Journal articles: 'Birds – South Africa'

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Perrin, Michael R. "Remarkable Birds of South Africa." Ostrich 81, no. 3 (November 11, 2010): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2010.519871.

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de Villiers, Jake. "Remarkable Birds of South Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 65, no. 3 (November 2010): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2010.517663.

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Poen, Marjolein J., Ron A. M. Fouchier, Richard J. Webby, Robert G. Webster, and Mohamed E. El Zowalaty. "Evidence of the Presence of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Viruses in Wild Waterfowl in 2018 in South Africa." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (September 25, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040163.

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Avian influenza viruses are pathogens of global concern to both animal and human health. Wild birds are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and facilitate virus transport over large distances. Surprisingly, limited research has been performed to determine avian influenza host species and virus dynamics in wild birds on the African continent, including South Africa. This study described the first wild bird surveillance efforts for influenza A viruses in KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa after the 2017/2018 outbreak with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 in poultry. A total of 550 swab samples from 278 migratory waterfowl were tested using real-time RT-PCR methods. Two samples (0.7%) were positive for avian influenza virus based on the matrix gene real-time RT-PCR but were negative for the hemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7. Unfortunately, no sequence information or viable virus could be retrieved from the samples. This study shows that avian influenza viruses are present in the South African wild bird population, emphasizing the need for more extensive surveillance studies to determine the South African avian influenza gene pool and relevant local host species.

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Kopij, Grzegorz. "Birds of the Bloemfontein area, Free State Province, South Africa, during the years 1977-2000: an overview." Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 62, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/azc.62.03.

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The aim of this paper is to summarize our knowledge of the birds of the Bloemfontein area, Free State, South Africa. It presents data on the status, distribution, population densities and habitat of the birds of this area, during the years 1977-2000 (with a special emphasis on the years 1993-1998). Both published and unpublished data are analysed. Population densities were estimated mainly using the line transect method and territory mapping method. For most fairly common, common and very common species, data on population densities are provided, while for 19 species (mainly rare or very rare), distribution maps of their occupied territories are presented. A total of 324 bird species were recorded. Breeding birds comprised 60.2% of the overall species (195), while non-breeding birds made up the remaining 39.8% (129). Among the breeding species, most (55.9%) were residents throughout the year, 3.1% were intra-African migrants and 1.2% were nomads. Non-breeding birds were represented by Palearctic migrants (35 species, 10.8%) classified as vagrants, irregular and regular visitors; and African non-breeding species (94; 29.0%), which were mainly vagrants. Among the breeding species, most were rare or very rare (100 species, 56.4%). Only 24 (12.3%) of them were very common, nine of which were non-passeres and 15 passeres. The main threat to birds in the Bloemfontein area is intensive agriculture. Some suggestions and recommendations are given for more effective and efficient bird conservation in this important area.

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Kok, A. C., and O. B. Kok. "Avifauna in grassland communities at some inland airports in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 4 (September 28, 2002): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i4.239.

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Over a period of eleven years (January 1985 – December 1995) approximately 5 000 individuals representing 51 bird species which, potentially, posed a threat to aviation were collected at the Bloemfontein airport. More than half of the species concerned can be considered as medium sized terrestrial birds of which the crowned plover (Vanellus coronatus) is by far the most important. A similar species composition occurred at the Kimberley airport, in contrast to the greater percentage of water associated birds at the Johannesburg airport. Indirectly, food availability appears to be one of the main environmental factors involved in the presence of the five dominant bird species at the Bloemfontein airport.

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COOPER, TESSA J. G., ANDREW M. WANNENBURGH, and MICHAEL I. CHERRY. "Atlas data indicate forest dependent bird species declines in South Africa." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 3 (January 5, 2017): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927091600040x.

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SummaryForest ecosystems in South Africa are at risk from a variety of anthropogenic threats impacting the faunal species dependent on them. These impacts often differ depending on species-specific characteristics. Range data on forest dependent bird species from the South African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP1 and SABAP2) were analysed to determine links between deforestation, species characteristics and range declines. Half of the species studied were found to have declining ranges. Range change data for these species were correlated with data on changes in land cover from 1990 to 2014. To determine which land cover changes affect extinction, occupancy was modelled for 30 sites across South Africa which experienced a loss of more than 10 species. Most species lost were birds of prey or insectivores. Indigenous forest decreased in 17% (n = 5) sites, while plantations/woodlots decreased in 60% (n = 18) sites. Occupancy modelling showed extinction to be mitigated by plantations in 6/28 species, and forest expansion mitigated extinction in 7/28 species. Responses to deforestation did not appear to be related to particular species characteristics. Half of South Africa’s forest-dependent bird species have declining ranges, with the loss of these species most prominent in the Eastern Cape province. Four responses to changes in forest and plantation cover are discussed: direct effects, with forest loss causing species loss; matrix effects, where plantation loss resulted in species loss; degradation of indigenous forest; and the advent of new forest arising from woody thickening caused by carbon fertilisation, which may not result in optimal habitat for forest-dependent birds.

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Poole, Colin M., and Chris R. Shepherd. "Shades of grey: the legal trade in CITES-listed birds in Singapore, notably the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus." Oryx 51, no. 3 (April 13, 2016): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000234.

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AbstractThere are few published studies quantifying the volume of wildlife being traded through Singapore. We report on Singapore's involvement in the trade of avifauna listed on CITES based on government-reported data to CITES, with particular emphasis on Singapore's role in the trade of the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus. During 2005–2014 Singapore reported commercial import permits for 225,561 birds, from 35 countries, listed on CITES Appendices I and II, and the export of 136,912 similarly listed birds to 37 countries, highlighting the country's role as a major international transshipment hub for the global aviculture industry. Major exporters to Singapore included the Solomon Islands, the Netherlands, Taiwan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Africa. Major importers from Singapore included Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and Japan. Singapore imported significant quantities of CITES-listed birds from African countries, including the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea and South Africa, a number of which have a history of abuse of CITES export permits, discrepancies in reported trade data, or an acknowledged lack of wildlife law enforcement capacity. Significant discrepancies were detected between import and export figures of CITES-listed avifauna reported by Singapore and its trading partners. Based on these findings we present three recommendations to improve the regulation and monitoring of the trade in CITES-listed bird species in Singapore.

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Rand, R. W. "THE BIRDS OF HOLLAMSBIRD ISLAND, SOUTH WEST AFRICA." Ibis 94, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1952.tb01844.x.

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Gurney, J. H. "Notes on Mr. Layard's ‘Birds of South Africa’." Ibis 10, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1868.tb06109.x.

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Gurney, J. H. "Notes on Mr. Layard's ‘ Birds of South Africa." Ibis 10, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1868.tb06118.x.

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Cumming, Graeme S., and Matthew F. Child. "Contrasting spatial patterns of taxonomic and functional richness offer insights into potential loss of ecosystem services." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1524 (June 27, 2009): 1683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0317.

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Functional and trophic perspectives on patterns of species occurrences have the potential to offer new and interesting insights into a range of spatially explicit problems in ecology and conservation. We present the function–area relationship (FAR) and explore linkages between functional and taxonomic species richness for South African birds. We first used beak morphology to classify a subset of 151 South African bird species into 18 functional groups and calculated both the species–area relationship and the FAR at quarter-degree resolution for South Africa. The relationship between functional and taxonomic richness by cell was quadratic rather than linear, with considerable scatter around the curve. We next looked at the spatial relationships between taxonomic diversity and response diversity (i.e. diversity within functional groups) using an a priori categorization of nearly all South African birds into nine functional groups. The spatial distribution of response richness also showed considerable variation in relation to taxonomic richness. Our results demonstrate a novel approach to linking taxonomic, functional and trophic patterns in space and suggest a way in which conservation planning, which has traditionally had a taxonomic focus, could formally incorporate a more functional and food-web-based approach.

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Hurford, J. L., A. T. Lombard, A. C. Kemp, and G. A. Benn. "Geographical analysis of six rare bird species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 2 (June 1996): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003026.

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SummaryTwenty-eight predominantly tropical bird species have ranges that only just extend into the north-eastern part of South Africa, mainly within the Kruger National Park (KNP). These species are listed as “rare” (200 breeding pairs) in the South African Red Data Book (Brooke 1984). This study assesses the extent to which six of these rare bird species represent viable populations in the KNP. Grid squares in the KNP (2.5 × 2.5 miles) were visually assessed according to several bird habitat parameters. Bird records were also plotted on this grid system and habitat associations were identified for each species. This allowed for the measurement of total suitable habitat within the KNP for each species. Bird densities within known habitat were determined using spot-mapping and fixed-distance strip-transect techniques. Estimated population sizes for each species were obtained by extrapolating density estimates to total suitable habitat. Of the six study species, Arnot's Chat, Rudd's Apalis, Wattle-eyed Flycatcher and Tropical Boubou are likely to occur in sufficient numbers to constitute viable populations within the KNP, with estimated population sizes of 1,394, 4/758/ 2,070 and 10,450 birds respectively. The populations of White-crowned Plover and Long-tailed Starling are probably too small to be viable in the long term, with estimated population sizes of 305 and 382 birds respectively. The results presented here are testable and can be used as a baseline for future monitoring.

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Kok, A. C., and O. B. Kok. "Dietary composition of birds species at an inland airport in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 1 (September 26, 2002): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i1.222.

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Stomach contents of 51 bird species that posed a potential threat to aviation were collected at the Bloemfontein airport over a period of 11 years (1985-1995). Numerically the crowned plover (Vanellus coronatus), and the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), blacksmith plover (V. armatus), whitewinged korhaan (Eupodotis afraoides), doublebanded courser (Smutsornis africanus), spotted dikkop (Burhinus capensis), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), Swainson’s francolin (Francolinus swainsonii) and Orange River francolin (F. levaillantoides) in sequence of importance, constituted 91,0% of the total sample (3 544). In general insects can be considered the main food source of the birds concerned. Based on dry mass composition the Isoptera, followed by the Coleoptera and Orthoptera, constituted the most important component in the diet. The Isoptera, more specifically the harvester termite (Hodotermes mossambicus), is, moreover, the only important prey taxon showing a conspicuous utilisation peak during the relative food shortage of the dry season. Evidently, temporary superabundant food sources that periodically come about in grassland habitats are opportunistically utilised by the birds.

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Lloyd, Penn, Fitsum Abadi, Res Altwegg, and Thomas E. Martin. "South temperate birds have higher apparent adult survival than tropical birds in Africa." Journal of Avian Biology 45, no. 5 (May 9, 2014): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.00454.

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15

Petney, T. N., and O. B. Kok. "Birds as predators of ticks (Ixodoidea) in South Africa." Experimental and Applied Acarology 17, no. 5 (May 1993): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00058602.

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Tustin, D. H., and N. Conradie. "Benchmarking avi-tourism literacy rates among Gauteng school learners." South African Journal of Business Management 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v47i3.68.

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Literacy on birds and the natural environment among young citizens is critical in addressing current and emerging environmental challenges. To improve the future awareness, involvement, knowledge, values and pro-environmental behaviour of young South Africans towards birds, the natural habitat of birds and avi-tourism, this article benchmarks avi-tourism literacy rates among secondary school learners. The study arrived at an avi-tourism literacy rate of 43.66% which presupposes passive behaviour of learners towards birds, bird habitat and avi-tourism activities. Besides lacking basic bird and environmental knowledge, learners have also not yet reached the desired levels of emotional affection towards birds and the natural environment. However, increased awareness and affinity, involvement, values and behavioural intention will most likely entice pro-avi and environmental behaviour. The research poses clear challenges to professionals and educators within the tourism industry of South Africa to increase learners’ willingness and motivation to act pro-environmentally through dedicated education. This supports the need to introduce an intervention programme in order to promote awareness, knowledge, values and pro-avi and environmental behaviour among learners.

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Snoeck, Chantal J., Adeniyi T. Adeyanju, Sébastien De Landtsheer, Ulf Ottosson, Shiiwua Manu, Ward Hagemeijer, Taej Mundkur, and Claude P. Muller. "Reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses in African wild birds." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.029728-0.

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To investigate the presence and persistence of avian influenza virus in African birds, we monitored avian influenza in wild and domestic birds in two different regions in Nigeria. We found low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses in three spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all of the genes, except the non-structural (NS) genes, of the LPAI H5N2 viruses were more closely related to genes recently found in wild and domestic birds in Europe. The NS genes formed a sister group to South African and Zambian NS genes. This suggested that the Nigerian LPAI H5N2 viruses found in wild birds were reassortants exhibiting an NS gene that circulated for at least 7 years in African birds and is part of the African influenza gene pool, and genes that were more recently introduced into Africa from Eurasia, most probably by intercontinental migratory birds. Interestingly the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes formed a sister branch to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 strains found in the same wild bird species in the same wetland only 1 year earlier. However, they were not the closest known relatives of each other, suggesting that their presence in the wetland resulted from two separate introductions. The presence of LPAI H5N2 in wild birds in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, where wild birds and poultry occasionally mix, provides ample opportunity for infection across species boundaries, with the potential risk of generating HPAI viruses after extensive circulation in poultry.

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SYMES, CRAIG T., and STEPHAN WOODBORNE. "Migratory connectivity and conservation of the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis: a stable isotope perspective." Bird Conservation International 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000237.

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SummaryStable isotopes (δD, δ13C, δ15N) were measured in adult and juvenile Amur Falcon Falco amurensis feathers to understand the migratory connectivity of this species. Using the OIPC (Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator) and a calibration curve for American Kestrels Falco sparverius we predicted the breeding range of South African Amur Falcons in the Palaearctic. δD values for juvenile feathers (mean ± SE = -58.1 ± 2.5‰, range -83.9 to -25.7‰) and predicted Palaearctic annual precipitation values indicated that juvenile Amur Falcons in South Africa originated from across their entire Palaearctic range. This rejects the leapfrog migration hypothesis and suggests the widespread movement of birds south, with a funnelling effect into the subregion where they become concentrated over a narrower distribution range. Adult δDf values were more depleted (-37.4 ± 1.8‰, range = -71.3 to -9.3‰) than predicted annual precipitation values for sites where feathers moulted in South Africa (-20.2 ± 0.9‰) but there was no correlation between δDp and δDf. This, together with significant variation of δ13C among sites and annual fluctuations in roost sizes, suggests that roost site fidelity is low in the overwintering range. Populations not confined to breeding sites in South Africa are able to move widely across the subregion, feeding on a broad range of arthropods that become seasonally abundant during the austral summer. Total population estimates for South Africa are significantly lower than global estimates so a significant proportion of the population may not overwinter in South Africa or global populations are significantly lower than estimated. In South Africa, roosts that number hundreds to thousands of individuals are often in large exotic trees, e.g. Eucalyptus sp. They are often tolerant of disturbance at roosts which may be of little concern for their conservation. Habitat changes in the overwintering range in South Africa though, particularly due to agriculture, afforestation and strip mining, may affect global population numbers. There is also concern over the persecution of birds along their migratory route.

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Tela, Murna, Will Cresswell, and Hazel Chapman. "Pest-removal services provided by birds on subsistence farms in south-eastern Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): e0255638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255638.

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To what extent birds provide the ecosystem service of pest control in subsistence farms, and how this service might depend on retained natural habitats near farmlands is unexplored in West Africa. To fill this knowledge gap, we placed plasticine mimics of insect pests on experimentally grown crops on the Mambilla Plateau, South Eastern Nigeria. We recorded bird attacks on the mimics and the proportion of mimics removed by birds. We also determined the influence of distance of crops from forest fragments on both attack and removal rates. We placed 90 potted plants of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) along 15 transects running 4.5 km from forest edge into open grassland. Each plant had six of the 540 mimics in total placed on their leaves. We inspected the potted plants weekly for 12 weeks to record (i) the presence of bird beak marks on mimics, and (ii) the number of missing mimics. Once a week we collected all the mimics from the plants and counted the number of assumed beak marks. After counting we replaced the mimics on the plants, mark free. We found a strong positive correlation between the abundance of insectivorous birds and the mean number of missing mimics and/or bird attack marks on mimics. However, this positive effect of insectivorous bird abundance on prey mimic attack/removal became less strong the farther they were from a forest fragment. We found increased predation rates and abundance of insectivorous birds closer to forest fragments. Our data suggest that pest predation may be a key ecosystem service provided by insectivorous birds on Nigerian farmlands. Farmlands that are closer to forest fragments may experience a higher rate of pest control by insectivorous birds than those further away, suggesting that retaining forest fragments in the landscape may enhance pest control services in sub-Saharan subsistence farms.

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Droz, Boris, Sabrina Joye, Alexandre de Titta, Fabian Schneider, and Sylvain Antoniazza. "Phenology of Passerine bird migration in the Danube Delta, Romania." Ring 38, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ring-2016-0002.

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Abstract The Palearctic-African bird migration system has fascinated ornithologists for decades and is one of the most well-known. However, there is strong spatial variation in the level of knowledge, and the South-Eastern European Flyway (which passes through the Balkan Peninsula) has been studied far less than the Western European Flyway (which passes through the Iberian Peninsula and Italy). In this study, we describe the phenology of 16 common woodland species, with a detailed analysis of the pre-migration period as well as an age-specific analysis of the timing of migration. As a general trend for species wintering in sub-Saharan Africa, adult birds migrated before first-year birds, in contrast with short-distance Mediterranean wintering species, in which we observed no difference. We also provide information comparing the timing of the migration of birds with characters of subspecies of Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus and Chiffchaff Phyloscopus collybita, which have not previously been reported.

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Shelley, G. E. "4. Oil Some New Species Of Birds From South Africa." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 50, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1882.tb06628.x.

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Monadjem, Ara. "Habitat associations of birds along the Sabie River, South Africa." African Journal of Ecology 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.tb00597.x.

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23

Altwegg, Res, Kristin Broms, Birgit Erni, Phoebe Barnard, Guy F. Midgley, and Les G. Underhill. "Novel methods reveal shifts in migration phenology of barn swallows in South Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 9, 2011): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1897.

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Many migratory bird species, including the barn swallow ( Hirundo rustica ), have advanced their arrival date at Northern Hemisphere breeding grounds, showing a clear biotic response to recent climate change. Earlier arrival helps maintain their synchrony with earlier springs, but little is known about the associated changes in phenology at their non-breeding grounds. Here, we examine the phenology of barn swallows in South Africa, where a large proportion of the northern European breeding population spends its non-breeding season. Using novel analytical methods based on bird atlas data, we show that swallows first arrive in the northern parts of the country and gradually appear further south. On their north-bound journey, they leave South Africa rapidly, resulting in mean stopover durations of 140 days in the south and 180 days in the north. We found that swallows are now leaving northern parts of South Africa 8 days earlier than they did 20 years ago, and so shortened their stay in areas where they previously stayed the longest. By contrast, they did not shorten their stopover in other parts of South Africa, leading to a more synchronized departure across the country. Departure was related to environmental variability, measured through the Southern Oscillation Index. Our results suggest that these birds gain their extended breeding season in Europe partly by leaving South Africa earlier, and thus add to scarce evidence for phenology shifts in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Kok, A. C., and O. B. Kok. "Prey manipulation in a grassland community at an inland airport in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 4 (September 28, 2002): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i4.238.

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Terrestrial invertebrates and very small vertebrates were collected using pitfall and mouse traps in undisturbed long grass and grass which were kept permanently short over a period of 15 months (March 1994 – May 1995) at the Bloemfontein airport. Numerically insects contributed more than 90% of the overall sample. Twice as many individuals occurred in short grass compared to those in the long grass. The available food source for predominantly insectivorous avifauna at inland airports can thus be effectively reduced (indirectly also bird numbers) by implementing a so-called long grass policy as a control strategy. A significant and sustainable decrease in harvester termite numbers and activities was accomplished by administering bait treated with Gaucho in disturbed grass areas. As an important component in the diet of birds in grassland communities, bird numbers, and hopefully also bird aircraft strikes, can thus be reduced.

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Simulundu, Edgar, Akihiro Ishii, Manabu Igarashi, Aaron S. Mweene, Yuka Suzuki, Bernard M. Hang’ombe, Boniface Namangala, et al. "Characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from wild waterfowl in Zambia." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1416–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.030403-0.

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Although the quest to clarify the role of wild birds in the spread of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) has yielded considerable data on AIVs in wild birds worldwide, information regarding the ecology and epidemiology of AIVs in African wild birds is still very limited. During AIV surveillance in Zambia (2008–2009), 12 viruses of distinct subtypes (H3N8, H4N6, H6N2, H9N1 and H11N9) were isolated from wild waterfowl. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all the isolates were of the Eurasian lineage. Whilst some genes were closely related to those of AIVs isolated from wild and domestic birds in South Africa, intimating possible AIV exchange between wild birds and poultry in southern Africa, some gene segments were closely related to those of AIVs isolated in Europe and Asia, thus confirming the inter-regional AIV gene flow among these continents. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of internal proteins revealed that several isolates harboured particular residues predominantly observed in human influenza viruses. Interestingly, the isolates with human-associated residues exhibited higher levels of virus replication in the lungs of infected mice and caused more morbidity as measured by weight loss than an isolate lacking such residues. This study stresses the need for continued monitoring of AIVs in wild and domestic birds in southern Africa to gain a better understanding of the emergence of strains with the potential to infect mammals.

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Crawford, Robert J. M., Benedict L. Dundee, Bruce M. Dyer, Norbert T. W. Klages, Michael A. Meÿer, and Leshia Upfold. "Trends in numbers of Cape gannets (Morus capensis), 1956/1957–2005/2006, with a consideration of the influence of food and other factors." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 1 (November 2, 2006): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsl011.

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Abstract Crawford, R. J. M., Dundee, B. L., Dyer, B. M., Klages, N. T., Meÿer, M. A., and Upfold, L. 2007. Trends in numbers of Cape gannets (Morus capensis), 1956/57–2005/06, with a consideration of the influence of food and other factors – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 169–177. Cape gannets (Morus capensis) breed at six colonies in Namibia and South Africa. Population size averaged about 250 000 pairs over the period 1956/1957–1968/1969 and about 150 000 pairs from 1978/1979 to 2005/2006. Over the whole 50-y period, numbers at the three Namibian colonies fell by 85–98%, with greater proportional decreases in the south. There were increases at two South African colonies between 1956/1957 and 2005/2006. The colony at Lambert's Bay increased between 1956/1957 and 2003/2004, but attacks by Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) on birds at nests caused abandonment of the entire colony in 2005/2006. Long-term changes at colonies are thought to be largely attributable to an altered abundance and distribution of prey, especially sardine (Sardinops sagax) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). In both Namibia and South Africa, the numbers of Cape gannets breeding were significantly related to the biomass of epipelagic fish prey. Over the 50-y period, there was also a marked similarity in the proportions of gannets and epipelagic fish in the Benguela system, which were present in Namibia and South Africa. In the 2000s, there was an eastward shift in the distribution of sardine off South Africa and a large increase in the number of gannets breeding at South Africa's easternmost colony. When sardine were scarce off South Africa, gannets fed on anchovy, but off Namibia anchovy only temporarily and partially replaced sardine. Ecosystem management measures that might improve the conservation status of Cape gannets are considered.

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Hugo, Sanet, and Berndt J. Van Rensburg. "Alien and native birds in South Africa: patterns, processes and conservation." Biological Invasions 11, no. 10 (January 10, 2009): 2291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9416-x.

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AMAR, ARJUN, and DANIËL CLOETE. "Quantifying the decline of the Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus in South Africa." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 3 (September 14, 2017): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000314.

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SummaryHuman populations in Africa are growing at a faster rate than in any other region; this growth will exert increasing pressures on the continent’s wildlife resources and declines in wildlife are already being observed. Species occupying higher trophic levels may be amongst the most useful indicators of this pressure and raptorial birds have already proven to be particularly useful in highlighting problems with their environment. The Martial Eagle is an African endemic which is thought to be declining and was recently uplisted to globally Vulnerable, although data on population trends are almost entirely lacking. The Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP) 1 and 2 are citizen science projects that represent a rare opportunity, within an African context, to quantify population changes over a 20-year period. We use data from these surveys to explore changes in reporting rates for this species in South Africa between SABAP 1 (1987–1992) and SABAP 2 (2007–2012) at the scale of quarter-degree grid cells. Previous research suggests that such comparisons accurately reflect changes in breeding numbers for this species. We found an overall decline in reporting rates of c.60%, with more cells showing loss or declines (75%) than those showing colonisation or increases (25%). No differences in reporting rate change were found between provinces, suggesting a relative uniform decline across the country. There were, however, differences between biomes with declines recorded in all biomes apart from Albany Thicket, Succulent Karoo and Fynbos (south-western biomes). Declines differed inside and outside protected areas, with larger declines outside (64%) than inside (42%) protected areas, although even within large protected areas significant declines were observed. These results support the uplisting of the species’ conservation status and suggest that even within protected areas the species is not immune to the drivers of decline.

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Ducatez, M. F., C. M. Olinger, A. A. Owoade, Z. Tarnagda, M. C. Tahita, A. Sow, S. De Landtsheer, et al. "Molecular and antigenic evolution and geographical spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in western Africa." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82939-0.

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In Africa, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in northern Nigeria and later also in other regions of the country. Since then, seven other African countries have reported H5N1 infections. This study reports a comparison of full-length genomic sequences of H5N1 isolates from seven chicken farms in Nigeria and chicken and hooded vultures in Burkina Faso with earlier H5N1 outbreaks worldwide. In addition, the antigenicity of Nigerian H5N1 isolates was compared with earlier strains. All African strains clustered within three sublineages denominated A (south-west Nigeria, Niger), B (south-west Nigeria, Egypt, Djibouti) and C (northern Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Côte d'Ivoire), with distinct nucleotide and amino acid signatures and distinct geographical distributions within Africa. Probable non-African ancestors within the west Asian/Russian/European lineage distinct from the south-east Asian lineages were identified for each sublineage. All reported human cases in Africa were caused by sublineage B. Substitution rates were calculated on the basis of sequences from 11 strains from a single farm in south-west Nigeria. As H5N1 emerged essentially at the same time in the north and south-west of Nigeria, the substitution rates confirmed that the virus probably did not spread from the north to the south, given the observed sequence diversity, but that it entered the country via three independent introductions. The strains from Burkina Faso seemed to originate from northern Nigeria. At least two of the sublineages also circulated in Europe in 2006 as seen in Germany, further suggesting that the sublineages had already emerged outside of Africa and seemed to have followed the east African/west Asian and Black Sea/Mediterranean flyways of migratory birds.

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Offerman, Kristy, Olivia Carulei, Tertius A. Gous, Nicola Douglass, and Anna-Lise Williamson. "Phylogenetic and histological variation in avipoxviruses isolated in South Africa." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 2338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.054049-0.

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Thirteen novel avipoxviruses were isolated from birds from different regions of South Africa. These viruses could be divided into six groups, according to gross pathology and pock appearance on chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs). Histopathology revealed distinct differences in epidermal and mesodermal cell proliferation, as well as immune cell infiltration, caused by the different avipoxviruses, even within groups of viruses causing similar CAM gross pathology. In order to determine the genetic relationships among the viruses, several conserved poxvirus genetic regions, corresponding to vaccinia virus (VACV) A3L (fpv167 locus, VACV P4b), G8R (fpv126 locus, VLTF-1), H3L (fpv140 locus, VACV H3L) and A11R–A12L (fpv175–176 locus) were analysed phylogenetically. The South African avipoxvirus isolates in this study all grouped in clade A, in either subclade A2 or A3 of the genus Avipoxvirus and differ from the commercial fowlpox vaccines (subclade A1) in use in the South African poultry industry. Analysis of different loci resulted in different branching patterns. There was no correlation between gross morphology, histopathology, pock morphology and phylogenetic grouping. There was also no correlation between geographical distribution and virus phenotype or genotype.

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STEVEN, ROCHELLE, CLARE MORRISON, and J. GUY CASTLEY. "Exploring attitudes and understanding of global conservation practice among birders and avitourists for enhanced conservation of birds." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000174.

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SummaryBirders are generally nature-oriented; however, their understanding of key bird conservation issues remains under-examined. We surveyed English-speaking birders online and face-to-face, asking questions related to their views on conservation, conservation funding and their understanding of a global bird conservation programme (BirdLife International’s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas [IBAs]). Most birders who responded to the survey were from Australia, the United Kingdom, South Africa and the USA. Birders tend to value bird conservation in an ecocentric way, often citing the overarching importance of general biodiversity. The ecological roles that birds play were also highlighted, but this varied across socio-demographic groups. Despite their positive support for conservation, less than half of all birders surveyed were familiar with the IBA programme. Familiarity with IBAs was driven by socio-demographic factors, with males more familiar than females and South African birders more familiar than birders from Australia and the United Kingdom. Most birders are willing to make contributions to bird conservation when visiting key birding sites, however they also feel governments should remain the main funders of conservation. Opportunities to enhance engagement between birders and bird conservation groups exist with most indicating a desire to learn more about bird conservation at birding sites. Increasing access to relevant information and presenting opportunities to contribute to conservation at birding sites could provide tangible benefits for bird habitats, protected areas and bird conservation groups.

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Seebohm, Henry. "Notes on the Birds of Natal and adjoining parts of South Africa." Ibis 29, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 336–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1887.tb06343.x.

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Dean, W. "The distribution and biology of nomadic birds in the Karoo, South Africa." Journal of Biogeography 24, no. 6 (October 31, 2003): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00163.x.

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Gurney, JohnHenry. "On Birds collected in the Colony of Natal, in South-Eastern Africa." Ibis 2, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1860.tb06029.x.

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Ivanova, Ielyzaveta M., and Craig T. Symes. "Invasion of Psittacula krameri in Gauteng, South Africa: are other birds impacted?" Biodiversity and Conservation 28, no. 13 (August 23, 2019): 3633–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01841-5.

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Knobel, Johann C. "The Legal Status of the Spanish Imperial Eagle in Spain and Thoughts on Environmental Law and Policy as Contributing Factors in the Conservation of Species." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 5 (April 10, 2017): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2014/v17i5a2144.

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This contribution reflects on the contributory role of environmental law and policy in the successful conservation interventions on behalf of the rare Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila Adalberti), with the aim of gaining insights that may be more universally applicable, including in jurisdictions such as South Africa. An overview of applicable international, European and Spanish laws and policies is given, and the role played by these instruments is considered together with successes attained with diverse conservation goals in respect of the Spanish Imperial Eagle. The exceptionally comprehensive character of the legal protection of the Spanish Imperial Eagle is highlighted, in conjunction with some extra-legal factors that have contributed to successful outcomes. While quantification of the role of the law in the conservation of a species remains elusive, it is probably safe to conclude that environmental law and policy have played a vital and central role in the improvement of the conservation status of the Spanish Imperial Eagle. It is submitted that the conservation interventions on behalf of the Spanish Imperial Eagle show that concerted legal and other conservation interventions can effectively halt and reverse the decline of an endangered species. However, such interventions are onerous and expensive and ideally, effective conservation measures should be in place before populations have declined to a critical level. Birds of prey face similar threats in South Africa and Spain, and a number of South African raptor species will soon be classified as endangered. While South African biodiversity laws and policy are similar to the European and Spanish laws in general import and methodology, the South African laws and policy are more restricted in scope, less detailed and less prescriptive. When comparing the use of Spanish and South African legislation in the conservation of birds of prey, sight must not be lost of the varying conservation needs of different species and the unequal resources available to different jurisdictions.

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LEE, ALAN T. K., RES ALTWEGG, and PHOEBE BARNARD. "Estimating conservation metrics from atlas data: the case of southern African endemic birds." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 3 (March 2, 2017): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000307.

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SummaryThe robust assessment of conservation status increasingly requires population metrics for species that may be little-researched, with no prospect of immediate improvement, but for which citizen science atlas data may exist. We explore the potential for bird atlas data to generate population metrics of use in red data assessment, using the endemic and near-endemic birds of southern Africa. This region, defined here as South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, is home to a large number of endemic bird species and an active atlas project. The Southern African Bird Atlas Projects (SABAP) 1 and 2 are large-scale citizen science data sets, consisting of hundreds of thousands of bird checklists and > 10 million bird occurrence records on a grid across the subcontinent. These data contain detailed information on species’ distributions and population change. For conservationists, metrics that guide decisions on the conservation status of a species for red listing can be obtained from SABAP, including range size, range change, population change, and range connectivity (fragmentation). We present a range of conservation metrics for these bird species, focusing on population change metrics together with an associated statistical confidence metric. Population change metrics correlate with change metrics calculated from dynamic occupancy modelling for a set of 191 common species. We identify four species with neither international nor local threatened status, yet for which bird atlas data suggest alarming declines, and two species with threatened status for which our metrics suggest could be reconsidered. A standardised approach to deciding the conservation status of a species is useful so that charismatic or flagship species do not receive disproportionate attention, although ultimately conservation status of any species must always be a consultative process.

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Reid, Tim A., Robert A. Ronconi, Richard J. Cuthbert, and Peter G. Ryan. "The summer foraging ranges of adult spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata." Antarctic Science 26, no. 1 (May 14, 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000266.

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AbstractSatellite transmitters were attached to eight adult spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata Gould captured during the early incubation period at their breeding grounds on Inaccessible Island, one of the Tristan da Cunha Islands in the central South Atlantic Ocean. Data on their at-sea distribution was obtained for up to six months. All birds remained within the South Atlantic from 24–44°S, with most between 25 and 40°S. Breeding birds mainly foraged in oceanic waters, but failed breeders or non-breeders concentrated their foraging activity over the Rio Grande Rise and the Walvis Ridge and along the shelf break off the east coast of South America. Little foraging occurred along the Benguela shelf break off southern Africa. Non-breeders favoured relatively warm water with low chlorophyll concentrations, reducing the risk of bycatch in fisheries. Tracked birds spent 16% of their time in areas with high levels of tuna longline fishing activity, with overlap greater for non-breeding birds (22%) than breeding birds (3%). Birds in this study foraged in shallower waters along the continental shelf edge off South America than spectacled petrels tracked in this area in winter, potentially increasing their risk of exposure to demersal longline fisheries in this area in summer.

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Mundy, Peter J. "Size cline not subspeciation in the Hooded Vulture." Vulture News 79 (June 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/vulnew.v79i.1.

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Wing, tail and bill lengths of Hooded Vultures were measured on 36 wild-caught birds and 75 in museum collections. A further 60 measurements were taken from literature, and 40 measurements were received from the Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale (Tervuren, Belgium). By grouping them into regions of Africa it was shown that the smallest birds were in West Africa and the largest in southern Africa (which is well known), with a gradation in between. Sizes varied according to a cline, and were correlated with average altitude. Given that the species has the same colouration (head, caruncles, plumage) from one end of the range to the other, indeed that populations are contiguous from Senegal to South Africa, then this goes against recognising any subspecies, but rather an intraspecific trend in sizes

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SIKORA, BOZENA, MONIKA FAJFER, and MACIEJ SKORACKI. "Quill mites (Acari: Syringophilidae) from mimid birds (Aves: Mimidae)." Zootaxa 3027, no. 1 (September 15, 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3027.1.4.

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Two new species of syringophilid mites parasitizing birds from the family Mimidae are described: Syringophilopsis mimidus sp. nov. ex Margarops fuscatus (Vieillot) from Central America and Rafapicobia toxostoma sp. nov. ex Toxostoma curvirostre (Swainson) from USA. Additionally, Torotrogla mima Kethley, 1970 is redescribed based on the material ex Mimus triurus (Vieillot) from Argentina and M. patagonicus (Lafresnaye and Orbigny) from South Africa.

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Rohwer, Vanya G., Anton Pauw, and Paul R. Martin. "Fluff-thieving birds sabotage seed dispersal." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160538.

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Characterizing many species interactions as mutualisms can be misleading because some members of the interaction derive greater fitness benefits at the expense of other members. We provide detailed natural history data on a suspected bird–plant mutualism in South Africa where many species of birds use fluffy Eriocephalus seed material to construct their nests, potentially dispersing seeds for the plant. We focus on a common bird, Prinia maculosa , which invests heavily in gathering Eriocephalus material. Prinias spent 5 of their median 6-day nest construction period adding seed material to their nests and frequently travelled outside their territory boundary to gather Eriocephalus material. Yet, prinias gathered primarily Eriocephalus fluff and actively avoided gathering seeds. The average prinia nest contained only 6.6 seeds, but contained fluff from 579 seeds. These data suggest that prinias provide limited dispersal benefits to Eriocephalus plants. By contrast, the large amounts of Eriocephalus fluff in prinia nests, and the effort that prinias invest in gathering it, suggest that prinias benefit from constructing their nests with Eriocephalus material. We end by outlining hypotheses for possible fitness benefits that Eriocephalus material could provide prinias and other birds.

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Knobel, J. C. "The Conservation Status of Eagles in South African Law." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2414.

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This contribution is an introductory survey and preliminary evaluation of the conservation status of eagles in South African law. The methodology is primarily an interdisciplinary literature study of legal texts and texts from the natural sciences. Eagles are some of the largest and most powerful avian predators, and the human response to their presence is dualistic and polarised. At the one extreme, many people admire eagles, while at the other extreme they are perceived as a threat to economic and other interests, and may even be actively persecuted in a conviction that they are vermin. This duality in the human perception of eagles is also prevalent in South Africa and complicates their conservation. The mobility of eagles and other birds of prey means that they cannot be restrained by fencing national parks and other protected areas, and this heightens the likelihood of their entering into conflict with human interests. The conservation problems faced by eagles in South Africa can broadly be divided into direct and indirect threats. Direct threats include the intentional killing of eagles, and trade in eagles and their eggs. Indirect threats include non-targeted poisoning (where poisoned bait is used to control other predators, but eagles find the bait, feed on it, and succumb); habitat loss; mortality induced by dangerous structures; and disturbance. The legal status of eagles is influenced by a large body of legislative provisions, ranging from international and regional legal instruments, through national legislation, to provincial legislative measures. An overview of these provisions is given, with concise explanations of how they apply to the legal status of eagles and other birds of prey in South Africa. The conservation status of eagles in South African law is subsequently evaluated by considering the contribution of the applicable laws to three main types of conservation interventions. In respect of the first, habitat preservation, the relevant legal provisions contribute to an impressive array of conserved habitats in national parks and other protected areas. However, the mobility of eagles, and the fact that some species occur mainly outside protected areas, make it imperative for eagles also to be afforded legal protection outside of protected areas. In respect of the second type of intervention, namely management activities to conserve the species in their habitats, an inquiry is made into how the law addresses the threats of the intentional killing of eagles; trade in eagles and their eggs; non-targeted poisoning; mortality induced by dangerous structures; and disturbance. The protection is found to be sound in principle. In respect of the third and most intensive intervention, captive breeding, a regulatory framework is in place, but no such intervention on eagle species is known to be operative in South Africa. In conclusion a number of recommendations are made. The existing laws can be improved by aligning the legal status of species with their Red List status; listing all bird of prey species that are not Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable, as Protected for the purpose of national environmental legislation; and, in the medium rather than the short term, considering the imposition of legal obligations on electricity suppliers to implement measures that will mitigate mortalities on electricity structures. Better application of the existing laws could be achieved by improving compliance and enforcement, and by facilitating the optimal use of Biodiversity Management Plans, environmental research, and environmental education.

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Rollinson, Dominic P., Ben J. Dilley, Delia Davies, and Peter G. Ryan. "Year-round movements of white-chinned petrels from Marion Island, south-western Indian Ocean." Antarctic Science 30, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000056.

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AbstractWhite-chinned petrelsProcellaria aequinoctialisL. are the most frequently recorded procellariiform species in the bycatch of Southern Hemisphere longline fisheries. Our study investigated the year-round movements of ten adult white-chinned petrels (seven breeders, three non-breeders/suspected pre-breeders) from Marion Island tracked with global location sensor (GLS) loggers for three years. Additionally, 20 global positioning system (GPS) tracks were obtained from breeding white-chinned petrels during incubation (n=9) and chick-rearing (n=11). All GLS-tagged birds remained, year-round, in the area between southern Africa and Antarctica, not making any major east/west movements. Three core areas (50% kernels) were utilized: around the Prince Edward Islands (PEI; incubation and early chick-rearing),c. 1000 km west of PEI (pre-breeding and early incubation) and around South Africa (non-breeding birds). The only area where 50% utilization kernels overlapped with intensive longline fishing effort was off the Agulhas Bank (non-breeding season). Our results confirm the lack of foraging overlap between the two subspecies; nominate birds (South Georgia/south-western Indian Ocean) utilize separate areas toP. a. steadi(New Zealand/sub-Antarctic islands), and thus should be treated as separate management units. Knowledge of the year-round movements of a vagile species, such as the white-chinned petrel, is important for its continued conservation.

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J. Stattersfield, A. "Identifying threatened species in the "south" using new criteria." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 1 (1998): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980033.

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The first application of the new IUCN threatened species categories to birds is reviewed. The advantage of this system is that it is characterized by clear, objective, quantitative criteria. However, for many species, requisite numerical data are lacking, and the magnitude of potential threats has to be inferred. Numbers of threatened species are compared for South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Indo-Pacific Islands. Further analysis identifies the most important countries in terms of priority for conservation action for threatened species, the key habitats for their survival and the main dangers faced. The changes between successive Red Lists indicate a possible extinction crisis of considerable magnitude, whereby half the world's birds could disappear in 800 years. Averting this crisis requires identifying and protecting sites where suites of threatened species co-occur.

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PAGET-WILKES, A. H. "XXXVII.-Notes on the Birds of the Grahamstown District, Cape Province, South Africa." Ibis 66, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 720–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1924.tb05351.x.

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Watson, J. J., and G. I. H. Kerley. "A SURVEY OF THE DUNE-BREEDING BIRDS IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA." Ostrich 66, no. 1 (March 1995): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1995.9632707.

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Dowsett, R. J., and F. Dowsett-Lemaire. "HOMING ABILITY AND TERRITORIAL REPLACEMENT IN SOME FOREST BIRDS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL AFRICA." Ostrich 57, no. 1 (March 1986): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00306525.1986.9633635.

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KOEN, J. H. "Stratal distribution and resource partitioning of birds in the Knysna Forest, South Africa." African Journal of Ecology 26, no. 3 (September 1988): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00974.x.

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Lukášová, Radka, Kateřina Kobédová, Ali Halajian, Eva Bártová, Jean-Benjamin Murat, Kgethedi Michael Rampedi, and Wilmien J. Luus-Powell. "Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in birds from South Africa." Acta Tropica 178 (February 2018): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.029.

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van Marle-Köster, E., and N. H. Casey. "Phenotypic characterisation of native chicken lines in South Africa." Animal Genetic Resources Information 29 (April 2001): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001425.

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SummaryNative chicken lines in South Africa are associated primarily with rural households. A programme was established only as recently as 1994 to conserve the different lines found in South Africa. As no scientific data was available on the production traits of these lines, a research trial was conducted to describe them phenotypically in terms of their growth, carcass traits and egg production. Four different native lines, the Koekoek, Naked Neck, Lebowa-Venda and Ovambo chicken were included in the study. Significant differences were observed among the lines, which means that the lines could be described as different native lines in terms of their phenotypic traits. The Ovambo chicken had the best growth performance, while the Koekoek showed the highest performance for egg production. Although production is poor in comparison with commercial lines, the contribution of these birds to household food security and application in low-input systems should be recognized and further investigated.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Birds – South Africa'

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