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Journal articles on the topic 'Birds – Breeding'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Tercafs, R. "Cooperative breeding in birds." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19, no. 4 (July 1991): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(91)90026-v.

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2

Urfi, Abdul Jamil. "Breeding ecology of birds." Resonance 8, no. 7 (July 2003): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02834400.

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3

DNN, J. Gauthier, and Y. Aubry. "The Breeding Birds of Quebec: Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Southern Quebec." Colonial Waterbirds 20, no. 1 (1997): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521794.

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4

EWALD, P. W. "Breeding Systems: Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds." Science 238, no. 4827 (October 30, 1987): 697–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4827.697-a.

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5

Sharp, P. J. "Breeding Birds as a Commodity." Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13, no. 3 (August 28, 2002): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/147020602783698629.

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6

Lack, David. "The Breeding Birds of Orkney." Ibis 84, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 461–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1942.tb03447.x.

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7

Lack, David. "The Breeding Birds of Orkney." Ibis 85, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1943.tb03992.x.

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8

Marshall, A. J. "NON-BREEDING AMONG ARCTIC BIRDS." Ibis 94, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 310–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1952.tb01821.x.

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9

Bourne, W. R. P. "THE BREEDING BIRDS OF BERMUDA." Ibis 99, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1957.tb01935.x.

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10

Wyndham, E. "Length of Birds' Breeding Seasons." American Naturalist 128, no. 2 (August 1986): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284551.

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11

Vogrin, Milan. "Breeding birds in hop fields." Ornis Svecica 12, no. 1–2 (April 1, 2002): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v12.22843.

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12

Moreau, R. E. "THE BREEDING SEASONS OF AFRICAN BIRDS- 1. LAND BIRDS." Ibis 92, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 223–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1950.tb01750.x.

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13

Moreau., R. E. "THE BREEDING SEASONS OF AFRICAN BIRDS-2. SEA BIRDS." Ibis 92, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1950.tb03006.x.

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14

Barta, Zoltán, John M. McNamara, Alasdair I. Houston, Thomas P. Weber, Anders Hedenström, and Orsolya Feró. "Optimal moult strategies in migratory birds." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1490 (August 6, 2007): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2136.

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Avian migration, which involves billions of birds flying vast distances, is known to influence all aspects of avian life. Here we investigate how birds fit moult into an annual cycle determined by the need to migrate. Large variation exists in moulting patterns in relation to migration: for instance, moult can occur after breeding in the summer or after arrival in the wintering quarters. Here we use an optimal annual routine model to investigate why this variation exists. The modelled bird's decisions depend on the time of year, its energy reserves, breeding status, experience, flight feather quality and location. Our results suggest that the temporal and spatial variations in food are an important influence on a migratory bird's annual cycle. Summer moult occurs when food has a high peak on the breeding site in the summer, but it is less seasonal elsewhere. Winter moult occurs if there is a short period of high food availability in summer and a strong winter peak at different locations (i.e. the food is very seasonal but in opposite phase on these areas). This finding might explain why only long-distance migrants have a winter moult.
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15

Cockrem, JF. "Timing of seasonal breeding in birds, with particular reference to New Zealand birds." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950001.

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A model to explain the timing of seasonal breeding in birds is presented. It is assumed that, despite the wide range in egg-laying seasons, there are common physiological mechanisms which underlie seasonality in birds and that most, if not all, birds are photoperiodic. Birds are considered to possess an internal rhythm of reproduction which is synchronized with seasonal changes in the environment by external factors, particularly the annual cycle of daylength. The rhythm consists, at least in part, of regular changes in the photoperiodic response between states of photosensitivity and photorefractoriness. Avian breeding seasons effectively start in autumn when birds become photosensitive, regardless of when egg-laying occurs. The timing of breeding is then influenced by the rate of increase of hypothalamic 'drive' and by the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibitory feedback from gonadal steroids. If sensitivity is high, gonadal growth will not occur until the threshold daylength for photostimulation is exceeded after the winter solstice. Egg-laying then starts in late winter, spring or summer. Alternatively, steroid feedback may be relatively low and gonadal growth may be sufficiently rapid once the birds become photosensitive that breeding occurs in late autumn or winter. The time of egg-laying in birds may also be strongly influenced by supplementary information, such as social cues, food availability, temperature and rainfall and, in some species, this information is more important than daylength in determining the timing of breeding. The review also includes the first summary of the breeding seasons of New Zealand birds. The pattern of egg-laying is exactly the same in native birds, in birds introduced to New Zealand and in other Southern hemisphere birds from similar latitudes, with a broad peak of egg-laying occurring from September to December. In addition, annual cycles of steroid hormone concentrations in the North Island brown kiwi, the yellow-eyed penguin and the kakapo are consistent with results from many studies on Northern hemisphere birds. This model for the timing of breeding in birds can be applied to New Zealand birds and it is concluded that the physiological control mechanisms for the timing of seasonal breeding in New Zealand birds are similar to those of other birds.
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16

Park, Chan Ryul, Sohyeon Suk, and Sumin Choi. "The Functional Traits of Breeding Bird Communities at Traditional Folk Villages in Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229344.

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Interaction between nature and human has formulated unique biodiversity in temperate regions. People have conserved and maintained traditional folk villages (TFVs) dominated with houses made of natural materials, arable land and surrounding elements of landscape. Until now, little attention has been given to understand the traits of breeding birds in TFVs of Korea. The aim of this study was to reveal traits of breeding birds in TFVs and get conservative implications for biodiversity. We selected five TFVs: Hahoe maeul (HA), Wanggok maeul (WG), Nagan maeul (NA), Yangdong maeul (YD), and Hangae maeul (HG). We surveyed breeding birds with line transect methods, and analyzed functional traits (diet type and nest type) of birds in TFVs. Among 60 species recorded, Passer montanus (PM), Streptopelia orientalis (SO), Hirundo rustica (HR), Pica pica (PP), Phoenicuros auroreus (PA), Paradoxornis webbiana (PW), Microscelis amaurotis (MA), Carduelis sinica (CA) and Oriolus chinensis (OC) could be potential breeding birds that prefer diverse habitats of TFVs in Korea. Compared to the breeding birds of rural, urban and forest environments, the diversity of nesting types for birds was high in TFVs. The diverse nest types of breeding birds can be linked with habitat heterogeneity influenced by sustainable interaction between nature and human in TFVs in Korea.
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17

Jumilawaty, Erni. "Bird Diversity in Asam Kumbang Crocodile Breeding Area Medan Selayang District Medan City." International Journal of Ecophysiology 3, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijoep.v3i2.10095.

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Asam Kumbang Crocodile Breeding is a breedig ground for crocodiles that contain several birds. Species diversity is indicated by differences in the types of organisms. One of the most diverse organisms of its kind is birds. Birds in this region are able to setle down and coexist with crocodiles. Crocodiles are one of the predators of bird. It aims to identify the diversity of birds and status of protected birds at the research site. The method used in this study were point count method, thus resulted in 12 species of birds belonging to 5 ordo, 6 family, and 11 genus. The most common birds species found on the 3rd observation with as many as 9 species of birds, while the least species of birds found on the 4th observationas many as 5 species of birds. Diversity index value (H’) of bird in location classified into category of “moderate category” with the results of analysis 1,171 and the indeks equitabilitas value of 0,47. According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation 2018, there are 2 types of birds found in the study area of birds found in the study site.
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18

Taylor, Louie Thomas, Sanjin Hadžalić, Katarina Horvat, and Luka Lelas. "The breeding birds of Palud, Istria." Vol. 55 (2020) 55 (2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21857/yq32oh2729.

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19

Lawton, Marcy F., Jerram L. Brown, and David L. Hull. "Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds." Condor 91, no. 3 (August 1989): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368137.

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20

Eguchi, Kazuhiro. "Diverse cooperative breeding systems in birds." Japanese Journal of Ornithology 54, no. 1 (2005): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3838/jjo.54.1.

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21

Gregory, Richard D. "Abundance patterns of European breeding birds." Ecography 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2000.230206.x.

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22

Aborn, David A. "Atlas of Breeding Birds of Tennessee." Auk 118, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.1.277.

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23

Lack, David. "THE BREEDING SEASONS OF EUROPEAN BIRDS." Ibis 92, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 288–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1950.tb01753.x.

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24

Meiklejohn., M. F. M. "THE BREEDING OF AFRICAN SEA-BIRDS." Ibis 93, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1951.tb05409.x.

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25

Marchant, S. "THE BREEDING OF SOME IRAQI BIRDS." Ibis 105, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 516–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1963.tb01589.x.

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26

Perrins, C. M. "THE TIMING OF BIRDS‘ BREEDING SEASONS." Ibis 112, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1970.tb00096.x.

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27

Ball, Gregory F. "Physiological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds." Animal Behaviour 85, no. 3 (March 2013): 687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.013.

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28

Schifferli, Luc. "Birds Breeding in a Changing Farmland*." Acta Ornithologica 36, no. 1 (July 2001): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/068.036.0112.

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29

Gregory, Richard D. "Abundance patterns of European breeding birds." Ecography 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00276.x.

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30

Musters, C. J. M., M. Kruk, H. J. De Graaf, and W. J. Ter Keurs. "Breeding Birds as a Farm Product." Conservation Biology 15, no. 2 (April 2001): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002363.x.

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31

Mooers, Arne �., and Anders Pape M�ller. "Colonial breeding and speciation in birds." Evolutionary Ecology 10, no. 4 (July 1996): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01237724.

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32

Ottvall, Richard, Lars Edenius, Johan Elmberg, Henri Engström, Martin Green, Niklas Holmqvist, Åke Lindström, Tomas Pärt, and Martin Tjernberg. "Population trends for Swedish breeding birds." Ornis Svecica 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 117–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v19.22652.

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We have assessed the population trends for the 255 bird species breeding in Sweden (including distinct subspecies), based on data for the last 30 and 10 years, respectively. Over the past 30 years more species have decreased (38%) than increased (32%) in numbers. In particular, formerly common farmland species have fared poorly but this is also true for some forest species. Over the past 10 years there are more species with increasing trends (29%) than there are species with decreasing trends (19%). Trends for several species in long-term decline have levelled off and have in some cases even started to increase. It is not known whether this recent change is a result of conservation efforts or simply that population numbers have stabilised at lower levels now permitted by the environment. It is therefore essential to initiate research devoted to finding factors directly linked to ongoing population changes, particularly for species in long-term decline. To cover population trends for all Swedish species additional monitoring programmes are needed, in particular on owls and in mountain habitats.
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33

Koleček, Jaroslav, Steffen Hahn, Tamara Emmenegger, and Petr Procházka. "Intra-tropical movements as a beneficial strategy for Palearctic migratory birds." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 171675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171675.

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Migratory birds often move significantly within their non-breeding range before returning to breed. It remains unresolved under which circumstances individuals relocate, whether movement patterns are consistent between populations and to what degree the individuals benefit from the intra-tropical movement (ITM). We tracked adult great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus from a central and a southeastern European breeding population, which either stay at a single non-breeding site, or show ITM, i.e. move to a second site. We related ITM to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) describing vegetation conditions and probably reflecting food abundance for these insectivorous birds. Three-quarters of birds showed ITM across the non-breeding range. We found no difference in range values and mean values of NDVI between the single non-breeding sites of stationary birds and the two sites of moving birds. The vegetation conditions were better at the second sites compared to the first sites during the period which moving birds spent at the first sites. Vegetation conditions further deteriorated at the first sites during the period the moving birds resided at their second sites. Our study provides evidence that birds probably benefit from improved conditions after ITM compared to the conditions at the sites from where they departed.
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34

Battley, Phil F. "Consistent annual schedules in a migratory shorebird." Biology Letters 2, no. 4 (September 12, 2006): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0535.

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Many migratory birds start prebreeding moult and premigratory fuelling some months before the breeding season and face severe time constraints, while travelling up to 15 000 km between non-breeding and breeding grounds. Shorebirds typically leave Southern Hemisphere non-breeding areas over a 3–4 week period, but whether they benefit from interannually consistent timing of departure is unknown. Here, I show that individual bar-tailed godwits ( Limosa limosa baueri ) from New Zealand are highly consistent in their migratory scheduling. Most birds left within the same week each year (between-year repeatability, r , of 0.83) and adult males, which moult into a bright breeding plumage, were also highly repeatable in the extent of their prebreeding moult ( r =0.86). This is consistent with the hypothesis that birds have individually optimized migration schedules. Within adult males, but not females, smaller birds tended to migrate earlier than large birds. Whether this reflects differences in size-related migration speed, optimal breeding time at different sites or size-related natural or sexual selection pressures, remains unknown.
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35

Yamak, Umut Sami. "Artificial breeding of wild birds in Turkey: Partridge breeding case." Indian Journal of Animal Research 49, no. 2 (2015): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00054.0.

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36

Bergerud, A. T., D. H. Mossop, and Svein Myrberget. "A critique of the mechanics of annual changes in ptarmigan numbers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 2240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-332.

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Two hypotheses are evaluated to explain the annual changes in the size of breeding populations of ptarmigan (Lagopus spp.) from one breeding season to the next: H1, fluctuations are caused by density-dependent changes in the mortality of birds 4 months old and older that are excluded by territorial behaviour; and H2, populations fluctuate through annual changes in breeding success during the previous season. In 11 populations reviewed here, changes in the size of breeding populations were positively correlated with the previous season's breeding success. Significant mortality in three populations of birds > 4 months of age occurred during the winter before the birds became spaced on territories in the spring. In 9 of the 11 ptarmigan studies reviewed, sizes of spring populations were linearly correlated with the size of the fall populations the previous year, indicating that little compensatory, density-dependent mortality between the breeding seasons, a test implication of the territorial hypothesis (H1), had occurred. The data presented and reviewed suggest that changes in breeding success are sufficient to explain the dynamics in population size. Territorial behaviour appears to be a breeding tactic to space birds relative to environmental requisites, as argued by D. Lack, and does not result in significant numbers of nonterritorial, surplus birds with short life expectancies.
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37

Fedrizzi, Carmem E., Severino M. de Azevedo Júnior, and Maria E. Lacerda de Larrazábal. "Body mass and acquisition of breeding plumage of wintering Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus) (Aves, Scolopacidae) in the coast of Pernambuco, north-eastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21, no. 2 (June 2004): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752004000200013.

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Annually, large flocks of semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) winter along South America coast, between September-April. They store fats in order to moult and return to their breeding grounds. Here, was examined body masses and plumage of adults Semipalmated Sandpipers during the departure month to evaluate the relationship between body mass and plumage. Fieldwork was conducted at Coroa do Avião (7º40'S, 34º50'W), Pernambuco. Birds were trapped in mist-nets between April 1990 and 1997. They were weighed, and aged according to plumage. Adult plumage may be (1) non-breeding, (2) pre-breeding, and (3) breeding. A total of 213 birds were weighed and examined, so that 8.0% (17) presented non-breeding plumage, 54.0% (115) pre-breeding, and 38.0% (81) breeding plumage. As in Semipalmated Sandpiper, 25g is the minimum body mass required to migrate, birds with breeding plumage and most with pre-breeding, were potentially apt to migrate. Non-breeding plumage birds presented smaller body mass. Apparently physiological problems and infestation may be important factors to explain over-summering, i.e., individuals remaining in the wintering grounds during the boreal summer.
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38

Stutchbury, Bridget J., and Steve Zack. "Delayed Breeding in Avian Social Systems: the Role of Territory Quality and "Floater" Tactics." Behaviour 123, no. 3-4 (1992): 194–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00020.

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AbstractIn many avian societies, young birds delay breeding beyond the age of sexual maturity. Most previous hypotheses of delayed breeding have emphasized forces that keep young birds from becoming breeders. We develop a model of delayed breeding which includes the future acquisition of a high quality territory as a potential direct benefit of delayed breeding. Strong differences in territory quality, age-correlated asymmetries in resource holding potential, and territory site tenacity set the stage for young birds to either breed immediately on a poor territory, or obtain a high quality territory through reproductive delay on or near the site. A wide variety of species and social organizations reveal common patterns of breeding status acquisition through behaviours as nonbreeders with site tenacity on or immediately near the breeding site. A review of 'floater' strategies reveals that nonbreeders frequently have restricted home ranges that encompass one or more breeding territories, and prior experience at a site improves their chances of acquiring a territory in future years. This pattern of territory acquisition argues for incorporating direct benefits into models of delayed breeding. We discuss the potential applications to understanding delayed breeding in social systems as apparently different as cooperatively-breeding birds, migratory passerines, colonial breeding gulls, and lek-breeding grouse and manakins.
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39

Quintero, J. C. P., L. F. L. Calixto, A. J. Almeida, Y. R. Moreira, S. S. Rocha, and K. A. A. Torres-Cordido. "Observational study on the breeding performance of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 6 (December 2020): 2157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12028.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe emus’ breeding performance in Brazil at different ages, grouped in couples or colonies. The duration of the breeding season and the production of eggs per female housed were recorded, and the productivity and breeding variables were associated with the variation of the photoperiod. The total production of the flock was 180 eggs, and the breeding season lasted 167 days (April-September), a period with an average of 11 h and 11min of daylight. The breeding season lasted 113, 133 and 82 days, the numbers of eggs produced per female were 7.29, 25.67 and 17.3, and productivity values were 31.6, 38.6, and 45.4% in the groups of birds with ages of two, four and seven years, respectively. The breeding season in 2016 occurred between April and August in Brazil. Older birds tended to start breeding later. The production rate observations indicated that earlier peak production was associated with lower egg production potential. Finally, there was a tendency for better breeding performance of birds housed in couples than in groups with more birds.
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40

Petrov, R., Y. Andonova, D. Yarkov, and A. Dicheva. "Diets for captive breeding and hacking of saker falcons (Falco cherrug) in Bulgaria." Agricultural Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (December 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2022.04.045.

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Abstract. With saker falcon populations on the mend globally, and in Bulgaria, special caution is taken to ensure the best possible care of the birds in their breeding programmes. Diets play a particularly important role as they affect the health of not only the breeding pairs, but also the young birds. With the ultimate goal for the captive-bred sakers being to reestablish viable saker falcon populations, releasing healthy falcons is paramount. As part of the ongoing saker falcon reintroduction efforts in Bulgaria, special emphasis was placed on well-rounded diets carefully tailored to the species, and the accompanying proper sanitation procedures. Outlined are best practices concerning the variety of dietary regimes for saker falcons in captivity and for released falcons based on their biology and behaviour. In captivity the meals were different for non-breeding birds, breeding birds, for nesting birds, and for birds with chicks in the nest. The hacked juvenile saker falcons had a change in diet every two weeks – starting with food similar to the one in the breeding facilities, to the more natural for the species meals. The different techniques aimed at replicating wild conditions resulted in a natural breeding behaviour for the saker falcons kept in captivity, and successful adaptation for the released juveniles. The meal preparation methods kept the risk of food-transmitted diseases to a minimum.
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41

Bengtsson, Kenneth, and Kjeld T. Pedersen. "Östliga fiskmåsars Larus canus heinei uppträdande i Öresundsregionen." Ornis Svecica 8, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v8.22939.

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The common gull Larus canus occurs in the Western Palaearctic with two subspecies. L .c. canus breeds from Britain to western Russia where it is replaced by the slightly larger and darker L. c. heinei. The zone of contact is probably not distinctive and there is therefore a wide zone where birds with characters of both subspecies and intermediate individuals can be found. We have analysed ringing recoveries of birds ringed during the non-breeding season in southern Sweden and Denmark. We demonstrate that this area is frequently visited by birds which return to breeding grounds well into the geographical range of L. c. heinei. This is further supported by data on morphology showing that birds caught during winter are larger than the locally breeding birds. Observations of colour ringed individuals show that birds with a morphology suggesting heinei mainly occur between November and March, though a few, especially younger birds, have been sighted in the area around Oresund throughout the summer months.
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42

Burger, Joanna, Michael Gochfeld, and Larry J. Niles. "Ecotourism and Birds in Coastal New Jersey: Contrasting Responses of Birds, Tourists, and Managers." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 1 (1995): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900034081.

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People of diverse cultures appreciate and observe wildlife. With the increase in the importance of economic, social, and aesthetic, values of wildlife comes the responsibility for wise management and use of these resources to ensure biodiversity and the continued wellbeing of the populations. We describe several ways in which ecotourists affect the behaviour, reproductive success, and population levels, of breeding and migratory birds in New Jersey — a heavily industrialized, coastal US state with a dense human population. We use several case-studies to illustrate the effects of ecotourists on birds: heronries, breeding Least Terns (Sterna antillarum), foraging Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) during the breeding season, migrant shorebirds and gulls at Caven Point and Delaware Bay, and migrant hawks at Cape May.
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43

Huang, Xi, Zelin Chen, Guocheng Yang, Canwei Xia, Qiujin Luo, Xiang Gao, and Lu Dong. "Assemblages of Plasmodium and Related Parasites in Birds with Different Migration Statuses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 10277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810277.

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Migratory birds spend several months in their breeding grounds in sympatry with local resident birds and relatively shorter periods of time at stopover sites. During migration, parasites may be transmitted between migratory and resident birds. However, to what extent they share these parasites remains unclear. In this study, we compared the assemblages of haemosporidian parasites in migratory, resident, and passing birds, as well as the correlations between parasite assemblages and host phylogeny. Compared with passing birds, migratory birds were more likely to share parasites with resident birds. Shared lineages showed significantly higher prevalence rates than other lineages, indicating that common parasites are more likely to spill over from the current host to other birds. For shared lineages, the prevalence was significantly higher in resident birds than in migratory birds, suggesting that migratory birds pick up parasites at their breeding ground. Among the shared lineages, almost two-thirds presented no phylogenetic signal in their prevalence, indicating that parasite transmission among host species is weakly or not correlated with host phylogeny. Moreover, similarities between parasite assemblages are not correlated with either migration status or the phylogeny of hosts. Our results show that the prevalence, rather than host phylogeny, plays a central role in parasite transmission between migratory and resident birds in breeding grounds.
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44

Cuttriss, Anna, Grainne S. Maguire, Glenn Ehmke, and Michael A. Weston. "Breeding habitat selection in an obligate beach bird: a test of the food resource hypothesis." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 9 (2015): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14213.

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The food resource hypothesis of breeding habitat selection in beach-nesting birds suggests that birds breed at sites with more prey to meet the increased energetic requirements associated with breeding. We compare prey resources using pitfall traps and core samples at breeding sites and absence sites of the eastern population of hooded plover, Thinornis rubricollis rubricollis, which, in this part of its range, is a threatened obligate beach bird. Breeding sites had higher abundances, equivalent species richness, and different assemblages of invertebrate prey compared with absence sites. Assemblages at breeding sites were characterised by more isopods, and fewer beetles of the family Phycosecidae. Breeding habitat selection by plovers appears to be associated with selection for sites with more food, and any process that degrades food resources at a site (e.g. kelp harvesting or marine pollution events) may reduce the likelihood of occupancy of that site by breeding birds.
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45

Kopij, Grzegorz. "Birds of the Bloemfontein area, Free State Province, South Africa, during the years 1977-2000: an overview." Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 62, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/azc.62.03.

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The aim of this paper is to summarize our knowledge of the birds of the Bloemfontein area, Free State, South Africa. It presents data on the status, distribution, population densities and habitat of the birds of this area, during the years 1977-2000 (with a special emphasis on the years 1993-1998). Both published and unpublished data are analysed. Population densities were estimated mainly using the line transect method and territory mapping method. For most fairly common, common and very common species, data on population densities are provided, while for 19 species (mainly rare or very rare), distribution maps of their occupied territories are presented. A total of 324 bird species were recorded. Breeding birds comprised 60.2% of the overall species (195), while non-breeding birds made up the remaining 39.8% (129). Among the breeding species, most (55.9%) were residents throughout the year, 3.1% were intra-African migrants and 1.2% were nomads. Non-breeding birds were represented by Palearctic migrants (35 species, 10.8%) classified as vagrants, irregular and regular visitors; and African non-breeding species (94; 29.0%), which were mainly vagrants. Among the breeding species, most were rare or very rare (100 species, 56.4%). Only 24 (12.3%) of them were very common, nine of which were non-passeres and 15 passeres. The main threat to birds in the Bloemfontein area is intensive agriculture. Some suggestions and recommendations are given for more effective and efficient bird conservation in this important area.
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46

Day, Robert H., G. Vernon Byrd, and Edgar P. Bailey. "Birds of The Shumagin Islands, Alaska." Western Birds 53, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 258–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb53.4.1.

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We studied birds in the Shumagin Islands in 18 of the 37 years from 1970 to 2006 and synthesized all available information on birds of this area. A total of 126 forms of 125 species, including hypothetical species, has been recorded in the Shumagins, of which aquatic birds constitute 67% and terrestrial birds 33%. Overall, 52% of all forms breed, probably breed, or formerly bred; of these, aquatic birds represent 57% and terrestrial birds 43%. The avifauna is heavily weighted toward Nearctic (39% of all forms) and Beringian (32%) forms, followed by Holarctic (21%), Palearctic (6%), and Oceanian (2%) forms; breeding taxa are even more heavily weighted toward Beringian (46%) and Nearctic (40%) forms. The Shumagins have few breeding waterfowl, other freshwater birds, and shorebirds and are not on important flyways for any of these groups, despite lying near important spring and fall staging areas on the nearby Alaska Peninsula. The seabird and terrestrial avifaunas are diverse and similar to those in nearby areas, especially the eastern Aleutians. Populations of several seabird species in the Shumagins have declined substantially over the last 40 years. Two terrestrial species, the Pacific Wren (Troglodytes pacificus) and Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), have expanded their breeding ranges into this area, and breeding distributions of some terrestrial birds in the outer Shumagins appear to be changing. Changes in range or breeding status have been caused, at least in part, by predation by introduced foxes, overgrazing by introduced cattle degrading already limited habitat, and the introduction of ground squirrels.
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47

Nichols, Rina K., Jessica Steiner, Lance G. Woolaver, Elaine Williams, Amy A. Chabot, and Ken Tuininga. "Conservation initiatives for an endangered migratory passerine: field propagation and release." Oryx 44, no. 2 (April 2010): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605309990913.

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AbstractThe term ‘field propagation and release’ refers to the breeding of captive adults in large field enclosures, allowing them to raise their young, and then releasing those young from that location. This technique is currently being implemented in Canada as one of several recovery tools for the endangered eastern loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus migrans. During 2001–2007 a total of 360 shrike fledglings were produced in field propagation enclosures and 301 were released from these enclosures. Annual return rates of birds released since 2004 are 2–6.6%. Seventeen released birds have been re-sighted, including 10 birds that have returned to the breeding grounds the following season to produce young with wild mates. The high annual return rate of release birds and the successful integration of these birds into the wild breeding population represent important milestones for the recovery of this population. The management technique we describe here has the potential to be applicable to other species that require natural habitat for breeding and/or are reliant on a suite of parent-learned behaviours that cannot be accommodated for or adequately replicated within intensive close captive-breeding or hand-rearing conditions.
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48

Hurley, Laura L., Ondi L. Crino, Melissah Rowe, and Simon C. Griffith. "Variation in female reproductive tract morphology across the reproductive cycle in the zebra finch." PeerJ 8 (November 11, 2020): e10195. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10195.

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Background In seasonally breeding birds, the reproductive tract undergoes a dramatic circannual cycle of recrudescence and regression, with oviduct size increasing 5–220 fold from the non-breeding to the breeding state. Opportunistically breeding birds can produce multiple clutches sequentially across an extended period in response primarily to environmental rather than seasonal cues. In the zebra finch, it has been shown that there is a significant reduction in gonadal morphology in non-breeding females. However, the scale of recrudescence and regression of reproductive tissue within a single breeding cycle is unknown and yet important to understand the cost of breeding, and the physiological readiness to breed in such flexible breeders. Methods We examined the reproductive tissue of breeding female zebra finches at six stages in the nesting cycle from pre-breeding to fledging offspring. We quantified the wet mass of the oviduct, the volume of the largest pre-ovulatory follicle, and the total number of pre-ovulatory follicles present on the ovary. Results Measures of the female reproductive tract were highest during nesting and laying stages and declined significantly in the later stages of the breeding cycle. Importantly, we found that the mass of reproductive tissue changes as much across a single reproductive event as that previously characterized between birds categorized as breeding and non-breeding. However, the regression of the ovary is less dramatic than that seen in seasonal breeders. This could reflect low-level maintenance of reproductive tissues in opportunistic breeders, but needs to be confirmed in wild non-breeding birds.
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Matsyura, О. V. "КОМПЛЕКСНА ОЦІНКА ДИНАМІКИ ЧИСЕЛЬНОСТІ УГРУПОВАНЬ КОЛОНІАЛЬНИХ НАВКОЛОВОДНИХ ПТАХІВ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ДЕЯКИХ ОСТРОВІВ СИВАШУ)." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 1, no. 3 (December 25, 2011): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/20111_38.

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<p>The problem of the mathematical analysis of the number dynamics of the nesting waterbirds for the islands of the south of Ukraine is examined. The algorithm of the evaluation of changes in the number of island birds is proposed. Data of the long-term monitoring of the number of birds were analyzed according to this algorithm. The necessity of the implementation of the statistical indices together with the graphic representation of island birds’ turnover is proved. The trends of population dynamics are determined for the key species. The discussed procedure of the complex evaluation is proposed for the management planning of the island bird species and their habitats.</p> <p>The performed analysis of the number dynamics of the key-stone breeding island birds showed that, with the exception of little tern, the population status and the prognosis of number are sufficiently favorable. From the data of long-term monitoring we came up with the conclusion about the existence of island habitats with carrying capacity to maintain the additional number of breeding birds. In the case of unfavorable conditions like strengthening of anthropogenic press, concurrent interrelations, deficiency of feed resources or drastic reduction of breeding biotopes, the birds due to turnover are capable to successfully react even without reducing their number and breeding success. The extinction rate of the breeding bird species from the island sites directly correlates with the number of breeding species. For the species with equal abundance, the extinction probability is higher for birds, whose numbers are unstable and characterized by significant fluctuations. This testifies the urgency of the constant monitoring and analysis of the number dynamics of breeding bird species in region.</p> <p>The suggested procedure of analysis is recommended for drawing up of management plans and performing of prognoses of number of breeding island bird species. More detail analysis with use of quantitative data on breeding birds will be the next step of the study of the island birds’ turnover. The results of the analysis of population dynamics assist to count the minimal population size for the colonization of new islands and stable existence of bird communities. Detailed analysis will allow to estimate the effect of competition on population and to determine the competitive variability inside and between the species breeding on islands.</p> <p><em>Key words: Ukraine, colonial waterbirds, islands, dynamics of number, analysis</em></p> <p> </p>
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Calvert, Anna M., and Gregory J. Robertson. "Using multiple abundance estimators to infer population trends in Atlantic Puffins." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1014–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-081.

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We used five techniques to estimate the number of Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) using a study plot on Gull Island, Newfoundland, during the 2000 breeding season. Grubbing of burrows yielded an estimate of a breeding population of 522 (95% CI: 364–668) Atlantic Puffins on this plot. Attendance counts of birds standing on the plot consistently underestimated the breeding population. A closed-population estimator with sighting heterogeneity estimated that of the 535 Atlantic Puffins banded since 1997, 370 (336–404) used the plot in 2000. Using 370 birds as the marked population, a corrected Lincoln–Petersen index estimated a total population of 1712 (1233–2191) based on captured birds. Based on resights of birds, ratios of banded birds to total attendance estimated 2927 (2608–3335), and the Bowden estimator gave 3502 (3054–3950) Atlantic puffins. We projected an age-based matrix using literature values, and extracted the proportions of nonbreeding birds and young birds expected at a stable age distribution and compared the proportions with observed values. Based on the large number of nonbreeders suggested by the abundance estimates, we suspect that this population (i) is stable or increasing, (ii) includes breeding-age Atlantic Puffins that do not breed, and (iii) has been enjoying high fecundity in recent years.
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