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Journal articles on the topic 'Birth cohorts'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

MacMinn, Richard, and Frederik Weber. "Select birth cohorts." European Actuarial Journal 1, S2 (June 15, 2011): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13385-011-0027-z.

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2

Pansieri, Claudia, Chiara Pandolfini, Antonio Clavenna, Imti Choonara, and Maurizio Bonati. "An Inventory of European Birth Cohorts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093071.

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Many birth cohorts have been carried out. We performed a review of European birth cohorts to see the countries involved, provide a panorama of the current research topics and design, and, more generally, provide input for those creating collaborations and laying out guidelines aimed at unifying cohort methodologies to enable data merging and maximize knowledge acquisition. We searched PubMed and Embase for articles referring to longitudinal, prospective European birth cohorts and searched online cohort inventories. We found references to 111 birth cohorts, 45 of which began enrolment at birth. These cohorts began between 1921 and 2015 and represented 19 countries, with varying sample sizes (236 to 21,000 children). As of 5 January 2020, were still recruiting. The main areas addressed were allergic diseases (14 cohorts) and environmental exposure (f12 cohorts) and most cohorts were publicly funded. Given the large costs of running cohorts and the importance of long follow-up periods in identifying the risk factors for disorders thought to have a perinatal/early life etiology, current cohorts must be designed to answer research questions considering several aspects, from genetic ones to psychological, social, and environmental ones. Furthermore, universally recognized methodological aspects are needed to permit the comparison and merging of cohort data.
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Pazderska, Agnieszka, Marta Fichna, Anna L. Mitchell, Catherine M. Napier, Earn Gan, Marek Ruchała, Mauro Santibanez-Koref, and Simon H. Pearce. "Impact of Month of Birth on the Risk of Development of Autoimmune Addison’s Disease." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, no. 11 (August 30, 2016): 4214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2392.

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Context: The pathogenesis of autoimmune Addison’s disease (AAD) is thought to be due to interplay of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. A month-of-birth effect, with increased risk for those born in autumn/winter months, has been described in autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Objective: Month-of-birth effect was investigated in 2 independent cohorts of AAD subjects. Design, Setting, and Patients: The monthly distribution of birth in AAD patients was compared with that of the general population using the cosinor test. A total of 415 AAD subjects from the United Kingdom cohort were compared with 8 180 180 United Kingdom births, and 231 AAD subjects from the Polish cohort were compared with 2 421 384 Polish births. Main Outcome Measures: Association between month of birth and the susceptibility to AAD. Results: In the entire cohort of AAD subjects, month-of-birth distribution analysis showed significant periodicity with peak of births in December and trough in May (P = .028). Analysis of the odds ratio distribution based on month of birth in 2 cohorts of patients with AAD versus the general population revealed a December peak and May trough, and January peak and July trough, in the United Kingdom and Polish cohorts, respectively. Conclusion: For the first time, we demonstrate that month of birth exerts an effect on the risk of developing AAD, with excess risk in individuals born in winter months and a protective effect when born in the summer. Exposure to seasonal viral infections in the perinatal period, coupled with vitamin D deficiency, could lead to dysregulation of innate immunity affecting the risk of developing AAD.
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4

Martinez, F. D. "Lessons from birth cohorts." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 11 (January 2010): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0542(10)70054-3.

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5

Sandboge, S., J. Fellman, P. M. Nilsson, A. W. Eriksson, C. Osmond, and J. G. Eriksson. "Regional differences in birth size: a comparison between the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study and contemporaneous births on the Åland Islands." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 6, no. 4 (February 17, 2015): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174415000136.

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The Åland Islands were recently ranked as Finland’s healthiest region with lower prevalence of several non-communicable diseases compared with the national mean. We have compared birth characteristics of 1697 individuals born on the Åland Islands between 1937 and 1944 with contemporaneous data from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS;n=11,808). This is a first step towards a potential future analysis of Ålandic health from a life-course perspective. Mean birth weight and length were calculated for both cohorts. Birth weight was entered into a multiple linear regression model with sex, maternal age, marital status and birth year as predictors. Mean birth weight in the Åland cohort was 3499 g, 87 g (95% CI 62; 111) higher compared with the HBCS. Sex and maternal marital status were the strongest predictors of birth weight. More detailed studies are needed to explore the potential effects of this difference in average birth weight between cohorts.
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6

Morabito, Eleonora, Claudia Pansieri, Chiara Pandolfini, Antonio Clavenna, Maurizio Bonati, and Imti Choonara. "Studi epidemiologici osservazionali europei: le coorti dalla nascita." QUADERNI ACP 28, no. 4 (2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.53141/qacp.2021.159-161.

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Objective: in recent years there has been a growing interest in birth cohorts. The aim of this review is to know and understand the state of the art of European cohorts to date, with a focus on those that started data collection at birth. In particular, the aim is to provide an overview of current research topics and designs, and provide input for those creating collaborations and laying out guidelines aimed at unifying cohort methodologies to enable data merging and maximize knowledge acquisition. Methods: we searched PubMed and Embase for articles referring to longitudinal, prospective European birth cohorts, and searched online cohort inventories. Results: we found references to 111 birth cohorts, 45 of which began enrolment at birth. These cohorts began between 1921 and 2015 and represented 19 countries, with varying sample sizes (236 to 21,000 children). As of 5 January 2020, 5 were still recruiting. The main areas addressed were allergic diseases (14 cohorts) and environmental exposure (12 cohorts) and most cohorts were publicly funded. Conclusion: given the large costs of running cohorts and the importance of long follow-up periods in identifying the risk factors for disorders thought to have a perinatal/early life etiology, current cohorts must be designed to answer research questions considering several aspects, from genetic ones to psychological, social, and environmental ones. Furthermore, universally recognized methodological aspects are needed to permit the comparison and merging of cohort data.
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7

HAUKKA, J., J. SUVISAARI, T. VARILO, and J. LÖNNQVIST. "Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 6 (July 31, 2001): 1045–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004299.

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Background. We investigated whether there is regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and if so, whether it is caused by urban–rural differences, larger spatial clustering, or both. To control for the effect of migration, we examined regional variation in the incidence according to place of birth.Methods. Finnish birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969 were followed in the National Hospital Discharge Register from 1969 until 1991, and all cases of schizophrenia (ICD-8 or ICD-9 295) were identified (N = 14828). Forty-eight of the 559 municipalities were classified as urban and 25% of the Finnish population lived in these municipalities in 1960. For the analysis of spatial clustering, municipalities were grouped into 57 functional small-areas. We used Poisson regression model with the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia as a response variable, and place of birth (urban/rural), birth cohort (1950–54, 1955–9, 1960–64, and 1965–9), functional small-area units, and sex as response variables.Results. The incidence was slightly higher among the rural-born in the oldest birth cohort. In the other cohorts, it was higher among the urban-born, and the difference between urban and rural born increased in the youngest cohorts. Significant spatial clustering of schizophrenia was observed in eastern Finland.Conclusions. Urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland in cohorts born since 1955. However, genuine spatial clustering of schizophrenia in eastern Finland was also observed, possibly caused by genetic isolation.
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8

Oheneba-Sakyi, Yaw. "Cohort Shifts in the Timing of Births in Ghana." Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 4 (December 1989): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389134.

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This article uses data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) 1979/1980 to examine the changing pattern of fertility behavior through the timing of births among different birth cohorts representing the onset of the fertility transition. Although the cohort changes expected do not appear to be large, there is some evidence of a pattern of birth intervals which suggests that the younger birth cohorts have shorter durations between marriage and first birth, and a slower pace for childbearing thereafter. Older women, on the other hand, exhibit relatively longer intervals from marriage to first birth and a little shorter intervals for their next births. In contrast to some previous studies, these patterns indicate that shorter intervals are not necessarily associated with shorter subsequent intervals and vice versa. The changing social meaning of marriage, increasing opportunities for the younger generation of women and prevalence of family limitation measures appear to have caused the recent changes in the fertility behavior of Ghanaian women. The composite effect of the socio-economic and cultural variables on the timing of births in Ghana will be the focus of future studies.
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9

McAllister, Jan, and Jacqueline Collier. "Birth weight and stuttering: Evidence from three birth cohorts." Journal of Fluency Disorders 39 (March 2014): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.10.002.

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10

Sullivan, Kevin J., Hiroko H. Dodge, Tiffany F. Hughes, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Xinmei Zhu, Anran Liu, and Mary Ganguli. "Declining Incident Dementia Rates Across Four Population-Based Birth Cohorts." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 74, no. 9 (October 12, 2018): 1439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly236.

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Abstract Background Incidence rates of dementia appear to be declining in high-income countries according to several large epidemiological studies. We aimed to describe declining incident dementia rates across successive birth cohorts in a U.S. population-based sample and to explore the influences of sex and education on these trends. Methods We pooled data from two community-sampled prospective cohort studies with similar study aims and contiguous sampling regions: the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey (1987–2001) and the Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (2006–Ongoing). We identified four decade-long birth cohorts spanning birth years 1902–1941. In an analysis sample of 3,010 participants (61% women, mean baseline age = 75.7 years, mean follow-up = 7.1 years), we identified 257 cases of incident dementia indicated by a Clinical Dementia Rating of 1.0 or higher. We used Poisson regression to model incident dementia rates by birth cohort, age, sex, education, and interactions of Sex × Cohort and Sex × Education. We further examined whether cohort effects varied by education, testing a Cohort × Education interaction and stratifying the models by education. Results Compared to the earliest birth cohort (1902–1911), each subsequent cohort had a significantly lower incident dementia rate (1912–1921: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.655, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.477–0.899; 1922–1931: IRR = 0.387, 95% CI = 0.265–0.564; 1932–1941: IRR = 0.233, 95% CI = 0.121–0.449). We observed no significant interactions of either sex or education with birth cohort. Conclusions A decline in incident dementia rates was observed across successive birth cohorts independent of sex, education, and age.
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11

Kreidl, Peter, David Ammerer, Reinhard Würzner, Anita Luckner Hornischer, Dorothee von Laer, and Wegene Borena. "Measles Elimination: Identifying Susceptible Sub-Populations to Tailor Immunization Strategies." Viruses 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080765.

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Measles elimination has been identified as a public health priority in Europe for a long time but has not yet been achieved. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends identification of susceptible sub-populations to target supplementary immunization activities. We used three different sources of information: retrospective samples investigated for measles IgG between 1997 and 2016, vaccine coverage data from the existing electronic registry for birth cohorts 2015 to 1999, and surveillance data from 2009 until 20 July 2019. We calculated susceptibility by birth cohort using seroprevalence data, adjusting vaccine coverage data with reported effectiveness (93% for the first and 97% for the second dose, respectively), and compared it with measles incidence data, aggregated by birth cohorts and districts. Susceptibility levels for persons 10–41 years (birth cohorts 2007–1976) were 10.4% and thus far above the recommended values of WHO (5%). Older birth cohorts were sufficiently protected. Districts with the highest susceptibility estimates corresponded with districts with the highest incidence rates. Birth cohorts with susceptibility levels > 10% showed a 4.7 increased relative risk of having had more than one measles case. We conclude that retrospective serosurveys are a cheap and useful approach in identifying susceptible sub-populations, especially for older birth cohorts whose coverage data remain scarce.
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12

Huxhold, Oliver, Svenja Spuling, and Susanne Wurm. "Historical Changes in Aging Trajectories of Two Aspects of Self-Perceptions of Aging." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2028.

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Abstract In recent years many studies have shown that adults with more positive self-perceptions of aging (SPA) increase their likelihood of aging healthily. Other studies have documented historical changes in individual resources and contextual conditions associated with aging. We explored how these historical changes are reflected in birth-cohort differences in aging trajectories of two aspects of SPA – viewing aging as ongoing development or as increasing physical losses. Using large-scale cohort-sequential data assessed across 21 years (N ≈ 19,000), the analyses modeled birth-cohort differences in aging trajectories of SPA from 40 to 85 years of age. The results illustrated differential birth-cohort differences: Later-born cohorts may experience more potential for ongoing development with advancing age than earlier-born cohorts. However, later-born cohorts seem to view their own aging as more negative than earlier-born cohorts during their early forties but may associate their aging less with physical losses after the age of fifty.
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13

Vaneckova, Pavla, Stephen Wade, Marianne Weber, John M. Murray, Paul Grogan, Michael Caruana, Emily Banks, and Karen Canfell. "Birth-cohort estimates of smoking initiation and prevalence in 20th century Australia: Synthesis of data from 33 surveys and 385,810 participants." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0250824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250824.

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The aim of our study was to quantify sex-specific patterns of smoking prevalence and initiation in 10-year birth cohorts from 1910 to 1989 in Australia. We combined individual data of 385,810 participants from 33 cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1962 and 2018. We found that age-specific smoking prevalence varied considerably between men and women within birth cohorts born before 1960. The largest difference was observed in the earliest cohort (1910–1919), with up to 37.7% point greater proportion of current smokers in men than in women. In subsequent cohorts, the proportion decreased among men, but increased among women, until there was no more than 7.4% point difference in the 1960–69 birth cohort. In the 1970–79 and 1980–89 cohorts, smoking among men marginally increased, but the proportion was at most ~11.0% points higher than women. Our analysis of initiation indicated that many women born before the 1930s who smoked commenced smoking after age 25 years (e.g., ~27% born in 1910–19); compared to at most 8% of men in any birth cohort. The earliest birth cohort (1910–1919) had the greatest difference in age at initiation between sexes; 26.6 years in women versus 19.0 in men. In later cohorts, male and female smokers initiated increasingly earlier, converging in the 1960–69 cohort (17.6 and 17.8 years, respectively). While 22.9% of men and 8.4% of women initiated smoking aged < = 15 in the 1910–1919 cohort, in the latest cohort (1980–89) the reverse was true (21.4% and 28.8% for men and women, respectively). Marked differences in smoking prevalence and age at initiation existed between birth cohorts of Australian men and women born before 1960; after this, sex-specific trends in prevalence and initiation were similar. Understanding these patterns may inform the evaluation of tobacco control policies and the targeting of potential interventions for exposed populations such as lung cancer screening.
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Barros, Aluísio J. D., Iná S. Santos, Alicia Matijasevich, Cora L. Araújo, Denise P. Gigante, Ana M. B. Menezes, Bernardo L. Horta, Elaine Tomasi, Cesar G. Victora, and Fernando C. Barros. "Methods used in the 1982, 1993, and 2004 birth cohort studies from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and a description of the socioeconomic conditions of participants' families." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, suppl 3 (2008): s371—s380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008001500002.

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Three birth cohorts are currently being followed in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in order to assess changes in birth conditions, growth, development, morbidity, and infant mortality, as well as the influence of pre- and perinatal factors on the subsequent morbidity of participants in their adult lives. We provide a description of the methodology used for the cohort studies that began in 1982, 1993, and 2004 in Pelotas, and a description of the economic conditions of the families involved. For the three cohorts, similar strategies were used to recruit babies born to mothers living in the municipality's urban area. These included daily visits to maternity hospitals where births were identified, mothers interviewed, and newborns examined. Over this time frame, there has been a significant reduction in the number of births due to declining fertility rates amongst the target population. Salaries (measured as a multiple of the minimum wage) were stable across cohorts, but quality of life indicators - such as the availability of piped water, flushing toilets and refrigerators - showed clear improvements. Mothers' levels of education improved markedly. Important changes in the demographic profile of risk factors and health outcomes are being recorded by the Pelotas cohorts.
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Deary, I. J., A. J. Gow, A. Pattie, and J. M. Starr. "Cohort Profile: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936." International Journal of Epidemiology 41, no. 6 (December 14, 2011): 1576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr197.

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16

Kähäri, Antti. "The role of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages in the food budget: change across birth cohorts and between socio-economic groups." British Food Journal 123, no. 13 (May 17, 2021): 142–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2020-1109.

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PurposeThis study investigates how the consumption of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages has changed across birth cohorts. In addition, this study examines how the socio-economic gaps in the consumption of said products have evolved across birth cohorts.Design/methodology/approachThe research data are drawn from the Finnish household expenditure surveys covering the period 1985–2016 (n = 44,286). An age-period-cohort methodology is utilised through the age-period-cohort-trended lag model. The model assumes that the linear long-term component of change is caused by generations replacing one-another, and that the age effect is similar across cohorts.FindingsSugar products and non-alcoholic beverages occupied a larger portion of more recent birth cohorts' food baskets. Cohort differences were larger in beverage consumption. Lower income was associated with a higher food expenditure share of sugar products in several cohorts. A higher education level was linked to a higher food expenditure share of sugar products in more cohorts than a lower education level. In cohorts born before the 1950s, non-alcoholic beverages occupied a larger portion of the food baskets of the high socio-economic status groups. This gap reversed over time, leading to larger food expenditure shares of non-alcoholic beverages in low socio-economic status groups.Originality/valueThis study assessed how the consumption of sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages has changed across birth cohorts. In addition, this study assessed how socio-economic differences in the consumption of said products have changed. The results highlight that sugar products and non-alcoholic beverages occupy larger portions of more recent birth cohorts’ food baskets. The results also highlight a reversal of socioeconomic differences in non-alcoholic beverage consumption.
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GEYER, JOHANNES, and VIKTOR STEINER. "Future public pensions and changing employment patterns across birth cohorts." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (November 12, 2013): 172–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000334.

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AbstractWe analyse the impacts of changing employment patterns and pension reforms on the future level of public pensions across birth cohorts in Germany. The analysis is based on a microsimulation model and a rich data set that combines household survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and process-produced microdata from the German pension insurance. We account for cohort effects in individual employment and unemployment affecting earnings over the life cycle as well as the differential impact of recent pension reforms. For individuals born between 1937 and 1971, cohort effects vary greatly by region, gender and education, and strongly affect life cycle earnings profiles. The largest effects can be observed for younger cohorts in East Germany and for the low educated. Using simulated life cycle employment and income profiles, we project gross future pensions across cohorts taking into account changing demographics and recent pension reforms. Simulations show that pension levels for East German men and women will fall dramatically among younger birth cohorts, not only because of policy reforms but also due to higher cumulated unemployment. For West German men, the small reduction of average pension levels among younger birth cohorts is mainly driven by the impact of pension reforms, while future pension levels of West German women are increasing or stable due to rising labour market participation of younger birth cohorts.
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Cordero V., Miguel, and Kara Murray. "Systematic review of the literature on birth cohorts: recommendations for the implementation of a nationwide cohort." Medwave 14, S.1 (March 20, 2014): e5778-e5778. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2014.5778.

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19

Heimer, Karen, Paul E. Tracy, Marvin E. Wolfgang, and Robert M. Figlio. "Delinquency Careers in Two Birth Cohorts." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 6 (November 1991): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076198.

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20

Carmichael, David. "Information technology for longitudinal birth cohorts." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 23 (July 2009): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01018.x.

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21

Dodge, Hiroko H., Jian Zhu, Tiffany F. Hughes, Beth E. Snitz, Chung-Chou H. Chang, Erin P. Jacobsen, and Mary Ganguli. "Cohort effects in verbal memory function and practice effects: a population-based study." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 1 (October 11, 2016): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001551.

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ABSTRACTBackground:In many developed countries, cognitive functioning (as measured by neuropsychological tests) appears to be improving over time in the population at large, in parallel with the declining age-specific incidence of dementia. Here, we investigated cohort effects in the age-associated trajectories of verbal memory function in older adults. We sought to determine whether they varied by decade of birth and, if so, whether the change would be explained by increasing educational attainment.Methods:Pooling data from two prospective US population-based studies between 1987 and 2015, we identified four birth cohorts born 1902–1911, 1912–1921, 1922–1931, and 1932–1943. Among these cohorts, we compared age-associated trajectories both of performance and of practice effects on immediate and delayed recall of a 10-item Word List. We used mixed effects models, first including birth cohorts and cohort X age interaction terms, and then controlling for education and education X age interaction.Results:We observed significant cohort effects in performance (baseline and age-associated trajectories) in both immediate recall and delayed recall, with function improving between the earliest- and latest-born cohorts. For both tests, we also observed cohort effects on practice effects with the highest levels in the latest-born cohorts. Including education in the models did not attenuate these effects.Conclusions:In this longitudinal population study, across four decade-long birth cohorts, there were significant improvements in test performance and practice effects in verbal memory tests, not explained by education. Whether this reflects declining disease incidence or other secular trends awaits further investigation.
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Hayes, Alison, Eng Joo Tan, Anagha Killedar, and Thomas Lung. "Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity: modelling future trends in Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e026525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026525.

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ObjectivesTo develop a model to predict future socioeconomic inequalities in body mass index (BMI) and obesity.DesignMicrosimulation modelling using BMI data from adult participants of Australian Health Surveys, and published data on the relative risk of mortality in relation to BMI and socioeconomic position (SEP), based on education.SettingAustralia.Participants74 329 adults, aged 20 and over from Australian Health Surveys, 1995–2015.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were BMI trajectories and obesity prevalence by SEP for four birth cohorts, born 10 years apart, centred on 1940, 1950, 1960 and 1970.ResultsSimulations projected persistent or widening socioeconomic inequality in BMI and obesity over the adult life course, for all birth cohorts. Recent birth cohorts were predicted to have greater socioeconomic inequality by middle age, compared with earlier cohorts. For example, among men, there was no inequality in obesity prevalence at age 60 for the 1940 birth cohort (low SEP 25% (95% CI 17% to 34%); high SEP 26% (95% CI 19% to 34%)), yet for the 1970 birth cohort, obesity prevalence was projected to be 51% (95% CI 43% to 58%) and 41% (95% CI 36% to 46%) for the low and high SEP groups, respectively. Notably, for more recent birth cohorts, the model predicted the greatest socioeconomic inequality in severe obesity (BMI >35 kg/m2) at age 60.ConclusionsLower SEP groups and more recent birth cohorts are at higher risk of obesity and severe obesity, and its consequences in middle age. Prevention efforts should focus on these vulnerable population groups in order to avoid future disparities in health outcomes. The model provides a framework for further research to investigate which interventions will be most effective in narrowing the gap in socioeconomic disparities in obesity in adulthood.
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Lashway, Stephanie G., Robin B. Harris, Leslie V. Farland, Mary Kay O’Rourke, and Leslie K. Dennis. "Age and Cohort Trends of Malignant Melanoma in the United States." Cancers 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 3866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153866.

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The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States is increasing, possibly due to changes in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure due to lifestyle or increased awareness and diagnosis of melanoma. To determine if more recent birth cohorts experience higher rates of melanoma as they age, we examined age and birth cohort trends in the United States stratified by anatomic site and cancer type (in situ vs. malignant) of the melanoma diagnosed from 1975–2017. Poisson regression of cutaneous melanoma cases per population for 1975–2017 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries was used to estimate age adjusted incidence for five-year birth cohorts restricted to Whites, ages 15–84. The rate of melanoma incidence across birth cohorts varies by anatomic site and sex. Melanomas at all anatomic sites continue to increase, except for head and neck melanomas in men. Much of the increase in malignant melanoma is driven by cases of thin (<1.5 mm) lesions. While increased skin exams may contribute to the increased incidence of in situ and thin melanoma observed across birth cohorts, the shifts in anatomic site of highest melanoma incidence across birth cohorts suggest changes in UVR exposure may also play a role.
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Vogel, Matt, Kristina J. Thompson, and Steven F. Messner. "The Enduring Influence of Cohort Characteristics on Race-Specific Homicide Rates." Social Forces 99, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz127.

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Abstract This study extends research on cohort effects and crime by considering how bifurcated population dynamics and institutional constraints explain variation in homicide rates across racial groups in the United States. Drawing upon the extensive research on racial residential segregation and institutional segmentation, we theorize how the criminogenic influences of cohort characteristics elucidated in prior work will be greater for Black cohorts than for White cohorts. We assess our hypothesis by estimating Age-Period-Cohort Characteristic models with data for the total population and separately for the Black and White populations over the 1975–2014 period. The results reveal persistent effects of relative cohort size and nonmarital births on Black cohort-specific homicide rates but null effects among the White population. These effects follow Black birth cohorts across the life course, leading to higher rates of both homicide arrest and homicide victimization.
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BERKOWITZ KING, ROSALIND. "RELATIVE INFLUENCES ON RECENT CHANGES IN THE FIRST BIRTH RATIO IN THE UNITED STATES." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006029.

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Researchers in psychology have focused a great deal of attention on the potential greater predisposition to achievement among first-born children relative to their siblings. Focusing on the United States as an example, a time series of the first birth ratio is used to show how the changing prevalence of first births relative to higher order births has altered the composition of birth cohorts, and the ratio is decomposed into four factors. Results show that the ratio increased significantly in the 1960s and early 1970s, but changed only slightly in the following decades. While more recent birth cohorts are composed of larger proportions of first-born children, the majority of children are still born as siblings. Contrary to expectations, the primary source of change was the proportion childless rather than decreasing higher order birth rates.
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, and S. Krishnamoorthy. "Changes in the timing of births in Melbourne, Australia." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 2 (April 1985): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015698.

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SummaryTwo 10-year marriage cohorts from two surveys of married women in Melbourne were compared on their timing of the first and second births. The results showed that women who were married in the early 1970s were much more likely to delay their first birth until about the third or fourth year of marriage compared with women who married in the 1960s. However, there was no difference in the timing of their second birth in relation to the first birth between the two marriage cohorts. Women who delayed childbearing also preferred smaller families. Economic reasons were most frequently mentioned for delaying childbearing.
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Ekström, Henrik, Sölve Elmståhl, and Lena Sandin Wranker. "Physical Performance in Older Cohorts: A Comparison of 81-Year-Old Swedish Men and Women Born Twelve Years Apart—Results from the Swedish Study “Good Aging in Skåne”." Journal of Aging Research 2021 (June 5, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8813992.

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Introduction/Aim of the Study. One way of investigating health trends at the population level is to study the physical performance and functional ability in different birth cohorts. The information obtained can be used to predict illness, disability, and future needs for care. However, contradictory findings have been reported when comparing the physical performance of older adult birth cohorts. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the birth cohort is associated with the level of physical performance in 81-year-old men and women born twelve years apart. Materials and Methods. Birth cohorts of both sexes drawn from the Swedish study “Good Aging in Skåne” for the years 1920–22 and 1932–34 were compared. Walking, the step test, the chair stand test, and the handgrip strength test were used as proxies for the physical performance. The results were adjusted for lifestyle habits and common chronic geriatric diseases. Results. Both men and women in the later-born cohort walked more quickly and completed the chair stand test faster, and women were also quicker in the step test. No significant differences were found in the grip test, in either the male or female cohorts. Discussion. Normative reference values for physical tests of subjects of different ages can be misleading unless cohort effects are considered. Furthermore, age-related trajectories can also be misinterpreted if cohort effects are neglected which, in the longer perspective, could affect health care planning. Conclusion. Birth cohort effects should be considered when comparing walking speed, number of steps, chair stands, and the step test, in men and women of older age.
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Rahman, Anisur, Monjur Rahman, Jesmin Pervin, Abdur Razzaque, Shaki Aktar, Jamal Uddin Ahmed, Katarina Ekholm Selling, Pernilla Svefors, Shams El Arifeen, and Lars Åke Persson. "Time trends and sociodemographic determinants of preterm births in pregnancy cohorts in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1990–2014." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 4 (August 2019): e001462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001462.

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IntroductionPreterm birth is the major cause of under-five mortality. Population-based data on determinants and proportions of children born preterm are limited, especially from low-income countries. This study aimed at assessing time trends and social, reproductive and environmental determinants of preterm births based on a population-based pregnancy cohort over 25 years in rural Bangladesh.MethodsIn this cohort study in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, we used data from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 1990 to 2014. Gestational age at birth was based on the reported last menstrual period and verified by ultrasound assessments. Preterm birth proportions were assessed within strata of social and reproductive characteristics, and time series analysis was performed with decomposition for trend and seasonality. We also determined the prevented fractions of preterm birth reduction associated with social and demographic changes during the follow-up period.ResultsAnalyses were based on 63 063 live births. Preterm birth decreased from 29% (95% CI 28.6 to 30.1) in 1990–1994 to 11% (95% CI 10.5 to 11.6) in 2010–2014. Low education, older age and multi-parity were associated with higher proportions of preterm births across the study period. Preterm births had a marked seasonal variation. A rapid increase in women’s educational level and decrease in parity were associated with the decline in preterm births, and 27% of the reduction observed from 1990 to 2014 could be attributed to these educational and reproductive changes.ConclusionThe reduction in preterm birth was to a large extent associated with the sociodemographic transition, especially changes in maternal education and parity. The persistent seasonal variation in the proportion of preterm birth may reflect the environmental stressors for pregnant women across the study period. Continued investments in girls’ education and family planning programmes may contribute to further reduction of preterm births in Bangladesh.
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Taylor, Adele M., Alison Pattie, and Ian J. Deary. "Cohort Profile Update: The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936." International Journal of Epidemiology 47, no. 4 (March 12, 2018): 1042–1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy022.

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Terry, Mary Beth, Julie Flom, Parisa Tehranifar, and Ezra Susser. "The role of birth cohorts in studies of adult health: the New York women's birth cohort." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 23, no. 5 (September 2009): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2009.01061.x.

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Goisis, Alice, Berkay Özcan, and Mikko Myrskylä. "Decline in the negative association between low birth weight and cognitive ability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605544114.

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Low birth weight predicts compromised cognitive ability. We used data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS), the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS), and the 2000–2002 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) to analyze how this association has changed over time. Birth weight was divided into two categories, <2,500 g (low) and 2,500–4,500 g (normal) and verbal cognitive ability was measured at the age of 10 or 11 y. A range of maternal and family characteristics collected at or soon after the time of birth were considered. Linear regression was used to analyze the association between birth weight and cognitive ability in a baseline model and in a model that adjusted for family characteristics. The standardized difference (SD) in cognitive scores between low-birth-weight and normal-birth-weight children was large in the NCDS [−0.37 SD, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.46, −0.27] and in the BCS (−0.34, 95% CI: −0.43, −0.25) cohorts, and it was more than halved for children born in the MCS cohort (−0.14, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.06). The adjustment for family characteristics did not explain the cross-cohort differences. The results show that the association between low birth weight and decreased cognitive ability has declined between the 1950s and 1970s birth cohorts and the 2000--2002 birth cohort, despite a higher proportion of the low-birth-weight babies having a very low birth weight (<1,500 g) in the more recent birth cohort. Advancements in obstetric and neonatal care may have attenuated the negative consequences associated with being born small.
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Joshi, Vandana, Christine E. Grella, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Drug Use and Treatment Initiation Patterns: Differences by Birth-Cohorts." Journal of Drug Issues 31, no. 4 (October 2001): 1039–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260103100412.

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Data from Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS) were used to examine differences in correlates of early stages of drug use patterns by birth-cohorts and gender. Males showed a steady increase in family problems in each birth cohort, compared to females who showed a higher mean number of family problems in each birth cohort. The findings suggest different correlates of the early stages of drug-use pattern namely; experimentation with drugs before the onset of weekly drug use and early age of escalated or weekly drug use. Experimentation was associated with delayed onset of escalated drug use. “Experimenters” were associated with illegal activities and mental health problems, whereas “early escalators” were associated with childhood and school problems. The positive association of onset of illegal activities and psychological symptoms before the onset of weekly drug use with experimentation and delayed onset of escalated drug use was consistent across gender and birth-cohorts. Similarly, the association of family and school problems with early age of onset of escalated drug use was also consistent across gender and birth cohorts. Treatment providers can benefit from a better understanding of clients' pathways and progression of addiction careers in order to assess their treatment needs.
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Gangnon, Ronald E., Natasha K. Stout, Oguzhan Alagoz, John M. Hampton, Brian L. Sprague, and Amy Trentham-Dietz. "Contribution of Breast Cancer to Overall Mortality for US Women." Medical Decision Making 38, no. 1_suppl (March 19, 2018): 24S—31S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x17717981.

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Objective. Breast cancer simulation models must take changing mortality rates into account to evaluate the potential impact of cancer control interventions. We estimated mortality rates due to breast cancer and all other causes combined to determine their impact on overall mortality by year, age, and birth cohort. Methods. Based on mortality rates from publicly available datasets, an age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the proportion of deaths due to breast cancer for US women aged 0 to 119 years, with birth years 1900 to 2000. Breast cancer mortality was calculated as all-cause mortality multiplied by the proportion of deaths due to breast cancer; other-cause mortality was the difference between all-cause and breast cancer mortality. Results. Breast cancer and other-cause mortality rates were higher for older ages and birth cohorts. The percent of deaths due to breast cancer increased across birth cohorts from 1900 to 1940 then decreased. Among 50-year-old women, in the 1920 birth cohort, 52 (9.9%) of 100,000 deaths (95% CI, 9.8% to 10.1%) were attributed to breast cancer whereas 476 of 100,000 were due to other causes; in the 1960 birth cohort, 22 (8.5%) of 100,000 deaths (95% CI, 8.3% to 8.7%) were attributed to breast cancer with 242 of 100,000 deaths due to other causes. The percentage of all deaths due to breast cancer was highest (4.1% to 12.9%) for women in their 40s and 50s for all birth cohorts. Conclusions. This study offers evidence that advances in breast cancer screening and treatment have reduced breast cancer mortality for women across the age spectrum, and provides estimates of age-, year- and birth cohort-specific competing mortality rates for simulation models. Other-cause mortality estimates are important in these models because most women die from causes other than breast cancer.
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CASTRO, RUBÉN. "LATE-ENTRY-INTO-MOTHERHOOD WOMEN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FERTILITY RECUPERATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000121.

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SummaryIn countries where age at parenthood has shifted to older ages, a necessary precondition for fertility recuperation is that women having their first child later in life (after age 30) will also eventually achieve a higher completed fertility, compared with the previous cohorts. This study analysed the changes in age-at-first-child-conditional fertility rates in Western Europe through three birth cohorts (1936–1940, 1946–1950 and 1956–1960). It was found that generations where recuperation is first evident (1956–1960 cohort) are characterized by comparatively higher fertility of late age-at-first-child women. This characteristic is not found in Eastern Europe, where ages at first birth and cohort fertility remained fairly constant across the cohorts analysed.
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Billstedt, Eva, Margda Waern, Hanna Falk, Paul Duberstein, Svante Östling, Tore Hällström, and Ingmar Skoog. "Time Trends in Murray's Psychogenic Needs over Three Decades in Swedish 75-Year-Olds." Gerontology 63, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448113.

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Background: While time trends in personality traits have been suggested in younger cohorts, little is known regarding this issue in older adults. Objective: To test for birth cohort changes in psychogenic needs according to Murray's theory of personality in two birth cohorts of 75-year-olds born 1901-1902 and 1930. Methods: Two population-based birth cohorts were examined at the age of 75 years in 1976-1977 and in 2005-2006. Psychogenic needs according to Murray were measured with the Cesarec-Marke Personality Schedule (CMPS), a Swedish version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Scores on the CMPS subscales (achievement, affiliation, aggression, defence of status, guilt feelings, dominance, exhibition, autonomy, nurturance, order, succorance, and acquiescence) were compared between cohorts. Results:Achievement, exhibition, dominance, aggression, affiliation, and succorance scores were higher, and order and acquiescence scores lower, in the more recent birth cohort of 75-year-olds. Women scored lower than men on exhibition and dominance, and higher on defence of status, guilt feelings, affiliation, nurturance, and succorance. Interaction effects between cohort and sex were found for achievement (women scored lower than men in 1976-1977 but not in 2005-2006), order (the lower scores in 2005-2006 were more accentuated among men), and acquiescence (increased in men and decreased in women). Conclusion: The later-born birth cohort scored higher on self-centred traits, such as more dominant, competitive, and exhibitive traits as well as the need to be taken care of and have friends around, but it scored lower on the need for order. The gap between men and women regarding achievement decreased, possibly reflecting women's more prominent role in society.
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Berg, Venla, and Anna Rotkirch. "Faster Transition to the Second Child in late 20th Century Finland: A Study of Birth Intervals." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 49 (December 31, 2014): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.48424.

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Birth intervals are known to influence child and parental health and wellbeing, yet studies on the recent development of birth intervals in contemporary developed societies are scarce. We used individual-level representative register data from Finland (N=26,120; 54% women) to study the first interbirth interval of singleton births in cohorts born in 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975. In women, the average interbirth interval has shortened by 7.8 months and in men by 6.2 months between the cohorts of 1955 and 1975. A higher age at first birth was associated with shorter birth intervals (in women, b = -1.68, p<.001; in men, b = -1.77, p<.001 months per year). Educational level moderated the effect of age at first on the first birth interval in both sexes. Due to rising ages at first birth in developed societies and the manifold ramifications of shorter birth intervals, this topic deserves more scholarly attention and studies from other countries.
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Chalfin, Aaron. "The Long-Run Effect of Mexican Immigration on Crime in US Cities: Evidence from Variation in Mexican Fertility Rates." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151043.

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Using historical data on the size of state-specific Mexican birth cohorts and geographic migration networks between Mexican states and US metropolitan areas, I construct an instrumental variable that predicts decadal migration from Mexico to the United States. The intuition behind this identification strategy is that larger historical birth cohorts in Mexico yield more potential migrants once each birth cohort reaches prime migration age. I report evidence that Mexican immigration is associated with a decline in property crimes and an increase in aggravated assaults. The available evidence suggests that this is not an artifact of reduced crime reporting among immigrants.
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Budd, Alicia P., Lauren Beacham, Catherine B. Smith, Rebecca J. Garten, Carrie Reed, Krista Kniss, Desiree Mustaquim, et al. "Birth Cohort Effects in Influenza Surveillance Data: Evidence That First Influenza Infection Affects Later Influenza-Associated Illness." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 820–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz201.

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Abstract Background The evolution of influenza A viruses results in birth cohorts that have different initial influenza virus exposures. Historically, A/H3 predominant seasons have been associated with more severe influenza-associated disease; however, since the 2009 pandemic, there are suggestions that some birth cohorts experience more severe illness in A/H1 predominant seasons. Methods United States influenza virologic, hospitalization, and mortality surveillance data during 2000–2017 were analyzed for cohorts born between 1918 and 1989 that likely had different initial influenza virus exposures based on viruses circulating during early childhood. Relative risk/rate during H3 compared with H1 predominant seasons during prepandemic versus pandemic and later periods were calculated for each cohort. Results During the prepandemic period, all cohorts had more influenza-associated disease during H3 predominant seasons than H1 predominant seasons. During the pandemic and later period, 4 cohorts had higher hospitalization and mortality rates during H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons. Conclusions Birth cohort differences in risk of influenza-associated disease by influenza A virus subtype can be seen in US influenza surveillance data and differ between prepandemic and pandemic and later periods. As the population ages, the amount of influenza-associated disease may be greater in future H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons.
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Yukawa, Shiho. "Effects of Fatherhood on Male Wage and Labor Supply in Japan." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 437–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0097.

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Abstract Using data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers (JPSC) for the period 1994–2007, I examine the effect of childbirth on fathers’ wage rates and labor supply in Japan. I also compare the effects of fatherhood between different cohorts by dividing the JPSC sample into two birth-year cohorts (those born in or before 1960 and those born after 1960). The results show that the birth of children significantly increases hourly wage rates by 2.3% and annual work by 69 hours. Comparing these results to those of studies based in the United States and Germany shows that while the effect of childbirth on the Japanese male labor supply is large, it is relatively small on wage rates. The study also shows that childbirth has different impacts on labor market outcomes for the two cohorts. In the early cohort, the birth of children significantly increases wage rates, but has no significant effect on the labor supply. On the contrary, for the later cohort, the birth of children does not increase wage rates and there is a significant increase in the labor supply. Finally, I examine how the gender difference of children impacts labor market outcomes. Although its impact is not so large, the birth of sons has a larger effect than the birth of daughters.
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Lester, David. "Suicide Rates in Birth Cohorts in Australia." Psychological Reports 62, no. 3 (June 1988): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.922.

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Grabenhenrich, Linus, Cynthia Hohmann, Remy Slama, Joachim Heinrich, Magnus Wickman, Carel Thijs, Kai-Hakon Carlsen, Karin Lodrup Carlsen, Susanne Lau, and Thomas Keil. "Pulmonary Function Tests in European Birth Cohorts." Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573398x11309010002.

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42

Jones, P. B. "SES01.02 Population birth cohorts: Antecedents of schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 15, S2 (October 2000): 213s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)93905-1.

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43

Lab, Steven P., and William G. Doerner. "CHANGING FEMALE DELINQUENCY IN THREE BIRTH COHORTS." Journal of Crime and Justice 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.1987.9721336.

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Vrijheid, Martine, Maribel Casas, Anna Bergström, Amanda Carmichael, Sylvaine Cordier, Merete Eggesbø, Esben Eller, et al. "European Birth Cohorts for Environmental Health Research." Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 1 (January 2012): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103823.

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45

KLAUS, SUSAN F., DAVID J. EKERDT, and BYRON GAJEWSKI. "Job satisfaction in birth cohorts of nurses." Journal of Nursing Management 20, no. 4 (July 20, 2011): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01283.x.

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Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Maribel Casas, and Martine Vrijheid. "Environmental Health Risks in European Birth Cohorts." Epidemiology 22 (January 2011): S276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000392547.95364.bb.

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47

Payne, Collin F., and Rebeca Wong. "Expansion of disability across successive Mexican birth cohorts: a longitudinal modelling analysis of birth cohorts born 10 years apart." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 10 (July 20, 2019): 900–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212245.

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BackgroundLife expectancy (LE) in Mexico has risen rapidly since the 1950s. In high-income contexts, these increases have coincided with a compression of disability to later ages. However, little evidence on trends in disability-free LE (DFLE) exist from Mexico or elsewhere in Latin America.MethodsUsing data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study, we compare changes in LE and DFLE in ages 50–59, 60–69 and 70–79 using birth-cohort-specific multistate lifetable models across successive 10-year birth cohorts. Disability was measured using the Katz activities of daily living (ADL) index, and limitation was measured using a seven-item questionnaire on physical functioning.ResultsOverall, Mexican adults born in 1953–1962 lived 0.87 (p<0.001) fewer active years between ages 50 and 59 than individuals born in 1942–1951, a difference comprised of a 0.54-year (p<0.001) increase in physically limited LE and a 0.27-year (p<0.001) increase in ADL-disabled LE. Active LE declined by 1.13 (p<0.001) years in ages 60–69, and by 0.93 (p<0.001) years in ages 70–79, across successive 10-year birth cohorts. No substantial changes in total LE were seen in any age group, and the magnitude of the expansion of disability was larger in females than in males.ConclusionsOur results indicate that more recently born cohorts of Mexican adults are spending more years of life with physical limitations and disabilities. These results foreshadow a need to closely monitor adult health in middle-income contexts, as the epidemiological conditions under which disability has expanded in Mexico are similar to those seen in many other countries.
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de Hamer, Anneke, and Ineke Maas. "Gelijke opleiding, verschillende opbrengsten : Een onderzoek naar genderongelijkheid in het effect van opleidingsniveau op de mate van leidinggeven." Mens en maatschappij 95, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mem2020.1.002.deha.

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Abstract Equal education, different returns: Research into gender inequality in the effect of education level on the degree of supervisionThe aim of this article is to investigate whether the effect of individuals’ education level on the degree of supervision their position holds, differs between men and women and how this has changed over birth cohorts. Drawing on the human capital theory and the glass ceiling metaphor, hypotheses on gender differences in the returns to education and how these change with birth cohort and age, are formulated. The hypotheses are tested using data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel. We find that the returns to education are smaller for women than for men. This is the case in all age groups and birth cohorts. However, no evidence was found that women from earlier cohorts profit more from their education than women from later cohorts. Women and men born between 1961 and 1970 have the highest returns to education, as well as middle aged women and men.1
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Greiner, Matthias, Thomas Selhorst, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Wesley O. Johnson, Christine Müller-Graf, and Franz Josef Conraths. "Analysis of German BSE Surveillance Data: Estimation of the Prevalence of Confirmed Cases versus the Number of Infected, but Non-Detected, Cattle to Assess Confidence in Freedom from Infection." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 9966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199966.

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Quantitative risk assessments for Bovine pongiform ncephalopathy (BSE) necessitate estimates for key parameters such as the prevalence of infection, the probability of absence of infection in defined birth cohorts, and the numbers of BSE-infected, but non-detected cattle entering the food chain. We estimated three key parameters with adjustment for misclassification using the German BSE surveillance data using a Gompertz model for latent (i.e., unobserved) age-dependent detection probabilities and a Poisson response model for the number of BSE cases for birth cohorts 1999 to 2015. The models were combined in a Bayesian framework. We estimated the median true BSE prevalence between 3.74 and 0.216 cases per 100,000 animals for the birth cohorts 1990 to 2001 and observed a peak for the 1996 birth cohort with a point estimate of 16.41 cases per 100,000 cattle. For birth cohorts ranging from 2002 to 2013, the estimated median prevalence was below one case per 100,000 heads. The calculated confidence in freedom from disease (design prevalence 1 in 100,000) was above 99.5% for the birth cohorts 2002 to 2006. In conclusion, BSE surveillance in the healthy slaughtered cattle chain was extremely sensitive at the time, when BSE repeatedly occurred in Germany (2000–2009), because the entry of BSE-infected cattle into the food chain could virtually be prevented by the extensive surveillance program during these years and until 2015 (estimated non-detected cases/100.000 [95% credible interval] in 2000, 2009, and 2015 are 0.64 [0.5,0.8], 0.05 [0.01,0.14], and 0.19 [0.05,0.61], respectively).
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Guest, Ross, and Nick Parr. "Fertility, immigration, and lifetime wages under imperfect labor substitution." Journal of Demographic Economics 86, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2020.3.

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AbstractThis paper provides new insights into the effect of birth cohort size on cohort lifetime wages and its sensitivity to the future trajectories of immigration and fertility. The main innovation is to relax the typical assumption of perfect substitution of labor by age. The effect of imperfect substitution of labor by age is to qualify the standard result that smaller birth cohorts are likely to enjoy relatively high wages since that result depends on the size of co-worker cohorts. The positive small cohort effect on lifetime wages therefore depends on demographic patterns, which are simulated here through low and high fertility and immigration projections. The analysis applies to actual and projected cohorts for Australia and tests the sensitivity to alternative demographic parameters, and the substitution and discount parameters. The effects of imperfect substitution can amount several percentage points of lifetime wages.
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