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Journal articles on the topic 'Birkenau (Concentration camp)'
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1
Rich, David Alan. "Eastern Auxiliary Guards at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Spring 1943." Russian History 41, no. 2 (May 18, 2014): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04102012.
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To solve insurmountable manpower shortages in its concentration camp guard forces, the Nazi ss turned in early 1943 to an untapped, highly experienced and brutal source. Former Soviet prisoners of war recruited in 1941 and 1942 and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Poland, had effectuated the mass murder of over one million Jews in the three Operation “Reinhard” killing centers in about 9 months. By early 1943, however, some of those guards had come to doubt the wisdom of their collaboration with the Nazis, and deserted to the partisans. ss authorities decided to solve manning shortages in concentration camps by transferring 150 Trawniki guards to Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in March 1943. By failing to accommodate the foreign auxiliaries’ discontent, Auschwitz’s commandant faced his own mass desertion three months later. Berlin’s response to events at Auschwitz fundamentally reconfigured the relationship between the ss and its eastern guards in the Reich’s entire concentration camp system. About 1,500 Trawniki-trained guards eventually entered the camp system and served loyally until the Reich’s end. In coming to know their Slavic clients, the “new Soviet men,” the Nazis abandoned collaboration and turned to hierarchical discipline and integration with their own German guards.
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Kurek, Arkadiusz. "Życie kobiet — więźniarek w obozie Auschwitz-Birkenau." Prace Literackie 60 (December 31, 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0079-4767.60.8.
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The book by Halina Rusek Koleżanki z Birkenau. Esej o pamiętaniu [Friends from Birkenau: An essay on remembering] published by the University of Silesia is a kind of diary about the life of women in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The author describes the fate of her mother and her friends confined in one of the most horrific war camps. This publication, apart from descriptions and memories of female prisoners, contains original letters and photographs collected by families, which allows the reader to refer to the past more directly. The book was divided by the author into chapters which intensify the women’s experiences: from pre-war times through the war period to regaining freedom and returning to their family homes. Reading the book, one gets to know the early life of young girls who were unexpectedly captured and transported to the concentration camp. Their fates are intertwined with the struggle for existence, forced labour, camp experiences and the anticipated freedom. Important throughout the book is the documentation collected by the families of the prisoners. Post-war letters, mutual contacts, feelings and family memories make the reader feel close to the characters. The author tries to describe the lives of girls coming from different regions of Poland, whose fates were intertwined with each other. The book shows different ways in which the female prisoners were treated, based on their nationalities. In an attempt to make camp life more real for the reader, the author refers to prison correspondence. Halina Rusek’s publication shows young readers how important it is to remember the past and what concentration camps were.
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Paleczna, Marta. "Słownictwo obozowe w przekładzie ustnym na terenie Państwowego Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w opiniach tłumaczy i hiszpańskojęzycznych zwiedzających." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 27, no. 4(54) (December 21, 2021): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.27.2021.54.07.
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Nazi Concentration Camp Vocabulary in Oral Interpreting in the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in the Opinion of Interpreters and Spanish-Speaking Visitors
The article presents some of the results obtained as part of multi-stage research project that was carried out in 2018-2020. Its purpose was to collect information on interpreting performed for visitors at the Auschwitz- Birkenau State Museum. The article discusses the difficulty of translating the camp vocabulary when performing the above-mentioned interpreting. Thirty interpreters shared their views on the oral translation as well as 96 visitors, for whom the information during the tour was provided by a Spanish speaking interpreter.
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Małczyński, Jacek. "The Politics of Nature at the Former Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp." Journal of Genocide Research 22, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2019.1690253.
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Tabaszewski, Wojciech, and Kamila Peschel. "Plastic Artefacts from Archaeological Investigations Carried out at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp Complex in 2015–2022." Archaeologia Polona 61 (December 31, 2023): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa61.2023.3159.
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This article is a study of the results of archaeological research conducted at the site of the former German concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau and the Jawischowitz forced labour sub-camp attached to it. It discusses historical objects produced from plastics, as a result of chemical modification of natural products or synthesis of products of chemical processing of coal, oil or natural gas. The history of previous archaeological research at the site of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau camp complex and its sub-camps is outlined. The scope and regions of research that were carried out by the authors between 2015 and 2022 are discussed. Plastic products have been characterised by grouping them in terms of raw material and function, distinguishing among other things everyday objects and parts of clothing. On this basis, a comparative base was created, which can serve as a basis for applying a preliminary chronological division of plastic products.
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Stok, Witold. "Shimmer and whisper." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 30, no. 39 (December 15, 2021): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2021.39.15.
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The author of the article, one of the acclaimed Polish cinematographers, describes his practical eforts involved in making two short documentary films on Holocaust directed by him. The first one,Sonderzug (1978), was based on Stok’s idea to recreate his first emotional reaction to the landscape around Treblinka in the film that lasts 9 minutes, as long as the way of the Jews from the ramp to their end in the death camp. The other film, Prayer (1981), is the portrayal of a Japanese Buddhist monk praying at the site of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The formal inspiration of the film came from Japanese visual art.
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Druker, Jonathan. "Mothers and Daughters in the Holocaust Writing of Edith Bruck, Liana Millu, and Giuliana Tedeschi." Italica 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23256672.100.1.06.
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Abstract This article focuses on Italian Holocaust testimonies written by three female survivor-writers—Edith Bruck, Liana Millu, and Giuliana Tedeschi. It considers how these authors use diverse literary forms to represent the experiences of mothers and daughters in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Key passages in Tedeschi's survivor memoir C’è un punto della terra show the extent to which her experience was shaped by her separation from her children, and by feelings of maternal longing. Millu's autobiographical story collection Il fumo di Birkenau deftly employs the imaginative techniques of fiction to represent maternal nurturing and sacrifice. In these stories, the brutal lack of solidarity inside the camp is balanced by depictions of sisterly and motherly care among the female prisoners. Hungarian-born Bruck feels unable to recount her Holocaust memories in her mother tongue, even though much of what she has written is either for or to her mother. One such work is Lettera alla madre, a deeply affecting autobiographical novel that takes the form of an undeliverable letter. The text focuses on the unresolved relationship between the survivor-daughter and her mother, who was gassed on the day they arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
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Tryuk, Malgorzata. "Interpreting in Nazi concentration camps during World War II." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 12, no. 2 (July 30, 2010): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.12.2.01try.
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This paper is based on a study of the records of prisoners in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp with the aim of uncovering as much information as possible about camp interpreters, their work and their attempts to ease the hardships of other prisoners, often risking their own lives in the process. As will be demonstrated, the generally accepted deontological norms for interpreting in community settings were not applicable to concentration camps, and different norms were adopted which were clearly justified, under the circumstances. The paper in particular investigates why interpreters were needed in the concentration camps, who they were, how they were recruited for the job, what their language combinations were, what their duties were, when the interpreters were required, and how they performed their duties as well what their roles were.
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Smyk, Katarzyna. "Functions of a Fairy Tale in the Auschwitz Camp Memories of Zofia Posmysz." Łódzkie Studia Etnograficzne 62 (October 20, 2023): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/lse.2023.62.05.
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The article gives a multifaceted interpretation of the functions of a concentration camp fairy tale from the perspective of folklore studies (i.e. its socio-integrative, aesthetic, didactic/educational, compensatory/cathartic and trauma management functions) and literary studies (strategies of women’s writing about the Holocaust and the war, and the camp testimony). The author analyses the novel Wakacje nad Adriatykiem (1970) and an extended interview Królestwo za mgłą (2017) by Zofia Posmysz, an inmate of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ravensbrück and Neustadt-Glewe, who stylised her camp memories as a traditional folk tale, thus commemorating the fairy tales told by her camp friend Zofia Jachimczak, who did not survive Auschwitz. The author comes to the conclusion that a concentration camp fairy tale seems to be a complete genre and a comprehensive structure of meaning that makes it possible to express the inexpressible.
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Kruczek, Zygmunt, and Agnieszka Nowak. "A town overshadoved by a museum: Problems of tourism development in Oświęcim." Turyzm/Tourism 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tour-2019-0005.
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The article presents issues of tourism development in Oświęcim – a town that remains in the shadow of the former genocide site of Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp. The authors’ aim is to present the results of research on the image of the town, as well as activities leading to a change of the unfavourable image of Oświęcim: “a town overshadowed by a museum”. They are included in “The Strategy for Tourism Development in Oświęcim, 2018-2030”, developed with the support of the authors of this article. The paper also presents an analysis of tourism development and tourist assets with respect to using them to create a supplementary offer for tourists visiting the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum.
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Pawlak, Mateusz. "Sport as a norm and pathology in the German concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau and its subcamps." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Zeszyty Historyczne 16 (2017): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/zh.2017.16.26.
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Foks, Sylwia, Dariusz Goiński, and Błażej Targaczewski. "Archaeological Research on the Former KL Auschwitz I and KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau Site." Archaeologia Polona 61 (December 31, 2023): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa61.2023.3541.
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For many years Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum has been conducting excavation works on the site of the former German concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau, related to the implementation of projects to preserve the authenticity and other ad hoc maintenance works, as well as those related to the extension of the necessary infrastructure network in the area of the former camp. These works, carried out in various parts of the former Birkenau, are subject to obligatory archaeological research. Over the years, a large number of reports on archaeological works have been collected. Researchers faced the challenge of accumulating dispersed archaeological information, mainly about the location of archaeological research sites and about the findings that were noted during the works. The chosen solution was the use of GIS software. Initially, this was QGIS, which is to be replaced by ArcGIS Pro over time. This makes it possible to place excavation sites in a generalised form on a map (contemporary or historical) or on a properly prepared aerial photo (for any year from the years available: 1944-2022). The outline of the excavation in the above-mentioned programs is interactive with the user. The description of the findings from a given place is added to it. The set of data thus prepared can then be filtered and selected, like in a popular spreadsheet. The amount of information on one map can be enhanced with underground infrastructure networks (as information about possible collisions) and road and construction infrastructure of the camp area which enables better orientation in the surroundings. Introduction of the possibilities of deeper analytics of large data sets is the main basis for outlining the possibilities of Geographic Information Systems.
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Rajkowska, Katarzyna, Anna Otlewska, Anna Koziróg, Małgorzata Piotrowska, Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk, Mariusz Hachułka, Grzegorz J. Wolski, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, Beata Gutarowska, and Agnieszka Żydzik-Białek. "Assessment of biological colonization of historic buildings in the former Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration camp." Annals of Microbiology 64, no. 2 (August 15, 2013): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0716-8.
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Komarov, Dmitrii E. "Liberation of Auschwitz (Auschwitz-Birkenau) by the Red Army units on January 27, 1945: chronicle of events on the documents of the 60th General Army." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2024): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2024-2-409-422.
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The article deals with the offensive operations of the 60th Soviet Army during the Sandomir-Silesian operation. On January 27, 1945 the soldiers of this army liberated the Polish city of Auschwitz and the concentration camp "Auschwitz-Birkenau", some sites of which were located in close proximity to the city. A whole direction in historical science is devoted to the study of Hitler's crimes in the concentration camps created by the Nazis. The article develops this direction in the part of analyzing the information about how and as a result of what the largest camp in the system of concentration camps created by Nazis in Europe stopped its functioning. The main goal of the presented work is to reconstruct the chronology of combat operations of the 60th Army units in the second half of January 1945, to determine their specifics and results. The methodological basis of the study was the principle of historical objectivity with reliance on source analysis of the complex of archival materials of the 60th Soviet Army and the units included in it, the level of the army - division - regiment. The involved documents, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, allowed to restore the course of the offensive operation in the direction of Auschwitz. It is shown that the enemy resisted stubbornly, going into counterattacks, supported by artillery. However, the enemy could not hold the positions and retreated with significant losses. The intensity of the fighting is evidenced by the fact of death on the outskirts of the city of the commander of the 472nd rifle regiment, which was on the edge of the offensive operation of the division. The analysis of the documents allowed us to draw a number of conclusions that develop our knowledge about the role of the Red Army in the liberation of both the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp and Poland as a whole. One of these should include an analysis of the combat composition of the 60th Army. Documents record the fact that more than half of the army was represented by new recruits. Among those conscripted in the second half of 1944, a significant percentage were mobilized from the western, recently liberated territories of the Ukrainian SSR, and the number of Ukrainians was almost identical to the number of Russians. The 100th Infantry Division, which took part in the direct fighting for Auschwitz, maintained the rapid pace of the offensive operation, which made it possible to liberate a significant part of the prisoners without giving the Nazis a chance to kill them. The documents of the 60th Army testify that most of the liberated from the total number of the camp contingent awaiting their fate were men of conscription age, citizens of the USSR. These documents record the fact that 3 thousand former prisoners of "Auschwitz-Birkenau" out of the total number of 5 thousand liberated were subsequently conscripted into the Soviet army and participated in the final defeat of Hitler's Germany and its allies.
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Turda, Marius. "The ambiguous victim: Miklós Nyiszli's narrative of medical experimentation in Auschwitz-Birkenau." Historein 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2014): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/historein.232.
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While recent scholarship has – for the past two decades – endeavoured to transcend initial reservations about memoirs of Holocaust survivors, the difficulty with some of these memoirs – namely their authors’ implicit complicity in unethical medical research and in the Nazi Holocaust in general – remains however problematic. To address this thorny issue, this article considers the memoirs of a Jewish inmate doctor, Miklós Nyiszli, who worked with and for SS medical officers in Auschwitz, and his Auschwitz: A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account. His memoirs can help us understand wider truths about the “bond of complicity” that, according to Primo Levi, existed between perpetrators and victims in the Nazi concentration camp.<br />
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Piotrowska, Małgorzata, Anna Otlewska, Katarzyna Rajkowska, Anna Koziróg, Mariusz Hachułka, Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk, Grzegorz J. Wolski, Beata Gutarowska, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, and Agnieszka Żydzik-Białek. "Abiotic Determinants of the Historical Buildings Biodeterioration in the Former Auschwitz II – Birkenau Concentration and Extermination Camp." PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 3, 2014): e109402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109402.
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Nowicka-Krawczyk, Paulina, Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek, Anna Otlewska, Anna Koziróg, Katarzyna Rajkowska, Małgorzata Piotrowska, Beata Gutarowska, and Agnieszka Żydzik-Białek. "Diversity of an aerial phototrophic coating of historic buildings in the former Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration camp." Science of The Total Environment 493 (September 2014): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.113.
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Praga, Agnieszka. "Zarządzanie strategiczne muzeum martyrologicznym i miejscem pamięci na przykładzie Państwowego Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu." Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, no. 4 (2017): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2017.4.05.
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Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, located on the territory of the former Nazi’s concentration camp, is an example of what a French historian, Pierre Nora, called ‘a site of memory’ (lieu de mémoire) – a place which serves to commemorate and symbolize the biggest genocide and the tragedy of the twentieth century, that is the Holocaust. Hence, the management of the institution like this has to include both market-based as well as ethical factors. Moreover, since the Museum uses many elements of the original concentration camp’s infrastructure, the question arises whether it should aim to preserve the authenticity of this place, or rather follow the main trends in the museology (digitalization, wide multimedia environment etc.). The authoress analyzes the management strategy of the Museum by taking into account the statistical data, its educational offer, as well as the currently realized projects and programs.
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Leigh, Veronica. "Holy Night." After Dinner Conversation 3, no. 11 (2022): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc2022311107.
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What is the value of a book? Is hope worth dying for? In this work of philosophical WWII era short fiction, three prisoners in a Nazi concentration camp find a bible. A book in Birkenau. They know that if it is found in their position they will be punished, if not killed, and yet, they decide to hide and keep this hidden treasure. They know, for their own safety, they should burn the evidence. Or, should they trade it for food? Or read it? While the risks are great, they decide they will die before giving up the book. They also consider sharing it with others, at least, until they day comes they are caught.
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Wedderburn, Alister. "Cartooning the Camp: Aesthetic Interruption and the Limits of Political Possibility." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 47, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829818799884.
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Over the last 30 years, post-structuralist, feminist and other IR theorists have asked questions of the ways in which discourses on sovereignty seek to foreclose political possibility. To do so, they have advanced a decentralised, contested, incomplete and relational understanding of politics that presupposes some sort of intersubjective agency, however fragmented. There is one site, however, that appears to confound this line of argument insofar as it is commonly understood to exemplify an entirely non-relational, anti-political ‘desolation’: the concentration camp. Drawing on feminist theory to establish the terms of an aesthetic mode of ‘interruption’, this article will identify a compelling challenge to this position in a comic book drawn by Horst Rosenthal, a German–Jewish detainee at Gurs in Vichy, France, who was later killed at Auschwitz–Birkenau. Rosenthal’s piece will be read as an ‘aesthetic interruption’ that mounts a powerful critique of the logic underpinning his concentrationary experience, and in so doing demonstrates one way in which (to however painfully limited a degree) the political might be ‘brought back in’ to discussions about sovereign power.
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Bensoussan, Georges. "Les étapes du camp de concentration et du centre de mise à mort de Auschwitz-Birkenau (1940-1945)." Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah N° 171, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rhsho1.171.0233.
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Lewicki, Paweł, and Magdalena Mazurkiewicz. "Classification and Significance of Material Culture from Archaeological Research of Section BIb of the Former KL Auschwitz II - Birkenau." Archaeologia Polona 61 (December 31, 2023): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa61.2023.3542.
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This article discusses the analysis of material discovered during archaeological excavations conducted in the areas of former concentration camps, based on the results of work carried out on the site of the former German concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau. The specificity of the sites from the 20th century forces the development of new research methods and procedures, slightly different from those traditionally used in archaeology. One of the significant problems is the mass nature of the discovered artefacts. These items were substantially made of decay-resistant materials such as plastic, glass or metal alloys. In addition to the amount of acquired items, difficulties are also caused due to the way they are classified and processed. The classifications used in traditional archaeology, focusing primarily on the type of raw material used to produce the artefact, have proven to be unsuitable.
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Tragbar, Klaus. "Die Bauhäusler Franz Ehrlich und Fritz Ertl." Architectura 48, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2018): 76–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atc-2018-1006.
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Abstract The Bauhaus not only had the period of its existence in common with the Weimar Republic, but also many of its internal social, cultural and political contradictions. These contradictions become clear through the biographies of two Bauhaus graduates, Franz Ehrlich (1907 –1984) and Fritz Ertl (1908 –1982), who both studied with Hannes Meyer at the Bauhaus Dessau. After graduating, Ehrlich joined the KPD and worked with Walter Gropius and Hans Poelzig. In 1934, he was arrested as a resistance fighter and imprisoned in the Buchenwald concentration camp. After the Second World War, he became one of the most distinguished architects and furniture designers in the GDR and worked for the State Security. He died in 1984. Ertl returned to his father’s construction company in Linz after receiving his diploma. In 1938 he joined the NSDAP and the SS and was involved in the planning of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp from 1940 onwards. After the end of the war, he worked again as an architect and building contractor in Linz. In 1972 he was charged and acquitted in the Vienna Auschwitz Trial. He died in 1982.
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Koziróg, Anna, Anna Otlewska, Małgorzata Piotrowska, Katarzyna Rajkowska, Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk, Mariusz Hachułka, Grzegorz J. Wolski, et al. "Colonising organisms as a biodegradation factor affecting historical wood materials at the former concentration camp of Auschwitz II – Birkenau." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 86 (January 2014): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.08.004.
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Володимир Васильович Очеретяний and Інна Іванівна Ніколіна. "THE PROCESS OF CREATING THE NAZI CAMP SYSTEM IN POLAND DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111817.
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This article analyzes the process of creating the German camp system in Poland. The Nazi racial politics towards the Jews promoted their isolation from the so-called "full part of society". For this purpose, two main mechanisms for their separation were created: concentration camps, some of which were transformed into "factories of death", and Jewish ghettos. The establishment of concentration camps in Poland was preceded by a long process of organizational and legal registration first in Germany itself, and later on the territories occupied by it. This process was accompanied by numerous Jewish pogroms and arrests, which was an integral part of the Nazi anti-Semitic policy. Concentration camps were carefully thought out and well-organized institutions with a refined mechanism of prisoners’ maintenance, coercion and punishment. Different by their intended purpose were "death camps" that were not intended to hold prisoners, but to destroy them quickly and in large scale. Most of them were located on the territory of Poland, where the Jews from all over Europe were brought. These included Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Maydanek. It was observed in the article that German concentration camps were created to isolate, repress and destroy the undesirable elements of the regime. Despite the early formation of this system, its dissemination in the territories occupied by the Nazis, particularly in Poland, took place in 1938-1939s. At that time the German concentration camps turned into an instrument of ruthless anti-Semitic policy that became a classic genocide. Due to the fact that the concentration camps capacities did not allow to sufficiently fulfill their tasks, during 1939-1945s in Poland, new, so-called "death camps" were established. They were equipped with gas chambers and crematorium that carried out large-scale destruction of the Jews.
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Palka-Stolorz, Karolina. "The Critical Analysis of Article 55a of The Act on the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (de lege derogata)." Studia Iuridica Toruniensia 30 (September 16, 2022): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sit.2022.019.
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This article is presenting the Holocaust denial crime under Article 55a of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, which was widely criticized during the 73rd anniversary of the liberation of the former Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. The introduction to the text presents the circumstances surrounding the passing of this provision, its main assumptions, as well as the opinions of particular persons about it. The study is dominated by the dogmatic method of conceiving the legal text, with elements of functional analysis. The legal part of the study includes an analysis of particular terms contained in the provision. In the next one, examples of other countries where denial of Nazi crimes is punishable are indicated. In the last part of the study, a summary can be found, containing the most important conclusions from the study.
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Chrobak, Marzena, and Marta Paleczna. "Communication en langues étrangères avec les visiteurs d’un lieu de mémoire : un sujet périphérique des études de traduction." Romanica Wratislaviensia 68 (July 16, 2021): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665.68.5.
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After some general remarks on a contemporary basic map of Translation Studies, we present the results of a research on a peripherical topic in the field Interpretation Studies: interpreting in a museum setting. The museum concerned is the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, a former nazi concentration and extermination camp situated in Poland, a World Heritage Site, and a symbol of the Holocaust. The research is based on surveys conducted in 2017 and 2018 by Marta Paleczna among the camp’s visitors, guides, and interpreters. We discuss the interpreters’ main problems, which include translating camprelated and other specific terms, collaboration with a guide, the increasing number of visitors and time constraint, and their solutions, which include compressing the explanations given by a guide during the visit, taking over the role of a guide by the interpreter, and lengthening the explanation time by taking advantage of the trip to the museum and back.
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Segal, Nancy L. "Twins Living Apart: Behavioral Insights/Twin Study Reviews: Managing Monochorionic-Diamniotic Twin Pregnancies; Paternity Testing in Multiple Pregnancies; Twin Research on Resilience; Trisomies in Twin Pregnancies/Human Interest: Reunited Brazilian Twins; Website for Twins with Disabled Co-Twins; Twins Separated in Secret of the Nile Series; Mengele: Unmasking the Angel of Death; Twins Helping Others." Twin Research and Human Genetics 23, no. 5 (October 2020): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.71.
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AbstractA brief review of research findings regarding twins living apart is presented. This review is followed by a look into the lives of a pair of monozygotic male twins who have lived in different continents for many years, but who stay closely connected. The reasons behind their decision and its impact on their behavioral resemblance and social relationship quality are examined. The next section summarizes recent studies that address the management of monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies, paternity testing in multiple pregnancies, trisomies in twin pregnancies and the roots of resilience. The final portion of this article presents human-interest stories involving reunited Brazilian twins, a new resource for twins with disabled co-twins, twins separated in the Secret of the Nile television series, a new book about Dr Josef Mengele and his horrific twin experiments conducted at the Auschwitz–Birkenau concentration camp, and a pair of twins dedicated to helping others.
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Gromysz, Krzysztof, Łukasz Szoblik, Ewa Cyrulik, Agnieszka Tanistra-Różanowska, Zofia Drabczyk, and Szymon Jancia. "Analysis of stabilisation method of gable walls of a barrack located at the section BI of the former KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau." MATEC Web of Conferences 284 (2019): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928408004.
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The subject of the article is an analysis of the stabilisation method of the western gable walls of a barrack with the inventory number B-123, situated at the section BI of the former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau. The barracks of the former Birkenau have a documentary and historical value and are subject to protective conservation. A barrack with inv. no. B-123 had been erected in the last months of 1941 as a residential barrack, then it was used as a hospital facility. The barrack walls are characterised by low stiffness, because with the building’s plan of 36.17 m 11.39 m, the walls are only 0.12 m thick. Gable walls have been greatly deformed, as a result they have detached from longitudinal walls and their deflection is up to 120 mm. The construction of the walls is at risk, because a bad-quality wall is loaded with horizontal and vertical forces transmitted from the roof, on the eccentricity reaching 120 mm. Deformations are progressing as a consequence of such forces and the walls must be stabilised. In case of the western wall, it was decided to stop its further deformation and to increase the local carrying capacity by stabilising with steel elements connected with ties anchored in the ground. Given the historical value of the plasters with paint coats layers covering the wall, it was decided not to remove the wall deformation mechanically. For the eastern wall, which is not covered with plaster and was partly reconstructed after the war, the removal of its deflection by rectification was designed.
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Błotnicka-Mazur, Elżbieta. "MEMORIAL SITE AS COMMITMENT SPACE. IDEOLOGICAL AND ARTISTIC CONCEPT OF THE MUSEUM AND MEMORIAL SITE IN SOBIBÓR." Muzealnictwo 62 (May 24, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8978.
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The implementation of the new ideological and artistic concept of the Museum and Memorial Site in Sobibór on the site of the former Nazi German death camp selected in the 2013 competition is discussed. The winning design is analysed; apart from the arranging of the area of the former camp, it also envisaged raising of a museum, the latter stage already completed with the building opened to the public in 2020. The concept of ‘commitment space’ is proposed by the Author as best characterising a memorial site created on the premises of the former Nazi concentration camps and death camps for the people of Jewish descent. As a departure point, earlier examples of commemorating similar sites are recalled, beginning with the early monuments from the 1940s, through the 1957 competition for the International Monument to the Victims of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp, the latter of major impact on the process of the redefinition of monuments. The then awarded design of the The Road Monument by Oskar Hansen and his team, however unimplemented owing to the protest of former Auschwitz prisoners, became from that time onwards a benchmark for subsequent concepts. Also the mentioned memorial design on the area of the former Belzec extermination camp from 2004 is related to James E. Young’s concept of a counter-monument. The main subject of the paper’s analysis is, however, the reflection on means thanks to which the currently mounted Museum and Memorial Site in Sobibór, including the permanent display at the newly-raised Museum, become ‘commitment space’ for contemporary public on different perception levels of their multi-sensual activity essential in the process of remembrance.
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Dvořáková, Žaneta. "Seznamy vězňů tzv. cikánských koncentračních táborů očima onomastiky." Onomastica 66 (2022): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17651/onomast.66.7.
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Two concentration camps were established for Roma people in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1942. Roma from Bohemia were deported to Lety and Roma from Moravia to the camp near Hodonín u Kunštátu, before most of them were murdered in the “Gypsy family camp” (Zigeunerlager)in Auschwitz II. Birkenau. The lists of prisoners are valuable not only for histori-ans (they were published previously by the historian Ctibor Nečas), but also for onomastics, as they allow us to analyse the naming practise of Czech and Moravian Roma in the pre-war period. There are 325 unique surnames on these lists, with most of them being Czech or German, and they thus demonstrate the connection with the territory and its language(s). The study discusses the most com-mon Roma surnames in Moravia (e.g. Daniel, Holomek, Burianský) and in Bohemia (e.g. Růžička, Janeček, Vrba) as well as the surnames of Sinti living in the Czech borderland regions (e.g. Winter). It is shown that the surnames of Roma from Bohemia and Moravia were different due to the his-torical and social reasons. They were mostly derived from personal names (e.g. Florián) and place names (e.g. Dubský), they were motivated by the occupation adopted (e.g. Kovář ‘smith’) or the character and appearance of the individual (e.g. Malík ‘small’). After the war, only 583 of the 4,870 Roma who had been imprisoned returned.
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Krawiec, Adriana. "The Holocaust in Polish and American culture. Deliberations, politics and watershed moments." Res Gestae 16 (July 15, 2023): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/24504475.16.8.
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This article addresses issues related to Holocaust education in two emblematic sites: the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (A-BSM) and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington, DC. Every year, these institutions are visited by millions of people, which contributes to their enormous impact on the memories of future generations. Their method of education, however, cannot be understood outside its historical, cultural and political context. Auschwitz contains the history of a former concentration and extermination camp, and the institution itself is also linked to the history of another totalitarian regime. In the United States, the National Holocaust Museum underwent years of deliberation over why the country should nationally commemorate Jewish victims, and why a memorial should stand on the National Mall in Washington, a place associated with American democracy. A broad view of the subject, as outlined in the article, not only allows for an awareness of what these centres are and how they educate, but it allows for an understanding of their perspective, excluding numerous criticisms that would seek to invalidate their discourse, while favouring criticism based on historical facts.
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Gawronek, Pelagia, and Bartosz Mitka. "The use of terrestrial laser scanning in monitoring of the residential barracks at the site of the former concentration camp Auschwitz II-Birkenau." Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 3 (2015): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2015.3.53.
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Gromysz, Krzysztof, Lukasz Szoblik, Ewa Cyrulik, Agnieszka Tanistra-Rozanowska, Zofia Drabczyk, and Szymon Jancia. "Rectification of walls of the historical brick barrack on the site of the former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp KL Auschwitz - Birkenau." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 042070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/603/4/042070.
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Otlewska, Anna, Justyna Adamiak, and Beata Gutarowska. "Clone-based comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from biodeteriorating brick buildings of the former Auschwitz II–Birkenau concentration and extermination camp." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 38, no. 1 (February 2015): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.09.003.
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Pięta, Wiesław, and Aleksandra Pięta. "Czech and Polish Table Tennis Players of Jewish Origin in International Competition (1926-1957)." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 53, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0023-7.
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Czech and Polish Table Tennis Players of Jewish Origin in International Competition (1926-1957)The beginnings of the 18th century marked the birth of Jewish sport. The most famous athletes of those days were boxers, such as I. Bitton, S. Eklias, B. Aaron, D. Mendoga. Popular sports of this minority group included athletics, fencing and swimming. One of the first sport organizations was the gymnastic society Judische Turnverein Bar Kocha (Berlin - 1896).Ping-pong as a new game in Europe developed at the turn of the 20th century. Sport and organizational activities in England were covered by two associations: the Ping Pong Association and the Table Tennis Association; they differed, for example, in the regulations used for the game. In 1902, Czeski Sport (a Czech Sport magazine) and Kurier Warszawski (Warsaw's Courier magazine) published first information about this game. In Czech Republic, Ping-pong became popular as early as the first stage of development of this sport worldwide, in 1900-1907. This was confirmed by the Ping-pong clubs and sport competitions. In Poland, the first Ping-pong sections were established in the period 1925-1930. Czechs made their debut in the world championships in London (1926). Poles played for the first time as late as in the 8th world championships in Paris (1933). Competition for individual titles of Czech champions was started in 1927 (Prague) and in 1933 in Poland (Lviv).In the 1930s, Czechs employed an instructor of Jewish descent from Hungary, Istvan Kelen (world champion in the 1929 mixed games, studied in Prague). He contributed to the medal-winning success of Stanislaw Kolar at the world championships. Jewish players who made history in world table tennis included Trute Kleinowa (Makkabi Brno) - world champion in 1935-1937, who survived imprisonment in the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi concentration camp, Alojzy Ehrlich (Hasmonea Lwów), the three-time world vice-champion (1936, 1937, 1939), also survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Ivan Andreadis (Sparta Praga), nine-time world champion, who was interned during World War II (camp in Kleinstein near Krapkowice).Table tennis was a sport discipline that was successfully played by female and male players of Jewish origins. They made powerful representations of Austria, Hungary, Romania and Czech Republic and provided the foundation of organizationally strong national federations.
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Skrzyński, Przemysław. "Polski etap „Marszu Pokoju Hiroszima–Auschwitz” 1962‒1963. Buddyjsko-pacyfistyczne i polityczne konteksty byłych niemieckich nazistowskich obozów koncentracyjnych jako miejsc pamięci o Zagładzie i II wojnie światowej." Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture New Series, no. 16 (2/2022) (November 30, 2022): 101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24506249pj.22.012.16835.
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The Polish stage of the “Hiroshima-Auschwitz Peace March” 1962‒1963. Buddhist-pacifist and political contexts of former German Nazi concentration camps as places of remembrance of the Holocaust and World War II As a result of the increased activity of organizations for former prisoners of the concentration and extermination camps, shortly after World War II, the memory of events at KL Auschwitz-Birkenau reached a global scale. In February 1962, an interreligious group of four young people, led by Satō Gyōtsu (1919‒2018) – a monk from a Buddhist order named Nipponzan-Myōhōji (Nichiren tradition) – undertook to march between Hiroshima and Oświęcim. Their purpose was to tell the truth about the crimes committed in both cities and spread the ideas of pacifism and disarmament. Within ten months, they visited 22 countries. The article primarily analyzes the Polish stage of the “Peace March,” based on an analysis of materials written by veterans and former prisoners of the camp in Auschwitz as well as texts published in the daily press. The second part of the article deals with the religious aspect of the “Peace March” in a broader context, discussing the complicity and collective responsibility of religious organizations, including Buddhist, for the drama of World War II. This “Peace March,” according to the author, was a form of confession of repentance and religious redress.
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Gromysz, Krzysztof, Łukasz Szoblik, Zofia Drabczyk, and Agnieszka Tanistra-Różanowska. "Analysis of causes of damage to masonry walls in the historic barrack No. B-115 in the former KL Auschwitz II – Birkenau camp." MATEC Web of Conferences 396 (2024): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439605003.
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The brick barracks in the former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination camp KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau hold historical importance and are protected by law through their inclusion in the register of historical monuments. They are also inscribed on the World Heritage List. One of these barracks is known as B-115. It was originally constructed as a temporary building during the autumn and winter of 1941 and 1942. The materials used for its construction were obtained from dismantled houses in nearby villages. The walls of barrack B-115 have sustained damage in several areas. The exterior walls have experienced corrosion due to exposure to environmental factors. Inside the barrack, there are cracks and areas where the walls are breaking apart. The most severe damage is seen in the gable walls, which have become deformed and detached from the lateral walls. Additionally, there are extensive damages in the connections between the lateral walls and external longitudinal walls. The partition walls have also cracked, and concentrated forces have caused further cracks in certain areas. By analysing the documented types of damage and their causes, the repair plans aim to address and eliminate the identified sources of damage. The renovation is designed to minimize intervention in the historical layers of the barrack while preserving its documentary value. It will also ensure that visitors have safe access to the site.
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Sergiej, Dominika. "Doświadczenie krzywdy w życiu i twórczości Józefa Szajny." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio L – Artes 16, no. 1/2 (June 14, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/l.2018.16.1/2.183-202.
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<p>Prace Józefa Szajny są niezaprzeczalnie związane z jego niewyobrażalnym doświadczeniem bólu, głodu i traumy, które stały się częścią jego obozowego życia w Auschwitz i Buchenwaldzie. Śmierć wielu ludzi, ich upokorzenie i dehumanizacja sprawiły iż Szajna dorósł szybciej niżby tego oczekiwał. Wszystkie te doświadczenia odbijają się w jego sztuce, zarówno rysunku jak i dramatach. W swoich pracach wielokrotnie używał fragmentów ubrań, butów, lin, ziemi, plastikowych ludzkich korpusów, fotografii. </p><p>Trauma drugiej wojny światowej dotknęła go bardzo mocno ale nie złamała. Swoim życiem i twórczością ukazywał jak się odradzać i "powstawać z kolan" jak sam mówił o swojej twórczości. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie siły człowieczństwa i godności ludzkiej w przekraczaniu dehumanizacji obecnej w obozach koncentracyjnych.</p><p><strong>The Experience of Injustice in the Life and Work of Józef Szajna</strong></p>SUMMARY<p>For many people the experience of trauma and injustice leaves a painful imprint with which they have to grapple till the end of their lives; they are unable to move beyond the sphere of their own inner suffering. Depression, aversion to living, bitterness is its frequent symptoms. World War 2 brought people inexpressible torments and sufferings. Everybody saved his/her physical and mental life as best as he/she could. The artists tried to break away from this surrounding nightmare by artistic activity. For some of them, art was a way of keeping their mental skill and psychical balance; for others it was a means for survival (especially for those in concentration camps). Józef Szajna (1922-2008) became a prisoner in KL Auschwitz in July 1941. During his imprisonment in the camp he was engaged in the underground activity, for which he was punished and assigned to a penal company where he contracted typhus. Then he was moved to a newly built camp of Birkenau, where he worked as a cleaner. In August 1943 he tried to escape but was caught and sentenced to death. He was waiting for the execution in a death cell for two weeks. On the way to the place of execution, the sentence was unexpectedly canceled. The death penalty was changed into life imprisonment. For six weeks he stayed in a death cell struggling with all possible inconveniences and the stress resulting from the presence of people who were awaiting the execution. After six weeks he was moved to the concentration camp of Buchenwald; he escaped from Buchenwald three weeks before the end of the war. After the war, Szajna started studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow. During his studies he suffered from various illnesses – the result of the years spent in the concentration camps. In 1952 he received a diploma in graphic arts, in 1953 in stage scenery. He graduated from both faculties with distinction. The traumatic experiences of the war, his imprisonment in Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald formed his personality. The experience of injustice infl uenced his later artistic output. Szajna, through art, “created himself from the beginning”. The author fi rst acquaints us with the subject matter of Szajna’s works, then analyses his selected works: Nasze życiorysy [Our Life Histories], Mrowisko [Swarms], Sylwety i cienie [Silhouettes and Shadows], Reminiscencje [Reminiscences], Drang nach Osten – Drang nach Western (a space composition). The next issues are: matter painting (implemented in Szajna’s works) and the synthesis of painting and theater ( the integral theater of Szajna). At the end, the author presents the artist’s message. His art formed a metaphorical story on the most important problems of human nature and its condition. The repercussions of the war-camp experiences were present in all his performances and plastic works. The greatness of his art consists in that this motif never acquired a naturalistic form or a form of a personal confession. Even when the artist used an authentic document, he gave it a general, symbolic sense creating a universal record of human fate.</p>
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Ciostek, Anna. "Culturèmes polonais extraits de Proszę państwa do gazu de Tadeusz Borowski et leurs traductions en français." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 23 (2023): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2023.23.04.
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My research interests include culturemes, including those related to the Second World War, analysed in terms of translation within the Polish/French language pair. In my earlier work I examined culturemes related to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. In this article, I propose to compare a few of the culturemes that emerged in the German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, which I have chosen from the Polish short story Proszę państwa do gazu (This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen) by Tadeusz Borowski and its French versions, in two French translations entitled: Au gaz, messieurs-dames! translated by Geneviève Daude (Editions Polonia, 1960) and Aux douches, Mesdames et Messieurs! translated by Laurence Dyèvre and Éric Veaux (Christian Bourgois Editeur, 1992). In addition to comparing strategies for translating the selected culturemes into French, I reached for authentic documents to see if Polish culturemes specific to Auschwitz had French equivalents outside of literature. Culturemes, according to the definition in the Dystynktywny słownik synonimów by Alicja Nagórko, Marek Łaziński and Hanna Burkhardt (2004), are “important keywords for the self-identification of a community, characterising both its attitude to tradition, inherited values, as well as its coping with present time, its current experience of the world”. I include culturemes, created in the Polish language in the reality of the German occupation, among such lexical units of cultural and emotional character, as words of collective memory.
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Gromysz, Krzysztof, and Łukasz Szoblik. "Analysis of the possibility of rectification of the wall of the historical barrack B-138 located in the KL Auschwitz-Birkenau." Inżynieria i Budownictwo LXXIX, no. 9-10 (September 30, 2023): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8878.
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The construction of the German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz II – Birkenau started at the end of 1941. A barrack with the current inventory no. B-138, situated at the section BI, was then erected. The barrack has documentary and historical value. The barrack walls are characterised by low stiffness, because with the building’s plan of 36.3 m × 11.4 m, the walls are only 0.12 m thick. All the outer walls have been substantially deformed or vertically deflected. Up to 156 mm wide gaps have formed between the deformed and deflected walls and contiguous walls as a result. The stability of the walls is at risk, because a bad-quality wall was loaded with horizontal and vertical forces transmitted from the roof on the eccentricity reaching 160 mm. Deformations were progressing over time as a consequence of such forces. Individual rectification procedures is proposed. This article presents a procedure of handling the western gable wall. The deformation of the western gable wall will be removed by changing its static scheme, by inserting hinge regions into the wall along the line of selected bed joints. Separate wall patches, which could rotate relative to each other, will be created as a result of the forces acting perpendicular to the wall surface. By causing the mutual rotation of such patches, the western gable wall will the desired vertical position.The stability of such a system during rectification was analyzed and it was shown to be maintained. On this basis, it is concluded that the analyzed method of rectification of the wall is possible to implement. After the rectification, the joints of the transverse wall will be replaced, and the wall itself will be anchored to the longitudinal walls with the use of reinforcement embedded in the joints
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Kamola, Aleksander, Sebastian Różycki, Paweł Bylina, Piotr Lewandowski, and Adam Burakowski. "Forgotten Nazi Forced Labour Camps: Arbeitslager Riese (Lower Silesia, SE Poland) and the Use of Archival Aerial Photography and Contemporary LiDAR and Ground Truth Data to Identify and Delineate Camp Areas." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111802.
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The “Riese” project was a huge construction project initiated by German Nazi authorities, which was located in the northeast of the Sowie Mountains (Ger. Eulengebirge) in southwestern Poland. Construction of the “Riese” complex took place in 1943–1945 but was left unfinished. Due to the lack of reliable sources, the exact intended function of the Riese complex is still unknown. The construction was carried out by prisoners, mostly Jews, from the main nearby concentration camps, KL Gross-Rosen and KL Auschwitz-Birkenau. Thanks to the discovery in the National Archives (NARA, USA) of a valuable series of German aerial photographs taken in February 1945, insight into the location of labour camps was obtained. These photographs, combined with LiDAR data from the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (Warsaw, Poland), allowed for the effective identification and field inspection of the camps’ remains. The location and delimitation of the selected labour camps were confirmed by an analysis of the 1945 aerial photograph combined with LiDAR data. These results were supported by field inspection as well as archival testimonies of witnesses. The field inspection of the construction remains indicated intentionally faulty construction works, which deliberately reduced the durability of the buildings and made them easy to demolish. The authors believe that it is urgent to continue the research and share the results with both the scientific community and the local community. The authors also want to emphasize that this less-known aspect of Holocaust history is gradually disappearing in social and institutional memory and is losing to the commercial mythologization of the Riese object.
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Kowalski, Wojciech. "MIEJSCA PAMIĘCI NA TLE UNESCO 1972 WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION ORAZ KRYTERIUM VI WYTYCZNYCH OPERACYJNYCH JEJ STOSOWANIA." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/odk_2017_04_14.
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Author argues that places of memory can be protected under 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention as definition of heritage (art. 1) encompasses „historical value” criterion in relation to all elements of this heritage, namely to monuments, groups of buildings and sites. Such thesis is strongly supported by practical application of criterion VI of Operational Guidelines by World Heritage Committee. Almost all monuments and sites inscribed on the World Heritage List under this criterion are to maintain memory of important events, beliefs, ideas etc. Intangible component was therefore a basis of these inscriptions although presence of material component as “a witness” was also important. It is however specially interesting to note that the Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration Camp (1940-1945) was inscribed as the only one symbol of Holocaust what was underlined by the condition that no other such monuments would be inscribed in the future. It seems clear that by this fact the new principle of „symbolic representation” was adopted by Committee. The problem is that such principle has no legal basis, in particular it cannot be found in the 1972 Convention and for this reason decision establishing it is not binding for future inscriptions. Taking into account delicate and sometimes even political nature of inscription of some places of memory it seems reasonable that already existing practice of „serial inscriptions” can be adopted as a solution in cases of similar sites. It should make possible to leave apart the policy of „symbolic representation” as not only legally defective but leading also to situation where several places of memory of universal importance for whole humanity will stay without any legal protection.
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Ходячих, С. С. "Memory of the victims of the German Nazi concentration camps and death camps in modern Poland." Вестник гуманитарного образования, no. 1(21) (May 21, 2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.21.009.
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В статье рассматриваются коммеморативные практики в современной Польше на примере национального Дня памяти жертв немецких нацистских концентрационных лагерей и лагерей смерти, который ежегодно отмечается 14 июня. Коммеморация этого памятного события приурочена к годовщине первой массовой транспортировки польских политических заключенных из города Тарнув в концлагерь Аушвиц, которая состоялась 14 июня 1940 г. Цель исследования – на примере Дня памяти жертв немецких нацистских концлагерей и лагерей смерти определить основные черты исторической политики современной Польши. Автор статьи рассматривает историю установления данной памятной даты и механизм ее встраивания в «национальную ДНК» поляков, анализирует политику польских центральных и региональных властей в отношении празднования дня 14 июня, показывает акции государственных и общественных организаций страны по сохранению памяти о первой массовой транспортировке польских политических заключенных в Аушвиц. Подробно изучаются коммеморативные мероприятия Государственного музея Аушвиц‑Биркенау, на территории которого 14 июня проводятся торжественные церемонии. Автор пришел к выводу, что празднование Дня памяти жертв немецких нацистских концлагерей и лагерей смерти органично вписывается в проводимую польскими властями историческую политику, направленную на формирование в обществе желательного образа прошлого. Дни, подобные 14 июня, не только способствуют единству нации, но и вызывают у поляков сильное национальное чувство, что достигается за счет обращения к трагическому прошлому. The article deals with commemorative practices in modern Poland on the example of the national Day of Remembrance of the victims of the German Nazi concentration camps and death camps, which is celebrated annually on June 14. The commemoration of this memorable event is timed to the anniversary of the first mass transportation of Polish political prisoners from the city of Tarnow to the Auschwitz concentration camp, which took place on June 14, 1940. The purpose of the study is to use the example of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the German Nazi concentration camps and death camps to determine the main features of the historical policy of modern Poland. The author of the article examines the history of the establishment of this memorable date and the mechanism of its integration into the "national DNA" of Poles, analyzes the policy of the Polish central and regional authorities regarding the celebration of the day of June 14, shows the actions of state and public organizations of the country to preserve the memory of the first mass transportation of Polish political prisoners to Auschwitz. The commemorative events of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, where the ceremonies are held on June 14, are studied in detail. The author came to the conclusion that the celebration of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the German Nazi concentration camps and death camps organically fits into the historical policy pursued by the Polish authorities, aimed at forming a desirable image of the past in society. Days like June 14 not only contribute to the unity of the nation, but also evoke a strong national feeling among Poles, which is achieved by turning to the tragic past.
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Wosińska, Weronika, and Wanda Zagórska. "“Our nights do not belong to us”." Narrative Inquiry, November 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.21108.wos.
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Abstract The research aim was to gain a more thorough understanding of the experiences by former prisoners of the trauma of the time spent in a Nazi concentration camp and reworking it by dreaming. The material comprised 117 written accounts obtained by psychiatrist Stanisław Kłodziński in the 1970s from 38 former Polish national prisoners of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau (17 women and 21 men). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the narratives was carried out and two types of dreams were compared in terms of chosen characteristics: camp and post-camp dreams. Camp experiences and a negative emotional tone occurred significantly more often in post-camp dreams. The “beauty” and “symbolicity” categories were present significantly more frequently in camp dreams. It was found that motives related to the time spent in the camp appeared persistently in dreams. This was accompanied by a negative affect and lack of symbolicity typical of PTSD nightmares.
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Chłosta-Zielonka, Joanna. "Obraz dojrzewania w obozie Zagłady. Relacja Haliny Birenbaum To nie deszcz, to ludzie." Prace Literaturoznawcze, no. 9 (September 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pl.6984.
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The aim of this article is to illustrate the manner in which stories about the process of becoming mature in the reality of the labour camp are built, in the context of the findings of feminist criticism. The author of the story examined is Halina Birenbaum, known from her numerous previously published personal accounts on this subject. In an interview with Monika Tutak-Goll It's not the rain, it's people, she evokes previously undisclosed emotions related to her stay in Birkenau. The camp events she recalls provide a significant supplement to the existing image of girls and women, attracting attention to this aspect of life in the camp. They are also proof of the relationship, recognized by psychologists and psychiatrists, between the experiences of life in a concentration camp and the attempt to return to the post-camp normality.
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Leard, Layla Dawn. "Chimneys in the Night: A Comparative Analysis of Elie Wiesel’s Night and Olga Lengyel’s Five Chimneys." Mount Royal Undergraduate Humanities Review (MRUHR) 4 (March 9, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/mruhr334.
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This essay aims to evaluate some of the similarities and differences in the experiences of two Holocaust survivors, Olga Lengyel and Ellie Wiesel. The essay will explore the experiences of these two survivors in Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Buchenwald and examine why some of their experiences may have been different. The purpose of the essay is not to belittle the experiences of one gender or the other, but to identify how gender and sexuality made their experiences different. Wiesel’s and Lengyel's haunting memories of their experiences in these concentration camps offers a lense through which to examine the potential role that gender had on the experiences of the camp inmates. Both authors provide a graphic depiction of life in the concentration camp and the reader is taken into the depths of the hell in which these human beings were forced to live. Lengyel and Wiesel in a sense represent larger groups of people; women in the concentration camp and men in the concentration camp. Their memoirs exemplify the experiences of the millions of men and women who lived in the concentration camps, many of whom’s voices were silenced as a result of their presence in the camps. Therefore one can use the two accounts and the wealth of information within them to draw general conclusions about the experiences of each gender within the camp.
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Sadique, Kim, and James Tangen. "‘I feel like I can’t do a lot’: Affectivity, reflection and action in ‘Transformative’ genocide education." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, December 23, 2021, 147797142110615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14779714211061590.
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Guided tours of memorial museums have sought to have an impact on visitors through an affective learning environment and critical reflection leading to ‘action’. However, there is limited work investigating the pedagogical underpinnings of such guided tours in order to understand whether they can facilitate action. This paper presents reflections of 21 students’ experiences of educational visits to the former Nazi extermination and concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland between 2017 and 2018. Students identified the guided tour of Auschwitz-Birkenau as having an affective dimension that enhanced understanding and brought about a perspective transformation but action was ill-defined. In considering ill-defined action, this paper attempts to frame understanding of the guided tour of the memorial museum within the context of Transformative Learning. It concludes that guiding practices should incorporate space for reflection and provide examples of potential ‘action’ so that visitors can mobilise their deeper understanding and experience long-term personal ‘change’.
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Bělín, Matěj, Tomáš Jelínek, and Štěpán Jurajda. "Preexisting social ties among Auschwitz prisoners support Holocaust survival." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 29 (July 11, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221654120.
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Survivor testimonies link survival in deadly POW camps, Gulags, and Nazi concentration camps to the formation of close friendships with other prisoners. To provide evidence free of survival bias on the importance of social ties for surviving the Holocaust, we study individual histories of 30 thousand Jewish prisoners who entered the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp on transports from the Theresienstadt ghetto. We ask whether the availability of potential friends among fellow prisoners on a transport influenced the chances of surviving the Holocaust. Relying on multiple proxies of preexisting social networks and varying social-linkage composition of transports, we uncover a significant survival advantage to entering Auschwitz with a larger group of potential friends.
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Ходячих, С. С. "The story of the first escape from Auschwitz: Tadeusz Wiejowski’s case." Вестник гуманитарного образования, no. 3(19) (November 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.20.035.
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В статье рассматриваются обстоятельства первого побега в истории концентрационного лагеря Аушвиц, совершенного польским политическим заключенным Тадеушем Вейовским, который прибыл в лагерь 14 июня 1940 г. первым массовым транспортом и получил номер 220. Побег был осуществлен Вейовским 6 июля 1940 г. при помощи пятерых гражданских поляков, работавших электриками в Аушвице по договору с немецкой строительной компанией. Рабочие заранее пронесли на территорию лагеря гражданскую одежду, в которую переоделся Вейовский, и впоследствии беспрепятственно покинул стены Аушвица. После того как обнаружилось отсутствие узника № 220, администрация лагеря устроила для всех заключенных двадцатичасовую перекличку на аппельплаце, которая стала самой длинной в истории Аушвица. Анализируются нарративные и эпистолярные источники, хранящиеся в архивах Государственного музея Аушвиц-Биркенау и Института национальной памяти в Варшаве, а также автобиография бывшего коменданта Аушвица Рудольфа Хесса. Приводятся обновленные данные побегов из концлагеря Аушвиц, представленные международным центром образования об Аушвице и Холокосте при Государственном музее Аушвиц-Биркенау. Проанализирована дальнейшая судьба Тадеуша Вейовского и пятерых поляков-электриков, помогавших ему в осуществлении побега. Отмечается, что побег Вейовского стал возможен не только вследствие хорошей подготовки и помощи членов подполья, но также благодаря попустительству лагерной охраны и удачному стечению обстоятельств. Несмотря на то что Вейовский не стал символом лагерного сопротивления, его побег сыграл важную психологическую роль: он показал другим заключенным, что ничего невозможного нет, в том числе в условиях аушвицкого ада. The article examines the circumstances of the first escape in the history of the Auschwitz concentration camp, committed by the Polish political prisoner Tadeusz Wiejowski, who arrived at the camp on June 14, 1940, in the first transport and got the camp number 220. The escape was carried out by Wiejowski on July 6, 1940, with the help of five civilian Poles who worked as electricians in Auschwitz under a contract with a German construction company. The workers carried civilian clothing into the camp in advance; later Wiejowski changed clothes and subsequently left Auschwitz without hindrance. As soon as his absence was discovered, the camp administration made a twenty-hour roll call at appellplatz for all the inmates, which was the longest in the Auschwitz history. The author analyzes narrative and epistolary sources from the archives of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw, as well as the autobiography of the former Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss. Updated data on escapes from the Auschwitz concentration camp provided by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Research Centre is revealed. The further fate of Tadeusz Wiejowski, as well as five Poles-electricians who helped him in carrying out his escape, is analyzed. It is noted that Wiejowski’s escape became possible not only due to good preparations and the help of the members of the underground but also due to the connivance of the camp guards and a successful combination of circumstances. Although Wiejowski did not become a symbol of camp resistance, his escape played an important psychological role as he showed other prisoners that nothing is impossible, especially in the conditions of the Auschwitz hell.