Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bird wings'

In this master thesis project the possibility to model the response of a wing when subjected to bird strike using finite elements is analyzed. Since this transient event lasts only a few milliseconds the used solution method is explicit time integration. The wing is manufactured using carbon fiber laminate. Carbon fiber laminates have orthotropic material properties with different stiffness in different directions. Accordingly, there are damage mechanisms not considered when using metal that have to be modeled when using composites. One of these damage mechanisms is delamination which occurs when cured layers inside a component become separated. To simulate this phenomenon, multiple layers of shell elements with contact in between are used as a representation of the interface where a component is likely to delaminate. By comparing experimental and simulated results the model of delamination is verified and the influence of different parameters on the results is investigated. Furthermore, studies show that modeling delamination layers in each possible layer of a composite stack is not optimal due to the fact that the global stiffness of the laminate is decreased as more layers are modeled. However, multiple layers are needed in order to mitigate the spreading of delamination and obtain realistic delaminated zones. As the laminates are comprised of carbon fiber and epoxy sheets it is of importance to include damage mechanisms inside each individual sheet. Accordingly, a composite material model built into the software is used which considers tensile and compressive stress in fiber and epoxy. The strength limits are then set according to experimental test data. The bird is modeled using a mesh free technique called Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics using a material model with properties similar to a fluid. The internal pressure of the bird model is linked to the change in volume with an Equation of State. By examining the bird models behavior compared to experimental results it is determined to have a realistic impact on structures. A model of the leading edge is then subjected to bird strike according to European standards. The wing skin is penetrated indicating that reinforcements might be needed in order to protect valuable components inside the wing structure such as the fuel tank. However, the results are not completely accurate due to the fact that there is little experimental data available regarding soft body penetration of composite laminates. As a consequence, the simulation cannot be confirmed against real experimental results and further investigations are required in order to have confidence in modeling such events. Furthermore, the delamination due to the bird strike essentially spreads across the whole model. Since only one layer of delamination is included the spread is most likely overestimated.

This thesis is concerned with the relationships that develop between humans, birds of prey, prey animals and their environments in the practice of falconry. Falconry is a hunting practice in which humans and birds of prey develop a hunting companionship through which they learn to hunt in cooperation. Described by falconers as a way of life, falconry practice and the relationship to their birds take on a crucial role in their everyday lives. The research is based on fieldwork carried out over a period of three years largely in the UK, with shorter fieldtrips to Germany and Italy. Falconry practice raises many interesting questions about human-animal sociality and identity formation. Through the practice falconers learn how to 'lure' a bird into a relationship, as birds of prey cannot be forced to hunt and cooperate. When hunting the abilities of birds of prey are seen to be superior to those of the human being who becomes – if skilful enough – an assisting hunting companion. The careful attention necessary to establish a bonded relationship between falconer and falconry bird demands practices particular to falconry and involves a highly complex set of knowledge practices and methods. The establishment of this relationship depends on a fine balance between independence and dependence as well as wildness and tameness of the falconry bird that cannot be understood through conceptualising notions of 'the wild' and 'the tame' (or 'the domesticated') as opposites. Rather, the becoming of falcons and falconers through the practice allows moments of transformation of beings that resist familiar categories. This study of falconry challenges an anthropocentric mode of anthropological inquiry as it demands to open up the traditional focus of anthropology to also include nonhuman animals and to consider meaning making, sociality and knowledge production as co-constituted through the activities of humans and nonhuman animals. I focus on the practices involved in taming, training and hunting with birds of prey as well as in domestic breeding, arguing that it is important to see both humans and birds as well as predator and prey as active participants in mutually constitutive learning relationships. Focussing on processes of emergence in both becoming falconers and becoming falconry birds I develop the notion of beings-in-the-making, in order to emphasise that humans and birds grow in relation to each other through the co-responsive engagement in which they are involved. I further show how humans and nonhuman animals relate to the environment within which they engage, in which movements and forces of the weather play a central role. I use the term weathering to refer to the ways the weather influences the movements of human and nonhuman animals as well as being a medium of perception in which they are immersed. The landscape and the sky above are here not to be understood as two separate spheres divided by an interface but rather as caught up in a continuous process of transformation in which the lay of the land and the currents of the air are co-constituted. Finally, I suggest the perspective of creaturely ways to describe a mode of sociality that is constituted beyond the purely human sphere of interaction and to show that the sense of identity and belonging of both falconers and birds is not delineated by a fixed species identity but rather emerges out of the experiences and relationships that each living being develops throughout its life. Creaturely ways thus involves a focus on questions of ontogeny rather than ontology, which is crucial for understanding the mutually constitutive processes of meaning making, becoming and knowing in which falconers and falconry birds are involved. Through exploring the complex relationships involved in falconry practice and the consideration of humans and birds as active participants within them, this thesis makes an original contribution to anthropological studies of human-animal relationships. It further contributes to the development of a notion of more-thanhuman sociality that reaches beyond the idea of the social as confined to members of the same species. Moreover, the study contributes to the anthropology of learning and enskilment through analysing processes of knowledge making in their constitutive influence on the development of human and nonhuman ways of becoming. It further contributes to studies on the perception of the environment through considering the practitioner's perception and experience of the weather and currents of the air as they interplay with the ground below. Finally, this study makes a contribution to the as yet little studied field of 'modern' hunting practices and suggests a more nuanced approach of understanding the relationships of predator and prey they involve.

Birdstrikes on aircraft pose a major threat to human life and there is a need to devolop structures which have high resistance towards these structures. According to the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR 25.571) on Damage-tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure (Amdt.25-96), an airplane must be capable of successfully completing the flight during which likely structural damage might occur as a result of impact with 4-lb bird at cruise velocity at sea level or 0.85 cruise velocity at 8000 feet. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology which can be utilized to certify an aircraft for birdstrike using computational techniques since the physical testing of birdstrike is expensive, time consuming, cumbersome and for sanitary purpose. The simulations are carried out in the LS Dyna, non-linear finite element analysis code, in which the bird is modeled using the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) technique. Initially to validate the bird model in the LS Dyna, the birdstrike is carried out on rigid and deformable plates. The results including displacement, Von-Mises stresses, forces, impulse, squash time and rise time are obtained from the simulation. Then the non-dimensional plots of force, impulse and rise time are plotted and compared with results from experimental test data. The detailed CAD geometry of the leading edge is modeled in CATIA V5. Meshing, connections and material properties are then defined in the Altair Hypermesh 9.0. The validated SPH bird model is impacted at the leading edge. The results obtained from the simulation are compared with the data from the experiments, and the process is validated. The parametric studies are carried out by designing the leading edge for different values of nose radius and by vii assigning appropriate thickness values for leading edge components. Then the SPH bird model is impacted at varying impact velocites and results are compared with test data. It is proposed that the results obtained from simulation can be utilized in the initial design stages as well as for certification of an aircraft for birdstrike requirements as per federal regulations.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.

The bell-shaped lift distribution (BSLD) wing design methodology advanced by Ludwig Prandtl in 1932 was proposed as providing the minimum induced drag. This study used this method as the basis to analyze its characteristics in two wing formation flight. Of specific interest are the potential efficiency savings and the optimal positioning for formation flight. Additional comparison is made between BSLD wings and bird flight in formation. This study utilized Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) simulations on a geometric modeling of a BSLD wing, the Prandtl-D glider. The results were validated by modified equations published by Prandtl, by CFD modeling published by others, and by Trefftz plane analysis. For verification, the results were compared to formation flight research literature on aircraft and birds, as well as published research on non-formation BSLD flight. The significance of this research is two part. One is that the BSLD method has the potential for significant efficiency in formation flight. The optimal position for a trailing wing was determined to be partially overlapping the leading wing vortex core. For a BSLD wing these vortices are located inboard from the wingtips resulting in wingtip overlap and have a wider impact downstream than the elliptical lift distribution (ELD) wingtip vortices. A second aspect is that avian research has traditionally been studied assuming the ELD model for bird flight, whereas this study proposes that bird flight would be better informed using the BSLD.

This thesis explores the evolution of avian influenza A viruses (IAV), as well as host-pathogen interactions between these viruses and their main reservoir host, the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). IAV is a genetically diverse, multi-host virus and wild birds, particularly dabbling ducks, are the natural reservoir. At our study site, up to 30% of migratory Mallards are infected with IAV during an autumn season, and host a large number of virus subtypes. IAV diversity is driven by two main mechanisms: mutation, driving genetic drift; and reassortment following co-infection, resulting in genetic shift.   Reassortment is pervasive within an autumn season, both across multiple subtypes and within a single subtype. It is a key genetic feature in long-term maintenance of common subtypes, as it allows for independent lineage turn-over, generating novel genetic constellations. I hypothesize that the decoupling of successful constellations and generation of novel annual constellations enables viruses to escape herd immunity; these genetic changes must confer antigenic change for the process to be favourable. Indeed, in an experiment utilizing vaccines, circulating viruses escaped homosubtypic immunity, resulting in the proliferation of infections with the same subtype as the vaccine. While the host plays an important role in shaping IAV evolutionary genetics, one must consider that Mallards are infected with a multitude of other microorganisms. Here, Mallards were infected with IAV, gamma coronaviruses, and avian paramyxovirus type 1 simultaneously, and we found a putative synergistic interaction between IAV and gamma coronaviruses.   Mallards occupy the interface between humans, poultry, and wild birds, and are the reservoir of IAV diversity. New incursions of highly pathogenic H5 viruses to both Europe and North America reaffirms the role of wild birds, particularly waterfowl, in diffusion of viruses spatially. Using European low pathogenic viruses and Mallard model, this thesis contributes to aspects of epidemiology, ecology, and evolutionary dynamics of waterfowl viruses, particularly IAV

Digital birds are used in computer graphics to replace live animals both for the safety of the animal and to allow for more control over performance. The current treatment of avian wings in computer graphics is often over-simplified which results in a loss realism due to the incorrect form and motion of the feathers. This research attempts to address this problem by using the structure and motion of real bird anatomy to inform the creation of biologically accurate kinematic motion for wings. The hypothesis of this thesis is that a wing rig which follows biological accuracy will appear realistic in motion and facilitate efficient animation. This thesis describes the creation of a rig generation tool, called WingCreator, usable in 3D animation software to guide the construction of biologically accurate wings while maintaining a range of artistically-driven variability in form. The control system for the kinematic motion rig is designed to provide animators with intuitive control over wing behavior intended to result in efficient re-creation of realistic wing action including flapping and folding. WingCreator was tested by two riggers and one animator to gain feedback on the tools efficacy. The user feedback indicates that the resulting rig provides a control system that facilitates efficient animation while maintaining artistic control over the wing. Users reported that realism, however, could not be judged due to the numerous contributing outside factors, such as animation, lighting and texturing, that affect the perception of realism. WingCreator and its creation methodology is intended to be placed in the public domain for use by anyone and will add to the currently slim body of knowledge for creating realistic avian wings. Once placed in the public domain it is expected that this rig will be appropriated by animators who wish to create more accurate bird wing motion and by riggers who may use the biologically-driven methodology as a model for further exploration into depictions of other animals exhibiting complex form and structural motion behaviors.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
電子工程系碩士班
106
This research has developed two different types of bionic robots, which are designed to imitate common birds and insects in nature. The first research was a " Robotic Bird of Bionic Flapping Wing ". Through observing and studying bird kinematics, it has created special-purpose robotic birds. Folding-wing machines are different from the birds that are designed with a single wing. The wing drives the flexible structure through the link mechanism to increase the aerodynamic force. It is more like the real bird flying. The process uses a combination of mechanism design, aerodynamics, Gait control and other three elements. In order to allow the robot bird to fly to the sky, the weight of the robot bird is very important. The calculation of the material of each part needs to be considered. For example, the extremely tough glass fiber board cuts out a very fine skeleton, which is light in weight and hard to break. The wing skeleton uses high-strength carbon fiber tubes, and the wing supports use extremely light balsa wood. The weight of the overall robot is controlled at about 600 grams, and the lightweight body has a better horsepower weight ratio. The wings of each section use Balsa wood to shape the wing line of the streamline. Each section has a different shape, and there is a small range of movement space that can be changed. This allows the machine birds to flap the wings to produce backward airflow, enabling it to fly. The robotic bird first sets the initial climbing angle through the counterweight, and then adjusts the angle required for climbing and the angle of steering through the variable rear wing. Finally, the wireless camera is installed to return real-time images to the user for monitoring and image recognition, and a bionic reconnaissance robot with detection capability is achieved. The second research " Insect Robot of Bionic Six Foots " was assembled of eight motors. The six motors with the basic gait and the other two motors were used for foot lift control. And it breaks through rugged roads and obstacles with a special and flexible “C” shaped foot structure function. The "C" shaped feet are made of thermoplastic clay, utilizing the flexible structure of the bend and the power required to drive the Cardan shaft. The shock absorber is installed so that the robot will not directly transmit the force to the motor when it is impacted by the external force, and its force will be absorbed by the shock absorber, which greatly reduces the chance of the robot being damaged in operation.

碩士
中華大學
機械工程學系碩士班
100
In this thesis, the aerodynamic performance of the seagull's flight is simulated. The widely used NACA0012 airfoil is adopted as the computational model to mimic the seagull's wing. The considered flight kinematic parameters as the flapping amplitude of the rigid and flexible wings coupling with reduced frequency, pitching angle and angle of attack are the main concerns in our studies. To validate our computations, an oscillating cylinder under different Reynolds number and reduced frequencies is computed and compared with the experimental data such as the lift and drag. In addition, the flow over a three-dimensional NACA0012 airfoil is calculated and compared the thrust distribution with the previous work. Secondly, the flow fields of the three-dimensional rigid and flexible NACA0012 airfoils under different reduce frequency are computed and studied. It is found that the mildly flexible wing with large reduced frequency of really can enhance the lift. Finally, The aerodynamics of the rigid and flexible wings at different angle of attack are simulated. It is interesting to know that the flexibility of the flapping wing compared with the rigid wing at the same flapping amplitude and reduced frequency can delay the stall and increase the lift.

Advancing towards `better' wind turbine designs engineers face two central challenges: first, current aerodynamic models (based on Blade Element Momentum theory) are inherently limited to comparatively simple designs of flat rotors with straight blades. However, such designs present only a subset of possible designs. Better concepts could be coning rotors, swept or kinked blades, or blade tip modifications. To be able to extend future turbine optimization to these new concepts a different kind of aerodynamic model is needed. Second, it is difficult to include long term loads (life time extreme and fatigue loads) directly into the wind turbine design optimization. This is because with current methods the assessment of long term loads is computationally very expensive -- often too expensive for optimization. This denies the optimizer the possibility to fully explore the effects of design changes on important life time loads, and one might settle with a sub-optimal design. In this dissertation we present work addressing these two challenges, looking at wing aerodynamics in general and focusing on wind turbine loads in particular. We adopt a Lagrangian vortex model to analyze bird wings. Equipped with distinct tip feathers, these wings present very complex lifting surfaces with winglets, stacked in sweep and dihedral. Very good agreement between experimental and numerical results is found, and thus we confirm that a vortex model is actually capable of analyzing complex new wing and rotor blade geometries. Next stochastic methods are derived to deal with the time and space coupled unsteady aerodynamic equations. In contrast to deterministic models, which repeatedly analyze the loads for different input samples to eventually estimate life time load statistics, the new stochastic models provide a continuous process to assess life time loads in a stochastic context -- starting from a stochastic wind field input through to a stochastic solution for the load output. Hence, these new models allow obtaining life time loads much faster than from the deterministic approach, which will eventually make life time loads accessible to a future stochastic wind turbine optimization algorithm. While common stochastic techniques are concerned with random parameters or boundary conditions (constant in time), a stochastic treatment of turbulent wind inflow requires a technique capable to handle a random field. The step from a random parameter to a random field is not trivial, and hence the new stochastic methods are introduced in three stages. First the bird wing model from above is simplified to a one element wing/ blade model, and the previously deterministic solution is substituted with a stochastic solution for a one-point wind speed time series (a random process). Second, the wind inflow is extended to an $n$-point correlated random wind field and the aerodynamic model is extended accordingly. To complete this step a new kind of wind model is introduced, requiring significantly fewer random variables than previous models. Finally, the stochastic method is applied to wind turbine aerodynamics (for now based on Blade Element Momentum theory) to analyze rotor thrust, torque, and power. Throughout all these steps the stochastic results are compared to result statistics obtained via Monte Carlo analysis from unsteady reference models solved in the conventional deterministic framework. Thus it is verified that the stochastic results actually reproduce the deterministic benchmark. Moreover, a considerable speed-up of the calculations is found (for example by a factor 20 for calculating blade thrust load probability distributions). Results from this research provide a means to much more quickly analyze life time loads and an aerodynamic model to be used a new wind turbine optimization framework, capable of analyzing new geometries, and actually optimizing wind turbine blades with life time loads in mind. However, to limit the scope of this work, we only present the aerodynamic models here and will not proceed to turbine optimization itself, which is left for future work.
Graduate
0538
0548
mfluck@uvic.ca

碩士
元智大學
電機工程學系
106
The purpose of this thesis is to complete the design, production and implementation of the machine animal of bionic bird. The objectives of this thesis is the design and manufacture of small-scale flight mechanism with a pair of wings. The implementation of mechanical structure, system integration of the bionic robot bird platform and the design of controller has completed. It has automatic flight, remote control, and attitude feedback ability. This thesis is also constructs the image transmission system and integrates with the bionic robot bird platform. Based on the system platform it further adds the camera lens, image transmission and other modules to the fuselage. And the interface of the original system is integrated and compatible. Dynamic sensors are used to measure flight information of the bionic robot bird. Moreover, according to image transmission unit, the bionic robot bird has the ability of aerial photography. Finally, the remote images from the flying robot bird are provided to other platform by using the network of the ground control center, in purpose to integrate the function of the Internet of Things (IoT).

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
97
When birds fly, the shape and the movement of the wings will be ever-changing because of the special structure of feathers and the resistance of air. If we dig into the principles of flight from scientific aspects, it will be so intricate and obscure that we just mention it briefly. In this study, it will mainly conclude the external structure of wings, flying method, and the movement mode, trying to simulate the movement of flying wings by 3D softwares. In fact, the movement of the wings was formed by the rotating of bones and the twisting of feathers, hence, we can use the skeleton module to set and produce simulation. In the producing process, we would refer to commands under the two modules of Polygons and Animation of MAYA, outlining their functions and usage briefly. And then we used these tools to build the model and the skeleton of birds, recording the producing process and generalizing the key points to help us find out the problems, so that we could discuss and make improvement of it. Finally, we will manipulate the skeleton by using the controller to simulate the flying movement of birds in the film, and then sum up the main points and recommendations of the skeleton-producing animation.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
98
This thesis investigates the influence of motion kinematics on lift production of a flapping bird-wing. Biomechanical and aerodynamic mechanisms underlying asymmetrical-hovering and ascending flights in Zosterops japonicas and Erythrura gouldiae were experimentally explored. The flight mechanisms and bio-wisdom revealed from our research on live birds were applicable to the design of biomimetic flapping aerial-vehicles, beneficially enhancing the flight maneuverability. I recorded and analyzed the characteristic three-dimensional locomotor trajectory of flapping wings of Zosterops japonicas and Erythrura gouldiae during both hovering and ascending flights. The wake flow fields of flying birds were quantitatively visualized employing the digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). A mechanical flapper mimicking bird wings was devised and constructed according to the biomechanical principles extracted from the experiments. This mechanical flapper primarily emulates two important wing motions - flapping and twisting, enabling a detailed examination of the significance as well as impacts of wing kinematics on lift production. The steady level flight has been the subject of a great deal of studies on bird flight. There is, however, remarkably little research focusing on the maneuvering flight of birds. This is why this thesis has particularly attempted to clarify the role of wing kinematics in aerodynamics of maneuvering flight of birds. The motion of Zosterops japonicas and Erythrura gouldiae during hovering and ascending flight can be roughly divided into three stages. At the first stage, the wings initially situated on the dorsal side fling until the wings are fully extended. For the second stage, the fully extended wings sweep forward and downward, completing the downstroke phase. At the third stage corresponding to the upstroke phase, the bird wings are initially retracted and subsequently extended dorsally, resuming a posture in preparation for the succeeding downstroke. Although motion of hovering and ascending are similar, the bird wings execute a downstroke ventral-clap only in the hovering flight. It should be noted that clapping wings of Zosterops japonicas act like two plates hitting each other. Erythrura gouldiae otherwise executes a bow with two wings. A remarkable difference between hovering and ascending flights is that a ventral clap is not observed during the ascending flight. Lift forces produced by the birds were evaluated employing a vortex-ring model. Results manifest that merely the downstroke produces the required lift. Moreover, during asymmetrical hovering, Zosterops japonicas has a better flight performance than Erythrura gouldiae. Erythrura gouldiae expends less energy during ascending flight than hovering flight. During asymmetrical hovering, ventral-clap produces a strong downward jet compensating for the zero lift-production during the upstroke. Prior to the ventral-clap, the aerodynamic drag is approximately 1~1.5 folds of the bird weight due to a large angle of attack of the wing. Then ventral-clap subsequently produces a lift that is 2~2.5 folds of the bird weight, counteracting the drag and also providing a lift sufficiently large to maintain the hovering flight. During hovering, the peak-to-peak lift force amplitude of Erythrura gouldiae is around 4.5 times of the bird weight, while the peak-to-peak lift force amplitude of Zosterops japonicas is 3 times of the bird weight. For ascending flight, the peak-to-peak lift force amplitude of Erythrura gouldiae is 3.5 times of the bird weight, while Zosterops japonicas is 3.2 times of the bird weight. Additionally, the aspect ratios associated with a Zosterops japonicas and a Erythrura gouldiae were approximately 1.73 and 1.94 respectively. These findings suggest that a bird wing of a high aspect ratio is suited to the steady level flight, whereas a bird wing of a small aspect ratio is suited to flight maneuvers. Although there is no ventral-clap in the ascending flight for both bird species, the changes in angle of attack of a downstroking wing during ascending flight are typically smaller than that of the hovering flight. Accordingly, there is nearly zero production of negative lift. With a higher flapping frequency and less production of the negative lift, more net positive lift is produced during the downstroke for ascending birds. Furthermore, at the beginning of an upstroke, a vertical-bound is observed for both the Zosterops japonicas and the Erythrura gouldiae. Experiments with a biomimetic mechanical flapper indicate that evaluation of the lift force employing the vortex-ring model renders a result of 85.6% accuracy. The aerodynamic influences of both flapping and twisting motions on the flight performance are also clearly addressed. It was found that the ‘wing-rotation’ mechanism is also effective for flapping flight at Reynolds numbers ranging from 105 to106. To summarize, the impacts of motion kinematics on lift production of a flapping bird-wing are clarified. Finding of this thesis can be beneficially applied to the design of biomimetic flapping aerial vehicles with multiple degrees of freedom.

Birds and bats employ a variety of advanced wing motions in the efficient production of thrust. The purpose of this thesis is to quantify the benefit of these advanced wing motions, determine the optimal theoretical wing kinematics for a given flight condition, and to develop a methodology for applying the results in the optimal design of flapping-wing aircraft (ornithopters). To this end, a medium-fidelity, combined aero-structural model has been developed that is capable of simulating the advanced kinematics seen in bird flight, as well as the highly non-linear structural deformations typical of high-aspect ratio wings. Five unique methods of thrust production observed in natural species have been isolated, quantified and thoroughly investigated for their dependence on Reynolds number, airfoil selection, frequency, amplitude and relative phasing. A gradient-based optimization algorithm has been employed to determined the wing kinematics that result in the minimum required power for a generalized aircraft or species in any given flight condition. In addition to the theoretical work, with the help of an extended team, the methodology was applied to the design and construction of the world's first successful human-powered ornithopter. The Snowbird Human-Powered Ornithopter, is used as an example aircraft to show how additional design constraints can pose limits on the optimal kinematics. The results show significant trends that give insight into the kinematic operation of natural species. The general result is that additional complexity, whether it be larger twisting deformations or advanced wing-folding mechanisms, allows for the possibility of more efficient flight. At its theoretical optimum, the efficiency of flapping-wings exceeds that of current rotors and propellers, although these efficiencies are quite difficult to achieve in practice.

碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
表演藝術研究所
97
Human body can be considered a medium to perform dancing into our reality world. Only needs to drive the organisations of Human body, such as hands, legs, torso and head can create extremely complicated and various artistic conceptions of movement including instantly static gestures, different kind rhythms and the hardest skill performances. As a result, the dancers themselves have to go through a long-term rigorous training program in order to present a variety of movements, techniques, such as: jump, spin, standing with single-foot and so on. As above explanations, it can understand that the condition of performing nice dance is in accordance with nimbleness of the human body. Therefore the physical appearances, such as a sane, defect, size and others human body appearances could be pointed as influencing elements of dancing. Compared with the general able-bodied person, the body with incomplete working conditions, which is loosely called “physical and mental disabled”, has his performance limitations because of restrictions from physical impairments causing by pathological changes; thus, it is very restrictive and challenging for them to study the progresses of dance. However there are rarely articles, assays, and researches to discuss the course of those learning processes; as a result, the researcher herein would like to discover and explore this issue deeply in order to understand widely and evidently all progresses of learning dance of the physical and mental disabled. This research is taking The Bird and Water Dancing Group’s 2006 work flying golden wing as an example to discuss the characters and processes of different type of disabled of the restrictions of the physical condition, such as hand and foot disorder, visual impairment and dwarfism. The researcher used participant observations, structured interview and unstructured interview to observe disabled person, record and collect information from the area of this issue. The result of this research could help people to understand disabled person’s learning process and recording and analyzing a variety of disabled person’s learning process. And consult the education theory and the disabled theory to build the learning process structures for the disabled person to apply.

The Moche fineline painting corpus contains hundreds of representations of winged figures, but these have never been analyzed as a group. This thesis is an investigation of these winged figures, focusing on iconographic methodology. I have identified and categorized representations of birds (ducks, the Falconidae family, owls,hummingbirds, vultures and condors, etc.), mammals (bats) and insects (dragonflies) in the fineline paintings. Special attention has been paid to genus and family, including the attributes and behaviors of these animals. This has yielded several important observations about how the Moche represented and linked winged figures. In the second part of this thesis I use semiotic analysis to consider winged figures as symbols rather than naturalistic representations. I also examine anthropomorphic winged figures, and analyze the interpretive possibilities and the implications of these interpretations.
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