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Academic literature on the topic 'Birds, eggs, juvenile literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Birds, eggs, juvenile literature"
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Goater, C. P., J. D. Goss-Custard, and C. R. Kennedy. "Population dynamics of two species of intestinal helminth in oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-034.
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The cestode Micrasomacanthus rectacantha and the trematode Psilostomum brevicolle are the two most common intestinal helminths of oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, on the Exe estuary, England. Each was present in 57 of 60 birds, in numbers ranging from 1 to 9833 and from 1 to 182, respectively. Cockles (Cerastoderma edule) were used as paratenic host by M. rectacantha and as second intermediate host by P. brevicolle. Over 90% of the transmission of M. rectacantha from intermediate hosts occurred in winter, between cockles and juvenile birds. Exposure to M. rectacantha was highest in cockles from muddy sites, where up to 80% of older cockles were infected with 1–14 larvae. Exposure to P. brevicolle was similarly high at one sandy site. Juveniles also made up > 90% of the birds present on the estuary in summer, when significantly more worms were gravid. Estimates based on the numbers of uterine eggs per individual P. brevicolle showed that 8 % of the total Exe population of oystercatchers (ca. 200) contributed 51% of the eggs to the estuary. The results implicate host age, host feeding preference, and host population structure as important factors determining variation in helminth abundance in birds.
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Macke, Emilie, Sara Magalhães, Hong Do-Thi Khan, Anthony Luciano, Adrien Frantz, Benoît Facon, and Isabelle Olivieri. "Sex allocation in haplodiploids is mediated by egg size: evidence in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1708 (October 6, 2010): 1054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1706.
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Haplodiploid species display extraordinary sex ratios. However, a differential investment in male and female offspring might also be achieved by a differential provisioning of eggs, as observed in birds and lizards. We investigated this hypothesis in the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae , which displays highly female-biased sex ratios. We show that egg size significantly determines not only larval size, juvenile survival and adult size, but also fertilization probability, as in marine invertebrates with external fertilization, so that female (fertilized) eggs are significantly larger than male (unfertilized) eggs. Moreover, females with on average larger eggs before fertilization produce a more female-biased sex ratio afterwards. Egg size thus mediates sex-specific egg provisioning, sex and offspring sex ratio. Finally, sex-specific egg provisioning has another major consequence: male eggs produced by mated mothers are smaller than male eggs produced by virgins, and this size difference persists in adults. Virgin females might thus have a (male) fitness advantage over mated females.
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Colabuono, Fernanda I., Satie Taniguchi, Maria V. Petry, and Rosalinda C. Montone. "Organochlorine contaminants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs and embryos of Antarctic birds." Antarctic Science 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000807.
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AbstractOrganochlorine contaminants (OCs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the eggs of five bird species from the South Shetland Islands. Additionally, OCs and PBDEs were also analysed in embryos of two species. The concentration ranges in eggs were (ng g-1wet weight) 2.11 to 541 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), <0.25 to 0.88 for PBDEs, 2.45 to 405 forp,p’-DDE and 1.50 to 603 for mirex. The PCBs were predominant in the eggs ofMacronectes giganteus,Catharacta antarcticaandLarus dominicanus, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the major compound found in the eggs ofPygoscelis antarcticusandSterna vittata. The PBDE congeners were detected only in the eggs ofC. antarctica(PBDE 47 and 153) andS. vittata(PBDE 47). There were differences in OC concentrations of up to two orders of magnitude betweenM. giganteusembryos which were related to the development stage and OC concentrations in the respective eggs. Trophic ecology and post-breeding dispersal exerted an influence on contaminant patterns. Comparisons with data from the literature indicate an increase in the concentrations of some OCs over recent years.
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Koppenheffer, Thomas L. "“Natural” antibodies against bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid in juvenile chickens (44.36)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.44.36.
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Abstract Naturally occurring Abs are thought to provide protection from microbial pathogens. Chickens are susceptible to, and are potential carriers of, a number of pathogenic bacteria, yet sera of adult birds contain Abs against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). This apparent anomaly led to undertaking a study of the production of these Abs during post-hatching development, the pattern of which may provide insight into understanding the factors that are involved in resistance to infection. Using Salmonella minnesota LPS and Staphylococcus aureus LTA as sentinel antigens in ELISA tests, relatively large amounts of LPS- and LTA-specific IgY were found in yolk of embryonated eggs and in serum of hatchlings. Thereafter, serum IgY levels declined rapidly over several weeks, but by 5–6 weeks of age some birds began to produce specific IgM and IgA Abs. Subsequently, the levels of LPS- and LTA-specific Abs of all isotypes gradually increased, approaching adult levels by 12 weeks of age. Thus, if resistance to infection is related to the levels of these Abs, chicks of about one month of age would be most susceptible to bacterial pathogens. Further, the concomitant appearance of specific Abs of all isotypes during the later phase of post-hatching development suggests that the birds in this study were sensitized through environmental exposure to bacterial cell wall antigens. Supported in part by the Ralph and Louise Bricker Memorial Endowed Fund
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Denis, D., and U. Olavarrieta. "¿Existe isomorfía en los huevos de las especies de la familia Ardeidae (Aves, Ciconiiformes)?" Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 34, no. 1 (2011): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2011.34.0035.
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Egg shapes in birds reflect many anatomical, biophysical and ecological aspects. In previous literature it has been assumed that a similarity in volumetric indexes from external dimensions is an indicator of constancy in shape of egret eggs (Birds, Ardeidae), but results are not consistent. Previous researchers have used lineal dimension rates to estimate shape, but these can distort the results because both aspects are orthogonal by definition. In the current research we analyze differences in egg shape between eight species of egrets and herons using elliptic Fourier descriptors and landmarks over 203 digital pictures of eggs kept in oological collections. Comparison between species and a discriminate function analysis show that shape is insufficient to distinguish species. The elongation index and breadth of eggs were significantly correlated. Our results suggest that egg shape can discriminate ecological groups but not species, indicating there is no general isomorphy in Ardeidae.
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Whitehead, PJ, WJ Freeland, and K. Tschirner. "Early Growth of Magpie Geese, Anseranas-Semipalmata - Sex-Differences and Influence of Egg Size." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 3 (1990): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900249.
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The magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata, is the most conspicuous and among the most numerous of waterfowl inhabiting the seasonal wetlands of tropical northern Australia. Modelling of juvenile growth rates of captive birds with the logistic equation showed that magpie geese grow at rates similar to the fast-growing anserine geese. High juvenile growth rates permit exploitation of seasonally favourable environments that, although highly productive, may deteriorate rapidly and unpredictably. Sex differences in juvenile growth patterns are consistent with pronounced sexual dimorphism in adult body size (larger males), which is associated with an unusual polygynous mating system. Although smaller, females grow relatively faster than males, so that at a given age they have completed a greater proportion of the pre-fledging growth phase; wing growth is particularly advanced and females fly earlier. Slower development may increase mortality among juvenile males when family groups are forced to abandon drying swamps, and contribute to skewing of the sex ratio towards females. Larger hatchlings from large eggs tend to maintain a size advantage, at least until fledging.
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Mamedova, Y. P., and A. B. Chaplygina. "Breeding of black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus in muddy sites of a wastewater treatment plant." Biosystems Diversity 29, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012136.
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A stable group of birds has been formed at water treatment facilities. Sewage treatment sites are a well-known nesting place for long-legged waders. Black-winged stilts are included in the Bonn (Appendix II) and Berne (Appendix II) conventions, the AEWA agreement. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (1994, 2009) (status – vulnerable). In Ukraine, it is under protection on the territory of the natural reserve fund. The arrival of black-winged stilts waders at the nesting sites was recorded in the second-third decade of April (April 23, 2020; April 17, 2021). Immediately after returning to the nesting areas, the birds begin to build nests and lay eggs. The first eggs in this population were seen on 01.05.2020, 07.05.2021. The process of laying eggs lasted until the end of the first decade of July (08.07.2020). The average clutch size in the nests of Himantopus himantopus decreased from 3.8 ± 0.1 (2020) to 3.5 ± 0.1 (2021). The average egg sizes and their limits have been determined for long-legged waders. The chicks hatched from late May (30.05.2020), throughout June to the first decade of July (02.07.2020). The chicks were able to fly in a month – 29.06.2020. The muddy site of the wastewater treatment ponds of Kharkiv supported Black-winged Stilts until early August. Later, the birds started post-breeding movements. The last adults with juvenile birds were observed on 13.08.2020. Stilts in some years may stay until early October. The reproductive success of the black-winged stilt increased from 35.6% (2020) to 38.8% (2021). On average, 1.3 ± 0.2 (2020) and 1.4 ± 0.3 (2021) chicks fledged from the nests. In 2021, the number of nesting stilts increased, which is apparently due to rainy weather at the beginning of the reproductive period. For the purpose of more effective protection, the nesting settlements of the stilt should be protected and the appearance of people in the nesting places should be prohibited.
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Ayorinde, K. L., and U. K. Oke. "THE INFLUENCE OF JUVENILE BODY WEIGHT AND TWO FEEDING REGIMES DURING THE GROWING PHASE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND EARLY LAY CHARACTERISTICS OF PULLETS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i2.2414.
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TWO experiments were conducted using 500
Black Olympian pullets to determine the effects of Juvenile body weight (Trial 1) and feeding regime (Trial 2) on growth and early lay performances. Results in trial 1 indicated significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight at first egg (1489.9 vs 1383.8g) and 32 weeks of age (17833 vs 1655.2g) in heavybody weight (HBW) than LightBodyweight (LBW) groups but not on other parameters. Feeding the birds ad libitum also resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher feed intake during the first 18 weeks of age (9036.4 vs 6803.70. 18 -32 weeks of age (14,065.9 vs 11,420.9g), weight of first egg (47.43 vs. 43.16g), hen-housed average (53.9 vs 38.7%), egg mass (2,88039 vs. 211038g), feed/ dozen eggs (22853 vs. 1768.1g), grain feed /egg (190.4 vs. 14730 and body weight at 32 weeks of age (1808.1 vs 1716.6g). The results indicated earlier age at sexual maturity,lower mortality and higher body weights in H BW and ad lib feed (AF) groups but better production efficiency (feed/dozen eggs, cost/dozen eggs) in LBW and restricted feed (RF) groups.
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Oliveira, Cleyton Washington da Silva, Glaudson Pereira Almeida, Luciana Vieira de Paiva, and Leonardo Fernandes França. "Predation on artificial nests in open habitats of central Brazil: effects of time and egg size." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 1 (March 2013): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000100016.
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The accuracy of artificial nests in representing natural patterns of nest predation has been widely studied in temperate regions and egg size is one of the most tested sources of bias. In the neotropics, experiments with artificial nests usually used larger than natural eggs, despite suggestions in literature that the eggs should be similar to those of the local species. Here, we tested the hypothesis of spatial-temporal variation in predation risk of artificial nests in relation to egg size. We used quail (Coturnix coturnix; large), Chestnut-bellied Seed-finch (Oryzoborus angolensis; small) and plasticine (both sizes) eggs placed in artificial nests. We analyzed daily nest survival using models in the Program MARK. The best-fit model included the effects of egg size and the reproductive period on daily survival of artificial nests. Nests with large eggs had greater Daily Survival Estimates (DSE) than nests with small eggs during two times and DSE were smaller early in the reproductive period. DSE of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.76 to 0.86) and 0.91 (0.87 to 0.93) were recorded for large eggs at the beginning and end periods compared to 0.72 (0.65 to 0.78) and 0.84 (0.79 to 0.88) for small eggs. Birds were more important predators (40% of records) than mammals and reptiles based on signs left on the plasticine eggs. Our results support the hypothesis that larger eggs are less depredated than small ones in artificial bird nests, even when main predators (birds) are different from those commonly observed in the Neotropics (mammals and reptiles). However, controlling the egg size in experiments with artificial nests may not be sufficient to obtain similar time patterns observed in natural nests studied in the Cerrado.
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Dobson, Joanna C. "‘A Menace to England’: The Egg Collector as Arch-Villain in Two 1940s Bird Novels." Literature & History 30, no. 2 (November 2021): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03061973211041256.
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This paper examines the figure of the egg collector as an arch-villain in two novels about rare birds that were published in the 1940s: Adventure Lit Their Star by Kenneth Allsop, and The Awl Birds by J.K. Stanford. Drawing on insights from birdwatching literature published in the same period, I demonstrate that the extreme vilification of the egg collector in both texts represents a dramatic change in attitude towards a pastime that was previously considered beneficial for both adults and children. This about-face, I suggest, can be explained by reading the desperate rush to protect the birds’ eggs as an expression of deep contemporary anxieties over the future of Britain after the Second World War, and in particular a concern that the failures of the period after the First World War should not be repeated.
Books on the topic "Birds, eggs, juvenile literature"
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Denise, Durkin, and Wright Group Incorporated, eds. Eggs, eggs, eggs. Bothell, Wash: Wright Group, 1994.
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Frost, Helen. Bird eggs. Edited by Saunders-Smith Gail. Mankato, MN: Pebble Books, 1999.
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ill, Garrow Linda, ed. Birds, nests, and eggs. Milwaukee, Wis: Gareth Stevens, 1998.
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ill, Long Sylvia, and Zhang Dongjun translator, eds. Jing qiao qiao de dan. Taibei Shi: Shui di wen hua, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Birds, eggs, juvenile literature"
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"Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity." In Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems: Sustaining Production and Biodiversity, edited by E. Eric Knudsen, Eric W. Symmes, and E. Joseph Margraf. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569445.ch19.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—A number of Pacific salmon populations have already been lost and many others throughout the range are in various states of decline. Recent research has documented that Pacific salmon carcasses serve as a key delivery vector of marine-derived nutrients into the freshwater portions of their ecosystems. This nutrient supply plays a critical biological feedback role in salmon sustainability by supporting juvenile salmon production. We first demonstrate how nutrient feedback potential to juvenile production may be unaccounted for in spawner-recruit models of populations under long-term exploitation. We then present a heuristic, life history-based, spreadsheet survival model that incorporates salmon carcass-driven nutrient feedback to the freshwater components of the salmon ecosystem. The productivity of a hypothetical coho salmon population was simulated using rates from the literature for survival from spawner to egg, egg to fry, fry to smolt, and smolt to adult. The effects of climate variation and nutrient feedback on survival were incorporated, as were density-dependent effects of the numbers of spawners and fry on freshwater survival of eggs and juveniles. The unexploited equilibrium population was subjected to 100 years of 20, 40, 60, and 80% harvest. Each harvest scenario greater than 20% brought the population to a reduced steady state, regardless of generous compensatory survival at low population sizes. Increasing harvest reduced the positive effects of nutrient contributions to population growth. Salmon researchers should further explore this modeling approach for establishing escapement goals. Given the importance of nutrient feedback, managers should strive for generous escapements that support nutrient rebuilding, as well as egg deposition, to ensure strong future salmon production.
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"Propagated Fish in Resource Management." In Propagated Fish in Resource Management, edited by BARRY BEREJIKIAN, THOMAS FLAGG, and PAUL KLINE. American Fisheries Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569698.ch20.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Captive broodstocks have been initiated for maintenance and recovery of imperiled anadromous salmonid populations because they can provide a rapid demographic boost and reduce short-term extinction risk. As with captive propagation programs for other vertebrates, difficulties with reintroduction to the natural environment may impede success in achieving the program’s objectives. Strategies for reintroduction of anadromous salmonid captive broodstocks in the United States and Canada include release of captively reared adults (currently four programs), stocking their offspring as eyed eggs (two programs), parr (six programs), or smolts (nine programs). Captive broodstock programs that release adults considered the management objectives of (i) evaluating of different reintroduction strategies, and (ii) spreading the risk of failure of any one particular strategy to be much more important than programs that do not release adults. This distinction indicates that the programs releasing adults consider the strategy to be an experimental one that may serve to offset potential risks associated with juvenile release options. However, the finding that preventing extinction was considered to be very important in adult and juvenile release programs alike indicates that programs releasing adults believe the strategy, at a minimum, will not impede that objective. We summarized the salmonid literature on (1) natural and sexual selection during reproduction, (2) homing and straying, (3) rearing effects on social behavior, (4) domestication, and (5) survival as it relates to biological trade-offs of different reintroduction strategies for captive broodstocks. The adult release strategy provides potential biological benefits that include the opportunity for natural and sexual selection to occur on the spawning grounds—selection that is relaxed during artificial spawning. Adult release and egg stocking may reduce potential for unnaturally high straying rates and may minimize domestication selection of the offspring compared to programs that artificially spawn adults and release their offspring as smolts. The potential benefits of adult and egg releases must be weighed against (and may be offset by) the greater F1 production that could be achieved by releasing hatchery-reared smolts. A variety of reintroduction strategies will likely continue to be appropriate for captive broodstock programs.