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1
Hasib, Abdullah, Risaldi Muhamad, Talita Yuanda Reksa, Alvina Ulimaz Artha, and Erma Safitri. "Utilization of Sumbawa Tropical Forest Honey Apis Dorsata to Improve Fertility of Indonesia Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis) as Effort Animal Population Increasement." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1190.
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The objective of this experiment is to observe the effect of forest honey produced by giant bees Apis dorsata on improving fertility and egg number of the bird. The bird which observed in this experiment is captive bird Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis). Twelve paired captive bird in official captivity were transferred into new pairing cage and adapted along two weeks. Every bird was fed with crickets and normal ration mixed with low protein diet (LP) with 16% of crude protein gradually. After an adaptation period, twelve paired captive bird were divided into three groups T1, T2 and T3. Birds were treatened with honey solution 5%, 10% and 15% concentration series in 1 ml aquadest intraabdominal of 10 crickets and fed with 15 crickets and 20 gram low protein ration (16%) per day for two laying periods. Egg production each group were calculated and observed its fertility among all egg production in one parental. In accordance with that, the results were analyzed descriptively. This pre-treatment, the bird’s mating behaviour becomes a week faster than the normal period. Bird’s fertility is also increasing with the provision of honey in the bird nutrition. In the bird’s pairs in cage’s number 9 and 10 have shown development by producing 3 fertile eggs after being treated with honey. In the previous period showed from 3 eggs only 1 being fertile. Honey has not been able to increase the number of eggs produced by birds. However, there is an enhancement in the animal population up to 25% of the 12 pairs of birds that are used as experimental samples in the captivity. The conclusion of this study shows that honey can accelerate the mating behaviour of birds and can increase the fertility of birds' eggs. However, honey has not yet affected the increase the quantity of the birds' egg. Longer observation’s duration with extra bird’s sample is needed for future research, in order to see the reproduction cycle of birds over several periods. Field research related to nutrition in chemistry nutrition’s fields related the active ingredient in honey that can affect the reproduction system is also important to conducted for further research. Keywords: Oriental Magpie Robin; Eggs Production; Fertility; Mating Behaviour; Honey
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Yeremieiev, Volodymyr. "Development of software for the study of ornithocomplexes on the territory of wind stations using the results of observations by the route counting method." Ukrainian Journal of Educational Studies and Information Technology 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32919/uesit.2020.03.04.
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An information system (IS) BIRDS2 has been developed for storing and analyzing data obtained by monitoring the behavior of birds on the territory of wind power plants (WPPs) using the route accounting method. The program code is compiled on the basis of Windows Forms technology in the Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2019 software development environment. The operation of the program was tested by comparing the results of monitoring bird migration on the territory of the Primorsk-1 wind farm with known literature data. The sample size of registered birds used for analysis consisted of 8927 birds, of which 802 were of the transit type, 2511 were of the forage type, and 5614 were of the nesting type. The observations were carried out by the route counting method, adapted by V. D. Siokhin and P. I. Gorlov in relation to the territory of wind parks. During the monitoring process, eight parameters were recorded: the date of observation, the time of registration, the coordinates of the registration on the Google map, the number of birds, the species of the individual, the direction of flight, the type of location on the territory of the wind farm (transit, forage, nesting), and the flight altitude. The user-friendly interface allows you to analyze the behavior of birds on the territory of the station according to all accounting characteristics. The IS makes it possible to determine the number of birds in flight over the territory of the wind park at a given time, to find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the bird's flight path with the boundaries of the wind farm, to calculate the length of the bird's flight path over the area occupied by the wind park.
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Roselli, Megan A., Samantha M. Cady, Sirena Lao, Bruce H. Noden, and Scott R. Loss. "Variation in Tick Load Among Bird Body Parts: Implications for Studying the Role of Birds in the Ecology and Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (December 28, 2019): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz228.
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Abstract Wild birds play important roles in the maintenance and dispersal of tick populations and tick-borne pathogens, yet in field studies of tick-borne disease ecology and epidemiology there is limited standardization of how birds are searched for ticks. We conducted a qualitative literature review of 100 field studies where birds were searched for ticks to characterize which parts of a bird’s anatomy are typically sampled. To increase understanding of potential biases associated with different sampling approaches, we described variation in tick loads among bird body parts using field-collected data from 459 wild-caught birds that were searched across the entire body. The literature review illustrated a lack of clarity and consistency in tick-searching protocols: 57% of studies did not explicitly report whether entire birds or only particular body parts were searched, 34% reported concentrating searches on certain body parts (most frequently the head only), and only 9% explicitly reported searching the entire bird. Based on field-collected data, only 22% of ticks were found on the head, indicating that studies focusing on the head likely miss a large proportion of ticks. We provide tentative evidence that feeding locations may vary among tick species; 89% of Amblyomma americanum, 73% of Ambloyomma maculatum, and 56% of Haemaphysalis leporispalustris were on body parts other than the head. Our findings indicate a need for clear reporting and increased standardization of tick searching methodologies, including sampling the entire bird body, to provide an unbiased understanding of the role of birds in the maintenance and emergence of tick-borne pathogens.
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Astuti, Dwi, and Siti Nuramaliati Prijono. "Diversity of The Ornate Lorikeet (Trichoglossus ornatus) Birds Based on Mitochondrial DNA Protein Coding Gene." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.13501.
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Ornate lorikeet (Trichoglossus ornatus) is an endemic bird in Sulawesi. Endemism is one of the factors in declining bird’s population. In the case of the birds conservation programme, information about gene diversity is important for basic strategy. Mitochondrial DNA of animals consists of protein coding genes including ND2 gene. This study informs diversity of the Ornate Lorikeet (Trichoglossus ornatus) birds based on DNA sequences of ND2 gene. DNA total was extracted from blood samples of 21 birds. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was performed and successfully amplified a single DNA fragment of ND2 gene for all birds. DNA fragments were sequenced and totally 997 base pairs were analyzed. NJ tree was constructed using MEGA5. All DNA sequence data showed that between the birds there were 20 polymorphic (segregating) sites with mean genetic distance was 0.004 ± 0.002 (ranged from 0,000 – 0,008), and had 17 sequence haplotypes (HTor1- HTo17). Haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.967 ± 0.30387 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.00439 ± 0.0012. Genetic diversity information could be potential relevance to the breeding management for conservation of the birds.
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Yudkin, V. A., and M. A. Grabovski. "QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF ESTIMATE OF AERODROME BIRDS HAZARD RISK." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 21, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2018-21-4-48-59.
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The formalized parameters of bird hazard assessment at the aerodrome are presented. The size of total biomass of all birds that are in a zone of aircraft movement reflects the aggregate characteristic of ornithological hazard. This is a dynamic parameter, its dimensionality is kg/hour‧km2. The size of biomass is differentiated on high-altitude layers and the directions of its movement. In addition, it is necessary to estimate activity of each bird species at the aerodrome as component parts of bird hazard. Its dimensionality is individuals/hour‧km2. One more parameter of aerodrome bird hazard in the assessment process of activity of each bird species is the behavior pattern of birds in aerodrome airspace. This parameter will allow to reveal the sources of bird arrivals at the airfield and to detect the causes of it. Assessment of this share is necessary to choose the effective measures to decrease bird strike risk. The birds recording technique at airfield has been designed to obtain quantitative values of main parameters of bird hazard. The birds recording is carried out from the observation points located on the opposite sides of the runway. The birds recording technique is based on visual detection of birds, identification of species, sex and age determination, expert estimate of altitude and direction of their movement. Except the flying birds, the foraging and resting birds on the ground are also considered. The contribution of these birds to the aggregate value of ornithological hazard is bigger than overflying birds. The birds recording technique is described in detail. The norms and frequency of birds recording to obtain data on daily and seasonal dynamics of aerodrome bird hazard are substantiated. The algorithm of processing the results of birds recording and calculation of the main parameters value of bird hazard is stated. Gradations of bird hazard and relevant measures to decrease quantity of birds at airfield are proposed.
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Kidd, Aline H., and Robert M. Kidd. "Addendum to Problems and Benefits of Bird Ownership." Psychological Reports 84, no. 2 (April 1999): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.368.
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Because several recent studies suggested that adults who fed only wild birds would report having different problems and benefits than did pet bird owners who also fed wild birds, and pet bird only owners, the present study added data to clarify such differences. 150 adults were selected so that 50 persons (25 men and 25 women) each were classified into one of three groups: those who only owned pet birds, those who owned pet birds and also fed wild birds, and those who only fed wild birds. There were no significant differences between men and women in any of the three groups, and no significant differences in their responses. The 50 people who fed wild birds only reported having added problems with neighbors' cats, bees, ants, squirrels, blue jays, and other oppressive larger birds, but the 50 pet bird owners who also fed wild birds and the owners of pet birds only reported the same problems with minor differences in type and number of interlopers. Clearly, all bird lovers shared similar characteristics, feelings, and behaviors toward birds and acknowledged the minor differences in attitudes toward the benefits and problems created by the birds' various interactions and behaviors with humans.
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Falke, Cassandra. "Thinking with Birds: John Clare and the Phenomenology of Perception." Romanticism 26, no. 2 (July 2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2020.0463.
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John Clare's bird's nest poems create much of their dramatic interest by emphasising the vulnerability of the birds, the fragility of the eggs, and the interdependence of the surrounding ecosystem. This essay draws on concepts from French phenomenology to discuss the poet-speaker's embeddedness in a particular moment within that ecosystem and the extent to which his own vulnerability facilitates empathy with the birds he meets. Clare foregrounds the tension between pre-reflective processes, which Maurice Merleau-Ponty calls ‘operative intentionality’, and the categorical concepts or expectations that fail to account for these. He establishes the birds' own perceptive acts as part of what is given within operative intentionality, without claiming that his understanding is adequate to thinking with a bird or conceptualizing the delight of discovery. Jean-Luc Marion's concept of ‘saturated phenomenality’ provides a means of describing the surplus of what phenomenologists call ‘intuition’, to which Clare's bird's nest poems often attest.
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Widya Pintaka Bayu Putra. "PREDICTING THE GROWTH CURVE OF BODY WEIGHT IN MALEO BIRDS (MACROCEPHALON MALEO)." OISAA Journal of Indonesia Emas 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52162/jie.2021.004.02.4.
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Maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) is the one of protected bird’s species and originated from Sulawesi island of Indonesia. This study was carried out to obtain the growth curve of body weight (BW) in mixed-sex Maleo birds from hatching to yearling ages. The growth curve in this study was calculated with non-linear regression of Logistic (L) and Gompertz (G) models using CurveExprt 1.4. computer program. The primary data in this study was cited from previous study through a literature study. Research showed that the asymptotic weight (A) in birds was 1825.34 g (L) and 3429.23 g (G). The weight of inflection (Wi) in studied birds were 912.67 g (L) and 1260.75 g (G). The time of inflection (ti) in birds was 8.51 months (L) and 11.00 months (G). The maximum growth rate in birds was 159.72 g/month (L) and 151.29 g/month (G). The coefficient of determination (R2) in both models included of very high category (0.80<R2<1.00) but the lower of standard error (SE) value showed in L model. It can be concluded that the non-linear regression of Logistic model can be used as BW predictors in mixed-sex Maleo birds.
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Hedenstrom, A., and F. Liechti. "Field estimates of body drag coefficient on the basis of dives in passerine birds." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.6.1167.
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During forward flight, a bird's body generates drag that tends to decelerate its speed. By flapping its wings, or by converting potential energy into work if gliding, the bird produces both lift and thrust to balance the pull of gravity and drag. In flight mechanics, a dimensionless number, the body drag coefficient (C(D,par)), describes the magnitude of the drag caused by the body. The drag coefficient depends on the shape (or streamlining), the surface texture of the body and the Reynolds number. It is an important variable when using flight mechanical models to estimate the potential migratory flight range and characteristic flight speeds of birds. Previous wind tunnel measurements on dead, frozen bird bodies indicated that C(D,par) is 0.4 for small birds, while large birds should have lower values of approximately 0.2. More recent studies of a few birds flying in a wind tunnel suggested that previous values probably overestimated C(D,par). We measured maximum dive speeds of passerine birds during the spring migration across the western Mediterranean. When the birds reach their top speed, the pull of gravity should balance the drag of the body (and wings), giving us an opportunity to estimate C(D,par). Our results indicate that C(D,par) decreases with increasing Reynolds number within the range 0.17-0.77, with a mean C(D,par) of 0.37 for small passerines. A somewhat lower mean value could not be excluded because diving birds may control their speed below the theoretical maximum. Our measurements therefore support the notion that 0.4 (the ‘old’ default value) is a realistic value of C(D,par) for small passerines.
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Badmaev, A. A. "Traditional Buryat Beliefs About Birds." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.2.106-113.
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This study, based on ethnographic, linguistic, and folk materials, describes and interprets Buryat ideas of birds. The analysis of lexical data reveals the principal groups of birds according to the Buryat folk classification. The bat’s status is indistinct, since bats are not subordinate to the kings of the animal world. Diagnostic criteria underlying the classification of birds are outlined. The main criterion was whether a bird was beneficial or harmful. Ornithomorphic images in Buryat mythology, folklore, and ritual are described. Cult birds and bird totems are listed, and relics of local bird cults (those relating to swan, goose, duck, pigeon, and eagle) are revealed. Birds with positive connotations are the swan, crane, swallow, pigeon, eagle, and eagle-owl. Those with negative connotation are the kite, raven, crow, quail, cuckoo, and hoopoe). The attitude toward ducks, hawks, magpies, and jackdaws is ambivalent. Certain birds (ducks and ravens) were related to cosmogonic ideas; others (swan, goose, eagle, etc.) were endowed with a werewolf capability. The raven, the cuckoo, and the hoopoe symbolized natural cycles, whereas the magpie and the quail were associated with the soul. The role of bird images in the mytho-ritual practices is discussed. The Buryat mythological ideas reflected not only specific ethnic views of certain birds, but also universal ones.
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GREENSTONE, M. H. "Birds Are Birds." Science 254, no. 5031 (October 25, 1991): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5031.502.
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Charoenpokaraj, Nitinarth, and Petchpanom Chitman. "Species Diversity and Abundance of Birds along Boat Touring Routes for Ecotourism in Tha-kha Sub-District, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand." Proceedings 2, no. 22 (November 5, 2018): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2221389.
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Tha-kha Floating Market is a famous tourist attraction in Tha Kha sub-district, Amphawa district, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand. There are Thai paddle-boats for tourists to get close to nature and local people lifestyle along the canals. The objectives of this research were (1) to study species diversity, feeding behavior and status of birds in the research area. (2) to analyze abundance and similarity of birds in the research area. The data was carried out by field survey of species of birds and their behaviors sighted directly and from their calls by using line transect method then classify species, feeding behavior and status of birds, analyze their abundance and similarity in three routes. Three boat touring routes were surveyed; route 1 (Tha Kha floating market—homestay), route 2 (Tha Kha floating market—Thai traditional sugar making kiln), and route 3 (Thai traditional sugar making kiln—resort). The survey was conducted in the morning from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. and in the afternoon from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. One survey was made each month from April 2017–March 2018. The result of this research found that there were 15 orders, 37 families and 74 species of birds. The highest number of bird species in 3 routes was 49 species in December and 47 species in November accordingly because it was migratory season of migratory birds in the research area. According to bird feeding behavior, the maximum insectivorous bird species of 35 were found in 3 routes. According to status of birds, 52 resident birds, 9 migratory birds, 13 resident and migratory birds were found in 3 routes. According to bird abundance, 21 bird species were in level 5, 7 bird species in level 4, 20 bird species in level 3, 9 bird species in level 2 and 17 bird species in level 1. According to bird similarity index, the similarity index between route 1 and route 3 was 0.814. The community also organized eco-touring activities by using Thai paddle-boats. So the birds are as indicators of natural balance of local ecosystem.
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Zhang, Shanshan, Hong Ying, Gesang Pingcuo, Shuo Wang, Fan Zhao, Yongning Cui, Jian Shi, Hu Zeng, and Xiuli Zeng. "Identification of Potential Metabolites Mediating Bird’s Selective Feeding on Prunus mira Flowers." BioMed Research International 2019 (June 23, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1395480.
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In peach orchards, birds severely damage flowers during blossom season, decreasing the fruit yield potential. However, the wild peach species Prunus mira shows intraspecific variations of bird damage, indicating that some of the wild trees have developed strategies to avert bird foraging. Motivated by this observation, we formulated the present study to identify the potential flower metabolites mediating the bird’s selective feeding behavior in P. mira flowers. The birds’ preferred (FG) and avoided (BFT) flowers were collected from wild P. mira trees at three different locations, and their metabolite contents were detected, quantified, and compared. The widely-targeted metabolomics approach was employed to detect a diverse set of 603 compounds, predominantly, organic acids, amino acid derivatives, nucleotide and its derivatives, and flavones. By quantitatively comparing the metabolite contents between FG and BFT, three candidate metabolites, including Eriodictiol 6-C-hexoside 8-C-hexoside-O-hexoside, Luteolin O-hexosyl-O-hexosyl-O-hexoside, and Salvianolic acid A, were differentially accumulated and showed the same pattern across the three sampling locations. Distinctly, Salvianolic acid A was abundantly accumulated in FG but absent in BFT, implying that it may be the potential metabolite attracting birds in some P. mira flowers. Overall, this study sheds light on the diversity of the floral metabolome in P. mira and suggests that the bird’s selective feeding behavior may be mediated by variations in floral metabolite contents.
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Honda, Takeshi. "Exploiting Scanning Behavior for Predators Can Reduce Rice Damage Caused by Birds." International Journal of Zoology 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/568494.
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Rice is often damaged by birds, especially sparrows, in Asia. Bird nets are sometimes used as countermeasures; however this approach is expensive and labor intensive. For this reason, farmers generally eschew bird nets, even though no alternative countermeasures are available. This study focused on exploiting the bird behavior of scanning for predators to reduce crop damage. When birds forage for seeds on the ground they often stop pecking and briefly raise their heads, apparently to scan for predators. Low visibility habitats increase scanning behavior and increased scanning behavior reduces habitat quality from the bird’s perspective; therefore, this study tested the relationship between rice damage rate and visibility at the periphery of rice fields, where tree sparrows rest after feeding. Overall, low visibility reduced damage to rice. Because visibility was mainly affected by weeds, weed management techniques contribute to crop damage management. To reduce damage, weeding can be decreased; therefore, this technique is cost- and labor-efficient.
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Islam, MS, MS Parvin, J. Akhter, MT Islam, MP Siddique, and MH Rashid. "Clinical Evaluation of Hyperimmune Serum for the Treatment of Newcastle Disease in Indigenous Layer Birds." Progressive Agriculture 24, no. 1-2 (June 10, 2014): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19103.
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The efficacy of hyperimmune serum for the treatment of Newcastle disease (ND) was evaluated in indigenous birds. A total of 20 indigenous birds (3 to 4 months old) were divided into three groups, namely group A (n = 9), B (n = 8) and C (n = 3). Birds of all the groups were infected orally with 0.2 mL (106.5EID50/0.1 mL) of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Birds of group A were treated with hyperimmune serum (raised in chickens against NDV) @ 2 mL/bird IM after 6 hours of infection before commencement of clinical signs. Birds of group B received two doses of hyperimmune serum, first @ 2 mL/bird IV after commencement of clinical signs and second @ 3 mL/bird IM 5 hours after first dosing. Birds of group C served as infected control. Birds of group A did not show any clinical signs of ND except one (11%). However, the only sick bird recovered after one repeat dosing of 1 mL hyperimmune serum. In group B, 87.5% birds survived with two birds having nervous signs. Therefore, it may be concluded that hyperimmune sera was effective in preventing morbidity and mortality due to ND in birds when administered before or after commencement of the clinical signs. However, it is needed to conduct a field trial to explore the efficacy of hyperimmune sera raised both in chickens and rabbits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19103 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 79 - 84, 2013
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Pyke, GH, and HF Recher. "Estimated Forest Bird Densities by Variable Distance Point Counts." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850307.
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During variable distance point counts a stationary observer records the species and distance for all birds detected during a fixed time interval. Such counts, repeated throughout the area of interest, can be used to estimate bird density so long as the following assumptions are made: (1) the distribution of birds is unaffected by the observer; (2) observers are certain of detecting near birds; (3) there is no error in measurement or estimation of distances; and (4) birds are stationary. Data collected during the present study indicated that at least two of these assumptions are not satisfied: estimates of distance based on sound are inaccurate and observers do not always detect near birds. No effect of observer presence on bird distribution was detected nor did there appear to be any significant movement of birds during counts. We recommend that bird counts be based only on sight detections and that, when bird movement is significant, instantaneous counts be used.
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Sinyo, Bayu A., L. Lambey, F. Kairupan, and J. Keintjem. "KAJIAN WARNA DAN CORAK BULU PADA BURUNG WERIS DI KOTA KOTAMOBAGU SULAWESI UTARA." ZOOTEC 34, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.34.1.2014.3878.
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ABSTRACT STUDY ON FEATHER PATTERN AND COLORS OF “WERIS” BIRDS IN CITY OF KOTAMOBAGU. Mandar bird (Gallirallus) which in local language known as Weris (Minahasa), and Boruit (Kotamobagu) is a bird in the family Rallidae, are a family of birds that have small to medium body size. General habitat of this bird species is swamp, near a river or lake. Weris birds generally breed in densely vegetated areas According Rusila (1994). Identify an issue in the study is the identification of colors and feather patterns, two species weris birds that exist in Kotamobagus (North Sulawesi). The purpose of this study was to obtain date on the diversity of colors and patterns that exist in weris birds of Kotamobagu,Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi. The expected benefits of this research is to provide information on the identification of plumage color and pattern weris birds, useful breeding process.Weris birds in Indonesia consists of several types, based on the results of research conducted in Kotamobagu Bolaang Mongondow North Sulawesi weris got 2 different types of birds that Gallirallus Philipensis and Gallirallus torquatus. Both types of weris birds have different key characters can be seen from theoutside or exterior appearance, that is the difference of colors and patterns. Key words : Weris Birds, Color, and Patterns
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Kidd, Aline H., and Robert M. Kidd. "Problems and Benefits of Bird Ownership." Psychological Reports 83, no. 1 (August 1998): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.131.
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Because research literature on human and avian interactions is limited, it seemed important to investigate the benefits and liabilities of pet-bird ownership. It was hypothesized that most pet bird owners would have other pet animals in addition to birds, that one-fifth of owners would have owned pet birds during childhood or adolescence, that they would report their birds provided physical and verbal companionship, and that most would admit to their being some real liabilities in owning birds. 50 men and 50 women bird owners were interviewed. Clearly, bird owners were also animal lovers, and their responses supported all the hypotheses. The primary benefits of bird ownership were friendship, companionship, and verbal interactions. The primary liabilities were messiness and noise. Respondents stated good bird owners needed to be patient, affectionate, and sensitively perceptive. These findings should help in training of both children and adults for careful nurturing of birds and other pets.
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Peng, Shawn, and Donald M. Broom. "The Sustainability of Keeping Birds as Pets: Should Any Be Kept?" Animals 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020582.
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We describe a wide range of unethical and unsustainable practices inherent to the trading and keeping of pet birds. At present, biodiversity and wild bird populations are being greatly harmed and many individual birds have poor welfare. Wild-caught birds should not be sold to the public as pets, or to breeding establishments for several reasons, including because 75–90% of wild-caught birds die before the point of sale and taking birds from the wild has negative effects on biodiversity. The housing provided for pet birds should meet the needs of birds of that species and allow good welfare, for example there should be no small cages but aviaries with space for each bird to exercise adequately, and social birds should be kept in social groups. At present, inadequate housing of many pet birds results in stereotypies and other indicators of poor welfare in birds. Owners should have knowledge of how to provide good nutrition and minimize the risk of disease. Unless these changes are made, keeping birds as pets should not be permitted. New laws are needed to prohibit taking birds from the wild and ensure captive pet birds in conditions that do meet their needs.
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Ewuola, E. O., and A. T. Olujimi. "Bovine testicular fluid enhanced growth performance of broiler chickens." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.1287.
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Testosterone has been reported to have anabolic influence on various organs of animals. Thus, an experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of crude testosterone in bovine testicular fluid (BTF) on the growth performance of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty-five broiler chicks (Abore Acre) were used. They were raised for one week and randomly allotted into five treatments consisted of five replicates (five chicks per replicate) under the intensive management system. Four different levels; 25mL, 50mL, 75mL, and 100mL of bovine testicular fluid per litre of water were administered to the birds, while the control birds were offered ordinary water. Feeds (broiler starter and finisher diets) were provided ad libitum on daily basis at weeks 2-4 and 5-8, respectively and clean water was given at free choice throughout the period of the study. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily water intake (ADWI), average daily weight gain (ADWG) per bird, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds were determined. At week seven blood was sampled to assay for level of the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. The results indicated that ALW and the ADWG of the T5 birds (1850.00g/bird and 43.79g/bird, respectively) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than birds in T1, T2, T3, and T4, while the ADFI of T1, T3 and T4 birds (90.33g/bird, 94.09g/bird, 90.39g/bird respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than T2 (84.60g/bird) and T5 (84.60g/bird). ADWI of the T5 and T4 birds (101.01mL/bird, and 98.68mL/bird, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than TI (82.13mL/bird), T2 (86.50mL/bird) and T3 (93.01mL/bird) birds. Birds administered 100mL of BTF/litre (T5) had the best percentage carcass yield and feed conversion ratio of 76.60% and 2.11 respectively, among the treatments T1, T2, T3, and T4 birds. The result of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the serum concentration of the sex hormones showed that the expression of the serum testosterone increased as the inclusion levels of the Bovine testicular fluid increased with birds on T5 having significantly (P < 0.05) higher values (3.64 nmol/L) than those on the control (2.60 nmol/L). However, testosterone levels in T2 (3.18 nmol/L), T3 (3.24 nmol/L) and T4 (3.40 nmol/L) was not significantly different from T5. This study suggests that 100ml of bovine testicular fluid per liter of the drinking water can be used as a growth promoter for broiler chickens.
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Anggraini, Mirya. "Burung yang Baik Dipelihara dan Tidak dalam Serat Ngalamating Kutut." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.12.3.20-29.
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This study aims to reveal the meaning of the pekutut bird in Serat Ngalamating Kutut. Material object of this research is Serat Ngalamating Kutut. Serat Ngalamating Kutut consists of nineteen stanzas and contains myths about perkutut bird. The text describes fifteen kinds perkutut bird. Of the fifteen kinds can be divided into two. Nine kinds are good turtles and the other six are bad birds. The results showed, the characteristics of perkutut birds that have good and bad influence there is in the text. Birds that have good characteristic are recommended to maintain. Contrarily, birds that have bird characteristics that can bring problems are not recommended, even forbidden to maintain.
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Dhindsa, Manjit S., Jaswinder S. Sandhu, P. S. Sandhu, and H. S. Toor. "Roadside Birds in Punjab (India): Relation to Mortality from Vehicles." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 4 (1988): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029799.
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Roadside bird mortality is a new environmental dimension in developing countries. With the recent increase in the number of high-speed cars and the simultaneous improvement of roads in India, bird-car strikes and the resultant bird mortality are becoming important. To know how many species frequent roads in Punjab and thus may be prone to be killed by fast vehicles, we censused birds along 420 km of roads of different widths and traffic volumes from a vehicle moving at 50–60 km per hour. We also counted birds along transects c. 1 km away from roads, for comparison.In all, 35 species of birds were recorded on the road proper or within 3 m of either edge. Common Myna (Acridotheres trisitis) was the most abundant species (34.8% of all birds), followed by House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) (29.5%), Ring Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) (13.1%), and House Crow (Corvus splendens) (9.7%). These four species together accounted for c. 87% of the total of all bird species. The off-road community consisted of 68 species. The species-richness of granivorous, insectivorous, omnivorous, and some other birds, was less on or near roads than in the off-road transects, but within each community, species having different feeding habits were in similar proportions. About 93% of the total birds on or near roads (as against 66% off-road) were either granivorous or omnivorous.Our results suggested that granivorous birds are attracted, but insectivorous and other birds are repelled, by roads. Omnivores were equally abundant on and off roads. Food (such as spilled grain) seemed to be the main factor attracting birds to roads. Species diversity and equitability of the bird community on roads (1.82 and 0.51, respectively) were less than those off-roads (3.11 and 0.74, respectively). Wider roads had lower species-diversity and equitability, probably because of the greater volume of traffic on them compared with narrower roads. Species richness and bird abundance seemed not to be affected by roadwidth. Bird mortality on roads is discussed, along with the possibility of roads acting as “ecological traps” for foraging birds.
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Balaira, Hartina S., G. V. J. Assa, F. J. Nangoy, C. L. K. Sarajar, and Meis Nangoy. "INFESTASI KUTU PADA AYAM KAMPUNG (Gallus gallus domestic) DI DESA TOLOK KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA." ZOOTEC 39, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.39.2.2019.25769.
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LOUSE INFESTATION AT LOCAL LAYING HENS (Gallus gallus domestic) AT TOLOKVILLAGE TOMPASO DISTRICT OF MINAHASA REGENCY. The objective of this study was to count the infestation, preference of this louse on parts of the body and sex of birds, The purposive random sampling method was used in sample collection implemented manually on the birds stated in the morning and in the afternoon by screening all body of birds initiated from head, neck, hip, abdomen, thigh, and tail using all fingers. Samples of louses found were filled into bottle containing alcohol of 70%. Samples of louses were counted. Result showed that the parasite found one type of louse (Menopon gallinae) with preference infestation of 87.5% from 40 local laying hens spreading on the body parts of birds in the average frequencies on hip of birds about 6.23 louses/bird, on neck of bird about 3.43 louse/bird, on abdomen of bird about 5.48 louses/bird, on thigh about 0.83 louses/bird and on tail about 1.28 louses/bird. The preference of parasite was found on female bird with the average of 20.35 louses/female bird and 14.10 louse/male bird. Key words: Infestation, louses, local laying hens.
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Ariunjargal, G., and Yang Guisheng. "Diversity of bird community in Hohhot." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2014): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.240.
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The article contains research on avifauna compliment, numeral and bird distribution which depend on differentiation of habitat and seasons in Hohhot for last year. A bird is one of the important species of vertebrates which has an essential role on ecological balance and biological control. Having diversity of birds is the main composition of biological diversity. Bird community structure is determined by relationship of bird’s species and general correlation of birds and environment. Diversity of bird community structure has direct correlation of its species, bird community numeral and habitat. Also it depends on geographical factor, habitat, diversity of plant community, plant vertical structure, food resource, possibility of shelter and other factors. Therefore, bird species become a very valuable indicator for ecological condition of the city and environmental ecological quality. We have divided the areas around Hohhot, Inner Mongolia into 6 different habitats such as grassland, farmland, residential area, woodland, wetland and garbage dump. We have performed the bird fundamental study, and investigated bird flora, ecology, distribution, diversity, environment, and community structure in different habitats and seasons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.240 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.159-165
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WANYONYI, STELLAH NEKESA, EVANS MUNGAI MWANGI, and NATHAN GICHUKI. "Effect of habitat disturbance on distribution and abundance of Papyrus endemic birds in Sio Port Swamp, Western Kenya." Bonorowo Wetlands 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w080201.
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Wanyonyi SN, Mwangi EM, Gichuki N. 2018. Effect of habitat disturbance on distribution and abundance of Papyrus endemic birds in Sio Port Swamp, Western Kenya. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 49-60. Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) swamps are found patchily around the shores of Lake Victoria mainly along river inflows. The objective of this study was to investigate the distinct forms of habitat disturbance and their implications on the distribution and abundance of papyrus endemic birds. Data on bird counts, habitat quality, and types of disturbance were collected for six months, from October 2013 to March 2014. Total bird counts were established using Timed Species Count (TSC) and playback call technique at every fixed point. The researcher waited for 1 minute, calls of the study species were played to elicit a response of the secretive papyrus endemic birds. The number of each bird's species seen or heard within a radius of 25 meters was recorded for the next 9 minutes before transferring to the next point count. Habitat quality such as height, density, and level of maturity was determined in 1 m2 plots along transverse transects. Opportunistic observations were made to establish forms of disturbance present during vegetation and bird surveys. Papyrus endemic birds were highly distributed in sites with pure papyrus (55.58%) than in places with mixed plants (44.42%). The abundance of three endemic birds, White-winged Swamp-warbler, Papyrus Gonolek, and Northern Brown-throated Weaver, was significantly different in mixed and pure papyrus sites. However, the abundance of Greater Swamp-warbler was not significantly different in mixed and pure papyrus sites in Sio Port Swamp during the study period. Forms of habitat disturbance established were vegetation clearing and invasion by terrestrial and aquatic plants. As many as 76.47% of papyrus vegetation were young and regenerated (0-2 m high), 19.65% were immature papyruses (2-4 m) whereas 3.88% were tall mature papyruses (4-6 m high). The abundance of papyrus endemic birds was positively and significantly correlated with the density of vegetation in height ranging from 4-6 m. Thus, any change in papyrus density changed the abundance of papyrus endemic birds. Advance management of papyrus clearing is necessary for the long-term conservation of biodiversity.
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Kumar, Anjali, and Sean O'Donnell. "Fragmentation and elevation effects on bird–army ant interactions in neotropical montane forest of Costa Rica." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 5 (August 16, 2007): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004270.
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Army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) are top predators in neotropical forests. Army ant raids support a community of diverse organisms, including birds that attend the raids to collect prey. While elevation and forest fragmentation influence army ant and insectivorous bird communities, their effects on the interaction between army ants and bird species is unknown. We studied the size and species composition of bird flocks attending army ant swarms in forest fragments and continuous forest across an elevational gradient (1100–1680 m asl) in a neotropical montane region (Monteverde, Costa Rica). We observed a total of 41 bird species attending army ant swarms. Neither the number of birds, nor the total body mass of birds, nor the number of bird species in attending bird flocks was related to elevation. However, we found a higher bird species richness, larger flock size and greater total body mass of birds attending army ant swarms in continuous forest. Continuous and fragmented forest shared many attending bird species in common, but there was elevational segregation of attending bird species. Some montane endemic birds, and neotropical migrants, attend swarms regularly and use army ant raids as a food source.
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Yeremieiev, Volodymyr. "Forecasting of the number of bird collisions with turbines in the territory of Pre-Azov region wind park using the route census method." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128006010.
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The information system has been designed to ensure the analysis of information on the monitoring results of the wind power plant (WPP) territory using the route census method. The database contains 48 fields, reflecting the monitoring results of birds’ behavior in the territory of WPP and processing the initial data: year, month and day of observation, a number of birds of this species, flight altitude, flight speed, direction of flight, coordinates of the bird registration point on the Google-map, average number of birds flying over the territory of the wind park at a given time, coordinates of the points of intersection of the bird flight path with the perimeter of the wind park or observation site, the length of bird flight path over the observation site, and other parameters. The analysis of distribution of birds in the territory of the “Primorsk-1” WPP according to the types of migration (forage, transit, nesting, and ground), direction of flight and altitude characteristics has been carried out. The total number of registered birds was 8927 specimens of 72 species, of which 802 specimens of 11 species were referred to the transit type, 2511 specimens of 32 species – to the forage type, 5614 specimens of 60 species were on the ground (ground type). Most birds (63%) belong to the ground type. 28% of birds were registered in the forage group, 9.0% of birds were flying in transit. The greatest activity of birds is manifested in the autumn migration season, when the transit group accounts for 77% of all annual transit flights. The proportion of birds of forage and ground types, registered in autumn, is 68% and 74%, respectively, of the total number of birds registered in autumn. In the group of ground birds, the overwhelming majority of specimens belong to the period of autumn migration (4141 birds or 74%). The least number was observed in the winter season (317 birds or 5.6%). The author proposes a mathematical model for analyzing birds’ interaction with turbines using the results of monitoring the territory of wind power plants by means of route census method. The model makes it possible to obtain information on the probability of different species of bird collisions with wind wheels and the number of collisions with turbines, depending on the flight characteristics of birds, parameters of wind parks and observation conditions in different seasons. In the risk zone of birds’ interaction with turbines, only specimens of one species, Buteo buteo, were observed. The calculated probability of one bird collision when passing through the wind wheel is 0.19. The anticipated number of bird collisions with turbines during one year of the “Primorsk-1” wind park functioning is in the range of 5.6÷6.7 specimens.
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Koyong, Stewart S., H. R. Wungouw, L. Lambey, and S. Laatung. "MORFOMETRI BURUNG WERIS Gallirallus philippensis dan BURUNG WERIS Gallirallus torquatus DI KOTA KOTAMOBAGU SULAWESI UTARA." ZOOTEC 34 (June 4, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.34.0.2014.4793.
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ABSTRACT Mandar bird ( Gallirallus ) or in Minahasa called with less weris bird has long been known by the people of North Sulawesi , Minahasa and especially the City of Kotamobagu. Is a bird in the family Rallidae family of birds that have a small to medium body size. General habitat of this bird is close river swamp or lake . Weris birds usually breed in thrive densely vegetated areas by Rusila (1994 ) . Identify the problem at least some information about morphometric characteristics some species of weris bird. In North Sulawesi city of Kotamobagu the purpose of this study was to obtain data morphometric characteristics of weris birds in the city of Kotamobagu. The expected benefits of the research , provide information about morphometric charaeteristics of weris birds , which is useful in the breeding process . Based on the results of research conducted in the City of Kotamobagu Bolaang Mongondo North Sulawesi , found 2 different types of weris birds that Gallirallus philippensis and Gallirallus torquatus . Of the two types of birds have different characters that can be seen from the outside or exterior appearance , and also can be seen from the size where Gallirallus philippensis have a smaller size compared to Gallirallus torquatus. . Keywords : bird weris , Morfomertri .
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Anugrah, Kiki Dwi, Agus Setiawan, and Jani Master. "Keanekaragaman Spesies Burung Di Hutan Lindung Register 25 Pematang Tanggang Kabupaten Tanggamus Lampung." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1515-116.
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Protection forest is one of the habitats of various birds, however the increasing of forest exposureinto plantation and agriculture area distribution of bird populations surpressed. Protection ForestRegister 25 Pematang Tanggang located in Tanggamus regency has 3.380 ha areas. The purposeof this research is to identify the difference of birds species in the different of habitat. The methodthat used is IPA(Indices Point d,Abondance), with 6 points of observation. The observation wasdone for 5 effective days. Overall, the number of birds that found in Protection Forest Register 25Pematang Tanggang are 37 bird species that come from 16 family with total 985 individu. In eachdense, sparse and residential areas has 26, 29, and 12 birds species. Diversity and evenness ofbirds species in the Protection Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang are moderate(H'= 0,89)and stable (J = 0,80). The index value of the largest bird species similarity between bird species indense forests and sparse forests as big as(IS = 0.69). Overall of all bird species found, 12 birdsspecies that enrolled in protected status PP No. , 7 In 1999, 9 birds species listed are registered inAppendix II of CITES, and 1 bird species is enrolled in protected status of IUCN.Keywords : protection forest, diversity of birds species, protected status.
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Bhusal, Santosh, Kapil Khanal, Shivam Goel, Manoj Karkee, and Matthew Edmund Taylor. "Bird Deterrence in a Vineyard Using an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS)." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12923.
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Abstract. Washington State growers lose more than $80 million annually to bird damage in fruit crops such as cherries, grapes, Honeycrisp apples, and blueberries. Conventional bird deterrence techniques, such as netting, auditory devices, visual devices, chemical application, falconry, and shooting, are either costly, ineffective, or harmful to birds. At the same time, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have become popular in military, civilian, and agricultural applications due to decreasing cost, good maneuverability, and their ability to perform multiple types of missions. This article presents an approach using UAS to deter birds and minimize their damage to wine grapes. A quadcopter UAS was flown for three days in September 2016 over a section (30 m × 30 m) of a vineyard to deter birds. The test section of the vineyard was next to a canyon with many trees that provided shelter for a large number of birds. The experimental design included different deterrence methods against birds, including auditory deterrence, visual deterrence, and varying UAS flight patterns. The test section of the vineyard was under continuous video surveillance from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. using four GoPro cameras for five continuous days, including three days when the UAS was flown. A Gaussian mixture model-based motion detection algorithm was used to detect birds in the videos, a Kalman filter was then used for tracking the detected birds, and bird activities (incoming and outgoing birds) were counted based on the movement of birds across the plot boundary. Two accuracy measures (precision and recall) were calculated to analyze the performance of the automated bird detection and counting system. The results showed that the proposed system achieved a precision of 84% and recall of 87% in counting incoming and outgoing birds. The automated bird counting system was then used to evaluate the performance of the UAS-based bird deterrence system. The results showed that bird activity was more than 300% higher on days with no UAS flights compared to days when the UAS was flown with on-board bird deterrence measures. UAS flights covering the entire experimental plot with auditory deterrence had a better effect than flights with visual deterrence. The results showed the potential for developing an automated bird deterrence system for vineyards and other crops. Extended studies with multi-year, multi-field, and multi-platform experiments are essential to further validate the results. Keywords: Bird deterrence, Fruit crops, Machine vision, Unmanned aerial systems, Vineyards.
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Sebaio, Fabiane, Érika Martins Braga, Felipe Branquinho, Alan Fecchio, and Miguel Ângelo Marini. "Blood parasites in passerine birds from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 21, no. 1 (March 2012): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612012000100003.
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Parasites may lead bird species to extinction, affect host temporal and spatial population dynamics, alter community structure and alter individuals’ social status. We evaluated blood parasite prevalence and intensity according to bird families and species, among 925 birds that were caught in 2000 and 2001, in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We applied Giemsa staining to thin blood smears, to detect blood parasites. The birds (n = 15.8%) in 11 families, were infected by at least one parasite genus, especially Muscicapidae (28.3%) and Conopophagidae (25%). Among the 146 infected birds, Plasmodium was detected in all bird families and had the highest prevalence (54.8%). Trypanosoma, Haemoproteus and microfilaria had lower prevalence rates (23.3, 23.3 and 2.1%, respectively). Birds caught during the rainy season were more infected than birds caught during the dry season. The overall low prevalence of blood parasites in birds is similar to the patterns found elsewhere in the Neotropical region.
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Koyama, S. "History of bird-keeping and the teaching of tricks using Cyanistes varius (varied tit) in Japan." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 2 (October 2015): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0306.
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The keeping of pet birds in Japan is reviewed with emphasis on Cyanistes varius (varied tit). Traditionally, bird-keeping in Japan was mainly for the enjoyment of their songs. Songbird competitions were popular and training of birds to sing was common, especially in the Edo Era from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, which meant that it was known that birds learn to sing and have dialects in their songs. There were districts famous for producing birds with beautiful voices. Within the bird-keeping culture of Japan, the varied tit had a specific image, which was different from other birds. They were trained to perform tricks and were used in street performances from the Edo Era until the middle of the twentieth century, when the tradition disappeared. The decline of the bird-keeping culture and the training of tricks may benefit the conservation of wild birds, but it also marks the loss of an ancient cultural tradition in Japan.
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Malanotte, Marcia L., Tiago Machado-de-Souza, Ricardo P. Campos, Carmen L. O. Petkowicz, and Isabela G. Varassin. "How do fruit productivity, fruit traits and dietary specialization affect the role of birds in a mutualistic network?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 5 (June 13, 2019): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000178.
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AbstractMany plant traits might explain the different ecological and network roles of fruit-eating birds. We assessed the relationship of plant productivity, fruit traits (colour, seed size and nutritional quality) and dietary specialization, with the network roles of fruit-eating birds (number of partners, centrality and selectivity) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We classified bird species according to their dietary specialization into three categories: obligate, partial and opportunistic fruit-eating birds. To test if network roles changed according to dietary specialization, fruit productivity and traits, we used a generalized linear model analysis. The selected 14 species of plant interacted with 52 bird species, which consumed 2199 fruits. The most central and generalist fruit-eating bird, Turdus albicolis, interacted with plants that produced more fruits, such as Miconia cinerascens, and had, on average, larger seeds, such as Myrcia splendens. The most selective birds interacted with fruits with a higher concentration of lipids and less intense colour, and plants that produced fewer fruits. Obligate fruit-eating birds, such as Patagioenas plumbea, were more selective than partial and opportunistic birds. Different plant traits are therefore related to the different network roles of fruit-eating birds in the Atlantic Forest, which are also dependent on bird dietary specialization.
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Benton, M. J. "How birds became birds." Science 345, no. 6196 (July 31, 2014): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1257633.
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Salazar-Rivera, Gabriela I., Lázaro R. Sánchez-Velásquez, and Ernesto Ruelas Inzunza. "Passage Through a Bird’s Gut Confers a Germination Head Start to the Seeds of the Nightshade Witheringia stramoniifolia." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292093109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920931093.
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In frugivory networks, birds offer plants the advantage of dispersing their seeds away from the parent plants in exchange for macronutrients, primarily sugars, and water. The benefits for birds are clear, as they obtain food and water from fruits, and highly variable for plants, as birds may act in ways that vary from effective dispersers to seed predators. We studied two common species that interact frequently in the frugivory network of a Neotropical, periurban park: The clay-colored thrush ( Turdus grayi) and a nightshade ( Witheringia stramoniifolia), in order to evaluate the advantage of passing its seeds through a bird’s gut. We set up an investigation using captive thrushes that we fed with fruits of W. stramoniifolia. We had four experimental treatments: in two of them, seeds that had passed through the digestive tract of thrushes were germinated under greenhouse and controlled conditions; in the remaining two treatments, we germinated seeds that were not consumed by thrushes and were likewise germinated under greenhouse and controlled conditions. W. stramoniifolia seeds consumed by birds had a germination onset that was 1 to 2 weeks earlier than nonconsumed seeds. Mean germination rate and final germinability, however, did not differ significantly among treatments. In our study, passage through a bird’s gut accelerates the germination onset of seeds, an advantage that possibly enhances seedling establishment, but is not indispensable, for the dispersal of W. stramoniifolia. This bird–plant relationship ultimately accounts to a true mutualism.
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Torres, Christopher R., and Julia A. Clarke. "Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1890 (October 31, 2018): 20181540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1540.
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The recently extinct Malagasy elephant birds (Palaeognathae, Aepyornithiformes) included the largest birds that ever lived. Elephant bird neuroanatomy is understudied but can shed light on the lifestyle of these enigmatic birds. Palaeoneurological studies can provide clues to the ecologies and behaviours of extinct birds because avian brain shape is correlated with neurological function. We digitally reconstruct endocasts of two elephant bird species, Aepyornis maximus and A. hildebrandti , and compare them with representatives of all major extant and recently extinct palaeognath lineages. Among palaeognaths, we find large olfactory bulbs in taxa generally occupying forested environments where visual cues used in foraging are likely to be limited. We detected variation in olfactory bulb size among elephant bird species, possibly indicating interspecific variation in habitat. Elephant birds exhibited extremely reduced optic lobes, a condition also observed in the nocturnal kiwi. Kiwi, the sister taxon of elephant birds, have effectively replaced their visual systems with hyperdeveloped olfactory, somatosensory and auditory systems useful for foraging. We interpret these results as evidence for nocturnality among elephant birds. Vision was likely deemphasized in the ancestor of elephant birds and kiwi. These results show a previously unreported trend towards decreased visual capacity apparently exclusive to flightless, nocturnal taxa endemic to predator-depauperate islands.
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Schieck, Jim, and Keith A. Hobson. "Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-061.
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By retaining patches of trees in cut blocks, managers expect to retain some forest birds and create bird communities more similar to those found after fires. We surveyed birds from a range of patch sizes (1 to >3000 live residual trees), at four ages (2, 15, 30, 60 years), following two disturbance types (harvest, fire) in mixedwood boreal forest. Bird communities varied among patch sizes, forest ages, and disturbance types. Immediately post-disturbance, bird communities from large patches (>100 residual trees) were more similar to those from old forest than were communities from small patches ([Formula: see text]10 residual trees). Birds that nest or forage in open or riparian habitats had highest densities in small patches 2 years post-harvest, whereas birds that nest in large snags had highest densities in small patches 2 years post-fire. Throughout the chronosequence following both disturbance types, birds from small patches became more similar to those from old forest. Birds that nest and forage in small trees and shrubs were common 15 and 30 years post-disturbance, and generalist forest birds were common 60 years post-disturbance. Birds associated with old forest were present in all patch sizes 15, 30, and 60 years post-disturbance, although larger patches had higher densities of these species.
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Nelson, Bryan Raveen, Mazrul Aswady Mamat, Wong Cheeho, and Salwa Shahimi. "Forest birds as diversity indicator in suburban and residential areas." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0007.
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Purpose Birds are biological indicators for environment health in which their sightings and abundance could reflect a certain situation or become evaluation tool for co-existence of another species. Here, the study aims to observe urban settlements with substantial forestation, may it be artificial or natural, and the occurrence of bird assemblage across time. Considering the foraging activity of birds hardcoded with sustainability, their spatial overlap resultant into service provision, which can mean, baseline occurrence or an expected encounter equates to support system for ecological vigour. Design/methodology/approach From this, birds could indicate external environment vulnerability related to climatic fluctuations, whereby documentation of their arrival across spatial-temporal regimes allowed us to understand their distribution between residential and forested areas. Findings Though urban birds are abundant and viewed less important for conservation, the existence of certain species such as long-tailed shrike and little green pigeon disclose the types of food they consume and, the other types of birds attracted to their prey. With regard, the sightings of these birds would mean an encounter with 20 or more other species at a bird watching occasion, though it is limited to the sightings of urban birds. Originality/value Subject to criteria for green space, attaining plenty of bird species provides understanding of food availability, the support services and opportunity for urban birds to thrive in midst the opportunity for resources such as food, perching grounds and sufficient numbers of counterparts to reproduce into healthy urban bird populations.
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Blinkova, Olena, and Tetyana Shupova. "Bird Communities and Vegetation Composition in the Urban Forest Ecosystem: Correlations and Comparisons of Diversity Indices." Ekológia (Bratislava) 36, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 366–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2017-0029.
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Abstract Assessment of relationships and diversity indices between bird’s communities and composition of the forest ecosystem is an important subject of synecological research to identify the intensity of human impact on the flora and fauna. Urban recreation is one of the major causes of violation of the structural and functional integrity of the forest ecosystem. Studies of avian complex and phytocoenosis have focused on the impact of urban recreation on the compositions of tree, shrub and herbaceous layers and species, trophic and ecological compositions of breeding-birds and feeding-birds communities. This paper compares the measurement of the diversity of bird communities and forestry vegetation (diversity indices, dominance indices, distribution uniformity indices) of intensive, medium, moderate and weak stages of recreational transformation of biotope. The stands formed Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata L. The floristic list comprised 78 grass species. A total number of 43 species of avifauna including 37 breeding species are observed during the study. There were significant correlations between vertical heterogeneity of tree distribution and abundance, species richness and nesting density of birds. The interrelationship between species diversity of birds and floristic richness was also confirmed.
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Ibrahim, Sulaiman. "Pengaruh Pemberian Tepung Ikan Lemuru (Sardenella Fimbriata) Terhadap Persentase Karkas Broiler." Jurnal Agripet 7, no. 2 (March 24, 2016): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v7i2.3213.
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ABSTRACT. An experiment was conducted for five weeks to study the effect on feeding different levels of fish meal, Sarninella fibriata on carcass percentage of Cobb broiler strain. 120 day old Cobb chicks were randomly divided into eight expremiental groups, each consisting of 15 birds. Each groubs of 15 bird was divided into three replications of five birs, which then placed into 1x1 x 0.7 m cages at the rate of five birds per cage. Group one, two, three and four were fed 1 %, 4%, 7% and 10% of fish meal, Sardinella fibriata. Groub five, six, seven and eight were maintained with feed and water always available. The carcass percentage of teo birds of each five bird of each reflication were recorded at the end of the experiment. The average of carcass pecentage of groub one, two, three and four of fish meal. Sardinella fimbriata were 62, 67, 69, 68.40 and 69.37% resvectivaly. The average of carcass percentage of groub five, six, seven and eight of commercial fish meal were 63.22, 59.49, 64.90 and 70.22% respectively. There were significant different (P0.01) between groub six and groub eight of commercial fish meal, but there were no significant differences noted.
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Akter, S., SC Das, AS Apu, T. Ahmed, A. Lahiry, A. Afrin, and NJ Nishat. "Early sex determination of Turkey by observation of differences in body weight between male and female." Progressive Agriculture 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i3.52126.
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The present study was conducted to determine the early sex in turkeys by observation of the differences in body weight between male and female birds. A total of 30-day old black color unsexed poults having almost similar body weight at hatching were considered for the experimentation and housed at the Poultry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. All birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age under intensive management with supplementation of commercial broiler starter and grower feeds. Birds were reared under similar management conditions. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body weight was attained in male poults (104g/bird) than the female (90g/bird) at the end of 1st week of age. Similarly, at the end of 2nd week of age higher (p<0.01) body weight attained by male poults (198.31g/bird) than the female (162.13g/bird). At the end of 3rd weeks of age male poults attained higher (p<0.01) body weight (307.23g/bird) than the female (251.33g/bird). After 4 weeks of rearing, male turkeys attained significantly higher (p<0.01) live body weight (424.46g/bird) than the female turkeys (347.87g/bird). The weekly average body weight gains of male and female birds were 94.18g/bird and 76.5g/bird, respectively. Thus, the male and female birds were successfully identified on the basis of differences in their body weight. Weekly feed intake for both the male and female birds was also increased with their age. Up to 4 weeks of age, both the male and female poults consumed same amount of feed (753.46g/bird). The FCR of male and female poults differed non-significantly in 1st, 3rd and 4th week. On the contrary, in 2nd week of age the FCR of male poults (1.60) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than female (2.11). Survivability was 100% up to 4th week of age irrespective of sex of the poults. The birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age until to confirm their sex by observation of the phenotypic appearance. Results of the phenotypic observation of male and female birds correspondence hundred percent accuracy with the results obtained in body weight based differences between male and female birds. It is therefore concluded that farmers can identify male or female poults as early as first week of age on the basis of body weight differences.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 218-226, 2020
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TORRE, Rocío de, María Dolores JIMÉNEZ, Álvaro RAMÍREZ, Ignacio MOLA, Miguel A. CASADO, and Luis BALAGUER. "USE OF RESTORATION PLANTINGS TO ENHANCE BIRD SEED DISPERSAL AT THE ROADSIDE: FAILURES AND PROSPECTS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 23, no. 4 (October 29, 2015): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2015.1079529.
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Plantings are commonly used in roadside reclamation for ornamental purposes and for increasing slope stability and road safety. However, the role of these plantings in restoring ecological processes, such as seed dispersal, has received little attention. We carried out a study to assess the potential role of plantings on roadside embankments to attract frugivorous birds and to enhance seed dispersal mediated by birds from the surrounding landscape. We examined: (1) bird species richness and abundance; (2) patterns of avian spatial distribution within embankments and (3) seed dispersal mediated by birds. Bird richness and abundance did not differ between embankments with and without plantings. However, birds were not distributed randomly within embankments, with levels of species richness and abundance for facultative frugivorous between 4.8–8 times higher in areas closer to plantings. An analysis of bird droppings showed that birds only dispersed seeds of the planted species since no seeds of woody plants from matrices were detected. These results suggest that plantings acted as selective bird attractors, providing food and perches for frugivorous species. Nevertheless, the scarcity of seed-dispersing birds in the surrounding agricultural landscape prevented plantings from enhancing seed dispersal and connectivity to adjacent habitat.
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Silva, Igor Aurélio, Rodolfo Antônio de Figueiredo, and Dalva Maria da Silva Matos. "Feeding visit time of fruit-eating birds in Cerrado plants: revisiting the predation risk model." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25, no. 4 (December 2008): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752008000400013.
Full textAbstract:
Fruiting plants that attract frequent visits by fruit-eating birds tend to be predictable patches for a predator. Consequently, the risk of a predator attack increases the longer a bird stays on a fruiting plant. We tested whether large and cryptic species of fruit-eating birds spend more time per feeding visit than smaller and conspicuous ones in fruiting plants of the Brazilian Cerrado. Data were obtained from the literature for eight fruiting plant species and from field observations of birds feeding on fruits of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Rutaceae). We searched for a positive linear relationship between the mean visit time and the total length of the species, considering bird color as a covariate. Feeding visits of the large and cryptic bird species lasted longer than feeding visits of small and conspicuous species. Large birds may be safer from predators because large predators are less common. Cryptic birds may be difficult to be detected by predators and, consequently, may be less likely to be attacked by predators than conspicuous birds. Thus, our results provide support to the hypothesis that vulnerable bird species spend less time foraging in fruiting plants.
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Islam, M. T., M. H. Ali, A. Chandra, S. Saha, and M. A. Islam. "STANDARDIZATION OF EFFECTIVE DOSE OF FOWL CHOLERA VACCINE IN PIGEON IN BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v15i2.35518.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effective dose of formalin killed (FK) fowl cholera (FC) vaccines prepared with virulent avian Pasteurella multocida (PM 38) serotype 1 (X-73) collected from the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, BAU, Mymensingh. To determine the effective dose of vaccine, 7 weeks old 30 pigeons were immunized and each group consists of 5 birds. The groups are represented by A, B, C, D, E and F. The birds belonging to groups (A-E) were vaccinated with different doses of vaccine, after two weeks of first, second immunization and challenge experiment, blood was collected from all vaccinated birds, and serum was analyzed to determine antibody titer against P. multocida by passive hemagglutination test (PHA). The PHA titer after two weeks of first vaccination were 16±3.92, 17.6±3.92, 25.6±3.92, 32±8.76, 35.2±7.84 of group A,B,C,D and E, respectively at the dose of 0.2ml (0.26×108 CFU)/birds, 0.4ml (0.5×108 CFU)/birds, 0.8 ml (1.04×108 CFU)/birds, 1ml (1.3×108 CFU)/birds, respectively. The PHA titer of prevaccination and control birds was <4. The PHA titer after 2 weeks of second vaccination or boostering were 32±8.76, 35.2±7.84, 44.8±7.84, 57.6±18.66, 70.4±15.68, of group A,B,C,D and E, respectively. After 2 weeks of challenge infection, the mean PHA titer were 44.8±7.84, 51.2±7.84, 70.4±15.68, 102.4±15.68 and 140.8±31.34 of group A,B,C,D and E, respectively. In this experiment, the antibody titer of the vaccinated pigeons with 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1ml per bird via intramuscular route were higher than that of the pigeons vaccinated with 0.4ml/bird, 0.6ml/bird, 0.8ml/bird and 1ml/bird were satisfactory in terms of protective potential against P. multocida. For prevention and control of avian pasteurellosis 0.4ml to o.6ml (0.52×108 CFU to 0.78×108 CFU)/birds of vaccine may be used instead of 1ml (1.3×108 CFU)/birds for better immunization of pigeon against fowl cholera infection.
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Ali, A. A., N. H. Idris, and M. H. I. Ishak. "THE INFLUENCE OF LAND-USE LAND-COVER CHANGES ON URBAN BIRD COMMUNITIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-93-2019.
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Abstract. City development changes the landscape and has been claimed to pose threat to the survival of birds that heavily relies on healthy forest ecosystem. As such, this study assessed the effect of land-use land-cover (LULC) changes due to sub-urbanisation on birds’ community using geostatistical method. In this study, geostatistical analyses, namely Kernel Density and Ordinary Least Square (OLS), were executed to identify the dominant factors that affected the birds’ community in the Johor Bahru region. The birding data were obtained from eBird, an online crowd source database of bird distribution. The distribution of bird community was analysed by using Kernel density for years 2016 and 2018. This study found that the hotspot locations of the birds were in Danga Bay and Kempas Denai for year 2016, whereas Kampung Pok, Bukit Chagar, Taman Sentosa and Kampung Dato Sulaiman Menteri for year 2018. Certain urban bird species increased from year 2016 to 2018. The OLS regression was applied to analyse the relationship between birds’ occurrence and LULC features within the study area. The global regression model indicated that distance to forest and distance to recreational and open space were positively associated with the number of bird occurrence. On the contrary, distance to road was negatively associated with the number of bird occurrence. The OLS model for year 2016 between birds’ occurrence and distance to road, distance to forest, as well as distance to recreational and open space, demonstrated an adjusted R2 value of 0.32. In year 2018, the correlation between birds’ occurrence and distance to road, as well as distance to recreational and open space, demonstrated an adjusted R2 value of 0.11. As a conclusion, urbanisation seems to affect the birds’ communities as it increases the number of urban birds spotted in Johor Bahru, which is attributed to the increasing recreational and open space areas in Johor Bahru. The study outcomes can be applied to comprehend the relationship between birds’ community and LULC changes, as a result of urbanisation.
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Shome, Ashikur Rahman, M. Firoj Jaman, Md Fazle Rabbe, and Md Mahabub Alam. "Bird diversity, composition and response during COVID-19 in an urban landscape, Jamalpur, Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i2.54651.
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The world has been encountering a COVID-19 pandemic since late 2019. The world’s people have also witnessed the free movement of wildlife, even in many urban areas in some countries during the imposed lockdown. We conducted research on the birds in the urban landscape of Jamalpur Sadar upazila from March 2020 to October 2020 during this pandemic situation. A total of 134 species of birds with 4338 individuals were recorded during the study period. The number of resident bird species was the maximum (115 species, 85.82%) compared to migrants. The highest number of birds was observed (120 species, 89.55%) and counted 2278 individual birds 52.51%) in the summer season. It was observed that the highest diversity of birds (89 species, 65.92%) was in March. The tree was the most (94 species, n = 2502) used microhabitat by birds in the study area. Among all birds, Pycnonotus cafer was the most abundant bird species with the highest relative abundance (6.11%). Some bird species (e.g. Metopidius indicus, Anastomus oscitans, Amaurornis phoenicurus, Streptopelia tranquebarica, Lonchura malacca) were frequently observed in the urban landscape of the study area during the pandemic. Proper management and awareness creation are essential for the conservation of the bird species in this area.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 261-274, 2021 (July)
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Treep, Jelle, Gil Bohrer, Judy Shamoun-Baranes, Olivier Duriez, Renato Prata de Moraes Frasson, and Willem Bouten. "Using High-Resolution GPS Tracking Data of Bird Flight for Meteorological Observations." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00234.1.
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Abstract Bird flight is strongly influenced by local meteorological conditions. With increasing amounts of high-frequency GPS data of bird movement becoming available, as tags become cheaper and lighter, opportunities are created to obtain large datasets of quantitative meteorological information from observations conducted by bird-borne tags. In this article we propose a method for estimating wind velocity and convective velocity scale from tag-based high-frequency GPS data of soaring birds in flight. The flight patterns of soaring birds are strongly influenced by the interactions between atmospheric boundary layer processes and the morphology of the bird; climb rates depend on vertical air motion, flight altitude depends on boundary layer height, and drift off the bird’s flight path depends on wind speed and direction. We combine aerodynamic theory of soaring bird flight, the bird’s morphological properties, and three-dimensional GPS measurements at 3-s intervals to estimate the convective velocity scale and horizontal wind velocity at the locations and times of flight. We use wind speed and direction observations from meteorological ground stations and estimates of convective velocity from the Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Model (OLAM) to evaluate our findings. Although not collocated, our wind velocity estimates are consistent with ground station data, and convective velocity–scale estimates are consistent with the meteorological model. Our work demonstrates that biologging offers a novel alternative approach for estimating atmospheric conditions on a spatial and temporal scale that complements existing meteorological measurement systems.
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Elahi, Rubayet, Ausraful Islam, Mohammad Sharif Hossain, Khaja Mohiuddin, Andrea Mikolon, Suman Kumer Paul, Parviez Rana Hosseini, Peter Daszak, and Mohammad Shafiul Alam. "Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Haematozoan Parasites in Wetlands of Bangladesh." Journal of Parasitology Research 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/493754.
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The parasites of generaHaemoproteus, Plasmodium,andLeucocytozoonare well-known avian haematozoa and can cause declined productivity and high mortality in wild birds. The objective of the study was to record the prevalence of haematozoan parasites in a wide range of wetland birds in Bangladesh. Six species ofHaemoproteus, seven species ofPlasmodium, one unidentified species ofLeucocytozoon, and one unidentified microfilaria of the genusParonchocercawere found. Data on the morphology, size, hosts, prevalence, and infection intensity of the parasites are provided. The overall prevalence among the birds was 29.5% (95 out of 322 birds). Of those, 13.2% (42 of 319) of birds were infected withHaemoproteusspp., 15.1% withPlasmodiumspp. (48 of 319) and 0.6% withLeucocytozoonspp. (2 of 319). Two birds were positive for bothHaemoproteussp. andPlasmodiumsp. A single resident bird,Ardeola grayii, was found positive for an unidentified microfilaria. Prevalence of infection varied significantly among different bird families. Wild birds of Bangladesh carry several types of haematozoan parasites. Further investigation with a larger sample size is necessary to estimate more accurately the prevalence of haematozoan parasites among wild birds as well as domestic ducks for better understanding of the disease ecology.
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Puttileihalat, Maya M. S., A. Tuhumury, and J. Ch Hitipeuw. "Keanekaragaman Jenis Satwa Burung di Areal Mangrove Desa Passo Kecamatan Teluk Ambon Baguala Kota Ambon." MAKILA 14, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/makila.v14i2.2892.
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Mangrove forests have many functions, one of which is a habitat for various water birds and birds. Birds make mangroves a habitat to find food, breed, or just rest. Birds that can be found in mangrove forests can be birds that live and nest in mangrove forests and birds that come from other habitats that only occasionally visit mangroves to find food or rest. The research method used is the Point Count method, where the observation technique is carried out at a point, and the observations are carried out over a certain period. The number of bird species recorded in the mangrove area of Passo Village was 11 species from 9 genera, seven families, and seven orders. The average number of individuals recorded during the research activity was 197 individuals. 72.73% of the composition of bird species in the mangrove area of Passo Village are waterbird species, including four orders from a total of 7 charges, and four families from a total of 7 families, and six genera from a total of 9 genera; while the other 27.27% are terrestrial bird species.
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., Julyanto, Sugeng P. Harianto, and Nuning Nurcahyani. "Studi Populasi Burung Famili Ardeidae Di Rawa Pacing Desa Kibang Pacing Kecamatan Menggala Timur Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Provinsi Lampung." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl24109-116.
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Kibang pacing village with 83,55 Km2 areas , is located at the East of Menggala Timur sub district. This area is valley which most of the area has been used for coconut oil cultivation. The changed of this area made the vegetation cover this area changed from a multi stration area to the mono stration. This changed over the area caused the hampered of nature habitat component and the population of kinds of animals, especially Ardeidae water bird. To know the Ardeidae population in this research with use point count three method. This research done for 18 days effectively with stayed at the point and noted the birds founded. The result of research done analyze and can be used to count this population and distribution pattern of Ardeidae species. Based on the research showed the population is 64 birds blekok rice, 4 Cinnamon Bittern bird, 11 red cangak birds, 89 great egret birds, 333 little egret birds, 112 buffalo birds. The mean of all Ardeidae family was 613 birds. The lowest population of Ardeidae was 4 birds and the highest was 333 birds. The distribution patern of Ardeidae population at Kibang Pacing village is group pattern. Keywords : Ardeidae, birds, Kibang Pacing, population