Dissertations / Theses: 'Birds, study and teaching'

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Mattsson, Lisa Jo. "Using trade books for language arts skills instruction and environmental education." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1476.

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This project provides middle school teachers with instructional direction and hands-on methods to incorporate an environmentally-oriented trade book, Bird Watch (1990) by Jane Yolen, into their language arts curriculum. Bird Watch is a collection of sixteen poems which describe a variety of birds, their habitats, and activities.

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Bartle, Lynne. "Addressing the idiosyncrasies of contemporary notation in recorder compositions, with specific references to unconventional symbols in Music for a bird by Hans-Martin Linde and Sieben Stucke fur altblokflote by Markus Zahnhausen." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/920.

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This treatise provides recorder performers and teachers with a guide to understanding the unconventional notation symbols encountered in Music for a Bird by Hans-Martin Linde and Sieben Stücke Für Altblockflöte by Markus Zahnhausen. Given the context of the overall history of notation, it argues that the idiosyncrasies of the unconventional notation symbols encountered in the recorder repertoire of contemporary composers such as Linde and Zahnhausen are by no means an anomaly. Throughout history, notated scores have functioned merely as incomplete guides to the reconstruction and the realization of musical works. Along with the decoding of these instructions, a host of acculturated meanings have always been taken for granted on the part of the writers of such guidelines. In the light of the modernist crisis and the resultant exacerbation of the gulf between composers and their audience, however, it would seem that the need for such acculturated intervention is greater then ever before. This treatise serves to bridge the gulf between the works of Linde and Zahnhausen on the one hand, and the average performer and teacher of the recorder on the other, by offering an analysis both of the meaning of the unconventional symbols these works contain as well as of the method according to which they should be executed on the recorder.

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Troisi, Camille A. "An investigation of teaching behaviour in primates and birds." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12008.

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Many animals socially learn, but very few do so through teaching, where an individual modifies its behaviour in order to facilitate learning for another individual. Teaching behaviour is costly, but can confer numerous advantages, such as high fidelity transmission of information or an increase in the rate of social learning. In many putative cases of teaching, it is not known whether the pupil learns from the modified behaviour. This thesis addresses this issue in three cases of potential teaching behaviour. In particular, it investigates whether the role of food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins is to teach which foods are good to eat (Chapter 5). There was little evidence that novel foods were transferred more than familiar foods, and this was not due to the juveniles attempting to obtain novel foods more than familiar ones, or by adults discarding novel foods more than familiar ones. Transfers were however more successful when donors had previously ingested the food type transferred. Successful food transfers also had a positive correlation with foraging choices once juveniles were older, suggesting they learned from food transfers. In golden lion tamarins, this thesis also examined whether juveniles learned from food-offering calls which substrates were good to forage on (Chapter 6). Juveniles that experienced playback of food-offering calls ate more on a novel substrate, than juveniles that did not experience those playbacks, both immediately as the calls were being played, and in the long term, six months after the playbacks. This suggests that juveniles learned from the playbacks. Finally, this thesis attempted to replicate previous findings showing that hens modify their behaviour when chicks feed from seemingly unpalatable food, and explored whether chicks learned what food to eat based on the maternal display (Chapter 7). The experiment failed to find evidence for teaching behaviour, but results were not inconsistent with previous findings. Moreover, there was little evidence that chicks learned from their mother, quite to the contrary, hens seemed to acquire their foraging decisions based on their chicks' choices.

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Atkinson, Penelope Ingrid. "Edge effects and birds across karri forest (Eucalyptus diversicolor) clear-fell edges: a study of theory and conservation management." Thesis, Atkinson, Penelope Ingrid (2003) Edge effects and birds across karri forest (Eucalyptus diversicolor) clear-fell edges: a study of theory and conservation management. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/171/.

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Theoretical and empirical studies on logging impacts internationally indicate that edges between mature forest and regrowth may alter the abundance and distribution of fauna, with implications for biodiversity conservation. The south-west Western Australian karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forest bird community is characterised by high degrees of endemism, cooperative breeding and reliance on nest hollows. It may therefore show different responses to clearfelled edges than bird communities in Northern Hemisphere forests, where most edge studies have been carried out. The term Edge Effect was originally defined specifically as an increase in abundance and diversity at the edge but has since been used indiscriminately to describe any change in distribution across an edge, confusing any assessment of the types and prevalence of these changes. For clarity, in this thesis the term Edge Response was used to describe the response of a community, guild or species to edges, and the term Edge Effect restricted to its original definition. I surveyed the international literature to determine the types and prevalence of community level changes in bird distribution across edges. Edge Effects at the community level are not common internationally, while there are many other documented types of edge response. Foraging or functional guilds can differ in their edge responses, and at the species level, edge responses have been demonstrated to differ between habitats for the same species, and may also change seasonally. Therefore, I monitored the distribution of birds at the Community, Guild and Species levels across replicated clear-fell edges (120m and 60m into regrowth, at the edge and 60m into mature forest) between mature forest and 1) Establishment regrowth, 2) Juvenile regrowth and 3) mature forest (control, no edge) in three karri forest areas over four seasons (one year), and one forest area over eight seasons (two IV years). A five minute count of birds within each 30m radius circular plot was repeated approximately five times each season (108 plots in the first year, 36 plots over two years). Mean values of abundance (for the whole bird community and for individual species) and diversity measures for each census point were calculated and analysed with repeated measures ANOVA. Bird behavioural and vegetation data and Mist-netting captures across edges were also investigated. My aims were to 1) describe and quantify any edge-related changes in the distribution and abundance of the birds 2) suggest possible explanations for the patterns observed and 3) propose management actions to minimise negative impacts. There was no Community Edge Effect. The bird community as a whole did not respond to edges themselves, but was most abundant where mature forest was present (including at edges), least abundant and diverse in Establishment regrowth and intermediate in abundance and diversity in Juvenile regrowth. Guilds were poor predictors of species edge responses. Only the Nectarivores showed a unified response to edges - all five species avoided regrowth and four species avoided Juvenile edges. The Granivore/Frugivore guild and the whole Insectivore guild were less abundant in regrowth than in mature forest but did not have higher or lower abundance at the edge. Insectivorous species' edge responses were diverse and not reliably attributed to foraging-strata guilds (Understorey; Shrub; Canopy; All-Levels; Aerial; Bark). The Tree Martin, an Aerial foraging insectivore, showed an Edge Effect at Establishment edges in the first year of the study only. Individual vegetation variables were poor predictors of bird species distributions but overall, floristics changed with forest area not with edge distance, while habitat structural variables varied with edge, forest age and distance from the edge indicating that overall, structural variables were most strongly related to bird edge responses. The proportion of trees of 10-24cm diameterwas highest at Juvenile edges, which were avoided by four Nectarivore species and the bark-foraging Rufous Treecreeper. Ordination grouped bird species by six edge response categories - Avoid edges; Prefer edges; Prefer Mature-forest; Prefer Mature-forest/Juvenile-regrowth; Prefer Establishment-regrowth; Neutral. However for individual species, these edge responses changed both temporally and spatially, emphasising the need for edge studies to be well replicated in both time and space. Some bird species also showed behavioural changes across edges. Species potentially disadvantaged by the creation of clear-fell edges are those avoiding Juvenile edges (Purple-crowned Lorikeet, New Holland Honeyeater, White-naped Honeyeater, Little Wattlebird and Rufous Treecreeper), and those most abundant in Mature forest habitat, but which show great spatial variation in abundance and therefore have unclear responses to edges (Whitebrowed Babbler, Restless Flycatcher). Several management options to ameliorate the effects of edge creation within production forest areas for these species will be discussed.

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5

Atkinson, Penelope Ingrid. "Edge Effects and birds across karri forest (Eucalyptus diversicolor) clear-fell edges: A study of theory and conservation management." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040706.133615.

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Theoretical and empirical studies on logging impacts internationally indicate that edges between mature forest and regrowth may alter the abundance and distribution of fauna, with implications for biodiversity conservation. The south-west Western Australian karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forest bird community is characterised by high degrees of endemism, cooperative breeding and reliance on nest hollows. It may therefore show different responses to clearfelled edges than bird communities in Northern Hemisphere forests, where most edge studies have been carried out. The term Edge Effect was originally defined specifically as an increase in abundance and diversity at the edge but has since been used indiscriminately to describe any change in distribution across an edge, confusing any assessment of the types and prevalence of these changes. For clarity, in this thesis the term Edge Response was used to describe the response of a community, guild or species to edges, and the term Edge Effect restricted to its original definition. I surveyed the international literature to determine the types and prevalence of community level changes in bird distribution across edges. Edge Effects at the community level are not common internationally, while there are many other documented types of edge response. Foraging or functional guilds can differ in their edge responses, and at the species level, edge responses have been demonstrated to differ between habitats for the same species, and may also change seasonally. Therefore, I monitored the distribution of birds at the Community, Guild and Species levels across replicated clear-fell edges (120m and 60m into regrowth, at the edge and 60m into mature forest) between mature forest and 1) Establishment regrowth, 2) Juvenile regrowth and 3) mature forest (control, no edge) in three karri forest areas over four seasons (one year), and one forest area over eight seasons (two IV years). A five minute count of birds within each 30m radius circular plot was repeated approximately five times each season (108 plots in the first year, 36 plots over two years). Mean values of abundance (for the whole bird community and for individual species) and diversity measures for each census point were calculated and analysed with repeated measures ANOVA. Bird behavioural and vegetation data and Mist-netting captures across edges were also investigated. My aims were to 1) describe and quantify any edge-related changes in the distribution and abundance of the birds 2) suggest possible explanations for the patterns observed and 3) propose management actions to minimise negative impacts. There was no Community Edge Effect. The bird community as a whole did not respond to edges themselves, but was most abundant where mature forest was present (including at edges), least abundant and diverse in Establishment regrowth and intermediate in abundance and diversity in Juvenile regrowth. Guilds were poor predictors of species edge responses. Only the Nectarivores showed a unified response to edges all five species avoided regrowth and four species avoided Juvenile edges. The Granivore/Frugivore guild and the whole Insectivore guild were less abundant in regrowth than in mature forest but did not have higher or lower abundance at the edge. Insectivorous species edge responses were diverse and not reliably attributed to foraging-strata guilds (Understorey; Shrub; Canopy; All-Levels; Aerial; Bark). The Tree Martin, an Aerial foraging insectivore, showed an Edge Effect at Establishment edges in the first year of the study only. Individual vegetation variables were poor predictors of bird species distributions but overall, floristics changed with forest area not with edge distance, while habitat structural variables varied with edge, forest age and distance from the edge indicating that overall, structural variables were most strongly related to bird edge responses. The proportion of trees of 10-24cm diameterwas highest at Juvenile edges, which were avoided by four Nectarivore species and the bark-foraging Rufous Treecreeper. Ordination grouped bird species by six edge response categories Avoid edges; Prefer edges; Prefer Mature-forest; Prefer Mature-forest/Juvenile-regrowth; Prefer Establishment-regrowth; Neutral. However for individual species, these edge responses changed both temporally and spatially, emphasising the need for edge studies to be well replicated in both time and space. Some bird species also showed behavioural changes across edges. Species potentially disadvantaged by the creation of clear-fell edges are those avoiding Juvenile edges (Purple-crowned Lorikeet, New Holland Honeyeater, White-naped Honeyeater, Little Wattlebird and Rufous Treecreeper), and those most abundant in Mature forest habitat, but which show great spatial variation in abundance and therefore have unclear responses to edges (Whitebrowed Babbler, Restless Flycatcher). Several management options to ameliorate the effects of edge creation within production forest areas for these species will be discussed.

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Söderlund, Erik. "Effects of whitefish speciation on piscivorous birds : A dietary study of piscivorous birds in central and northern Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-178999.

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The ecological communities we observe today are a product of the bidirectional interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes. Although the effects of ecological processes on population divergence and speciation have been studied extensively, far less is known about the effects of divergence and speciation on ecological dynamics. This is especially true for effects of ecological speciation processes on higher trophic levels. In this thesis I focus on how divergence in the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) affects a guild of six piscivorous bird species. Previous studies have indicated that population densities of these species are higher on lakes with polymorphic whitefish than on lakes with monomorphic whitefish. Here I test the hypothesis that the high densities of piscivores is a response to the rich food resource provided by dwarf whitefish ecotypes, which are of suitable size and occur in very high abundance.To test this hypothesis I analyzed fecal samples from piscivorous birds in lakes with polymorphic whitefish, using samples from lakes with monomorphic whitefish as controls. With the method of ddPCR (digital droplet Polymerase Chain Reaction) the amount of DNA from different prey fish species in the droppings of six fish-eating birds was quantified and converted to proportional abundances. The results shows that the proportion of whitefish in the diet of the entire fish-eating guild was significantly higher in lakes with polymorphic whitefish (44%) than in lakes with monomorphic whitefish (18%). Species-level analyses showed that this result also holds for both black-throated loon (Gavia artica) and red-throated loon (Gavia stellata). Common merganser (Mergus merganser), red-throated merganser (Mergus serrator) and terns (Sterna paradisaea and Sterna hirundo) did not show any difference between the two lake categories. Thus, my study supports the idea that the evolution of small-sized whitefish ecotypes provides a profitable food source for piscivorous birds. However, the finding that only some species of piscivorous bird populations seem to rely heavily on dwarfed whitefish as food suggests that also some other aspect of the speciation process may favor these species. Thus, more studies are needed to further assess what effects polymorphic whitefish have on piscivorous bird populations.

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Santos, Cátia Sofia Andrade dos. "Biomonitorization of birds under recovery: a long term study." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9224.

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Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Ecologia, Biodiversidade e Gestão dos Ecossistemas
O uso de aves, em particular aves aquáticas, como bioindicadores de qualidade ambiental tem vindo a ser aplicado em estudos de diversos tipos de ecossistemas. São vários os atributos que tornam as aves espécies de interesse na biomonitorização ambiental, como a sua abundância, facilidade de encontrar no campo e particularmente sensibilidade a contaminantes ambientais, nomeadamente toxinas e contaminantes bioacumuláveis. Nos últimos anos, uma parte significativa dos estudos de biomonitorização realizados em Portugal tem-se focado essencialmente em organismos de níveis tróficos inferiores (ex. larvas, crustáceos e bivalves), mas pouca atenção tem sido dada a organismos de níveis tróficos superiores, tais como mamíferos ou aves. O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos: (i) avaliar a exposição ambiental das aves portuguesas a contaminantes ambientais, em particular de aves aceites para reabilitação em centros de recuperação de animais selvagens, (ii) esclarecer se esses fatores podem ou não conduzir à doença das aves e influenciar a sua recuperação, e (iii) entender se o uso de ferramentas ecotoxicológicas pode ou não ser uma mais-valia na monitorização e recuperação dessas mesmas aves. No sentido de esclarecer estas questões foram avaliados marcadores de neurotoxicidade e genotoxicidade em aves aquáticas das ordens Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes e Pelecaniformes. Na primeira parte deste trabalho (análise de biomarcadores de neurotoxicidade), e em dois estudos independentes, foi feita a caracterização das colinesterases presentes no plasma da cegonha branca (Ciconia ciconia), garça-real (Ardea cinerea) e do ganso-patola (Morus bassanus) e avaliada a reativação da colinesterase (ChE) presente no cérebro da gaivota-argêntea (Larus michahellis). A impossibilidade da interligação entre estes estudos e uma exploração mais detalhada deve-se à (in)disponibilidade de amostras/aves. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, para a avaliação de efeitos genotóxicos, foi analisada a frequência de micronúcleos e outras anomalias nucleares em eritrócitos de cegonha branca (Ciconia ciconia), garça-real (Ardea cinerea), garça-vermelha (Ardea purpurea) e garça-branca-pequena (Egretta garzetta). A pseudocolinesterase (PChE) foi o principal tipo de colinesterase identificada no plasma de C. ciconia, A. cinerea e M. bassanus. Por sua vez, nos ensaios de reativação observou-se um aumento significativo (superior a 50%) na atividade da colinesterase presente no cérebro de L. michahellis, sugerindo exposição prévia destes indivíduos a anticholinesterásicos. Estes resultados sugerem que as aves portuguesas poderão estar expostas a diferentes graus de contaminação ambiental, podendo esta contaminação deteriorar a saúde das aves. O uso de ferramentas ecotoxicológicas na monitorização de aves em reabilitação afigura-se-nos, por isso, como sendo uma mais-valia pois permitirá identificar de forma mais precoce sinais fisiológicos de toxicidade e assim executar uma avaliação mais criteriosa do estado físico das aves. Para além disso, a monitorização através da utilização deste tipo de biomarcadores poderá permitir seguir a potencial recuperação dessas aves.
Birds, including waterbirds, have been used as bioindicators of environmental quality in a broad range of ecosystems. Amongst other attributes, their abundance, conspicuousness and sensibility to environmental contaminants, including bioaccumulative chemicals and toxins, are some of the characteristics that make them key species in environmental biomonitorization. Over the past years a significant part of the Portuguese biomonitoring studies has focused on organisms at lower trophic levels (e.g. larvae, crustacean and mollusks), but failed to address contaminants’ effects upon organisms at higher trophic levels such as mammals or birds. The present study aims were to: (i) assess the exposure of Portuguese birds to environmental contaminants, in particular birds accepted for rehabilitation in wildlife recovery centres, (ii) clarify if these factors could lead to birds illness and influence their recovery, and (iii) understand if ecotoxicological tools can help and be useful tools in the future to monitor and aid bird’s recovery. In order to address these issues, it was assessed markers of neurotoxic and genotoxic exposure in aquatic birds from the orders Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes and Pelecaniformes. In the first part of this study (the analysis of neurotoxic markers), it was characterized the cholinesterase form present in plasma of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia), grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and northern gannet (Morus bassanus) and the cholinesterase (ChE) reactivation in brain of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) was assessed. The impossibility of interconnection between these studies and a more detailed exploration was due to the (un)availability of samples/birds. In the second part of this work, for the assessment of genotoxic effects, the frequency of micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities was analysed in erythrocytes of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), purple heron (Ardea purpurea) and the little egret (Egretta garzetta). Pseudocholinesterase (PChE) was the main cholinesterase present in plasma of C. ciconia, A. cinerea and M. bassanus. Moreover, cholinesterase activity in brain of L. michahellis was found to get reactivated at a significant extent (activity increase in 50%), suggesting a previous exposure of these individuals to anticholinesterase agents. High levels of genotoxic damage were also observed in the species of Ciconiiformes studied, with these values varying significantly between different years and geographical origins (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Portuguese birds might be exposed to different levels of environmental contamination and that this contamination may impair birds’ health. The use of ecotoxicological tools seems to be a very promising way to help monitor and aid bird’s recovery as it will probably allow screening for early physiological signs of toxicity, therefore enabling a more insightful evaluation of birds’ health condition. Moreover, the use of these types of biomarkers may allow to monitor the potential rehabilitation of these birds.

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Trinder, Mark Nicholas. "An investigation of matrix population model assumptions : wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes) as a case study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/32.

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A simulation matrix population model of a small population of wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes) is presented. The field work methods used to obtain and analyse the demographic rates are provided. This includes a description of the use of miniature radio tags to track juvenile (post-fledging) survival and dispersal, and capture mark recapture analysis of an eight year dataset to estimate adult survival rates, taking into account environmental variation and density dependence. Age related reproductive rates were obtained from detailed nest surveys. Using these demographic rates (means and variances), and information on density dependence in survival and breeding, a simulation matrix model was developed using Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc.). The operation of this model and its outputs are explained in detail, with particular reference to the methods employed to incorporate both density dependent survival and reproduction and environmental and demographic stochasticity. This model is then used to illustrate how, under plausible conditions of density dependence and stochasticity, large discrepancies are obtained between the deterministic, density independent elasticities of the population growth rate (λ) and the stochastic, density dependent elasticities of the equilibrium population size, extinction probability and invasion exponent. Since the elasticities of λ are often used to guide the management of endangered species, these results are particularly relevant to workers in the field of rare species conservation. While the importance of including environmental variation in the form of stochastic population simulations seems to now be generally accepted, the role of density dependent population regulation is still infrequently considered. Since one of the most common causes of population decline is habitat destruction, leading to an increase in population density within the remaining areas of habitat, this omission may rarely be justified. It is recommended that when elasticity analysis is conducted as part of species conservation efforts, both density dependence and stochasticity are included. Failure to do so may result in the misguided management of endangered species.

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Johnstone, I. G. "Space use by passerine birds : a study of territory economics in robins Erithacus rubecula and dippers Cinclus cinclus." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2611.

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1. Cost constraints in models of territory size are based on time/activity/laboratory estimates that predict birds using larger territories will incur higher energy costs. The predicted form of the cost constraint may be linear, accelerating or decelerating depending on assumptions inherent in the models. The aim of this study was to assess the reality and form of the cost constraint by making direct measurements of the energy costs of territory use in birds that occupy territories of different size and shape; polygonal territories represented by the robin Erithacus rubecula, and linear by the dipper Cinclus cinclus. Free-living energy expenditure was measured using the doubly-labelled water technique, whilst simultaneously recording patterns of territory use by radio-tracking. 2. Territorial robins concentrated their activity in one or more foraging patches located in bushes. Range polygons containing all the foraging patches used by an individual provided estimates of territory area, and were generally of high eccentricity. A small proportion of robins was classified as non-territorial based on range polygon areas. Furthermore, while territorial robins showed high fidelity to ranges over the short term (days), non-territorial individuals were nomadic. Over the longer term (months), however, some territorial robins showed range drift. Dippers similarly used preferred core regions within ranges, although there was no selection for particular habitat features. 3. Because robins occupied territory polygons which varied from polygonal to highly linear, work was focused on this species to allow intra-specific comparison. Robins tended to commute between foraging patches by flying. It was appropriate, therefore, to describe territories in terms of a number of patches linked by a network of flight paths. This generated two further measures of territory size; the number of patches used and the total flight distance between patches. 4. The robins exploited a renewing food supply. Predictions were tested concerning the temporal scheduling of visits to foraging patches within territories. Patches tended to be separated by flight paths of similar lengths, and were visited in a regular sequence. Although the number of foraging patches used varied, all territories had similar total core areas. Robins using many small foraging patches commuted between patches more often and covered a larger total flight distance during each foraging circuit of the territory. The configurations of foraging patches were used in a highly linear manner. This was true even if the territory containing them was of low eccentricity. 5. Changes in structure and pattern of use varied predictably with territory size, and could be described mathematically. Based on this and published time/activity budgets, a suite of models was developed to predict how energy costs would vary with number of patches used and total flight distance between patches. Models were tested by directly measuring the energy expenditure of robins using different territories. The number of patches used and total flight distance between patches were both significantly correlated with energy expenditure, while territory area was not. One of the models showed a significant fit to the observed data, and suggested that the form of the energy cost constraint on territory size was linear. The effect of territory shape on energy costs was minimal. The implications of these results for models of territory size are discussed. 6. The slope and elevation of the energy cost constraint varied with the morphology of territory occupants. Based on this, an association of morphology with territory size was predicted; robins of lower mass and wing-loading using larger territories. The observed data supported these predictions, and suggested a possible genetic predisposition to particular patterns of territory occupancy in the robin.

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Stader, Lulu D. "Breeding behaviour of a tropical bird : a study of the blue-throated Bee-eater (Merops viridis) using a relational database and DNA fingerprinting." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/11893.

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The breeding behaviour of the Blue-throated Bee-eater was studied at two colonies in Peninsula Malaysia during 3 breeding seasons, with particular emphasis on pair behaviour, mixed reproductive strategies and nestling competition. This is the first study of vertebrate social behaviour and ecology to contain the documentation of a relational database. This was designed to store and manipulate all data obtained from regular captures and biometric measurements of adults and nestlings and from observations of adults. DNA fingerprinting was used to establish the true genetic relationships between nestlings and their social parents: most nestlings were genetic offspring (72%). Nestlings were classified as illegitimate offspring using 95% confidence intervals of the band sharing coefficient and number of unexplained nestling bands as criteria. Very few if any nestlings were sired by an extra-pair male (fewer than 5%). Behavioural evidence of strong cooperation between pair members throughout the breeding season supports the DNA fingerprinting results of no confirmed case of offspring fathered by extra-pair males (extra-pair offspring; EPO). The Blue-throated Bee-eater probably has a near monogamous mating system. Most illegitimate nestlings had been 'dumped'. They were either the result of intra-specific nest parasitism (INP; 7%) or of 'quasi' parasitism (the offspring of the pair-male and an extra-pair female; 7-12%). INP by relatives of the hosts could have explained some intermediate band sharing coefficients. Anti-INP behaviour was demonstrated when experimentally 'dumped' eggs were almost always expelled before the onset of laying, but never afterwards. DNA fingerprinting showed that relatives may roost together and that related males may nest close together. Compared with other colonial Bee-eaters, M. viridis had low levels of helping-at-the-nest and EPO, but similar or higher levels of INP. The high nestling mortality in Blue-throated Bee-eaters was explained by a combination of three hypotheses, some of which were tested by experiment. (1) Insurance: extra-eggs are needed to counter hatch failure. (2) Brood reduction (including resource tracking): in times of food constraint, the laterhatched nestlings in asynchrously hatched broods starve. (3) Anti-INP hypothesis: these later-hatched nestlings are eliminated because they are likely to be illegitimate. Hatching failure was about 1 in 3 eggs overall. Help from the male allows an early onset of incubation which results in asynchronous hatching. Nestling hunger was shown to be a proximate factor affecting runt mortality both directly through competition and indirectly through nestling aggression. The demise of runts was delayed when conditions improved. Blue-throated Bee-eater broods are severely limited by food. Under this severe brood size constraint, breeding females may increase reproductive output by 'dumping' their last egg. This leads to the high frequency of INP observed in Blue-throated Bee-eaters. An early onset of incubation also gives the first-laid egg(s) a temporal developmental advantage over subsequently 'dumped' parasitic eggs. The 'dumped' nestlings are eliminated by starvation and siblicide, which may itself be an adaptation to INP to eliminate of unrelated nestlings.

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Segre, Paolo Stefano. "A 3-dimensional evaluation of wing movement in ground birds during flap-running and level flight an ontogenetic study /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03012007-155800/.

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Smith, Vincent S. "Avian louse phylogeny (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) : a cladistic study based on morphology." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323268.

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Bennett, P. M. "Comparative studies of morphology life history and ecology among birds." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379453.

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Harrison, Luke Barrett. "Estimating evolutionary rates using discrete morphological characters: a case study with birds." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119368.

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The rate of evolution is a fundamental unifying concept in evolutionary biology and sets the stage for the investigation of genotypic, phenotypic and taxonomic biodiversity. This thesis specifically examined the rate of phenotypic evolution using discrete morphological characters, which are relatively understudied for this purpose compared to continuously-valued characters and traits. I first focused on heterogeneity in rates among characters in phylogenetic analysis. I used Bayesian model selection tools and 77 matrices of discrete morphological characters to show that a) models incorporating rate-heterogeneity among characters in phylogenetic analysis were preferred over equal-rates models in 80–88% of matrices, suggesting rate heterogeneity is a common property of these data sets, and b) although most data sets were equivocal, there was some weak support for a recently formulated hypothesis that the lognormal distribution is more appropriate to model such variation relative to the commonly used gamma distribution. I then focused on estimating absolute rates of evolution of discrete morphological characters in a phylogenetic context. I extended previous methods to better incorporate phylogenetic and divergence time uncertainty using distributions of dated phylogenies derived from independent data. I used modern birds as a case study and performed a large Bayesian divergence time study of a comprehensive sample of 310 modern bird genera to provide a posterior sample of 10 000 dated trees to estimate absolute rates of evolution. This analysis, based on 23 fossil calibrations and a multigene molecular supermatrix of existing sequences, although qualified by uncertainty in estimated relationships and divergence times, estimated that the basal radiation of Neoaves occurred within a relatively short interval in the Late Cretaceous. Many lineages were estimated to cross the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary while within order diversification of crown groups was nearly exclusively in the Cenozoic. Finally, I employed this tree distribution along with another recently published tree distribution to estimate absolute rates of phenotypic evolution using both maximum parsimony and likelihood-based methods using an existing comprehensive data set of discrete avian anatomical characters. Incorporating phylogenetic and divergence time uncertainty, estimated rates of evolution were found to be highly variable and had a complex multimodal distribution through time when visualized across 10 000 dated trees. Combined with an analysis of rates of evolution across clades, maximum clade credibility trees, and a correlation test of rates against time, the results were complex, but in aggregate, were consistent with the hypothesis of an early-burst of higher rates of phenotypic evolution in modern birds.
Le taux d'évolution est un concept fondamental unificateur en biologie évolutive, et ouvre la voie à l'étude de la biodiversité génotypique, phénotypique et taxonomique. La présente thèse a examiné de manière spécifique le taux d'évolution phénotypique à l'aide de charactères morphologiques discrètes, qui sont relativement peu étudiés dans cette optique comparativement aux traits et charactèrs à valeur continue. Premièrement, je me suis penché sur l'hétérogénéité des taux dans les caractères d'analyse phylogénétique. Les outils de sélection du modèle Bayesien ainsi que 77 matrices de charactères morphologiques discrets ont été utilisé afin de démontrer que a) les modèles incorporant l'hétérogenéité destaux dans les charactères d'analyse phylogénétique étaient préférées des modèles à taux égaux dans 80 à 88% des matrices, ce qui suggère que l'hétérogénéité est une charactéristique commune dans les ensembles de données, et b) bien que la plupart des ensembles de données étaient équivoques, il y avait un faible appui pour l'hypothèse formulée récemment que la distribution log-normale est plus appropriée pour modéliser les variations relatives que la distribution gamma couramment utilisée. Ensuite, je me suis concentré sur l'esmination des taux absolus d'évolution des charactères morphologiques discrets dans un contexte phylogénétique. J'ai étendu des méthodes existantes afin de mieux incorporer lesincertitudes phylogénétique et de divergence temporelle en utilisant des distributions de phylogénies datées extraits de données indépendantes. J'ai utilisé les oiseaux modernes comme étude de cas et j'ai effectué une grande étude Bayesien de divergence temporelle d'un échantillon exhaustif de 310 genera d'oiseaux modernes pour y extraire un échantillon postérieur de 10 000 arbres datées, dans le but d'arriver à une estimation absolue des taux d'évolution. Cette analyse, qui est basée sur vingt-trois étalonnages de fossils et une supermatrice multigène moléculaire de séquences existantes, bien que qualifié par une incertitude dans les relations estimées et divergences temporelles, estime que le rayonnement de base a eu lieu dans un laps de temps relativement court dans la fin du Crétacé. De nombreuses lignées ont été estimés à raverser la frontière Crétacé-Paléogène (K–Pg) tandis que la diversification des groupes couronnes (« crown groups ») à l'intérieur du groupe était presque exclusivement dans le Cénozoïque. Finalement, j'ai utilisé cette distribution avec une autre distribution publiée récemment afin d'estimer les taux absolus de l'évolution phénotypique en utilisant la parcimonie maximale et les méthodes basées sur les probabilités en utilisant un ensemble de données compréhensif de charactères anotomiques discrèts d'oiseaux. Intégrer les incertitudes phylogénétiques et de divergence temporelle, les taux d'évolution estimés se sont révélés être très variables et ont fait preuve d'une distribution multimodale complexe lorsque visualisés à travers 10 000 arbres datés. Combiné avec une analyse des taux d'évolution à travers les clades, des arbres de clade à crédibilité maximale, et un test de corrélation entre les taux en fonction du temps, les résultats se sont avérés complexes, mais dans l'ensemble, étaient compatibles avec l'hypothèse d'une rupture précoce de la hausse des taux d'évolution phénotypique chez les oiseaux modernes.

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15

Schondube-Friedewold, Jorge. "Flowerpiercers and hummingbirds: A comparative study of nectar feeding strategies in birds." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280325.

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Nectarivory has evolved independently eight times among birds. In the neotropics specialized nectarivory evolved in hummingbirds and flowerpiercers (genus Diglossa). Flowerpiercers are nectar-robbers of hummingbird-pollinated plants. Because flowerpiercers and hummingbirds are found in the same habitats feeding on the nectar of the same flowers, they provide us with a unique opportunity to understand the pressures that nectarivory imposes on animals. Flowerpiercers present beaks that have a long hook at the tip of their maxilla. The hook is used to hold tubular flowers in place while they stab them by projecting their lower mandible. Then, they insert their tongues in the puncture and extract nectar. I investigated the following questions: (1) What is the function of the flowerpiercer's hook, and which are the consequences of its evolution? (2) Are the digestive traits of flowerpiercers convergent with those of hummingbirds? (3) How do digestive traits affect sugar selection by nectar feeding birds? And (4) What are the effects of Diglossa baritula's physiology and behavior over its annual cycles? I found that nectarivorous flowerpiercers evolved from a frugivorous ancestor with a hookless beak. The evolution of a hooked bill allowed flowerpiercers to become efficient nectar-robers, but hindered their efficiency to feed on fruit. Using a phylogenetically informed approach, I found that the digestive traits of flowerpiercers and hummingbirds are not convergent. Unlike hummingbirds which have astounding intestinal sucrase activity levels, flowerpiercers had low sucrase activity. Nectar intake in D. baritula seems to be limited by its ability to digest sucrose. I also found that sugar preferences in nectar-feeding birds are concentration-dependent. At lower concentrations birds preferred hexoses, whereas at higher concentrations they preferred sucrose. Although nectar composition and concentration are often discussed as two different floral traits, they have a synergistic effect on the sugar preferences of nectar-feeding birds. D. baritula individuals exhibit biannual reproductive and molting cycles that are synchronized with flower and fruit abundance in the mountains of Mexico. The ability to rob nectar appears to have molded the evolution of the most important morphological, physiological and behavioral traits of D. baritula.

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Fairweather, Jaqueline Anne. "A study of colonial organisation of the kittiwake Rissa tridactyla." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5828/.

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Kittiwakes have been studied in detail at North Shields, Tyne and Wear, England since 1954. I investigated die effect of mate change (due to divorce or mate death) on reproductive performance. Below average productivity in the year of divorce and in the preceding year, coupled with a low adult survival rate in the year following divorce, suggested birds which divorced were poorer quality individuals than birds which retained their mate. Productivity was reduced if one or both members of a pair were in their last year of life and was indicative of a decline m fitness. Dispersal, breeding and the importance of nest site tenacity to mate retention were studied when kittiwakes were prevented from returning to their original nest sites in 1991. In 1991, extensive non-breeding (57%) and low productivity resulted. Of die birds which bred, 54 (83%) nested in the immediate colony area and only 11 moved to other colonies. Despite moving site, many birds retained their mate of the previous breeding season. In the following year, a further 61 kittiwakes moved and nested at other colonies and about a third retained theu" mate. This, and other evidence, suggests that individual recognition is important in mate retention. Reproductive performance, in relation to nest position in the colony and proxunity to other nesting pairs, was compared with a kittiwake colony at Marsden, NE England. Productivity was highest at the centre of the colonies and, at the edge, was highest for pairs which nested adjacent to another pair. It is suggested that social stimulation, arising from nesting adjacent to another pair, advanced the date of laying. Adult attendance at the nest during chick-rearing was monitored at Marsden in three years. During comparable time periods ui 1991 and 1993,93% and 75% of die broods, respectively, were attended by an adult, compared to only 51% during the same period in 1992. Attendance decreased in relation to hatching date, chick age and brood size and increased with parental age and/or quality.

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Pearson, James Todd. "A comparative study of the energetics of avian reproduction /." Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php361.pdf.

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Appleman, Kelley H. "Measuring the recreational use value of migratory shorebirds a stated preference study of birdwatching on the Delaware Bay /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 116 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885462211&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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19

Kahrom, E. "A study of the effects of agricultural land improvement on upland bird populations." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380308.

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20

Barss, John M. "The analysis and use of methodologies for the study of the diets of long-eared owls from three environments in north central Oregon." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3437.

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Part I of this study presents a procedure for standardization of pellet analysis methodologies which improves estimation of prey biomass and determines the number of pellets needed to estimate prey diversity indices. The procedure was developed to provide a simple, easily replicated methodology for the study of pellets which also retains maximal data recorded from pellet analysis. A sample size of ten Long-eared Owl pellets was found adequate to calculate diversity indices with no significant loss of accuracy when compared to total pellets recovered from beneath a roosting site. Analysis of the total sample of pellets from a specific roost provided information on intraspecies size selection by Long-eared Owls and also increased the probability of finding remains of rare prey in pellets from the areas studied. Part II of this study investigates the influences of seasonality and habitat differences on prey selection by Long-eared Owls in north-central Oregon. Differences in habitat where Long-eared Owls foraged were found to significantly influence prey species selection of Thomomys talpoides , Lagurus curtatus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Microtus montanus, and Perognathus parvus. Significant seasonal differences were also observed in the consumption of T. talpoides and M. montanus. Analysis of intraspecific size selection of northern pocket gophers by Long-eared Owls supports the observation that size of prey influences the foraging strategies of Long-eared Owls to a greater degree than does species composition.

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21

Stanbury, Mailee Eleanor. "A study of the role odour plays in risk of nest predation in birds." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5526.

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Nest predation is the most important source of reproductive failure in many bird species, and thus acts as a powerful selection pressure influencing the evolution of their life history traits. A number of studies have found that birds use a variety of visual and auditory cues to assess nest predation risk and alter their behaviour in ways that appear to minimise this risk. However, few studies have examined the relationship between odour cues and nest predation risk. In this thesis, I use several species of native and introduced bird species in New Zealand to examine the role that odour cues might play in mediating nest predation risk. The birds in New Zealand provide an ideal opportunity to study the evolution of odours and nest predation risk as they are comprised of both native and introduced continental species which differ in their evolutionary history with predatory mammals. The odour of a bird might be expected to affect nest predation because mammalian predators use a well developed sense of smell to locate prey items. Given this difference, I examined three ways in which birds may lower predation risk in regards to odour cues. First, I compared the ability of two native New Zealand, and two introduced bird species to respond to the presence of a rat (Rattus norvegicus) at the nest. I found some evidence to support my prediction that the native birds do not respond to a predator scent at their nest, perhaps due to their lack of co-evolutionary history with mammalian predators, while some introduced birds responded with anti-predator behaviours. I then looked at the differences in the detectability of preen waxes, a source of odour in both New Zealand and introduced birds, and found evidence to support that rats were more likely to detect the preen wax of bellbirds (Anthornis melanura), a native species, than at least one introduced bird species. Finally, I investigated the possibility that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) use the ammonia-like odour associated with active nests as a predator deterrent. I found that rats avoided nest material taken from active starling nests, but did not avoid the raw materials similar to those used by starlings in nest building. Although future work involving field trials are needed, my results suggest that the odour associated with active starling nests may function as a predator deterrent. Overall, my findings suggest that at least some New Zealand native birds differ from introduced birds in both the way they “smell” and the way they use “smell.” However, there is now a need for field studies to test the generalities of this pattern in real world situations, and whether such information can be used to devise novel methods for reducing the risk of nest predation of native birds threatened by introduced predatory mammals.

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Lloyd, Penn. "A study of the ecology of the Namaqua Sandgrouse and other arid-zone birds." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9680.

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Bibliography: leaves [148]-164.
This field study set out to identify the key ecological factors influencing the population dynamics of the Namaqua Sandgrouse Pterocles namaqua, through an investigation of diet and the nutritional demands during different stages of the annual cycle, the timing of breeding seasons and movements in relation to patterns of rainfall-dependent food availability, breeding success and the factors limiting productivity. In addition, the nesting habits and success of 11 coexisting arid-zone bird species were examined to test a variety of hypotheses regarding the relationship between nest-predation rate and nest site, nest density, predator-avoidance behaviour, stage of the nesting cycle and season, and degree of residency. Furthermore, the importance of rainfall as a breeding stimulus and its effects on clutch size were investigated for several species. The Namaqua Sandgrouse is an obligate granivore at all times, feeding on the seeds of annual plants, primarily of the family Fabaceae. Even while breeding, energy is the first-limiting nutrient in the foods of adults. Growing chicks have a proportionally greater protein demand, and are more dependent than adults on protein-rich legume seeds to satisfy first-limiting amino acid requirements. The chick growth phase was identified as the most nutritionally demanding stage in the annual cycle. The breeding season was found to be unexpectedly variable, and not consistently correlated with periods of peak food availability.

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23

Groom, Angelica. "The role of rare and exotic animals in the self-fashioning of the early modern court : the Medici court in Florence as a case study." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42399/.

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The principal aim of this study is to investigate the role rare and exotic animals played in the cultural self-fashioning and political imaging of the Medici's Ducal and Grand-ducal Court in Florence (1531-1737). The exclusive focus on this topic will contribute to Medicean scholarship in an area of research that has hitherto received only scant and fragmentary attention. This study will provide the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of the numerous ways in which both real and depicted animals were manipulated to serve the interests of the Medici regime. The thesis is formed of five chapters. Chapter one examines the zoological spaces established by the Medici; chapter two focuses on the procurement of animals and their use in diplomatic gift exchange. The remainder of the thesis takes the form of three case studies. These will examine a wide range of Medici-commissioned works of art, from different points in the family's history, in which unusual fauna feature as a central element of the iconography. The works discussed will make clear how individual members of the regime deployed animal imagery to express their political aspirations and courtly magnificence. Case study one traces how early members of the Medici family used images of rare beasts to assert their dynastic and political legitimacy, primarily to a home audience. Case study two examines the role of zoological illustrations in the Medici's wider ambition to establish an international reputation as patrons of the natural sciences and to promote the court as a centre of artistic production. The final case considers a series of zoological paintings commissioned by the last two Medici rulers, to argue that the pictures reflected not only the shifting values elite society attached to unusual fauna, but that they also mirrored the decline of the regime itself.

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24

Greyhaven, Cin. "Reproductive insularity in a migratory sparrow: A field study of Lincoln's sparrow populations in Southern California." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/725.

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Allen-Masacek, Marjorie Kirsten. "Teaching ARTifacts: Teaching art with a cultural lens." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1925.

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26

John, Jeremy Leighton. "The spleen, parasites and sexual selection in birds : a comparative study of disease resistance evolution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308603.

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Bristow, Stephen James. "A case study of reflective teaching." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276372.

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28

House, Nancy Ellen. "Teaching art history to adult students: A teaching model and pilot study /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487943341526939.

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29

Hill, Brittany Elayne. "Birds, beasts and burials : a study of the human-animal relationship in Romano-British St. Albans." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/399122/.

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The human-animal relationship is one that has been pondered by scholars for ages. It has been used to define both what it means to be “human” and what it means to be “animal”. This thesis examines human-animal relationships as found in the mortuary record within the area of Verulamium which is now situated in the modern town of St. Albans. Once considered to be a major centre, the mortuary rites given to its people suggest high variabilities in the approach to the “personhood” of certain classes of both people and animals. While 480 human individuals were examined, only a small percentage was found to have been afforded the rite of a human-animal co-burial. It is this small percentage that will be examined in greater detail. Of major concern are the treatments to both the human and animal pre- and post- burial and the point at which the animal enters into the funerary practice. These questions are investigated primarily by using zooarchaeological and human osteological techniques, but also refer to primarily literary sources and other data. This analysis is situated in a broader theoretical approach on human-animal relationships and which adopts a non-anthropocentric view point. In order to investigate the data holistically, both interactions in life and in death were observed as far as the faunal record would allow. It is concluded that within the St. Albans area a specific relationship between certain classes of humans and specific domestic animal individuals existed and is demonstrated through their mutual participation in rites that extended beyond the typical agricultural needs. It was also recognised that different animal individuals within the same species would fulfil the ultimate role of ‘food item’. However, these roles would most likely not occur simultaneously in this area.

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30

Eriksson, Helena. "Teaching listening comprehension in upper secondary schools : An interview study about teaching strategies." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-36515.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine what strategies teachers use when they teach listeningcomprehension in order to develop student’s listening skills, and especially if and how they usescaffolding in their teaching. To examine this, seven upper secondary school teachers inSweden were interviewed about their listening comprehension teaching. The qualitative datawere analyzed using a cross case analysis with a combination of framework and IPA analysis.The data was labeled and divided into two themes: general strategies and scaffolding. In thethemes the data was further sorted and categorized into language immersion, raising selfconfidence,division into smaller groups, notetaking, pre-information and connection to theme,collaborative discourses, teacher peer and modeling and finally increasing level of difficulty.All seven teachers discussed several different strategies they use. They often combine strategiesto create the best learning environment for the students. Six out of these seven teachers gaveexamples of scaffolding strategies they use, such as modeling, working with themes and preinformationto support their students. However, as mentioned previously, they were oftencombined with other strategies such as collaborative discourse and smaller groups.

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31

Siengsanan-Lamont, Jarunee. "Epidemiology study and risk assessments of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in free flying birds in Thailand." Thesis, Siengsanan-Lamont, Jarunee (2010) Epidemiology study and risk assessments of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in free flying birds in Thailand. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2010. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2474/.

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The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 was the cause of a pandemic of avian influenza in poultry throughout many parts of the world. The role of wild birds in the transmission and cycling of this virus has been uncertain and the current study was designed to collect further data on the role of wild birds in the transmission of H5N1 in Thailand. The study site for the current study was located in Nakorn Pathom province, the central part of Thailand, where both backyard poultry and low biosecurity poultry farms are common and co-exist. The analysis of existing extensive data from the national wild bird surveillance program for HPAI H5N1 virus in Thailand, found that since 2004 the prevalence of infection with H5N1 in wild birds was low (1.0% 95%CI (0.7, 1.2). However, the annual prevalence varied considerably over this period with a peak of 2.7% (95%CI 1.4, 4.1) in 2004, which dropped to 0.5% (95%CI 0.3, 0.8) and 0.6% (95%CI 0.3, 1.0) in 2005 and 2006, respectively, and then rose again to 1.8% (95%CI 1.0, 2.6) in 2007. During this period, sixteen species of wild birds tested positive for H5N1 virus infection. All samples from juvenile birds were negative for H5N1 virus, whereas the virus prevalence in pooled samples from adult birds was 0.6% (95%CI 0.4, 0.9). The positive birds belonged to twelve species which were mainly resident species that are commensal with human activities. Infected wild bird samples were only found in provinces where poultry outbreaks had occurred. A risk factor study conducted in this project using a questionnaire for villagers on farm practices and wild birds observed in the area revealed that factors associated with disease included replacing poultry individually into households/farms, buying native chickens and/or fighting cocks from commercial hatcheries and the presence of lesser whistling ducks (Dendrocygna javanica) on farms. Selecting healthy poultry when purchasing replacement birds was identified as a protective factor in this study. The longitudinal wild bird surveillance programs conducted in this study revealed that the serological and virological prevalence of H5N1 virus were low in the wild bird population. The seroprevalence as tested by the H5N1 serum neutralization test (NT) was 2.1% (95% CI 0.7, 3.5). Species that tested positive to NT were rock pigeon (Columba livia), Asian pied starling (Gracupica contra), spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis), oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis), blue-tailed bee-eater (Merops philippinus), myna (Acridotheres spp.), and pond heron (Ardeola spp.). The prevalence of H5N1 virus detection was 0.5% (95% CI 0.0, 1.1); the two H5N1 virus -positive samples were from Asian pied starling (Gracupica contra) and white vented myna (Acridotheres grandis). Wild birds that tested positive to H5N1 virus were mostly common terrestrial birds, some of which showed no clinical signs of disease. Molecular epidemiology showed that the viruses isolated from the survey were most closely related to poultry viruses isolated in Thailand (A/chicken/Thailand/PC-168/2006, A/chicken/Phichit/NIAH606988 /2006, and A/quail/Thailand /CU-333/06). There was no evidence to support the presence of unique strains in wild birds in Thailand. A wild bird observational study undertaken demonstrated that habitats which contain the potential for a high risk of interspecies transmission of HPAI H5N1 viruses were open system duck farms and household/backyard areas. In these areas wild birds were commonly observed feeding together and in close contact with domestic poultry and pigs. Common terrestrial birds considered as bridge species (e.g. pigeons, sparrows, mynas, starlings, and doves) were likely to be involved in the disease transmission. Moreover, a qualitative risk assessment conducted in this study showed that the risk of wild birds transmitting the disease to poultry was low with an overall risk ranking of ―Medium severity‖. For quantitative risk assessment conducted, the risk of an infected lesser whistling duck defaecating an infectious dose of HPAI H5N1 virus close to a domestic duck in an open system duck farm was 5.8 x 10-6. This risk increased to 2.5 x 10-1 when all ducks visiting an open system duck farm were considered in a year. In conclusion, wild birds can help maintain the virus in wild and domestic bird populations through spill back and spill over. However, risk of wild birds transmitting HPAI H5N1 virus to poultry in the current study was considered to be low. Monitoring of the disease in wild birds and poultry should be performed in Thailand, and the biosecurity of small and backyard poultry farms should be improved.

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au, jane syd@bigpond net, and Susan Jane Maw. "Teaching Hatha Yoga: An Auto-Ethnographic Study." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081022.110605.

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This dissertation is grounded in my praxis as a Hatha yoga teacher in the community. I noticed that particular students were drawn to specific styles of Hatha yoga, whilst avoiding others. I took the styles of Hatha yoga into consideration, but further exploration also gave rise to whether methods of instruction were a fundamental component of the class demography. This in turn led to an examination of my own teaching pedagogy to explore how my philosophical approach to teaching, was in fact, carried over into to my praxis and if this was a factor in student retention in my classes. Studying my own pedagogy as a Hatha yoga teacher meant reviewing my philosophies, both from a theoretical perspective and later from a practical level, to see if my practice followed my philosophy. This could only be realised through a full investigation of my teaching methods, which was achieved by video taping one of my Hatha yoga classes. I believe that understanding originates from personal knowledge; therefore, the research must begin by examining my own pedagogy. In order to answer these questions I have investigated the historical foundations of yoga and the meaning of yoga in the modern Western world. During this process I became aware of the misrepresentations of Hatha yoga and the misconceptions that have derived from this. In order to answer my research question, whether my teaching pedagogy directly influenced the cohort of students who attended my yoga class, I have had to be cognisant of my own pedagogy. In order to achieve this I employed heuristic enquiry and more specifically the methods outline by Clark Moustakas (1990). Heuristic epistemology is achieved by creating phases in which the researcher uses her own experience to investigate and create meaning in which to discover a phenomenon. This method of enquiry offers the researcher non-linear steps with which to structure the process of a personal reflection. Explication of the pedagogy resulted from numerous viewings of the video recording. I reviewed my teaching methods to ascertain if what I said and thought I was doing was what I actually taught.

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Howard, Karen L. "The teaching vice-principal, a qualitative study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60229.pdf.

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LEE, EN-JOU, and 李恩柔. "Birds in Chinese Metaphor and Culture-Pedagogical Implications to Teaching Chinese as a Second Language." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/936qx5.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
語文與創作學系華語文教學碩士班
105
The concept of metaphor is not only rhetoric, but also reflects the thinking, values, life experience and other cultural characteristics of the ethnicity. While using metaphors, it’s hard for native speakers to be conscious of the concept, and it will confuse nonnative speakers. For example, “chicken” is one of the zodiac signs, and it has an auspicious meaning. However, “chicken” in some phrases implies a shallow, tiny and other negative semantics in Chinese idiomatic expressions, such as “a drowned rat”, “crowing like a cock and snatching like a dog”, “chicken feather, garlic skin” etc. Therefore, the animal metaphor has a systematic mapping concept, not just a single symbolic meaning, which also reveals the cultural concept and metaphorical culture in Chinese ethnicity. The aim of this research is to analyze the metaphorical categories and the principles in “Bird” metaphors, explore the cultural concepts and metaphorical culture, and provide animal cultural teaching suggestions from the perspective of teaching Chinese as a Second Language (CSL). The analysis corpus of this study is bird words/phrases within the metaphorical concept, which are selected from the Re-printed National Dictionary, edited by the Ministry of Education. In order to help foreign learners grasp the concept of word/phrase metaphors and increase their understanding and effectiveness of communication, the researcher investigated the concept of bird word/phrases in Chinese about their source and target domains, figured out the mapping relation between the two domains, induced the cultural concept and metaphorical culture and made the suggestions for teaching Chinese as a Second Language in animal metaphors. The results of this study showed that the bird words/phrases in Chinese contains the cultural concept and there are fixed systematical metaphor in mapping the space, behavior and sensory. It also revealed the concept of social structure and value of Chinese community. Therefore, from the teaching CSL point of view, the breakthrough point should consider the perspective of the source domain, starting from the basic cultural concepts of each ethnicity while teaching the concept of metaphor in Chinese words/phrases. Based on the notion of the target culture, the relationship between the metaphor and the culture can be found. By integrating cross-cultural comparisons, to assist nonnative speakers to understand and develop the concept of words/phrases metaphor and conceptual culture in Chinese.

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SHING, CHEN YUNG, and 陳詠幸. "The Study of The birds’ image in Tang poems." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24056533466174216893.

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碩士
玄奘大學
中國語文學系碩士在職專班
97
This essay takes birds’ image in Tang (Tarng) poems as the research object. About the research methods, I mainly use the theory of imagery and esthetics, aside from thematology. In the second chapter “the contents and original of birds’ image”, I induce and rearrange the definition of birds’ image, tracing the basic origin of bird-worshiping culture. In the third chapter “the types of birds displaying in Tang poems”, I narrate individually, with biological classification, the natural characteristics and associated allusion of birds’ image employing in Tang poems, in order to realize its miniature model.In the fourth chapter “the meaning of birds’ image displaying in Tang poems”, I discuss separately the relationship between the birds’ image and these eight main items. In the fifth chapter “the expressive skills of birds’ image in Tang poems”, I present the expressive skills of birds’ image in three series.In the sixth chapter “the special features of birds’ image in Tang poems”, I further probe into the differences of the birds’ expression from the earlier time. From the above analysis, we can appreciate the unlimited possibility and various styles of the excellent poets in Tang dynasty, who perfectly and abundantly express birds’ image, and their greatly achievement.

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Langrand, Olivier. "The effects of forest fragmentation on bird species in Madagascar : a case study from Ambohitantely Forest Reserve on the central high plateau." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10320.

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Considering the high rate of endemism in Madagascan organisms, which are mostly restricted to forest ecosystems, and the accelerating rate of deforestation affecting the island, it is critical to understand the effects of forest fragmentation on Malagasy biota to allow for better management of species within ecosystems. Ecological and human-induced changes have led to the disappearance of forest from vast areas of the island, including on the central High Plateau. The Ambohitantely Special Reserve, located on the central High Plateau at 1500 m asl, was selected as the study site for research on the effects of forest fragmentation on forestependent bird species in Madagascar. The Ambohitantely special Reserve covers 5600 ha of which 50% are natural forest, 35% are anthropogenic grassland savannah and 15% are exotic plantations. The forest, described as East Malagasy moist montane forest, is 2737 ha in area, of which 1487 ha are comprised of 513 forest fragments scattered around the largest block totalling 1250 ha. To investigate the effects of forest fragmentation on forest-dependent bird species, seven forest fragments were selected, ranging from 0.64 ha to 136 ha, in addition to the largest block, referred to as the control site. The bird species composition and relative abundance in different-sized fragments were assessed in reference to the control site, by using a combination of two standardized sampling methods: mistnetting and point-counts. A total of 1804 mistnet-days were accrued, 1026 in the control site and 778 in the seven forest fragments, leading to the capture of 491 birds of 26 species. A total of 160 point-counts was made at 39 different sample plots totalling 53 h 29 min of censusing, and a record of 30 species. A total of 72 bird species including 54 breeding forest affinities of the avifauna of Ambohitantely were defined with reference to 32 forest sites scattered across Madagascar. The species composition in all fragments are fully nested subsets of the control site and the species distribution in the fragments does not represent random subsets of the control site. The analysis of the bird communities in different size fragments indicates that the occurrence of bird species reflects a regular pattern of species extinction in relation to decreasing size of forest fragment. Species composition is discussed in reference to Ambohitantely's long history of isolation that may have led to extirpation of bird species from this site. The higher bird taxa decrease in number or totally disappear as a result of their ecological specialization. Equally, they are the most affected by edge effects (e. g. Atelornis pittoides). The main ecological trends in disappearance or extinction of species is a decrease in the number of small-bodied insectivorous understorey species and mid- and upper-stratum small-bodied insectivorous and nectarivorous species. Insectivorous species are particularly affected by forest fragmentation and three forest-dependent species found in Ambohitantely Forest are particularly sensitive to forest fragmentation: Newtonia amphichroa, Calicalicus madagascariensis, and Cyanolanius madagascarinus. The biological (flora species composition and forest structure) and the physical (temperature, moisture, and light) changes generated by the fragmentation of the forest have a greater impact on highly specialized foraging guilds and this explains the pattern of current bird species composition in Ambohitantely Forest. The influence of forest fragmentation on the altitudinal migration process is debated and conservation measures such as the establishment of forest corridors are proposed to improve the protection of biota found in the Ambohitantely Special Reserve.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.

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Huang, Yu-Ting, and 黃鈺婷. "The study of Imagery of Birds in Dong Po''s Tsz." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m4666e.

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碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
95
Abstract The topic of this thesis is“The study of Imagery of Birds in Dong Po’s Tsz”. The followings are the structure of each chapter : The first chapter is“Introduction”：This chapter explains motivation, purposes, choose a method and essentials of Imagery. The second chapter is“North Song dynasty of Dong Po’s living environment”：This chapter introduce Political special features, The scholar thoughts, Song Tsz、Painting and The formation of the idea. The third chapter is“Birds category of Dong Po’s Tsz”：This chapter divided into seven items. The fourth chapter is“The subject of Imagery of Birds in Dong Po’s Tsz”：This chapter according to Imagery of Birds in Dong Po’s Tsz divided into six subjects. The fifth chapter is“Express method of Imagery of Birds in Dong Po’s Tsz”：There are seven kinds of writing methods. The sixth chapter is “The cultural meaning of Imagery of Birds in Dong Po’s Tsz”：This chapter is according to Dong Po’s contention, and begin from the angle of the culture, then we can found the Traditional culture to his influence. The seventh chapter is “Conclusion”：This chapter is induce achievements of this papers.

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CHANG, YU-WEI, and 張育瑋. "Study on Documentary Photography of Birds at Minde Reservoir in Miaoli County." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k5vq37.

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碩士
國立臺中教育大學
美術學系碩士在職專班
105
Being surrounded by mountains and adjacent to a lake, Minde Reservoir in Miaoli County has many species of birds. In recent years, birds in that area have been influenced by visitors crowding to the reservoir and by the development engineering at the reservoir. The study aimed to probe into the meaning of conservation of bird ecology and whether the conservation at Minde Reservoir reached effects. Additionally, the study recorded bird species, and the relationship between bird ecology and environment at Minde Reservoir, the sampling area with photography. Between January and October 2016, the author of the study took photographs of bird species and the ecology at Minde Reservoir in Miaoli County, the sampling area of the study. The photographs were divided into two series: (1) Birds around the Lake; (2) Agitated Birds in Forest. In “Birds around the Lake,” the author took photographs of 51 species of birds at Minde Reservoir, and selected 27 species as contrasts at the reservoir (including Yongheshan Reservoir and Liyutan Reservoir) to compare with bird species in Birdwatching Tourism Map of Taiwan published in 1999. It showed that bird species increased in the area, meaning that bird conservation between 1999 and 2016 succeeded. “Agitated Birds in Forest” include 20 photographs of conflicting scenes of birds and artificial scenery in the sampling area. They show that birds had to change their original way of living because people extended their territories and destroyed their habitats. As protective measures have been taken at Minde Reservoir, bird ecology is conserved in the area. In the early days, Taiwan’s government did not enact related law or regulation regarding the development of forest land, which led to the serious destruction of habitats of birds. As people nowadays have realized the value and importance of ecology due to their awareness of natural environment and ecology, rich bird ecology at the reservoir can be conserved. However, artificial destruction that violates ecological principles still exists, which threatens the survival of birds, and the degree of destruction has not been eased in the area. Therefore, the author hoped that the photographs of “Birds around the Lake” and “Agitated Birds in Forest” can remind people that wild birds and the environment have to be respected and protected.

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Hsu, Yu-Hsin, and 許又心. "The Study of Taiwan Endemic Birds Pattern Applied in Cultural Creative Products." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39557392880416047621.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
設計學研究所碩士班
100
This study discussed how Taiwan endemic birds pattern applied in cultural creative products. Taiwan promoted cultural creativity industry since 1995, from government to enterprises, people stared to realize the importance of design. It’s flourishing developing in life around. To see from consumption side, people directly contact products. These products combined innovative cultural elements and design that sold in the market could easy effect on lifestyle of people. In this study, there are three sections. First, to understand the situation of Taiwan endemic species and survey the products were sold in Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute in general. Second, interview the experts in the fields of birds and cultural creative design to find out what is important to observe birds’ features and the precautions when making the cultural creative products. Third, birds pattern design and apply on cultural creative products. Results are as followed: 1.In addition to the birds pattern created by this study applied on cultural creative products, these patterns could also be use in other decoration ways. To make Taiwan Endemic Birds easily be seen by people. Make people interesting to Taiwan Endemic Birds itself by products. 2.When designers design products and patterns, to deeply understand our cultural connotation will get the really meanings. The patterns design by the study could be used in more ways to make Taiwan Endemic Birds be seen.

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Tsai, Ya-Fen, and 蔡雅芬. "The Image Study of birds,animals,insects and fishes on the Shi-Jing." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sz535k.

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碩士
靜宜大學
中國文學研究所
93
This thesis outline any six.Test to release with a thing particularly the research result of the book,folk cultural data,modern science, ascend the times of the 《Shi-Jing》, the study a thing is in《Shi-Jing》the idea application that rise.Account the birds are 35 kinds of,animals are 25 kinds of,insects are 29 kinds of,fishes are kinds of 12.Its content main idea is as follows: An introduction, elaborate the research motive of this thesis and study the method, and look back the predecessors the research result. Chapter 2 starts into a thing analysis – birds idea.Add up to discuss to have 35 kinds of birds in《Shi-Jing》each literary piece the effect that rise.《Shi-Jing》medium topic concerning the birds idea usage, have four in rough reckoning:The conduct and actions hunts the object and carries dance the feather decorations that use,the motherland clansmen keeps in mind to think,the exchanges of the humanities relation. Chapter 3- animals idea.Add up to 25 kinds of monsters in《Shi-Jing》each literary piece the effect that rise.《Shi-Jing》medium topic concerning the monster idea usage, about can be divided into five:Transportation tool,find,offer sacrifices to the exchanges of the trillion,the humanities relation of sacrifice,the spirit good omen. Chapter 4- insects idea.Add up to 29 kinds of insects in《Shi-Jing》each literary piece the effect that rise.《Shi-Jing》medium topic concerning the insect idea usage, about can be divided into four:The destructive insect corrupt is lousy,the parable of the appearance ,humanities of the insect,appearance of the season relates to it to reflect to shoot. Chapter 5- fishes idea.Add up to 12 kinds of fishes at《Shi-Jing》each literary piece rises of effect.《Shi-Jing》medium topic concerning the fish idea usage, about can be divided into the two major type:Call the "fish" while ising general,two grow for the fish of the detailed row category. A conclusion.The overview is the research result of the thesis originally, insight with the research.

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LIN, TSAI CHIA, and 蔡佳霖. "The study of Fairy tale teaching and Affective teaching." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/asefrz.

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碩士
國立臺東大學
兒童文學研究所
95
Abstract This study aimed to use the fascinating contexts, novel imaginations, diverse themes, and harmonious atmospheres of fairy tales to attract students to read fairy tales and cultivate their interest in reading. Through the design of reading instructions, it was expected that students could experience the truthfulness, goodness, and beauty of fairly tales through reading discussions and further integrate the affective issues in life to cultivate their abilities of understanding, discussing, and solving problems. This study conducted the teaching activity of fairy tale reading on the basis of the concept and spirit of action research. The fifth grade students taught by the researcher were selected as research subjects. Eight fairy tales included in the Fairy Tale Collection published by Youth Cultural, including Hold Hands Blacky, Quest for the Giant of the Heart, The Quarrel over Clothes, Straw man Kaka, The Beautiful Duck, The Little Red, Little Muggins, and The Happy Pig were selected as reading materials. The reading discussion model was adopted. Affective issues were incorporated, and four subjects, including Discover Yourself, Everyone Has His Place, Challenge the Difficult, and To Help is the Best Enjoyment, were designed. According to group discussion, questions, learning, and response of students, as well as the instructor’s observation and reflection, the instructional method was adjusted at all times to derive the most effective instructional and guiding method. In the research process, it was discovered that the rich storyline and vivid descriptions of fairy tales, if proper instructed, can indeed improve children’s interest in reading. Besides, the portrayal of local fairy tales is also close to children’s life experiences, so they are materials suitable for affective education. Based on the problems encountered in the teaching process and the research findings, this study also provided suggestions and references for follow-up educators and researchers, hoping that follow-up educators and researchers could make a more in-depth investigation in issues related to “fairy tale teaching” and “reading and affection”.

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Lee, Yi-Ju, and 李宜儒. "A study of job performance, teaching self-efficacy, teaching enthusiasm and teaching willing." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80373696449052033589.

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Frank, Cristina A. "A comparision study of migratory raptor distribution and habitat use at the Cape May peninsula stopover." 2007. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.15845.

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Yi-feng, Wu, and 吳儀鳳. "A Study of Fu on Birds from Han to Tang Dynasty : Description and narration." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78758224779742428828.

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Huang, Hsiao-Han, and 黃筱涵. "Study on the Calendar Design and Creation of Taiwan''s Migrant Birds." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75659255057861562728.

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碩士
銘傳大學
商業設計學系碩士班
101
The animal protection groups appeal for more attention to the environment protection issue as more and more living things are facing extinction due to global warming, human over-exploitation, and so on. Since Taiwan is located in the subtropical region and rich in ecological resources, we, as part of the earth, should pay much more attention to it. Therefore, this study aims to show concern for ecology through the design and creation method. This study first stated the related background of the desired creation theme through the literature summary and analysis, analyzed the calendar creation on ecological art through case studies, and finally created the actual works. Since calendar is one of the design products with both practical and decorative purposes, it is selected to convey the concept of ecological conservation and awaken people’s concern for ecology through long-term use. However, there are diverse biological resources in Taiwan. As the environmental indicator, the migrant birds are selected as the creative theme in this study. As far as the creative method is concerned, this study takes the wall hanging calendar with both functional and aesthetic purposes as the manifestation, and creates the calendar on Taiwan’s migrant birds through the illustrations and layout design.

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YE, MEI-HUA, and 葉梅花. "A Preliminary Study of the Food Culture in the Ami Birds Festival in Nanshi." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83wn9s.

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碩士
康寧大學
餐飲管理研究所
107
This study is based on the Ami ethnic group in the north of Shoufeng Township in Hualien County. The research is based on the differences in the cultural behaviors of the bird-age "sacrificial" and the bird-harvesting "season" of the Ami-age ceremonies. To clarify the different aspects of the implementation of the "Aesthetic" and the "Bird" of the Ami tribes in the Ming and Ming Dynasties. The researchers used the in-depth tribe to seek interviews with many local elders to obtain oral data. The Ami people have five groups according to the region. The "bird catching festival (pakalahok tu liliw/Malahok tu liliw/miliwliw/malaliliway)", is a unique festival of the "Southern Ami" ethnic group in the north. It is a winter farming and leisure collective hunting activity after the end of farming in the north. The farming teams of each tribe will go out to hunt and capture the farmland birds in various fields to pray for a good harvest in the coming year. Each tribe held it at different times. The "Southern Ami" ethnic group in the north of the East Rift Valley uses the winter slack in the winter to hold a bird-watching festival. Before the ceremony, the people are instructed that the birds should be released immediately if they are mistakenly caught. Inder to avoid law violation, a total of four kinds of sparrows, spotted dragonflies, dragonflies, and bamboo chickens are allowed to hunt, not only taking into account the environment, but also inheriting the culture of the festival. During the breeding period of non-agricultural birds, the tribes will let the birds proliferate and not rehabilitate at this time. Therefore, bird hunting is not only a kind of living customs, but also a part of the life festival, taking into account the significance of ecological environment, education and cultural heritage.

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I, CHANG KUANG, and 張廣義. "A study of teaching-relevant capitals , teaching belief、classroom management strategies and teaching performances." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09169346969852965671.

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博士
國立屏東教育大學
教育行政研究所
94
A study of teaching-relevant capitals , teaching belief、 classroom management strategies and teaching performances. Abstract The main purpose of this study was to analyze the current situations about elementary school teachers’ teaching-relevant capitals , teaching belief、classroom management strategies and teaching performances . In addition , a path correlation model about teaching performances based upon some relevant theories and research findings was constructed in this study . To try to explore the causes of teaching performance was another purpose of this study. The main research method was questionnaire survey , and empirical data was collected by 〝Teaching Performances Scale〞.1390 subjects from four different administrative regions were sampled by two-stage random sampling , and 1173 valid questionnaires were collected. The data obtained in this study were statistically analyzed by item-analysis , factor analysis , reliability analysis , t-test , one-way ANOVA , Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple-regression. In addition , LISREL8.51 and AMOS 5.0 were used to test the fit of the path correlation model in this study. The analysis of the data revealed the following main findings: (1) The mean of teaching-relevant capitals , teaching belief、classroom management strategies and teaching performances was considerably high. (2) The teacher with different background variables have significantly difference in teaching-relevant capitals , teaching belief、classroom management strategies and teaching performances. (3) There are significant correlations between these main variablies. (4) The teaching performances of elementary school teachers can be predicted by the main factors of teaching-relevant capitals , teaching belief、classroom management strategies. (5) The path correlation model about teaching performance was fit . According to the major findings , the main research suggestions as follows: (1) School organization should create a trustworthy campus circumstance and encourage teachers design curriculum based upon teaching needs and learners’ life experiences. (2) Teachers should consider and respect the individual differences between students .In addition , team teaching , positive classroom management strategies and multiple evaluation are efficient strategies for promoting teaching performances. (3) Further research should use Delphi technique to develop questionnaire or try to take outlier study to analyze some characteristic teachers. In addition, further research should consider some important variables such as communicative strategies, adjustment strategies and teaching efficacy. Keyword：Teaching-relevant capitals （social capital, cultural capital and human capital）, Teaching belief , Classroom management strategies, Teaching performances , Structural equation modeling(SEM).

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林伯杰. "A study of augmented reality on language teaching – A case study of elementary English teaching." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84688056232480556651.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
數位內容科技與管理研究所
97
As English becoming a global language, English learning is becoming more and more important to people. The reform of Nine-Year Curriculum recommends that third-grade instruction design should include English learning. The ministry of education also suggests integrating IT (Information Technology) into instruction to provide students with various and effective learning approaches. This study attempts to examine the effect of English learning progress of young English learners by using the CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) system. This study investigates the feasibility of AR CAI system on English vocabulary learning by developing an AR system and designing an English course for the system. The subjects were composed of 85 third grade students from an elementary school in central Taiwan. The subjects were divided into AR supported instruction, traditional instruction and control group. The instruction lasted for three weeks. The English test results of the students using AR CAI system were significantly better than those using traditional English teaching method. Also, students of highest and lowest English proficiency group showed significant progress in test results. Furthermore, the learning effectiveness of children using AR showed no gender difference. Based on the results, constructive suggestions were proposed for schools, teachers and future researchers.

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wen, Feng Hsiu, and 馮雯. "The Study of Elementary School Teachers''''Teaching Beliefs and Teaching Efficiencyes." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25867401804766784604.

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碩士
國立屏東師範學院
國民教育研究所
90
The Study of Elementary School Teachers''Teaching Beliefs and Teaching Efficiencyes Abstract The purpose of this study is fivefold: to have a better understanding of the teaching beliefs and efficiency of the teachers in Kaohsiung’s elementary schools; to explore what teachers’ backgrounds will pull out from their teaching beliefs; to study how teaching belief and teaching efficiency are related; and to see if teaching belief could predict efficiency. 630 Kaohsiung city teachers were surveyed by answering a questionnaire edited and given by the author, in which a profile of the relationship between belief and efficiency could be determined as the average and standard deviation have been counted. The data of the relationship are collected using t-test, one-way variance analysis, followed by Scheff’s multiple comparison if the test result reaches a high level, and then Person’s product-moment correlation method is applied to see whether belief and efficiency are apparently related to each other, the last step is to use Stepwise multi-regression analysis method to parse whether teaching belief of all kinds can foresee integrated as well as stratum-based teaching efficiency. Conclusion 1. Though the teachers’ teaching beliefs are improving steadily, their willingness and beliefs towards community participation needs improvement. 2. Their teaching efficiency is half way from perfect. The study also shows that there is still room for improvement in the following two areas: teacher’s “ self-efficiency” and “adjustment to environment.” 3. Teaching years, additional jobs other than teaching, and school size are influential in their teaching beliefs. Senior teachers, school deans, and middle-size school teachers are among those with the most progress-inclined teaching beliefs. 4. Teaching years, additional jobs other than teaching , and school size are influential factors to teaching efficiency. Senior teachers, middle-size school teachers teach most effectively than others who are not senior and in the middle-size school. 5. The teacher whose teaching belief is prone to progress teaches more efficiently than the one whose teaching belief is conventional. 6. There is an apparent elationship between teaching bewief and teaching efficiency; the former affects the latter. 7. Teaching belief can interpret and predict teaching efficiency. Implications and Suggestions 1.The administration of education should: （1） elaborate on letting teachers form common sense on educational reforms and adjust their beliefs that we are going to have a better education coming up. （2） control school size, because a middle-size school helps its teachers participate in community activities. 2.The institute which offers educational programs to would-be teachers should: （1） have a strong a grip on the content of educational reforms, and materialize would-be teachers’ training programs. （2） engaging both teaching and internship,enforting the progression-inclined beliefs to upgrade efficiency. 3.The school administration should: （1） offer up-to-date information of education, and integrally plan and offer teachers teaching resources. （2） change teachers’ intellectual models, and build up learning-style institutes and teaching teams. （3） have a sound administrative operation, assist teachings, and remove factors that deter them from teaching more effectively. （4） reshape teachers’ new images, hold seminars and encourages them to go advanced studies. 4.The teacher should: （1） understand his or her hidden teaching beliefs through the feedbacks from the students’ parents. （2） frequently reflect him- or herself, and then correct the beliefs through the reflections. （3） walk out of the myth of the classroom kingdom, reinforce the cooperative connection with parents, and interact with the community. （4） fulfill progress-inclined beliefs, and strengthen professional knowledge and skills, so as to increase teaching efficiency. （5） encourage colleagues learn from one another, so that senior teachers could pass on their experiences.

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PENG, WAN-TING, and 彭琬婷. "Action Study of Mandarin Remedial Teaching by The Reciprocal Teaching Method." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12731010976821569641.

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碩士
中華大學
科技管理學系
104
The purpose of this study is to investigate the Mandarin remedial teaching by using reciprocal teaching method against 5th grade students to see if it could help low-achieving students on Mandarin improve their reading ability and also have better performance on other subjects. In this study, six students who need remedial teaching were selected as study subjects. The study lasted fifteen weeks, two lessons after school on every Thursday, totally thirty lessons. The researcher used Qualitative Research Method to analyze teaching journal, observations, student interview, and teaching reflection in order to investigate the performance of Mandarin remedial teaching using reciprocal teaching method against 5th grade students. The main results were summarized as follows： 1.Low-achieving students on Mandarin had significant improvement after reciprocal teaching. 2.Reciprocal teaching can improve the reading ability of low-achieving students on Mandarin. 3. Reciprocal teaching can also help them have better performance on other subjects. 4.Low-achieving students started to like reading after their reading ability were improved. 5.In the four strategies of reading: “Predicting” “Questioning” “Clarifying Doubt” and “ Summary”, most of the students think “Predicting” and “Questioning” are easier to be applied in reading while “Summary” is more difficult. “Clarifying Doubt” is applied most often.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Birds, study and teaching'

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