerofoils similar to those found in avian wings. These observations suggest that the polar curves of other gliding birds may be similar to that of the falcon and the vulture. Other polar curves are defined by CL and CD,pr values for the falcon and the vulture gliding at a constant speed but at different glide angles. Each speed has a different polar curve; but for a given speed, the same polar curve fits the data foreither bird. The falcon and the vulture gliding in the wind tunnel at a given speed were found to increase their drag by decreasing their wing span. This change increases induced drag and probably increases CD,pr for the inner parts of the wing because of an unusual property of bird-like aerofoil sections: wings with such sections have minimum values of CDpr at CL values near 1, while conventional wings have minimum values of CD,Pr at CL values near 0.
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Berg, C., and J. Rayner. "The moment of inertia of bird wings and the inertial power requirement for flapping flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 8 (January 1, 1995): 1655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.8.1655.

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The agility and manoeuvrability of a flying animal and the inertial power required to flap the wings are related to the moment of inertia of the wings. The moments of inertia of the wings of 29 bird species and three bat species were determined using wing strip analysis. We also measured wing length, wing span, wing area, wing mass and body mass. A strong correlation (r2=0.997) was found between the moment of inertia and the product of wing mass and the square of wing length. Using this relationship, it was found that all birds that use their wings for underwater flight had a higher than average moment of inertia. Assuming sinusoidal wing movement, the inertial power requirement was found to be proportional to (body mass)0.799, an exponent close to literature values for both metabolic power output and minimum power required for flight. Ignoring wing retraction, a fairly approximate estimate showed that the inertial power required is 11­15 % of the minimum flight power. If the kinetic energy of the wings is partly converted into aerodynamic (useful) work at stroke reversal, the power loss due to inertial effects may be smaller.
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Wilson, Steven F., and C. Davison Ankney. "Variation in structural size and wing stripe of Lesser and Greater scaup." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-300.

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Heads, wings, and feet of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) and Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) were obtained from 365 birds killed by hunters to investigate differences in structural size and in the intensity and extent of the white wing stripe. Twelve morphological measurements were taken on each bird and wing stripes were quantitatively scored using soil colour charts. Principal component analysis of the structural data separated the birds into two nonoverlapping size groups. We considered the group of large birds and the group of small birds to be Greater and Lesser scaup, respectively. Variation in the wing stripe character was extensive; 9% of the birds in our sample could not be correctly classified as Lesser or Greater scaup on the basis of wing stripe alone. However, most of the variation was due to sexual differences, i.e., female Greater Scaup with unusually dark wings and male Lesser Scaup with unusually white wings.
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Sullivan, T. N., M. A. Meyers, and E. Arzt. "Scaling of bird wings and feathers for efficient flight." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (January 2019): eaat4269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat4269.

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Aves are an incredibly diverse class of animals, ranging greatly in size and thriving in a wide variety of environments. Here, we explore the scaling trends of bird wings in connection with their flight performance. The tensile strength of avian bone is hypothesized to be a limiting factor in scaling the humerus with mass, which is corroborated by its experimentally determined allometric scaling trend. We provide a mechanics analysis that explains the scaling allometry of the wing humerus length,LH, with body weightW,LH∝W0.44. Lastly, wing feathers are demonstrated to generally scale isometrically with bird mass, with the exception of the spacing between barbules, which falls within the same range for birds of all masses. Our findings provide insight into the “design” of birds and may be translatable to more efficient bird-inspired aircraft structures.
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Heers, Ashley M., Kenneth P. Dial, and Bret W. Tobalske. "From baby birds to feathered dinosaurs: incipient wings and the evolution of flight." Paleobiology 40, no. 3 (2014): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13057.

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Reconstructing the tree of life requires deciphering major evolutionary transformations and the functional capacities of fossils with “transitional” morphologies. Some of the most iconic, well-studied fossils with transitional features are theropod dinosaurs, whose skeletons and feathered forelimbs record the origin and evolution of bird flight. However, in spite of over a century of discussion, the functions of forelimb feathers during the evolution of flight remain enigmatic. Both aerodynamic and non-aerodynamic roles have been proposed, but few of the form-function relationships assumed by these scenarios have been tested. Here, we use the developing wings of a typical extant ground bird (Chukar Partridge) as possible analogues/homologues of historical wing forms to provide the first empirical evaluation of aerodynamic potential in flapping theropod “protowings.” Immature ground birds with underdeveloped, rudimentary wings generate useful aerodynamic forces for a variety of locomotor tasks. Feather development in these birds resembles feather evolution in theropod dinosaurs, and reveals a predictable relationship between wing morphology and aerodynamic performance that can be used to infer performance in extinct theropods. By spinning an ontogenetic series of spread-wing preparations on a rotating propeller apparatus across a range of flow conditions and measuring aerodynamic force, we explored how changes in wing size, feather structure, and angular velocity might have affected aerodynamic performance in dinosaurs choosing to flap their incipient wings. At slow angular velocities, wings produced aerodynamic forces similar in magnitude to those produced by immature birds during behaviors like wing-assisted incline running. At fast angular velocities, wings produced forces sufficient to support body weight during flight. These findings provide a quantitative, biologically relevant bracket for theropod performance and suggest that protowings could have provided useful aerodynamic function early in maniraptoran history, with improvements in aerodynamic performance attending the evolution of larger wings, more effective feather morphologies, and faster angular velocities.
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Rogalla, Svana, Liliana D'Alba, Ann Verdoodt, and Matthew D. Shawkey. "Hot wings: thermal impacts of wing coloration on surface temperature during bird flight." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 156 (July 2019): 20190032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0032.

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Recent studies on bird flight propose that hotter wing surfaces reduce skin friction drag, thereby improving flight efficiency (lift-to-drag ratio). Darker wings may in turn heat up faster under solar radiation than lighter wings. We used three methods to test the impact of colour on wing surface temperature. First, we modelled surface temperature based on reflectance measurements. Second, we used thermal imaging on live ospreys ( Pandion haliaetus ) to examine surface temperature changes with increasing solar irradiance. Third, we experimentally heated differently coloured wings in a wind tunnel and measured wing surface temperature at realistic flight speeds. Even under simulated flight conditions, darker wings consistently became hotter than pale wings. In white wings with black tips, the temperature differential produced convective currents towards the darker wing tips that could lead to an increase in lift. Additionally, a temperature differential between wing-spanning warm muscles and colder flight feathers could delay the flow separation above the wing, increasing flight efficiency. Together, these results suggest that wing coloration and muscle temperature both play important roles in modulating wing surface temperature and therefore potentially flight efficiency.
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Smith, Rebecca G., and Joseph Tse-Hei Lee. "A bird without wings." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 13, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-06-2016-0005.

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Purpose The five-decade-long Chinese colonialization of Tibet has led to a refugee flow. No longer confined to the Tibetan Plateau, Tibetans are scattered over the world, placing deep roots in host nations, in cities stretching from Oslo to New York City. Faced with new ideas, cultures and ways of life, diasporic Tibetans confront the same challenges as countless refugees before them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efforts of Tibetan New Yorkers to preserve their language and culture. To what extent should they integrate themselves into host countries? What mechanisms could they use to hold onto their native heritage without isolating themselves in a foreign environment? How should they construct new diasporic identities and reconcile such efforts with their ongoing political struggles? Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on documentary sources and interviews to examine the ways in which diasporic Tibetans understood and portrayed the conventional categories of language, cultural heritage and religion, especially with respect to the Tibetan Government-in-exile in India, and in which they maintained and reinvented their linguistic and cultural heritage in the cosmopolitan environment of New York City. Findings There is a gradual process of identity formation among Tibetan New Yorkers. While exiled Tibetans are asserting their agency to reinvent a new sense of belonging to America, they still hold onto the regional identity of their family households. Meanwhile, the US-born younger generations strengthen their ties with the larger Tibetan diaspora through community events, socio-cultural activism and electronic media. Research limitations/implications Despite the small sample size, this study presents the first investigation of the Tibetan New Yorkers, and it provides an insider’s perspective on the efforts to preserve their native heritage in a globalized environment. Practical implications This study is a useful case study of the Tibetan diasporas in comparison with other Chinese diasporas in the West and beyond. Originality/value This study is the first scholarly investigation of the sociocultural experiences of Tibetan New Yorkers.
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Paton, Ray. "Bird wings and matrices." Journal of Biological Education 24, no. 4 (December 1990): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1990.9655157.

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Rogalla, Svana, Michaël P. J. Nicolaï, Sara Porchetta, Gertjan Glabeke, Claudia Battistella, Liliana D'Alba, Nathan C. Gianneschi, Jeroen van Beeck, and Matthew D. Shawkey. "The evolution of darker wings in seabirds in relation to temperature-dependent flight efficiency." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, no. 180 (July 2021): 20210236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0236.

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Seabirds have evolved numerous adaptations that allow them to thrive under hostile conditions. Many seabirds share similar colour patterns, often with dark wings, suggesting that their coloration might be adaptive. Interestingly, these darker wings become hotter when birds fly under high solar irradiance, and previous studies on aerofoils have provided evidence that aerofoil surface heating can affect the ratio between lift and drag, i.e. flight efficiency. However, whether this effect benefits birds remains unknown. Here, we first used phylogenetic analyses to show that strictly oceanic seabirds with a higher glide performance (optimized by reduced sink rates, i.e. the altitude lost over time) have evolved darker wings, potentially as an additional adaptation to improve flight. Using wind tunnel experiments, we then showed that radiative heating of bird wings indeed improves their flight efficiency. These results illustrate that seabirds may have evolved wing pigmentation in part through selection for flight performance under extreme ocean conditions. We suggest that other bird clades, particularly long-distance migrants, might also benefit from this effect and therefore might show similar evolutionary trajectories. These findings may also serve as a guide for bioinspired innovations in aerospace and aviation, especially in low-speed regimes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bird wings"

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Ericsson, Max. "Simulating Bird Strike on Aircraft Composite Wing Leading Edge." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103783.

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In this master thesis project the possibility to model the response of a wing when subjected to bird strike using finite elements is analyzed. Since this transient event lasts only a few milliseconds the used solution method is explicit time integration. The wing is manufactured using carbon fiber laminate. Carbon fiber laminates have orthotropic material properties with different stiffness in different directions. Accordingly, there are damage mechanisms not considered when using metal that have to be modeled when using composites. One of these damage mechanisms is delamination which occurs when cured layers inside a component become separated. To simulate this phenomenon, multiple layers of shell elements with contact in between are used as a representation of the interface where a component is likely to delaminate. By comparing experimental and simulated results the model of delamination is verified and the influence of different parameters on the results is investigated. Furthermore, studies show that modeling delamination layers in each possible layer of a composite stack is not optimal due to the fact that the global stiffness of the laminate is decreased as more layers are modeled. However, multiple layers are needed in order to mitigate the spreading of delamination and obtain realistic delaminated zones. As the laminates are comprised of carbon fiber and epoxy sheets it is of importance to include damage mechanisms inside each individual sheet. Accordingly, a composite material model built into the software is used which considers tensile and compressive stress in fiber and epoxy. The strength limits are then set according to experimental test data. The bird is modeled using a mesh free technique called Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics using a material model with properties similar to a fluid. The internal pressure of the bird model is linked to the change in volume with an Equation of State. By examining the bird models behavior compared to experimental results it is determined to have a realistic impact on structures. A model of the leading edge is then subjected to bird strike according to European standards. The wing skin is penetrated indicating that reinforcements might be needed in order to protect valuable components inside the wing structure such as the fuel tank. However, the results are not completely accurate due to the fact that there is little experimental data available regarding soft body penetration of composite laminates. As a consequence, the simulation cannot be confirmed against real experimental results and further investigations are required in order to have confidence in modeling such events. Furthermore, the delamination due to the bird strike essentially spreads across the whole model. Since only one layer of delamination is included the spread is most likely overestimated.
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Schroer, Sara Asu. "On the wing : exploring human-bird relationships in falconry practice." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225716.

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This thesis is concerned with the relationships that develop between humans, birds of prey, prey animals and their environments in the practice of falconry. Falconry is a hunting practice in which humans and birds of prey develop a hunting companionship through which they learn to hunt in cooperation. Described by falconers as a way of life, falconry practice and the relationship to their birds take on a crucial role in their everyday lives. The research is based on fieldwork carried out over a period of three years largely in the UK, with shorter fieldtrips to Germany and Italy. Falconry practice raises many interesting questions about human-animal sociality and identity formation. Through the practice falconers learn how to 'lure' a bird into a relationship, as birds of prey cannot be forced to hunt and cooperate. When hunting the abilities of birds of prey are seen to be superior to those of the human being who becomes – if skilful enough – an assisting hunting companion. The careful attention necessary to establish a bonded relationship between falconer and falconry bird demands practices particular to falconry and involves a highly complex set of knowledge practices and methods. The establishment of this relationship depends on a fine balance between independence and dependence as well as wildness and tameness of the falconry bird that cannot be understood through conceptualising notions of 'the wild' and 'the tame' (or 'the domesticated') as opposites. Rather, the becoming of falcons and falconers through the practice allows moments of transformation of beings that resist familiar categories. This study of falconry challenges an anthropocentric mode of anthropological inquiry as it demands to open up the traditional focus of anthropology to also include nonhuman animals and to consider meaning making, sociality and knowledge production as co-constituted through the activities of humans and nonhuman animals. I focus on the practices involved in taming, training and hunting with birds of prey as well as in domestic breeding, arguing that it is important to see both humans and birds as well as predator and prey as active participants in mutually constitutive learning relationships. Focussing on processes of emergence in both becoming falconers and becoming falconry birds I develop the notion of beings-in-the-making, in order to emphasise that humans and birds grow in relation to each other through the co-responsive engagement in which they are involved. I further show how humans and nonhuman animals relate to the environment within which they engage, in which movements and forces of the weather play a central role. I use the term weathering to refer to the ways the weather influences the movements of human and nonhuman animals as well as being a medium of perception in which they are immersed. The landscape and the sky above are here not to be understood as two separate spheres divided by an interface but rather as caught up in a continuous process of transformation in which the lay of the land and the currents of the air are co-constituted. Finally, I suggest the perspective of creaturely ways to describe a mode of sociality that is constituted beyond the purely human sphere of interaction and to show that the sense of identity and belonging of both falconers and birds is not delineated by a fixed species identity but rather emerges out of the experiences and relationships that each living being develops throughout its life. Creaturely ways thus involves a focus on questions of ontogeny rather than ontology, which is crucial for understanding the mutually constitutive processes of meaning making, becoming and knowing in which falconers and falconry birds are involved. Through exploring the complex relationships involved in falconry practice and the consideration of humans and birds as active participants within them, this thesis makes an original contribution to anthropological studies of human-animal relationships. It further contributes to the development of a notion of more-thanhuman sociality that reaches beyond the idea of the social as confined to members of the same species. Moreover, the study contributes to the anthropology of learning and enskilment through analysing processes of knowledge making in their constitutive influence on the development of human and nonhuman ways of becoming. It further contributes to studies on the perception of the environment through considering the practitioner's perception and experience of the weather and currents of the air as they interplay with the ground below. Finally, this study makes a contribution to the as yet little studied field of 'modern' hunting practices and suggests a more nuanced approach of understanding the relationships of predator and prey they involve.
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Gerakis, J. G. (Jeffrey George). "Aerodynamic measurements on some special wing features of nocturnal owls and their acoustic significance." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63333.

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Schwartz, Katrina. ""It might be all one language" narrative paradox in Birds without wings /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1331.

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Segre, Paolo Stefano. "A 3-dimensional evaluation of wing movement in ground birds during flap-running and level flight an ontogenetic study /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03012007-155800/.

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Walvekar, Vinayak. "Birdstrike analysis on leading edge of an aircraft wing using a smooth particle hydrodynamics bird model." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3339.

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Birdstrikes on aircraft pose a major threat to human life and there is a need to devolop structures which have high resistance towards these structures. According to the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR 25.571) on Damage-tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure (Amdt.25-96), an airplane must be capable of successfully completing the flight during which likely structural damage might occur as a result of impact with 4-lb bird at cruise velocity at sea level or 0.85 cruise velocity at 8000 feet. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology which can be utilized to certify an aircraft for birdstrike using computational techniques since the physical testing of birdstrike is expensive, time consuming, cumbersome and for sanitary purpose. The simulations are carried out in the LS Dyna, non-linear finite element analysis code, in which the bird is modeled using the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) technique. Initially to validate the bird model in the LS Dyna, the birdstrike is carried out on rigid and deformable plates. The results including displacement, Von-Mises stresses, forces, impulse, squash time and rise time are obtained from the simulation. Then the non-dimensional plots of force, impulse and rise time are plotted and compared with results from experimental test data. The detailed CAD geometry of the leading edge is modeled in CATIA V5. Meshing, connections and material properties are then defined in the Altair Hypermesh 9.0. The validated SPH bird model is impacted at the leading edge. The results obtained from the simulation are compared with the data from the experiments, and the process is validated. The parametric studies are carried out by designing the leading edge for different values of nose radius and by vii assigning appropriate thickness values for leading edge components. Then the SPH bird model is impacted at varying impact velocites and results are compared with test data. It is proposed that the results obtained from simulation can be utilized in the initial design stages as well as for certification of an aircraft for birdstrike requirements as per federal regulations.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.
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Williams, Emma V. "Take-off in small passerine birds with reference to aspects of morphology and moult." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/2dfa46d7-54a7-4537-88fa-afc1ac9d6bb3.

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Lukacovic, Kyle S. "A Parametric Study of Formation Flight of a Wing Based on Prandtl's Bell-Shaped Lift Distribution." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2130.

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The bell-shaped lift distribution (BSLD) wing design methodology advanced by Ludwig Prandtl in 1932 was proposed as providing the minimum induced drag. This study used this method as the basis to analyze its characteristics in two wing formation flight. Of specific interest are the potential efficiency savings and the optimal positioning for formation flight. Additional comparison is made between BSLD wings and bird flight in formation. This study utilized Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) simulations on a geometric modeling of a BSLD wing, the Prandtl-D glider. The results were validated by modified equations published by Prandtl, by CFD modeling published by others, and by Trefftz plane analysis. For verification, the results were compared to formation flight research literature on aircraft and birds, as well as published research on non-formation BSLD flight. The significance of this research is two part. One is that the BSLD method has the potential for significant efficiency in formation flight. The optimal position for a trailing wing was determined to be partially overlapping the leading wing vortex core. For a BSLD wing these vortices are located inboard from the wingtips resulting in wingtip overlap and have a wider impact downstream than the elliptical lift distribution (ELD) wingtip vortices. A second aspect is that avian research has traditionally been studied assuming the ELD model for bird flight, whereas this study proposes that bird flight would be better informed using the BSLD.
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Alford, Lionel Devon Jr. "Aerodynamic Analysis of Natural Flapping Flight Using a Lift Model Based on Spanwise Flow." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1272639883.

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Wille, Michelle. "Viruses on the wing: evolution and dynamics of influenza A virus in the Mallard reservoir." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41431.

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This thesis explores the evolution of avian influenza A viruses (IAV), as well as host-pathogen interactions between these viruses and their main reservoir host, the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). IAV is a genetically diverse, multi-host virus and wild birds, particularly dabbling ducks, are the natural reservoir. At our study site, up to 30% of migratory Mallards are infected with IAV during an autumn season, and host a large number of virus subtypes. IAV diversity is driven by two main mechanisms: mutation, driving genetic drift; and reassortment following co-infection, resulting in genetic shift.   Reassortment is pervasive within an autumn season, both across multiple subtypes and within a single subtype. It is a key genetic feature in long-term maintenance of common subtypes, as it allows for independent lineage turn-over, generating novel genetic constellations. I hypothesize that the decoupling of successful constellations and generation of novel annual constellations enables viruses to escape herd immunity; these genetic changes must confer antigenic change for the process to be favourable. Indeed, in an experiment utilizing vaccines, circulating viruses escaped homosubtypic immunity, resulting in the proliferation of infections with the same subtype as the vaccine. While the host plays an important role in shaping IAV evolutionary genetics, one must consider that Mallards are infected with a multitude of other microorganisms. Here, Mallards were infected with IAV, gamma coronaviruses, and avian paramyxovirus type 1 simultaneously, and we found a putative synergistic interaction between IAV and gamma coronaviruses.   Mallards occupy the interface between humans, poultry, and wild birds, and are the reservoir of IAV diversity. New incursions of highly pathogenic H5 viruses to both Europe and North America reaffirms the role of wild birds, particularly waterfowl, in diffusion of viruses spatially. Using European low pathogenic viruses and Mallard model, this thesis contributes to aspects of epidemiology, ecology, and evolutionary dynamics of waterfowl viruses, particularly IAV
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Books on the topic "Bird wings"

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Wings & tails. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1996.

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Fitzharris, Tim. Wild wings: An introduction to birdwatching. Minocqua, Wis: NorthWood Press, 1992.

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Burggraaf, Deborah. Cooka: The bird without wings. Riviera Beach, Florida: Protective Hands Communications, 2009.

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Masters, Jarvis Jay. That Bird Has My Wings. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

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Kate, Kiesler, ed. Wings on the wind: Bird poems. New York: Clarion Books, 2002.

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Western wings: Hunting upland birds on the northern prairies. Gallatin Gateway, Mont: Wilderness Adventures Press, 1998.

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White, Jon Ewbank Manchip. The bird with silver wings: And other musical stories. Oak Ridge, TN: Iris Press, 2012.

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Harris, Peter. Under the bright wings. Vancouver: Regent College Pub., 2000.

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Tyson, Harvey. Have wings will fly: A celebration of life and landscapes. Craighall, South Africa: Editors, 1998.

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ill, Guhathakurta Ajanta, ed. The bird with golden wings: Stories of wit and magic. New Delhi: Puffin Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bird wings"

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Maher, Derek F. "Two Wings of a Bird: Radical Life Extension from a Buddhist Perspective." In Religion and the Implications of Radical Life Extension, 111–21. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230100725_10.

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Lima-de-Faria, A. "The Bird Genome and the Molecular Determination of Wings, Legs and Beaks." In Molecular Geometry of Body Pattern in Birds, 43–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25301-0_5.

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Thorpe, John. "Conflict of Wings: Birds Versus Aircraft." In Problematic Wildlife, 443–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_21.

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Perez-Rosado, Ariel, Satyandra K. Gupta, and Hugh A. Bruck. "Mechanics of Multifunctional Wings with Solar Cells for Robotic Birds." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21762-8_1.

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Holness, Alex E., Ariel Perez-Rosado, Hugh A. Bruck, Martin Peckerar, and Satyandra K. Gupta. "Multifunctional Wings with Flexible Batteries and Solar Cells for Robotic Birds." In Challenges in Mechanics of Time Dependent Materials, Volume 2, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41543-7_20.

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Pan, Erzhen, Lianrui Chen, Bing Zhang, and Wenfu Xu. "A Kind of Large-Sized Flapping Wing Robotic Bird: Design and Experiments." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 538–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65298-6_49.

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Grand, Ch, P. Martinelli, J. B. Mouret, and S. Doncieux. "Flapping-Wing Mechanism for a Bird-Sized UAVs: Design, Modeling and Control." In Advances in Robot Kinematics: Analysis and Design, 127–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8600-7_14.

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Taylor, Graham K., Anna C. Carruthers, Tatjana Y. Hubel, and Simon M. Walker. "Wing Morphing in Insects, Birds and Bats: Mechanism and Function." In Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures, 11–40. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119964032.ch2.

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Liang, Xu, Erzhen Pan, Hui Xu, Juntao Liu, Yuanpeng Wang, Xiaokun Hu, and Wenfu Xu. "Design and Control of a Small Intelligent Camera Stabilizer for a Flapping-Wing Robotic Bird." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 362–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27535-8_33.

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Provine, R. R. "Pre- and Postnatal Development of Wing-Flapping and Flight in Birds: Embryological, Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives." In Perception and Motor Control in Birds, 135–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75869-0_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bird wings"

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March, Andrew I., Charles W. Bradley, and Ephraim Garcia. "Aerodynamic Properties of Avian Flight as a Function of Wing Shape." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-83011.

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Presently, all man-made aircraft are optimized for one specific flight regime. Commercial aircraft fly at a specific cruising altitude at which they are most efficient, and military aircraft, which require excellent performance in many flight regimes are designed to be ‘good’ at all of them. A new concept in aviation, morphing aircraft, or aircraft that can fully change their shape, will allow for optimization at nearly any flight regime. This concept has been millennia in the making, well before mankind. Looking to various bird species, tails and wings can completely change shape to optimize their morphology for a given flight regime. Raptors, especially, have mastered the air in that they must out compete and overcome other birds while hunting. For soaring, these birds spread their wings fully to maximize their lift to drag ratio and maintain a low energy, long endurance flight. To maximize speed in a dive they will bring their wings close to their bodies to minimize drag. This study seeks to quantify the aerodynamic properties of the wing. From bird wings the aerodynamic properties of shape changing elastic structures can be understood. The coefficient of lift versus angle of attack plot of a bird wing is not like that of a typical airfoil, it has no distinct point where the wing stalls, instead the bird wing will twist into the flow. Additionally, the induced drag of an avian wing is significantly less than the theoretical induced drag on a wing predicted by the aspect ratio. A flow visualization around the slotted wingtips of a bird reveals smooth streaklines near the primary feathers. These feathers are canted downward and accordingly generate lift in the thrust direction of the wing, which acts to reduce the induced drag on the wing.
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Austin, Bridget, and Ann M. Anderson. "The Alula and Its Aerodynamic Effect on Avian Flight." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41693.

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The alula, a small thumb-like appendage on a bird wing, is often credited with increasing lift and decreasing the risk of stall during bird flight. Using field based studies; researchers have observed that the alula lifts away from the wing at critical moments in flight, such as take-off and landing. However, to date, there has been no conclusive experimental evidence to support the idea that use of the alula affects lift. To determine the effect of the alula on avian flight, we used a wind tunnel to study the wings of four ducks: the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), the Redhead Duck (Aythya americana), the Black Scoter (Melanitta americana), and the Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis). We used a combination of lift/drag measurements and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to test the wings at velocities from 10–16 m/s and angles of attack from −20 to 25 degrees. The alula was observed to naturally lift as the stall angle was approached. Of the four wings, the Black Scoter demonstrated the largest maximum lift coefficient (1.4), followed by the Wood Duck (1.3), the Lesser Scaup (1.2) and lastly, the Redhead Duck (0.9). All four wings had minimum drag coefficients near 0.1. The Lesser Scaup was the only wing which had a measurable change in lift (10%) attributable to alula deployment. PIV results for the flow field around the Lesser Scaup wing showed higher velocities on the top side of the wing when the alula was deflected.
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Couceiro, Micael S., Carlos M. Figueiredo, N. M. Fonseca Ferreira, and J. A. Tenreiro Machado. "Biological Inspired Flying Robot." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86294.

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This paper presents the development of computational simulation based on the dynamics of a robotic bird. The study analyze the wing angle of attack and the velocity of the bird, the tail influence, the gliding flight and the flapping flight with different strategies and algorithms of control. The results are positive for the construction of flying robots. Some highlights are given about the fist implemented architecture of the structure of a robotic bird. This platform consists on a body, wings and tail with actuators independently controlled though a microcontroller; a radio transmission system and batteries are used in order to avoid wired connections between the computer and the robot.
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Ito, Mihary R., Chengfang Duan, Leonardo P. Chamorro, and Aimy A. Wissa. "A Leading-Edge Alula-Inspired Device (LEAD) for Stall Mitigation and Lift Enhancement for Low Reynolds Number Finite Wings." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8170.

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Even though Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) operating at low Reynolds numbers are becoming common, their performance and maneuverability are still greatly limited due to aerodynamic phenomena such as stall and flow separation. Birds mitigate these limitations by adapting their wings and feather shapes during flight. Equipped with a set of small feathers, known as the alula, located near the leading edge and covering 5% to 20% of the span, bird wings can sustain the lift necessary to fly at low velocities and high angles of attack. This paper presents the effect on lift generation of different placements of a Leading-Edge Alula-inpsired Device (LEAD) along the span of a moderate aspect-ratio wing. The device is modeled after the alula on a bird, and it increases the capability of a wing to maintain higher pressure gradients by modifying the near-wall flow close to the leading-edge. It also generates tip vortices that modify the turbulence on the upper-surface of the wing, delaying flow separation. The effect of the LEAD can be compared to traditional slats or vortex generators on two-dimensional wings. For finite wings, on the other hand, the effect depends on the interaction between the LEADs tip vortices and those from the main structure. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted on a cambered wing at post-stall and deep-stall angles of attack at low Reynolds numbers of 100,000 and 135,000. To quantify the aerodynamic effect of the device, the lift generated by the wing with and without the LEAD were measured using a 6-axis force and torque transducer, and the resulting lift coefficients were compared. Results show that the location of the LEAD yielding the highest lift enhancement was 50% semi-span away from the wing root. Lift improvements of up to 32% for post stall and 37% for deep stall were obtained at this location, demonstrating that the three-dimensional effects of the LEAD are important. The lift enhancement was also more prominent on a finite moderate aspect-ratio wing (3D) than on an airfoil (2D), confirming that the LEAD is a three-dimensional device. Identifying the configurations and deployment parameters that improve lift generation the most is needed to design an adaptive LEAD that can be implemented on a UAV wing for increased mission-adaptability.
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Matta, Alexander, and Javid Bayandor. "An Analytical Study on the Effect of Active Wing Folding and Twist on the Aerodynamic Performance and Energy Consumption of a Bio-Inspired Ornithopter." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-7741.

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The vast majority of bird scale ornithopters still utilize single active degree of freedom wings in which the flapping motion is actuated at the root of the wing. Yet, as we look to nature, we see that birds utilize more than one active degree of freedom. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of dynamic wing twist and wing folding on lift and thrust produced by a flapping wing as well as their effects on power consumption. The method of analysis this study utilizes is a version of MST, a Modified Strip Theory, in order to model the aerodynamics of the wing. Both non-folding and folding wing scenarios are considered where the parameters varied include dynamic wing twist amplitude, time averaged wing twist, and dynamic wing twist and flapping phase offset. Furthermore, unlike many other theoretical studies, when examining power consumption both the aerodynamic force as well as inertial effects are considered as inertial effects can be of the same order as aerodynamic force. Moreover, the negative power occurring on the upstroke cannot be always considered to lead to energy transfer back into the system as many studies assume. Thus, this study discusse the impact of negative power and its implications on ornithopter design.
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Fisher, Emily, Anton Bauhofer, Christine Beauchene, Brian Dress, Stephen Marshall, Cory McCraw, Christopher Mehrvarzi, et al. "A Bio-Inspired Aircraft Design Concept." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72431.

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The goal of the research has been to design a robotic bird that utilizes principles of nature to optimize flight. Seagulls were the preferred model for the robot because they have a large wing span that provides a more steady flight and sheds a continuous wake vortex, creating lift on both the upstroke and down-stroke of flight [1]. Research has been done on the architecture of a seagull’s wing as well as the aerodynamic features of its comprising airfoils. The robotic wings developed will capture the architecture of the seagull wings with a variety of airfoils that improve lift and reduce drag and joints that enable bending on the upstroke in the flapping motion. A main focus of this research was to study how the seagull uses air flow to improve its flight performance. The fluid mechanics of the wing was analyzed for steady and unsteady flight using Fluent code to see how seagull adapts to different flow conditions. Using the developed robotic model of the wing attempts were made to achieve the necessary wing positioning that fully complied with that of the seagull during flight. Actuation of the wings was achieved using servo motors. Fabrication of the robotic prototype involved material selection for the fuselage, wing surface and skeletal structure. At completion of the prototyping, trials were performed using stereovision to study the complex effects of unsteady flow, and to verify the computational analyses undertaken.
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Dhruv, Akash, Christopher J. Blower, and Adam M. Wickenheiser. "A Three Dimensional Iterative Panel Method for Bio-Inspired Multi-Body Wings." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7634.

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The continuing growth of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) use in reconnaissance and surveillance has led to an increased demand for novel flight systems that improve vehicle flight capabilities in cluttered and turbulent environments. Bio-inspired wings with feather-like flaps have been proposed to enable bird-scale UAVs to fly robustly in such environments. This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional iterative constant strength doublet Adaptive Panel Method (APM) for calculating the flight characteristics of a multi-body wing operating in any of its possible configurations. A three-dimensional wake relaxation algorithm is incorporated into the model, which enables accurate wake shapes and down-stream roll-up for each flap configuration to be derived. Wake modeling is shown to improve the accuracy of the pressure distributions induced by the wake-body interactions. The flight coefficients calculated using this method are validated by experimental values obtained from a low speed suction wind tunnel operating at a Reynolds number of 300,000. Finally, it is shown that the APM aids in determining accurate surface loads for the preliminary design process of multi-body wings.
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Perez-Rosado, Ariel, Adrian G. J. Griesinger, Hugh A. Bruck, and Satyandra K. Gupta. "Performance Characterization of Multifunctional Wings With Integrated Solar Cells for Unmanned Air Vehicles." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34719.

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Flapping wing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are small light weight vehicles that typically have short flight times due to the small size of the batteries that are used to power them. During longer missions, the batteries must be recharged. The lack of nearby electrical outlets severely limits the locations and types of missions that these UAVs can be flown in. To improve flight time and eliminate the need for electrical outlets, solar cells can be used to harvest energy and charge/power the UAV. Robo Raven III, a flapping wing UAV, was developed at the University of Maryland and consists of wings with integrated solar cells. This paper aims to investigate how the addition of solar cells affects the UAV. The changes in performance are quantified and compared using a load cell test as well as Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The UAV platform reported in this paper was the first flapping wing robotic bird that flew using energy harvested from on-board solar cells. Experimentally, the power from the solar cells was used to augment battery power and increase operational time.
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Stacey, Benjamin J., and Peter Thomas. "Initial Analysis of a Novel Biomimetic Span-Wise Morphing Wing Concept." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5567.

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Abstract Morphing wings and the adaptive systems they form have been developed significantly over recent decades. Increased efficiency and control performance can be achieved with their implementation, while advances in material technology, system integration and control, have allowed concepts to present a realistic alternative to fixed-wing and aft-tail aircraft. Set out in this paper is the preliminary design and development for a novel span-wise morphing concept which employs and heavily implements biomimetic design. Specifically, the skeletal structure of the bird wing by mimicking the humerus, ulna/radius, and carpometacarpus of birds of prey as they exhibit the most versatile wing shape enabling multiple manoeuvre and flight types. The concept comprises three sections corresponding to the skeletal structure, each consisting of a leading edge D-spar and an internal structural member onto which trailing edge plates are mounted. Pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) actuators are presented as a drive for a biologically derived ‘drawing-parallels’ mechanism, through which a 75% semi-span length change and variable sweep angle, can be obtained. Analysis of initial CFD results is discussed in comparison with similar concepts in the field and a proposal for small scale wind tunnel verification put forward. While a rapid prototype is printed to confirm the viability of the concept.
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Hsieh, Cheng-Ta, Chun-Fei Kung, Chin-Chou Chu, and Chien C. Chang. "Investigation of Insect Hovering From the Perspective of a Force Element Theory." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79865.

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Bird or insect flight has been of great interest to general audience, not only to scientists. Numerous works have been devoted to the study of aerodynamics of insect wings, for example, the hovering flight. It is generally considered that the lift supporting the insect comes from the unsteadiness of the flight. However, the term “unsteadiness” itself is loose and imprecise at all. It may include several unsteady components: the motion of wing, vortex in the flow as well as the surface vorticity. The various contributions are now examined from the perspective of a force element theory to gain more insight into the mechanisms of generating lift.
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