To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Birds of prey in art.
Journal articles on the topic 'Birds of prey in art'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Birds of prey in art.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Orgad, Zvi. "Prey of Pray: Allegorizing the Liturgical Practice." Arts 9, no. 1 (2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9010003.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous images embedded in the painted decorations in early modern Central and Eastern European synagogues conveyed allegorical messages to the congregation. The symbolism was derived from biblical verses, stories, legends, and prayers, and sometimes different allegories were combined to develop coherent stories. In the present case study, which concerns a bird, seemingly a nocturnal raptor, depicted on the ceiling of the Unterlimpurg Synagogue, I explore the symbolism of this image in the contexts of liturgy, eschatology, and folklore. I undertake a comparative analysis of paintings in medieval and early modern illuminated manuscripts—both Christian and Jewish—and in synagogues in both Eastern and Central Europe. I argue that in some Hebrew illuminated manuscripts and synagogue paintings, nocturnal birds of prey may have been positive representations of the Jewish people, rather than simply a response to their negative image in Christian literature and art, but also a symbol of redemption. In the Unterlimpurg Synagogue, the night bird of prey, combined with other symbolic elements, represented a complex allegoric picture of redemption, possibly implying the image of King David and the kabbalistic nighttime prayer Tikkun Ḥaẓot. This case study demonstrates the way in which early modern synagogue painters created allegoric paintings that captured contemporary religious and mystical ideas and liturgical developments.
2
Lukyashko, Sergey. "On the Time When Using Hunting Birds Appeared in Traditional Cultures of Eurasia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.7.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The popularity of images of birds of prey in Scythian art makes us pay more attention to the place of birds of prey in the life of the Scythian world. Birds of prey were actively used in the hunting practice, and hunting with hunting birds was an elite form of hunting common in open spaces. Materials. The first information about nurseries of hunting birds belongs to ancient China of the 7th century BC. Images of hunting birds appear on Hittite basreliefs of the 13th century BC. They are also known in the Assyria of the time of Sargon II. Analysis. The active participation of the Scythians in political events in the Middle East allows us to assume that the Scythians are familiar with this method of hunting. In Scythian culture, there are a series of images of attacking birds, which should be seen as naturalistic sketches. Results. The abundance of bone remains of hunting birds in the cultural layers of Scythian settlements and the presence of a burial of a man with a Falcon in the materials of the Elizavetovskoe hillfort directly indicates the use of hunting birds in the South Easten European continent steppe as early as the 4th century BC.
3
POULIN, BRIGITTE, GAËTAN LEFEBVRE, ROBERTO IBÁÑEZ, CÉSAR JARAMILLO, CARLOS HERNÁNDEZ, and A. STANLEY RAND. "Avian predation upon lizards and frogs in a neotropical forest understorey." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 1 (2001): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740100102x.
Full textAbstract:
Although tropical forest birds are known to prey upon small lizards and frogs, no study has documented the attributes of vertebrate-eating birds or whether birds prey opportunistically on the different elements of the herpetofauna within tropical communities. This study is based on a 14-mo investigation on avian diet, supplemented with a 3-y census of frogs and a 1-y census of lizards in a humid forest of central Panama. From 91 bird species, 1086 regurgitates were collected, in which were found 75 lizards and 53 frogs. Over 50% of the common, primarily insectivorous bird species preyed upon lizards or frogs, with a mean frequency of 0.26 prey/sample. These birds (22 species, nine families) foraged on various substrates from different strata of the forest, fed on invertebrates averaging from 3.3 to 17.2 mm in length, weighed from 11 to 195 g, and had bill lengths that varied from 12.2 to 49.8 mm. Based on a logistic regression analysis, intensity of foraging at army-ant swarms was the variable that best explained the likelihood that a bird species preyed upon lizards, leading to a classification that was 91% correct. In contrast, bill length and body length classified correctly 88% of the frog-eating birds, which showed a fairly constant 1:7 bill length/body length ratio (as opposed to a mean but highly variable 1:10 ratio in other species). A multiple regression analysis showed that seasonal variation in intensity of lizard predation was positively related to arthropod abundance except during the breeding season when lizard intake decreased, presumably because nesting birds did not follow ant swarms. Intensity of frog predation correlated with frog abundance over time, the latter being inversely related to arthropod availability. Ninety-seven per cent of all lizards and frogs identified in the diet samples (n = 105) were from two genera, Anolis and Eleutherodactylus, respectively. Prey size distribution in the regurgitates suggested an optimal prey size of 33.5 mm snout-vent length (SVL) for lizards and 14.5 mm SVL for frogs. Birds preyed opportunistically on the different Anolis species, but almost exclusively upon juvenile individuals. Abundances of the different Eleutherodactylus species correlated with their predation rates, but these frogs represented only 10% of all the frogs observed during the censuses. The two most common local anurans, Colostethus flotator and Bufo typhonius, were not taken by any bird species.
4
Kumar, Anjali, and Sean O'Donnell. "Fragmentation and elevation effects on bird–army ant interactions in neotropical montane forest of Costa Rica." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 5 (2007): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004270.
Full textAbstract:
Army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) are top predators in neotropical forests. Army ant raids support a community of diverse organisms, including birds that attend the raids to collect prey. While elevation and forest fragmentation influence army ant and insectivorous bird communities, their effects on the interaction between army ants and bird species is unknown. We studied the size and species composition of bird flocks attending army ant swarms in forest fragments and continuous forest across an elevational gradient (1100–1680 m asl) in a neotropical montane region (Monteverde, Costa Rica). We observed a total of 41 bird species attending army ant swarms. Neither the number of birds, nor the total body mass of birds, nor the number of bird species in attending bird flocks was related to elevation. However, we found a higher bird species richness, larger flock size and greater total body mass of birds attending army ant swarms in continuous forest. Continuous and fragmented forest shared many attending bird species in common, but there was elevational segregation of attending bird species. Some montane endemic birds, and neotropical migrants, attend swarms regularly and use army ant raids as a food source.
5
Hicks, Carola. "The birds on the Sutton Hoo purse." Anglo-Saxon England 15 (December 1986): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100003744.
Full textAbstract:
In the definitive publication of the Sutton Hoo ship-burial, R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford comments that the figural scenes on the purse-lid may be thought to have had a special significance known to those who commissioned them and to those who saw the purse, because they appear as part of the design on an important item of the regalia. However, the meaning of the pair of plaques which show a bird of prey grasping a smaller bird (pl. VIIa) has not yet been satisfactorily analysed. Bruce-Mitford states that no close parallels to the scene can be cited. Haseloff, in a study of the purse plaques, considers that they show the general influence of Mediterranean representational art upon the Germanic tendency towards abstraction, with the bird pairs being the adoption and stylization of a foreign theme. Werner, in a discussion of Lombardic shield mounts, suggests that the Sutton Hoo birds represent Christian ornament and therefore associates the purse with the other supposedly Christian elements in the burial. But no really convincing background for the birds has been found. This is in contrast to the other figural plaques, the man between beasts and the interlacing quadrupeds, which both belong to groups of designs of more familiar type. It is the purpose of this article to provide some sources for the bird plaques and to attempt to interpret the special significance behind the use of this design on an item of the regalia.
6
Debus, Stephen Debus, Jerry Olsen, Susan Trost, and David Judge. "Diet of the Australian Hobby Falco longipennis breeding in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, in 2002–2004 and 2005–2008." Australian Field Ornithology 37 (2020): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo37174183.
Full textAbstract:
The diet of the Australian Hobby Falco longipennis was studied in Canberra (ACT), in the summers of 2002–2003 to 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 to 2008–2009 by analysis of prey remains and pellets (28 and 40 collections for a total of 229 and 132 prey items from six and four nests, respectively). The Hobbies’ breeding diet in the first period consisted of 73% birds, 1% microbats and 26% insects by number, and 98% birds, <1% microbats and 1% insects by biomass, mainly parrots (Psittaculidae), Common Starlings Sturnus vulgaris and sparrows Passer sp. In the second period, it consisted of 94% birds, 3% mammals (mostly microbats), 2% lizards and <1% insects by number, and was more dominated by Starlings and other introduced birds, with the change perhaps reflecting a recent decline in local insect abundance. The Hobby’s dietary metrics correspondingly shifted to a greater Geometric Mean Prey Weight and narrower food niche. The Hobby’s diet overlapped moderately (42%) with that of the similarly sized Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus in the ACT over the same timeframe, although the two are separated by foraging habitats and methods.
7
Coates-Estrada, Rosamond, and Alejandro Estrada. "Avian attendance and foraging at army-ant swarms in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 3 (1989): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003655.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTForaging and attendance of birds at army-ant swarm raids were studied in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Sixty-eight raiding swarms were intercepted over a four-year period of which 57% were Eciton burchelli and 43% Labidus praedator. A total of 461 birds (37 species/12 families) were recorded at swarms of E. burchelli and 208 birds (34 species/10 families) were recorded at L. praedator swarms. The mean number of bird species detected per swarm was 7.2 at E. burchelli raids and 5.6 at L. praedator raids. Red-throated ant-tanagers (Habia fuscicauda) were most frequently seen at the swarms of both army-ant species. Other important species were the golden-crowned warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus), the white-breasted wood wren (Henicorhina leucosticta) and the Kentucky warbler (Oporornis formosus). Swarms of both army-ant species were active year-round. Birds weighing between 20 and 40 g dominated perches closest to the ground and the central zone of the swarms, richest in animal prey. Birds weighing less than 20 g occupied higher perches and tended to forage in more peripheral zones. At Los Tuxtlas raiding swarms of army ants are important in the foraging ecology of 44 bird species, including 12 North American migrants.
8
Simi, W. B., D. P. Leite-Jr, C. R. Paula, H. D. Hoffmann-Santos, D. T. Takahara, and R. C. Hahn. "Yeasts and filamentous fungi in psittacidae and birds of prey droppings in midwest region of Brazil: a potential hazard to human health." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 3 (2019): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.181192.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Birds of prey and from Psittacidae family are host to fungal microbiota and play an important role in the epidemiology of zoonoses. Few studies in the literature have characterized mycelial and yeast fungi in the droppings of these birds and correlated the isolates with the zoonotic potential of the microorganisms. Droppings from 149 birds were evaluated and divided into two groups: captive: Rhea americana araneipes, Primolius maracana, Ara ararauna, Ara chloropterus, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Amazona aestiva, Ara macao macao, Ramphastos toco, Sarcoramphus papa, Busarellus nigricollis, Bubo virginianus nacurutu, Buteogallus coronatus, Buteogallus urubitinga urubitinga, Spizaetus melanoleucus, Spizaetus ornatus ornatus, Buteo albonotatus, Geranoaetus albicaudatus albicaudatus, Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris and Harpia harpyja, and quarantined birds: Amazona aestiva and Eupsitulla aurea. The fungal isolates were identified according to macroscopic (gross colony appearance), micromorphological and biochemical characteristics. Among birds displayed in enclosures, Aspergillus niger (41.1%) and Candida kefyr (63.8%) were the fungi most frequently isolated in Harpia harpyja and Ramphastos toco, respectively. For quarantined birds, the following percentages were observed in Eupsittula aurea , (76.6%) C. krusei, (84.4%) C. kefyr and (15.2%) C. famata, while in Amazona aestiva, (76.2%) C. krusei was observed. These findings indicate potentially pathogenic species in the bird droppings assessed, which constitute a risk of exposure for keepers and individuals who visit the zoo. Birds of the Cerrado and Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Central Western region of Brazil) could act in the epidemiological chain of important zoonoses.
9
Estany-Tigerström, David, Josep Maria Bas, and Pere Pons. "Does Argentine ant invasion affect prey availability for foliage-gleaning birds?" Biological Invasions 12, no. 4 (2009): 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9504-6.
Full text
10
Augustine, Cyril, James Baben George, Neethu Cyril, and MC Mary. "Nutrient composition and physicochemical characteristics in the destination sites of migratory water birds: a case study at the selected locations of seashores and lakes in southern India." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 1 (2014): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9943.
Full textAbstract:
The biodiversity in aquatic systems are indirectly controlled by their nutrient dynamics. The abundance of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons depends on the availability of nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates and silicates since these are the building blocks for their further growth. The phytoplanktons act as prey for the next higher trophic level including various fishes and other small organisms. One of the factors that enchant the migratory birds at some particular locations is the availability of the species of organisms that they prey on. In this paper a preliminary analysis is done to explore the nutrient dynamics of selected tropical aquatic systems in order to correlate the arrival of migratory birds at those locations. Water samples are collected from coastal region of Aleppey, Purakkad and Koonthankulam Bird Sancturay. The latter two sites are the important destination of many migratory water birds including Pallus Gull, Heuglins Gull, Bar-headed goose, Comb Duck and Spot Billed Pelican. The samples are analyzed chemically to trace the nutrient compositions and the related chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, primary productivity, chloride, salinity, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand. Remarkable differences are observed mainly in the composition of phosphate, organic matter content and salinity. Finally, an attempt has been done to correlate the biodiversity of these locations with the chemical parameters and the prevailing nutrient compositions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9943 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 68-77
11
Kharchenko, L. P., and I. A. Lykova. "Littoral invertebrates in waders’ nutrition at migratory stopover sites in the Azov and Black Sea region." Ecology and Noospherology 25, no. 1-2 (2014): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031407.
Full textAbstract:
Seasonal migration for birds – distant migrants are the most energy intensive. Fat reserves accumulated in the bird’s body before migration and during migratory stopovers determine success of the long-distance flight. Lipids play a vital role both as a source of energy and as structural components of cell membranes. For most migrants to the speed and quality processes fat accumulation affects the feed ration in the field of migration stops. Fodder saturation with essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is of great importance. Being paramount for physiological processes, these acids cannot be synthesized in the bird’s body. The proposed article is dedicated to the study of waders’ trophic relationships with their prey items, and the use of PUFAs as biochemical markers. This approach is based on the specificity of the fatty acids contained in the lipids of invertebrate to be used as food bird species studied. Significant amount NPZHK waders obtained from forage that can be considered PUFAs as biochemical markers to determine the range and diversity of food producing birds PUFAs ways, and also to study the food chain in ecosystems. A fatty acid spectrum (FAS) of the lipids common for nine littoral invertebrate species (Gammarus aequicauda, Idotea balthica, Artemia salina, Nerеis sp., Nerеis zonata, Theodoxces astrachanicus, Hydrobia acuta, Chironomus salinarius, Chironomus plumosus), which constitute the main component of waders’ diet at the migratory stopover sites in the Azov and Black Sea region, has been studied. Found that the largest amount of total lipids contained in Nereis zonata (4,6 %) and Artemia salina (4,4 %), the lowest amount of total lipids was observed in Chironomus (1,5–1,8 %), which implies that polychaete worms and Artemia salina, as a source of fat, are the most productive for waders. Our research has found that mollusks, polychaete worms, and Artemia salina are the most effective waders’ fodder in the PUFAs content. Mollusks contain the largest amount of PUFAs, their spectrum is ω3 and ω6 PUFAs, especially arаchidonic acid C20:4. Polychate worms are also characterized by a high PUFAs level; they serve for birds as a source of linolenic and linoleic acid groups. Artemia salina contains a large amount of eicosapentaenoic С20:5ω3 and docosahexaenoic С22:6ω3 acids, which getting to an organism of birds, participating in the formation of cell membranes, act as thermal stabilizer lipid bilayers, enhance stamina during long-distance flight. A high abundance of Artemia salina in the feeding areas permit tundra waders to use them as a prey item, which can fulfill the bird’s body with a required amount of fatty acids in a short time. We have established an influence of some environmental factors, as water temperature and salinity, on the lipids FAS of littoral invertebrates. Spectrum analysis of polyene fatty acids in the lipids closely related species of invertebrates living in different salinity water showed that the content of PUFAs in the lipid depend on their food spectrum, and the environmental conditions. Therefore, anthropogenic pressure and changes of water hydrological regime may affect PUFAs content in the lipids of littoral invertebrates. In its turn, this factor may change alimentary behavior and migratory strategy of the birds, which use migratory stopover sites in the region in question. Shallow waters of the Azov-Black Sea region are characterized by different climatic characteristics and a large reserve of phytoplankton. This explains the mass character species studied of invertebrates to feeding areas and their use as basic prey items, many species of waders.
12
Vol’naya (Kerczeva), G. N. "ANIMALISTIC ART OF KOBAN CULTURE AND SCYTHIAN-SIBERIAN ANIMAL STYLE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.33.
Full textAbstract:
The Koban animalistic art and the Scythian-Siberian animal style in many respects are based on culture of the Central European art of the pre-Scythian period, Middle East and Urartu art. In some cases, both directions use similar compositions (whirlwind forms and symmetric), the same animal images («the scraped predator», a winged predator, a deer, a ram, a goat, the head and a figure of the flying bird of prey, fish), and parts of animals (a boar canine teeth) who receive various art interpretation. In the Koban animal style there was an infiltration of images of the Scythian-Siberian animal style (figures of deer with the head turned back and the turned-in legs; animals with the turned-out back part of a trunk at an angle 180°; the predator which was curtailed in a ball), occurs registration of the Koban bronze trapezoid zone buckles Scythian motives). Also the return process of penetration of the Koban images into Scythian art is known (objects in the form of a bust of a bird of prey, «the scraped predator»). All this demonstrates difficult centuries-old interaction of two directions of animal art.
13
Garbin, L., J. I. Diaz, A. Morgenthaler, et al. "Cormorant pellets as a tool for the knowledge of parasite-intermediate host associations and nematode diversity in the environment." Helminthologia 56, no. 4 (2019): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0027.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryAnisakids are usually acquired through the diet. Cormorant pellets are useful to detect both parasite larval stages, and prey items which could act as intermediate hosts in the environment. The current study provides information about the feeding habits of both birds and mammals, and the diversity of parasites circulating in the environment. The objective of the study was to identify Anisakidae larvae and prey items in pellets from the Imperial shag Phalacrocorax atriceps and the Red-legged cormorant P. gaimardi, suggesting possible parasite–prey associations. A total of 92 P. atriceps’ and 82 P. gaimardi’s pellets were collected from both Punta León, and Isla Elena bird colonies, respectively, during the period from 2006 to 2010. Pellets were preserved in ethanol and hard prey item remnants, and nematode larvae were studied using standard techniques. Prey item occurrence, nematode prevalence, and mean intensity were calculated. A correspondence analysis was performed to evaluate the larvae-prey association. Contracaecum spp., Pseudoterranova spp,, Anisakis spp., Terranova spp., and Hysterothylacium spp. third-stage larvae (L3) were identifi ed in pellets. Pseudoterranova spp. and Anisakis spp. L3 predominated in the environment of Punta León, whereas Contracaecum spp. and Hysterothylacium spp. L3 predominated in the Puerto Deseado area. The highest larvae-prey association was that of Contracaecum spp. L3 with Engraulis anchoita, followed by with Odontestes sp. in P. atriceps’ pellets. Contracaecum spp. L3 were significantly related to both sprats, Sprattus fueguensis and Ramnogaster arcuatta, in P. gaimardi’s pellets. It was verifi ed that E. anchovy is the main gateway of Contracaecum spp. L3 in P. atriceps. Odonthestes sp. might act as an intermediate/paratenic host of Contracaecum spp. L3 in the area. Both sprats might play a role as intermediate/paratenic hosts of C. australe, being the main gateway into P. gaimardi in the area. Thus, pellet analysis can be postulated as a good tool for indicating parasite-host associations between anisakids, and the prey items which act as intermediate hosts.
14
Hotová Svádová, Kateřina, Alice Exnerová, and Pavel Štys. "Gregariousness as a defence strategy of moderately defended prey: experiments with Pyrrhocoris apterus and avian predators." Behaviour 151, no. 11 (2014): 1617–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003208.
Full textAbstract:
Aggregations in insects carry out diverse functions, and gregariousness may also act as an antipredatory strategy, especially when combined with warning signalling. Despite many studies focused on the antipredatory function of gregariousness, there are still aspects needing further investigation: What aspects of predator behaviour are affected by prey gregariousness? Which of the antipredatory effects of aggregations are linked with aposematic coloration, and which will also work for non-aposematic prey? Does gregariousness of an aposematic species affect its mimetic relationships? We have studied these topics in the firebug, Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera), an aposematic red-and-black true bug with moderate chemical defence. Firebugs alternate between solitary and gregarious lifestyles throughout the year. We used hand-reared great tits (Parus major) as naive predators, and subjected them to avoidance training with either solitarily or gregariously presented firebugs, followed by a memory test with solitary individuals. To test whether effects of gregariousness are specific for the aposematic firebugs, we tested another group of birds with brown-painted firebugs. Our results show that the gregarious lifestyle of the firebug is a part of its antipredatory strategy. Compared to solitary individuals, aggregations benefited in several ways, some exclusive for aposematic firebugs, others working irrespective of coloration. Aggregations induced greater innate wariness, leading to longer attack latencies and more cautious prey handling, including complete attack avoidance in some birds. Despite the fact that the birds mostly attacked only one or two individuals from an aggregation, they needed fewer trials to reach the avoidance-learning criterion than the birds learning to avoid solitary firebugs. Birds’ experience with firebug aggregations reduced the predation risk of subsequently encountered solitary individuals, as the birds hesitated longer before attacking a solitary firebug if their previous aversive experience had been with aggregations rather than with solitary individuals. Predators’ experience with firebug aggregations may compensate for the firebugs’ moderate chemical defence, and as a consequence, gregariousness may change the firebugs’ mimetic relationships with better defended red-and-black true bug species from quasi-Batesian to Müllerian.
15
Moreira, Renata Fagundes, Laura de Campos Farezin, Ugo Araújo Souza, et al. "Pupipara (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) in wild birds attended at a rehabilitation center in southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 2 (2019): 330–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The hippoboscids are cosmopolitan permanent obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of birds, domestic and wild mammals and, occasionally, humans. Some species may act as vectors or hosts of etiological pathogenic agents. The aims of this study were to report on the first cases of Hippoboscidae in Crax blumenbachii and Parabuteo unicinctus; to provide new reports from Brazil on Tyto furcata and Asio stygius parasitized by Icosta americana; to report on individuals of Bubo virginianus, Falco sparverius and Accipiter striatus parasitized by genera Ornithoctona; and to provide new reports on parasitism of O. erythrocephala in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The birds of prey and C. blumenbachii were attended at a rehabilitation center in Porto Alegre and at a veterinary hospital in Cruz Alta. These new records demonstrate the huge gap that exists regarding studies on avian ectoparasites and highlight potential vectors of hemoparasites for the bird species studied.
16
Harmange, Clément, Vincent Bretagnolle, Nathan Chabaud, Mathieu Sarasa, and Olivier Pays. "Diel cycle in a farmland bird is shaped by contrasting predation and human pressures." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 1 (2021): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab060.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In human-dominated landscapes, human disturbances may contrast (spatially and/or temporally) with risk imposed by non-human predators. However, how prey adjust behaviour to minimize risk from multiple threats remains unclear. In Central-Western France, we investigated patterns of activity, space and habitat use, and causes of variations during the diel cycle of the grey partridge (captive-reared, released), a farmland bird facing multiple risks (nocturnal predation, diurnal hunting pressure). We also investigated influence of individual space use, relative to risk-related features on the fate of birds. Birds adjusted their behaviours in ways consistent with the reduction of risk from nocturnal carnivores at night and hunters during daytime. We recorded bimodal crepuscular activity, likely explained by commuting movements between spatially-separated diurnal and nocturnal sites composed of different habitats: selection of open terrains and avoidance of predator reservoirs at night vs. use of high-vegetation cover during daytime. We observed space use differences between surviving, hunted and predated birds. Predation and hunting activities act as contrasting pressures, selecting birds based on their spatial behaviour, which has likely shaped diel adjustments at the population level. An improved consideration of temporal variation in environmental pressures would help to reliably address factors constraining populations, so increasing wildlife management efficiency.
17
Sazima, Ivan. "Anting behaviour with millipedes by the dendrocolaptid bird Xiphocolaptes albicollis in southeastern Brazil." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 1 (2009): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000100027.
Full textAbstract:
Several bird species practice anting. While anting a bird holds an ant or other arthropod that produces toxic or irritating secretions and rubs it on the plumage. Here I describe the White-collared Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis) rubbing its body with millipedes of the orders Spirostreptida and Polydesmida while foraging among banana stumps or at bromeliad clumps in southeastern Brazil. On three occasions I recorded the bird holding a millipede in the bill and rubbing it against its chest, belly, and wings. From time to time the millipede was "chewed", and hammered against the substratum and then rubbed on the plumage again. After a while the millipede was ingested or dropped. Bromeliads harbour a rich fauna that includes mosquitoes, ticks, spiders, and snakes, and some of them may be potential hazards to birds that forage among the accumulated plant debris. The toxic secretions of millipedes may act as a deterrent against some of these hazardous animals, and the woodcreeper's behaviour also reduces the noxiousness of a toxic prey before ingestion.
18
Duijns, Sjoerd, Jan A. van Gils, Jennifer Smart, and Theunis Piersma. "Phenotype-limited distributions: short-billed birds move away during times that prey bury deeply." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 6 (2015): 150073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150073.
Full textAbstract:
In our seasonal world, animals face a variety of environmental conditions in the course of the year. To cope with such seasonality, animals may be phenotypically flexible, but some phenotypic traits are fixed. If fixed phenotypic traits are functionally linked to resource use, then animals should redistribute in response to seasonally changing resources, leading to a ‘phenotype-limited’ distribution. Here, we examine this possibility for a shorebird, the bar-tailed godwit ( Limosa lapponica ; a long-billed and sexually dimorphic shorebird), that has to reach buried prey with a probing bill of fixed length. The main prey of female bar-tailed godwits is buried deeper in winter than in summer. Using sightings of individually marked females, we found that in winter only longer-billed individuals remained in the Dutch Wadden Sea, while the shorter-billed individuals moved away to an estuary with a more benign climate such as the Wash. Although longer-billed individuals have the widest range of options in winter and could therefore be selected for, counterselection may occur during the breeding season on the tundra, where surface-living prey may be captured more easily with shorter bills. Phenotype-limited distributions could be a widespread phenomenon and, when associated with assortative migration and mating, it may act as a precursor of phenotypic evolution.
19
Ferragud, Carmel, Ricardo Olmos de León, and Vicent Bataller. "Galiana: història d’un falcó." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 17 (May 31, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.17.20918.
Full textAbstract:
Resum: En 1365 va tenir lloc una disputa davant la cort del governador de Mallorca per la propietat d’un falcó entre els donzells Berenguer de Galiana i Bernat Togores, en la qual es veu involucrat l’ensinistrador d’aus de caça Bernat Llemosí. Els testimonis que foren presentats per aclarir els fets permeten obtenir una informació molt valuosa, i en part inèdita, del que fou la pràctica d’aquesta art venatòria en el context de les illes Balears, i per extensió en l’Occident europeu. En aquest treball proposem una edició completa del document i en fem un estudi exhaustiu.
 Paraules clau: falconeria, Mallorca, governació, caça Abstract: In 1365 a lawsuit between the noblemen Berenguer of Galiana and Bernat Togores took place before the Court of the governor of Mallorca about the property of a falcon. Bernat Llemosí, a trainer of birds of prey, found himself involved in the case. The witnesses presented to clarify the facts provided really valuable information, and partly unknown, about the practice of this hunting art in the context of the Balearic Islands and Western Europe. A complete edition of the document is presented and thoroughly analysed in this study. Key words: falconry, Mallorca, governor, hunting
20
Whitaker, Darroch M., Allan L. Carroll, and William A. Montevecchi. "Elevated numbers of flying insects and insectivorous birds in riparian buffer strips." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 5 (2000): 740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-254.
Full textAbstract:
We compared the abundances of flying insects along undisturbed lakeshores and riparian buffer strips in balsam fir (Abies balsamea) forests in western Newfoundland. Insects were collected in pan traps placed on the forest floor and tanglefoot (sticky) traps suspended within the live canopy. Significantly greater numbers of insects were captured in riparian buffer strips than in undisturbed shorelines for four of five size classes in the canopy and two of five size classes in the understory. Collections were dominated by adult Diptera and Hymenoptera. Mean capture rates along buffer strips were 120-200% of the mean capture rates along undisturbed shorelines. This increase was greatest for large-bodied insects. A likely explanation for our observations is that buffer strips act as windbreaks, collecting airborne insects blown in from adjacent clearcuts and lakes. This phenomenon has been widely documented in agricultural landscapes. Understory wind speed was generally greater along buffer strips than controls, which is a reflection of increased exposure caused by clear-cutting. A concurrent parallel study conducted at the same sites investigated the effects of riparian buffering on breeding bird assemblages. Ubiquitous insectivorous birds, including the yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) and blackpoll warbler (Dendroica striata), were more abundant along buffer strips than undisturbed shorelines, possibly in response to increased prey availability. Increased food availability may in part explain the high numbers of insectivorous birds typically observed in riparian buffer strips in boreal forests.
21
Wallis, Robert J. "The ‘Northwest Essex Anglo-Saxon Ring’, Falconry and Pagan–Christian Discursive Space." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 3 (2020): 413–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000025.
Full textAbstract:
A unique gold finger ring, dated stylistically to c.ad 580–650, was discovered by metal-detecting in Essex in 2011. The ‘northwest Essex Anglo-Saxon ring’ is highly decorated with Style II art and shows a distinctive juxtaposition of ‘pagan’ and ‘Christian’ imagery including birds of prey and an anthropomorphic figure holding a long cross in the right hand, a raptor in the left. In this article, I consider the possibility that the object provides further evidence that falconry was practised in early Anglo-Saxon England. I begin by examining the finger ring itself and the imagery upon it, situating this within an Anglo-Saxon and broader Continental context. I then explore the possible social context of the ring, focusing on the ‘ideology of predation’ within which falconry, as a high-status hunting pursuit, may have been performed. Evaluating the hybrid ‘pagan’ and ‘Christian’ elements of the imagery, I suggest that falconry, and the ring itself as a high-status and possibly royal object, may have played important roles in the dynamics of pagan–Christian ‘discursive space’.
22
Barkat, Azizul Islam, Fahmida Tasnim Liza, Sumaiya Akter, Ashikur Rahman Shome, and Md Fazle Rabbe. "Wildlife hunting practices of the Santal and Oraon communities in Rajshahi, Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 11 (2021): 19484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7260.13.11.19484-19491.
Full textAbstract:
Humans have been depending on wild animals from ancient times for food, medicine, economy, tools, and others. Santal and Oraon are two of the indigenous communities present in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. They practice wildlife hunting as part of their traditions. We investigated the wildlife hunting practice of these indigenous communities using a closed-ended questionnaire survey. We interviewed 100 households of both communities from four villages. The study indicated that 76% of respondents hunted (88% Santal and 67% Oraon); and they usually hunt mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, of which the bird is the most preferred (73%) and snake the least (1%). The response of hunting among the two communities significantly differed for tortoise, bird, rabbit, mongoose, jackal, and the Jungle Cat. Eighteen sets of animal taxa were significantly correlated indicating that households exercised preferences in terms of prey. The result also showed that only 14% of Santal and 7% of Oraon were familiar with the Bangladesh Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012. Although the impact of wildlife hunting of these indigenous groups is still ambiguous, the present study provides a preliminary database of hunting practices of these communities for future conservation management.
23
Wallis, Robert J. "Re-examining stone ‘wrist-guards’ as evidence for falconry in later prehistoric Britain." Antiquity 88, no. 340 (2014): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00101085.
Full textAbstract:
The polished stone objects known as ‘wrist-guards’ found in Early Bronze Age graves in Britain and Continental Europe have proved difficult to interpret. Are they connected with archery, as has long been supposed, or were they instead associated with falconry? Using trained birds of prey for hunting is an elite practice in many historical and ethnographic contexts, and would be consistent with the appearance of exotic materials in these graves. Detailed consideration of the wrist-guards and associated objects from a falconer's perspective, however, demonstrates that the argument is unconvincing.
24
Kudinova, Maria A. "Images of Dogs in Chinese Rock Art." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-23-34.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyzes images of dogs in rock art of China. According to the semantics of compositions the following groups can be distinguished: hunting dogs, herding dogs, guard dogs, using of dogs in rituals, mythological and folklore motifs and other images. According to the distribution of different thematic groups of images, two big areas – northern and south-western – can be seen. In northern regions of China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu Province) the scenes of practical use of dogs (hunting, grazing, guarding herds and dwellings) prevail, which can be explained by the characteristics of the economic structure of the nomadic peoples who inhabited these territories. The images of a horseman followed by a dog and a bird of prey seen in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia can be interpreted as depictions of some motifs of heroic epos of Central Asian nomadic peoples. Other compositions in northern regions have been found to depict not only “realistic”, but “mytho-ritual” interpretations as well. In south-western regions (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province, Sichuan Province) the images of dogs in ritual and/or a mythological context are more common. It is likely connected with the less practical importance of dogs in the agricultural economy and the higher status of this animal in the spiritual culture of the peoples of Southern China. Rock paintings in Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province, is an exception that combines the images belonging to both traditions, namely a picture of a hunting dog and a dog as a sacrificial animal. Some images cannot yet be deciphered unequivocally.
25
Cheney, Jorn A., Jonathan P. J. Stevenson, Nicholas E. Durston, et al. "Bird wings act as a suspension system that rejects gusts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1937 (2020): 20201748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1748.
Full textAbstract:
Musculoskeletal systems cope with many environmental perturbations without neurological control. These passive preflex responses aid animals to move swiftly through complex terrain. Whether preflexes play a substantial role in animal flight is uncertain. We investigated how birds cope with gusty environments and found that their wings can act as a suspension system, reducing the effects of vertical gusts by elevating rapidly about the shoulder. This preflex mechanism rejected the gust impulse through inertial effects, diminishing the predicted impulse to the torso and head by 32% over the first 80 ms, before aerodynamic mechanisms took effect. For each wing, the centre of aerodynamic loading aligns with the centre of percussion, consistent with enhancing passive inertial gust rejection. The reduced motion of the torso in demanding conditions simplifies crucial tasks, such as landing, prey capture and visual tracking. Implementing a similar preflex mechanism in future small-scale aircraft will help to mitigate the effects of gusts and turbulence without added computational burden.
26
Suárez-Pérez, Alejandro, Juan Alberto Corbera, Margarita González-Martín, et al. "Microorganisms Resistant to Antimicrobials in Wild Canarian Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis)." Animals 10, no. 6 (2020): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10060970.
Full textAbstract:
Due to their predatory habits, raptors may serve as indicators of the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the environment, but they also represent a public health risk for livestock and humans because they can act as reservoirs, sources and spreaders of these bacteria. Our objective was to determine the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in cloacal samples of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis), an endemic bird of prey. One hundred and forty-two cloacal swabs were obtained; Escherichia coli was isolated from 80.28% and Salmonella from 6.3% of these samples. Low levels of susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were found. About 20% of the isolates were resistant or presented intermediate susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Surprisingly, we found isolates resistant to imipenem (6.96%). Isolates from chicks were more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs than adult and immature birds. About 50% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and about 20% to piperacillin, enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin. High percentages of isolates of Salmonella were found to be resistant to cephalexin (88%) and aminoglycosides (greater than 77%). Our results support the idea that raptors could act as reservoirs of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, posing a risk not only to wildlife but also to livestock and the human population, thus reinforcing the need to minimize the exposure of wildlife to antimicrobial agent through human and livestock waste.
27
Bright, Jen A., Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Samuel N. Cobb, and Emily J. Rayfield. "The shapes of bird beaks are highly controlled by nondietary factors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 19 (2016): 5352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602683113.
Full textAbstract:
Bird beaks are textbook examples of ecological adaptation to diet, but their shapes are also controlled by genetic and developmental histories. To test the effects of these factors on the avian craniofacial skeleton, we conducted morphometric analyses on raptors, a polyphyletic group at the base of the landbird radiation. Despite common perception, we find that the beak is not an independently targeted module for selection. Instead, the beak and skull are highly integrated structures strongly regulated by size, with axes of shape change linked to the actions of recently identified regulatory genes. Together, size and integration account for almost 80% of the shape variation seen between different species to the exclusion of morphological dietary adaptation. Instead, birds of prey use size as a mechanism to modify their feeding ecology. The extent to which shape variation is confined to a few major axes may provide an advantage in that it facilitates rapid morphological evolution via changes in body size, but may also make raptors especially vulnerable when selection pressures act against these axes. The phylogenetic position of raptors suggests that this constraint is prevalent in all landbirds and that breaking the developmental correspondence between beak and braincase may be the key novelty in classic passerine adaptive radiations.
28
Mäntylä, Elina, Päivi M. sirkiä, Tero Klemola, and Toni Laaksonen. "An experimental test of whether pied flycatchers choose the best territory for rearing the young." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (2015): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.604.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract It is often assumed that birds are able to choose a breeding territory that will later on have the most food for nestlings. Studies on this essential question are, however, few. We studied territory choice of a long-distance migrant, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in southwestern Finland. In one study area, we monitored the territory choice of males via the order of territory settlement. Female territory choice was studied experimentally in another study area where the correlation between male and territory quality was removed by not allowing males a free choice of territory. We defined several habitat characteristics and estimated the abundances of invertebrate prey from air, ground and trees with appropriate traps from the surroundings of the nest sites in both study areas. Against the expectation that parent birds would choose an arthropod-rich territory, neither males nor females seemed to choose those territories that later had the most food for nestlings. There was, however, some evidence that more eggs were laid in territories with more aphids and that more fledglings were produced in territories with high ant abundance. Our findings thus suggest that while it would be beneficial for birds to be able to choose food-rich territories, they may not be able to detect the right cues for doing so early in the breeding season. The possibility and importance of detecting the territories with the best prospects of rearing young may, however, vary among and within seasons and more studies on this topic are clearly needed.
29
Pérez-Espona, Sílvia. "Eciton Army Ants—Umbrella Species for Conservation in Neotropical Forests." Diversity 13, no. 3 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13030136.
Full textAbstract:
Identification of priority areas for conservation is crucial for the maintenance and protection of biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests where biodiversity continues to be lost at alarming rates. Surveys and research on umbrella species can provide efficient and effective approaches to identify potential areas for conservation at small geographical scales. Army ants of the genus Eciton are keystone species in neotropical forests due to their major role as top predators and due to the numerous vertebrate- and invertebrate associated species that depend upon their colonies for survival. These associates range from the iconic army ant-following birds to a wide range of arthropod groups, some of which have evolved intricate morphological, behavioural and/or chemical strategies to conceal their presence and integrate into the colony life. Furthermore, Eciton colonies require large forested areas that support a diverse leaf litter prey community and several field-based and genetic studies have demonstrated the negative consequences of forest fragmentation for the long-term maintenance of these colonies. Therefore, Eciton species will not only act as umbrella for their associates but also for many other species in neotropical forests, in particular for those that require a large extent of forest. This review summarises past and recent accounts of the main taxonomic groups found associated with Eciton colonies, as well research assessing the impact of forest fragmentation on this army ant, to encourage the adoption of Eciton army ants as umbrella species for the identification of priority areas for conservation and assessments of the effect of disturbance in neotropical forests.
30
Fukuda, Shinpei, and Junji Konuma. "Using three-dimensional printed models to test for aposematism in a carabid beetle." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 3 (2019): 735–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz127.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Many studies have demonstrated that bright colours sometimes evolve as warning coloration on the bodies of distasteful prey. However, few studies have demonstrated that the bright structural colours of beetles function as such aposematic signals for predators in the wild. To determine whether body colour might act as an aposematic signal in the carabid beetle Damaster blaptoides, we generated beetle models and conducted camera-trap and field experiments. Elaborate beetle models produced using a three-dimensional printer were used to determine which animals attack them in the wild. Red and black models were placed in forests to test which of the two types was attacked the least frequently. The camera-trap experiments indicated that mammals and birds were the potential predators of D. blaptoides. The field experiments revealed that predators attacked the red models significantly less frequently than the black models in each of three sites where red Damaster subspecies were distributed. In three sites where black Damaster subspecies were distributed, predators attacked both red and black models at similar rates. These results might imply that the predators learned more easily to avoid distasteful red beetles rather than black ones.
31
Anza, I., D. Vidal, J. Feliu, E. Crespo, and R. Mateo. "Differences in the Vulnerability of Waterbird Species to Botulism Outbreaks in Mediterranean Wetlands: an Assessment of Ecological and Physiological Factors." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 10 (2016): 3092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00119-16.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAvian botulism kills thousands of waterbirds every year, including endangered species, but information about the differences between species in vulnerability to botulism outbreaks and the capacity to act as carriers ofClostridium botulinumis still poorly known. Here, we estimated the vulnerability to botulism of 11 waterbird species from Mediterranean wetlands by comparing the number of affected birds with the census of individuals at risk. The capacity of different species to act as carriers was studied by detecting the presence of theC. botulinumtype C/D botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) gene in fecal samples and prey items of waterbirds in the wild and by the serial sampling of cloacal swabs of birds affected by botulism. We found differences among species in their vulnerabilities to botulism, probably related to feeding habits, season of arrival, turnover, and, possibly, phylogenetic resilience. The globally endangered white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) showed mortality rates in the studied outbreaks of 7% and 17% of the maximum census, which highlights botulism as a risk factor for the conservation of the species. Invasive water snails, such asPhysa acuta, may be important drivers in botulism epidemiology, because 30% of samples tested positive for the BoNT gene during outbreaks. Finally, our results show that birds may excrete the pathogen for up to 7 days, and some individuals can do it for longer periods. Rails and ducks excretedC. botulinummore often and for longer times than gulls, which could be related to their digestive physiology (i.e., cecum development).IMPORTANCEBotulism is an important cause of mortality in waterbirds, including some endangered species. The global climate change may have consequences in the ecology of wetlands that favor the occurrence of botulism outbreaks. Here, we offer some information to understand the ecology of this disease that can be useful to cope with these global changes in the future. We have found that some species (i.e., coots and dabbling ducks) are more vulnerable to botulism and have a more relevant role in the onset and amplification of the outbreaks than other species (i.e., flamingos and grebes). Feeding habits can explain these differences in part; in addition to the well-known role of necrophagous fly maggots, we found here that water snails are frequent carriers ofClostridium botulinum. This is relevant, because these water snails can thrive in eutrophic and polluted wetlands, exacerbating other changes driven by climate change in wetlands.
32
Caspers, Barbara A., E. Tobias Krause, Isabelle Hermanski, Christopher Wiesbrock, Friedrich-Wilhelm Kastrup, and Sebastian Steinfartz. "Developmental costs of yellow colouration in fire salamanders and experiments to test the efficiency of yellow as a warning colouration." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 3 (2020): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Warning colouration reduces predation risk by signalling or mimicking the unpleasantness of prey and therefore increases survival. We tested in two experiments the evolutionary costs and benefits of the yellow colour pattern in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra), which display a yellow/black colour pattern usually associated with toxic alkaloids. Our first experiment aimed to test whether the development of colouration is condition dependent and thus related to developmental costs, i.e. influenced by resource availability during the developmental process. Therefore, we reared fire salamander larvae under different nutritional conditions and compared the relative amount of yellow they developed after metamorphosis. Fire salamander larvae reared under limited food conditions had a lower proportion of yellow following metamorphosis than control larvae reared under superior food conditions. In a second experiment we tested whether the proportion of yellow has an impact on the risk of being attacked using artificial models. We tested, in salamander-free and salamander-occupied natural habitats, whether artificial clay models with different proportions of yellow and black receive different attack rates from potential predators (birds, mammals, insects). In clay models the proportion of yellow and the site had a significant effect on predation risk. Models with larger amounts of yellow had fewer bite marks from predators such as carabid beetles and birds, but only in sympatry with salamanders. In conclusion, the early expression of conspicuous colouration seems to be condition dependent and therefore potentially costly. Furthermore, the yellow colouration of fire salamanders act as a signal that potentially reduces their risk of being attacked by predators. Thus, the yellow colouration of fire salamanders seems to represent an adaptive trait that reduces the risk of predation, which can be expressed in higher quantity by individuals of a certain condition.
33
Stalwick, J. A., and K. L. Wiebe. "Lower reproductive output of Mountain Bluebirds (Sialia currucoides) in clearcut versus grassland habitat is consistent with a passive ecological trap." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 10 (2019): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0033.
Full textAbstract:
Clearcutting of forests results in habitats that structurally resemble grasslands and so may act as ecological traps for grassland birds. Several studies have implicated predation as the factor that decreases the number of offspring, but few have examined performance at other breeding stages. Consistent with a passive ecological trap, Mountain Bluebirds (Sialia currucoides (Bechstein, 1798)) that settled in clearcuts in central British Columbia did not differ in age or quality from adults in grasslands. Nest building and laying date of the first egg did not differ between habitats, suggesting an equal propensity for settling in each habitat. In clearcuts, however, the body condition of female parents was lower, and they abandoned their nests more often in harsh weather. This higher total clutch loss in clearcuts meant that seasonal production of fledglings per female was 13% less in clearcuts. Furthermore, fledglings in grasslands weighed 4% more and female fledglings had plumage with shorter (UV-shifted) wavelengths (hence greater ornamentation) than those in clearcuts, suggesting that they were also of better quality. Thus, predation rates were not the cause of reduced reproduction in clearcuts; rather, our results suggest that lower prey abundance was linked to nest abandonment in harsh weather and reduced both the number and quality of offspring in those habitats.
34
JONES, ERIC L. "The Environmental Effects of Blood Sports in Lowland England since 1750." Rural History 20, no. 1 (2009): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793308002586.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper considers the effects of blood sports on the landscape, wildlife and farming, and assesses the implications of the topic for some matters of historical interpretation. Histories of individual sports written by practitioners are rarely candid about the environmental costs and even descriptions by professional historians tend to neglect the dynamic ecological consequences. Ritualised foxhunting supplanted more effective control and encouraged pests. Any benign consequences were incidental. Thanks to commercial money, shooting intensities held up well even during agricultural depressions. Game preservation, notably of pheasants, meant heavy pressure on birds of prey and other wild species; planting woodland was the main benign effect, although this simultaneously fostered so-called pests. Killing species that competed with game eliminated some wildlife but often proved self-defeating in the long term. Angling had mixed implications for waterside wildlife, although riverine habitats were lastingly modified when sport-fishing replaced fishing for food. Hunting and shooting meant some withdrawal of land from farming and interference with rotations: these activities reduced productivity. That the national economy could ‘afford’ to divert so many resources to elite sports contradicts the dominant view that England came up against a resources barrier.
35
Makhortykh, S. V. "GOLD APPLIQUES AFFIXED TO THE WOODEN BOWLS FROM THE PERESCHEPINE BURIAL GROUND NEAR BELSK." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2019): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.38.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of gold plaques on wooden vessels from the Pereshchepino cemetery near Belsk, which are among the brightest indicators of Scythian culture and mark the distribution of this category of funeral equipment in the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank in the middle — second half of the 5th century BC. Items considered are represented by several subject-stylistic groups, among which there are plaques decorated with geometric patterns (a double row of convex points), and plaques with various zoomorphic motifs (recumbent stag, head of a bird of prey). The images differ in local specificity and have an original interpretation of individual details. First of all, it concerns the motif of recumbent stag, which demonstrate iconographic dynamics and with the involvement of materials from neighboring territories indicate the formation in the «late» V — first decades of the 4th centuries BC a «forest-steppe» type of images of this animal. Objects of animal style from forest-steppe areas of Ukraine are an important component of the Scythian art of Eastern Europe and must be taken into account when analyzing the genesis of this phenomenon.
36
Decker, Dominic. "Birds of Prey." Academic Medicine 93, no. 10 (2018): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002344.
Full text
37
Khoyetskyy, Pavlo B. "Monitoring of the leopard seal population (Hydrurga leptonyx) in waters of the Argentine Islands (Ant-arctica)." Theriologia Ukrainica 2020, no. 19 (2020): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tu1916.
Full textAbstract:
The state of the leopard seal population (Hydrurga leptonyx Blainville, 1828) in waters of the Argentine Islands was studied during the periods April 2015 — March 2016 and April 2018 — March 2019 according to the objectives of the State Target Scientific and Technical Research Programme of Ukraine in Antarctica for the period 2011–2020. During the study period, 14 males and 16 females were recorded within the archipelago (1M : 1.1F ratio). About 7 % of the seals were young individuals and more than 90% were adults. Leopard seals were recorded during all periods of the year. In the summer-autumn period, within the archipelago, there were 2 to 4 individuals simultaneously. The maximum period of stay of the predators in waters of the archipelago was about two weeks. Two individuals for at least two weeks were recorded twice in waters of the archipelago. The maximum period of absence of the seals in waters of the archipelago was 118 days. It was found that the occurrence of leopard seals and hence the traces of their life activities in various years were of different nature. In the autumn (April–May) of 2015, they were seen less frequently, on average every 6.3 ± 2.5 days, and in the autumn of 2018, on the contrary, more frequently, on average every 2.5 ± 0.5 days. The activity of the leopard seal in the winter (June, August) of 2015 decreased by half. It was recorded that the animals appeared in waters of the archipelago on average every 12.7 ± 5.5 days, and in the winter of 2018 — 5.5 ± 1.9 days. In the autumn of 2018, the predators and traces of their vital activities were seen less often — every 6.6 ± 1.6 days. During the study period, out of 78 recorded cases of the leopard seal’s occurrence, about 56 % of cases were recorded when they were on ice floes, in other cases (44 %) — when they were in water. In addition, several crabeater seals were recorded three times on an ice floe at an insignificant distance from a leopard seal. One of the main prey items for leopard seals within the archipelago are birds, in particular the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), as well as crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus). The presence of two penguin colonies on Galindez Island attracts leopard seals to the archipelago. During the study period, successful leopard seal predation on penguins was recorded more than 20 times. Penguins were the most frequent prey of leopard seals in spring and summer, while crabeater seals in winter.
38
Paramanandham, Joothi Pillai, Kaliyaperumal Krishnappa, Kannan Kabilan, and Selvaraj Sathishkumar. "Diversity and Abundance of Butterfly (Lepidoptera) Fauna in Kalaimahal College Campus, Sembanarkoil, Tranqubar Taluk, Tamil Nadu." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.81.1.
Full textAbstract:
Butterflies are the sensitive insects which react quickly to any kind of disturbances like changes in the habitat quality and environmental variation. Apart from pollinators they play a major key role in food chain, being prey for birds, reptiles, spiders and predatory insects. It is one of the most important assemblages of insects that act as biodiversity indicators as well as nature’s gardeners. The objective of the present survey is focussed on the assessment of the diversity and abundance of butterfly conservation priorities in the study area. A total of 33 species of butterflies under 5 families and 26 genera were recorded during from December 2017 to February 2017 in the Kalimahal College campus, Sembarnarkoil, Tharangambadi Taluk. Nymphalidae was recorded as the most dominant family in terms of number of species (13) and number of genera (9), followed by Pieridae 8 species (6 genera), Lycaenidae 6 species (5 genera), Hesperiidae 3 species (3 genera), and Papilionidae 3 species (2 genera). Species richness (25), Simpson diversity index (0.7206) and Shannon ‘H’ index (1.783) were high in the month of December 2017. Simultaneously the Dominance index (0.6634) and Species Evenness (0.2871) were high in the month of February 2018. The outcomes of the present study highlight the importance of institutional campuses as a preferred habitat for butterflies. If the landscaping and maintenance of gardens are cautiously planned, the diversity of butterflies may increase in college campus providing a rich ground for butterfly conservation as well as for research.
39
Jones, Terry. "Moon/Birds Of Prey." Poem 1, no. 2 (2013): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20519842.2013.11415354.
Full text
40
Roche, John P., and John Hendrickson. "Raptors: Birds of Prey." Maine Naturalist 2, no. 2 (1994): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3858256.
Full text
41
Ritchie, Robert J., and Penny Olsen. "Australian Birds of Prey." Journal of Wildlife Management 61, no. 4 (1997): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802162.
Full text
42
Ee, C. A. "HAND-REARING BIRDS OF PREY." International Zoo Yearbook 3, no. 1 (2008): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03415.x.
Full text
43
Dipineto, Ludovico, Luigi Maria De Luca Bossa, Tamara Pasqualina Russo, et al. "Campylobacterspp. and Birds of Prey." Avian Diseases 58, no. 2 (2014): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10737-112813-resnote.1.
Full text
44
Ugan, Andrew, and Steven Simms. "On Prey Mobility, Prey Rank, and Foraging Goals." American Antiquity 77, no. 1 (2012): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.1.179.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn their recent paper “In Pursuit of Mobile Prey,” Bird, Bliege-Bird, and Codding (2009) identify a negative relationship between body size and post-encounter returns among Martu prey in western Australia, attributing the phenomena to the greater mobility of large animals and associated risk of hunting failure. While this phenomenon has implications for archaeological applications of foraging models that assume body size and on-encounter returns are positively correlated, the Martu data may be less exceptional than they appear. Here we outline the reasons for our skepticism, point out areas in which we are in agreement, and build upon their findings by exploring the trade-offs between foraging to maximize efficiency and immediate returns and foraging for purposes other than immediate provisioning.
45
BYHOLM, PATRIK, PERTTI SAUROLA, HARTO LINDÉN, and MARCUS WIKMAN. "Causes of Dispersal in Northern Goshawks (Accipiter Gentilis) in Finland." Auk 120, no. 3 (2003): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.3.706.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Environmental quality has the potential to influence dispersal if cost of dispersing is outweighed by cost of staying. In that scenario, individuals experiencing different conditions in their natal area are expected to differ in their dispersal. Even if there is wide agreement that reasons behind the dispersal decision are multiple, it is often less clear what conditions actually add to the observed dispersal behavior. The scale at which the dispersal behavior is analyzed can also be of crucial importance for a correct understanding of the dispersal process. Furthermore, in long-lived species factors influencing dispersal behavior of juveniles may differ from those adding to dispersal of adults. Using 12 years of banding data (1989–2000), we studied dispersal behavior of Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) hatched over a wide area in Finland in relation to local demographic and ecological conditions. Hatching rank and hatching date added to the probability of leaving in the first place; whereas hatching date, local prey availability, and sex of the disperser were related to dispersal distance. Among adult birds (+3 years), none of the analyzed variables were related to distance; whereas the probability of remaining locally was related to local grouse density in the hatching year (for males only). Results show that the combined effects of factors working at several levels act together on dispersal behavior in Northern Goshawks and highlight the importance of studying different age classes separately in long-lived species. In summary, our results suggest that goshawk individuals distribute themselves spatially in parallel with factors determining the costs and advantages of dispersing where philopatry seems to be connected to factors positively associated with survival; but to test the validity of that idea, more data on fitness consequences of dispersal are needed.
46
Blomqvist, Maria, Linus Christerson, Jonas Waldenström, et al. "Chlamydia psittaciin birds of prey, Sweden." Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 2, no. 1 (2012): 8435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v2i0.8435.
Full text
47
LaChance, Mathieu K., Guy Fitzgerald, Stéphane Lair, and Marion R. Desmarchelier. "Horner Syndrome in Birds of Prey." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 33, no. 4 (2019): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2018-383.
Full text
48
Porter, Stuart L., and Sarah E. Snead. "Pesticide Poisoning in Birds of Prey." Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians 4, no. 2 (1990): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30136881.
Full text
49
Jones, Michael P. "Vascular Diseases in Birds of Prey." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 22, no. 4 (2013): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2013.10.012.
Full text
50
Stanford, M. "Imaging technologies in birds of prey." Veterinary Record 161, no. 2 (2007): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.2.68.
Full text