Relevant bibliographies by topics / Birth control Fertility, Human China

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Birth control Fertility, Human China'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Birth control Fertility, Human China"

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Wang, Jian Ming, Jun Wang, Hong Guang Zhao, Tong Tong Liu, and Fei Yang Wang. "Reproductive Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes among Young Women in Northern China." BioMed Research International 2020 (April 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5931529.

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Purpose. Accumulated evidence suggests that reproductive factors are related to different breast cancer subtypes, but most studies on these relationships are mainly focused on middle-aged and older patients, and it remains unclear how reproductive factors impact different subtypes of breast cancer in young women. Methods. We assessed the relationships between fertility factors and luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes in 3792 patients and 4182 controls aged 20–70 years. Data on the reproductive history of the study participants were acquired through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. We conducted case-control comparisons among tumor subtypes based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 statuses using unconditional polychotomous multivariate logistic regression models to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Parity was inversely related to both luminal A and luminal B subtypes in young women and older women (all Ptrend<0.05). Later age at first full-term birth was inversely related to the luminal A subtype (Ptrend<0.05) in young women but correlated with an increased risk of the luminal A subtype (Ptrend<0.05) in older women. Parous Chinese women 40 years old or younger who breastfed for 12 months or longer had a lower risk of luminal B and TNBC subtypes than women who never breastfed (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84 and OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.99, respectively). Conclusions. Our results implied that parity exerted a strong protective effect against luminal A and luminal B subtype breast cancer in young Chinese women, and long-term breastfeeding obviously decreased the risk of luminal B and TNBC subtypes in this population.
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Wolf, Arthur P., and Theo Engelen. "Fertility and Fertility Control in Pre-Revolutionary China." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38, no. 3 (January 2008): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2008.38.3.345.

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A revisionist view argues that despite early and nearly universal marriage, fertility in pre-Revolutionary China was no higher than in Europe because of deliberate control within marriage. The evidence, however, confirms the received view: Because of early and universal marriage, fertility in China was far higher than that in Europe and would have been even higher had it not been for what Thomas Malthus called “positive checks.” Little or no deliberate birth control took place in China during the period in question.
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Jiang, Quanbao, and Yixiao Liu. "Low fertility and concurrent birth control policy in China." History of the Family 21, no. 4 (October 2016): 551–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2016.1213179.

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ZHANG, Min. "Birth Control to Birth Promotion? China’s Population Policy at a Crossroads." East Asian Policy 11, no. 04 (October 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000370.

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China officially ended its one-child policy effective from 1 January 2016. Yet the effects of the relaxation of birth control policy have been limited thus far. Largely relying upon policy incentives, China’s policymakers also face pressure to take more direct measures to boost fertility rate. Whether the Chinese government is able to balance the needs of the nation and the citizens’ private rights remains a big question mark.
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Zhao, Zhongwei. "Deliberate Birth Control Under a High-Fertility Regime: Reproductive Behavior in China Before 1970." Population and Development Review 23, no. 4 (December 1997): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137378.

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Pop-Eleches, Cristian. "The Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education, and Fertility." Journal of Human Resources 45, no. 4 (2010): 971–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.45.4.971.

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Zhou, Yun. "The Personal and the Political: Gender Equity and Attitudes toward Birth Restriction in Contemporary Urban China." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211032743.

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Birth rates have declined globally over the past several decades. Extensive research has applied the gender equity theory to examine the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and their fertility ideations in postindustrial democracies. A puzzle remains: does individuals’ gender ideology still matter for their fertility ideation when the state constrains individuals’ rights to have children? The author turns to a postsocialist authoritarian setting and examines the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and attitudes toward the state’s birth restriction in contemporary urban China. Using four waves of the China General Social Survey between 2010 and 2015, the author demonstrates that individuals with more egalitarian gender role attitudes show significantly stronger support for the state’s birth restriction that limits the number of children. This article highlights an underarticulated dimension in research on gender equity and fertility ideation: the role of the state and how individuals experience the state’s reproductive control.
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Zhang, Hong. "From Resisting to “Embracing?” the One-Child Rule: Understanding New Fertility Trends in a Central China Village." China Quarterly 192 (December 2007): 855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007002068.

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AbstractFrom its initiation in 1979, China's one-child policy has been controversial. Most critiques on the stringent birth control policy in rural China still focus on the resistance framework and there is very little research on whether Chinese peasant families are changing their fertility preferences and behaviours when confronting both the state birth control policy and the rapidly changing social and economic environment. Based on recent ethnographic study in a central China village, this article seeks to explore new fertility trends that indicate the shift from “active resistance against” to “conscious decision for” the one-child limit among rural families. In particular, it discusses the newly emerging social, economic and demographic factors that may have played a role in this fertility shift, and its social implications for the central tenet of son preference in Chinese culture and the norm of child-rearing as a means of securing old age support among rural families.
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Arzal, Mohammad. "K. Mahadevan (ed). Fertility Policies in Asian Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.320 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i2pp.223-225.

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The book consists of twelve papers and presents the contributors' observations regarding fertility control policies in Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. In the first paper, which provides a perspective (mostly in the Indian context) to the concerns about policy formulation for fertility control, the authors discuss various issues and place an emphasis on the multi sectoral approach. The need to implement the policies for eligible couples, for female education and enhancement of female status, for strengthening the strategies for programme development and management, and for making policies relating to the elderly people, is stressed in this paper. The paper on planned birth policies of China provides a view of the actions and the successes achieved through organised programmes in the recent years. Conceding that the programme in China was not entirely voluntary, the paper also highlights the problems and failures of the fertility control efforts through the emphasis on a single-child family, especially in the rural areas.
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Mellors, Sarah. "Less Reproduction, More Production: Birth Control in the Early People’s Republic of China, 1949–1958." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7755346.

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Abstract In the early People’s Republic of China (PRC), Communist officials initially placed strict constraints on birth control use, encouraging high fertility rates. However, in an effort to enhance agricultural and industrial productivity, such restrictions were gradually repealed and by the 1970s, aggressive promotion of family planning had become the norm. Drawing on both archival and oral history, this article considers the lived experience of birth control use from the founding of the People’s Republic until 1958, a period that is often overlooked in studies of reproduction and contraception in modern China, but that had important implications for later trends. Despite claims that discussion of sexuality was suppressed in the PRC and an early ban on certain publications related to sexual hygiene, a considerable amount of literature on sex and birth control was published in major cities in the 1950s. Narratives on sex and birth control in women’s magazines and sex handbooks, however, varied widely and access to birth control and surgeries, such as abortions and sterilizations, differed dramatically according to location, class, and education level. This essay probes the circumstances under which women or couples practiced birth control while demonstrating the diversity of contraceptive discourses and practices in the early People’s Republic. Though underexplored, the early years of the PRC remain critical to histories of reproduction in China because many of the gender dynamics, socioeconomic pressures, and cultural preferences that informed contraceptive practices in the 1950s continued to do so for decades to come.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Birth control Fertility, Human China"

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Shi, Anqing. "The process of fertility transition in China fertility differentials in Shanghai, 1950-1985 /." access full-text, 1992. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9222160.pdf.

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Guo, Shenyang. "Shanghai pioneer of fertility decline in People's Republic of China : trends and determinants of fertility transition, 1950-1984 /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1990. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9023557.

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曾昭朗 and Chiu-long Carol Tsang. ""The limits of fertility": birth control in Hong Kong, 1945-1997." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557054.

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Song, Huadong. "People's commune and China's fertility : evidence from county-level data /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20SONG.

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Tsang, Chiu-long Carol. ""The limits of fertility" birth control in Hong Kong, 1945-1997 /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557054.

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Zhu, Fangming. "The effects of family planning policy and socioeconomic development on fertility decline in China : 1945-1985." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1990. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1342902.

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Zhang, Guangyu. "China's far below replacement level fertility : a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births? /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050224.092945/index.html.

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Li, Guanghui. "The impact of the one-child policy on fertility, children's well-being and gender differential in China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7429.

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Sarjono, Jono. "Regional development and fertility in Indonesia, 1980-1990." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39992.

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Based on data from the 1990 Indonesian Census and the 1991 Demographic and Health Survey, analyses of fertility, fertility decline, and the use of contraceptive methods in Indonesia are presented. Two levels of analysis are carried out in this thesis: a macro-approach and a micro-approach. The analysis using the macro approach reveals that the family planning program, the status of women's jobs, and infant mortality rates are important determinants of fertility in Indonesia. In addition, the micro analysis shows that there are differences in the average number of children ever-born to couples according to the type of present and childhood residence, educational attainment, religion and occupational status.
Controlling for regional population density reversed the direction of the impact of agriculture sector employment on fertility. Overall in Indonesia, individual couples who worked in agriculture sector had higher fertility than those who worked in the non agriculture sector. However, in the densely populated areas of the country such as Java and Bali, those who worked in the agriculture sector had lower fertility than those who worked in the non agriculture sector.
The results of this dissertation support the claim that fertility and fertility decline are very complex phenomena. There is no definitive set of variables that strongly and consistently affect them. The most important finding from these analyses is that the fertility rate is influenced both by individual couple's characteristics as well as the place where they live. Further research on fertility and fertility decline should emphasize both of these characteristics.
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Fang, Jing. "Prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and its association with birth outcomes." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/673.

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were extensively applied in agriculture, industry and public health programs for decades. Based on the persistence and the lipophilicity of OCPs, these chemicals are ubiquitous in the environment and can be accumulated in fatty tissues of animals through the food chain. Even being restricted for years, OCPs are still detected in human bodies. In this thesis, analytical methods for the determination of OCPs were developed and applied for the analysis of cord serum samples. The evaluation of prenatal exposure to OCPs and its effects on birth outcomes as well as the postnatal growth were investigated. Due to the toxicology and carcinogenesis, biomonitoring of the OCP exposure to human is needed. Therefore, an analytical method with high sensitivity and specificity is required to detect OCPs at trace levels in serum. We compared two data acquisition modes of mass spectrometry (MS), namely selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Higher sensitivity and selectivity were achieved by MRM because the background noise was reduced by lowering the matrix effects. Different ionization techniques, including electron ionization (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were evaluated. The EI source is a universal ionization technique available with the MS library for the compound identification. The negative chemical ionization (NCI) is more suitable to analyze compounds with high electronegativity. The novel ionization technique APCI was coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The APCI source was evaluated by terms of ionization and fragmentation performance. APCI was a soft ionization technique generating molecular ions with high intensity. The selectivity and sensitivity of APCI were comparable or better than the EI source. As one of the largest consumers and producers of OCPs, China has suffered severe OCP pollution. Previous monitoring studies reported detectable levels of OCPs in human bodies. However, studies concerning the prenatal exposure to OCPs in China are limited. Due to the vulnerability of fetuses, the effects of prenatal exposure to OCPs could be more severe than those of adults. We collected cord serum samples during the delivery period in Wuhan, China and measured the OCP concentrations to assess the prenatal exposure by using GC-MS/MS. Compared with other areas in China, the OCP levels in Wuhan were comparable in this population. The identified predominant OCPs were β-HCH and p,p'- DDE, with geometric means of 8.67 and 33.9 ng/g lipid, respectively. Slight positive associations were found between α-HCH and β-HCH, and between o,p′- DDT and p,p′-DDT, which indicated similar exposure source of these chemicals. The obtained results showed that HCH levels were associated with maternal age, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, education levels, and passive smoking. Associations between the prenatal exposure of OCPs and birth outcomes were investigated. The sex-specific relationships between the OCP exposure and birth size were indicated. Concentrations of β-HCH were inversely associated with birth weight and ponderal index for boys, while for girls these associations were not significant. Our results suggested that the prenatal exposure to OCPs exerted negative effects on the fetal growth, and precautions should be taken even though the OCP levels were relatively low.
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Books on the topic "Birth control Fertility, Human China"

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Greenhalgh, Susan. Fertility policy in China: Future options. New York, N.Y: Population Council, 1986.

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Deviant fertility in China. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Pub., 1997.

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Riley, Nancy. China's population: A review of the literature. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1997.

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Hoy, Caroline. Women, migration and current urban dynamics in China: Fertility and family planning. Leeds: University of Leeds, School of Geography, 1996.

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Demographic transition in China: Fertility trends since the 1950s. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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Bongaarts, John. An alternative to the one-child policy in China. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York 10017): Population Council, 1985.

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Weiguo, Zhang. Chinese economic reforms and fertility behaviour: A study of a North China village. London: China Library, 2002.

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Chinese economic reforms and fertility bahaviour: A study of a North China village. London: China Library, 2002.

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McNicoll, Geoffrey. Fertility decline in Indonesia. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1986.

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Sandhu, Jasmeet. Sociology of fertility. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Birth control Fertility, Human China"

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Wahlberg, Ayo. "The Birth of Assisted Reproductive Technology in China." In Good Quality. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297777.003.0002.

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This chapter chronicles the difficult birth of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in China through the 1980s and 1990s, showing how ideas of improving population quality acted as a persuasive alibi for those pioneers working to develop fertility technologies under crude conditions and at a time when contraception rather than conception was at the core of family planning. From difficult beginnings in the 1980s and following legalization in 2003, ARTs have now settled firmly within China’s restrictive reproductive complex as technologies of birth control—which, in turn, has allowed it to grow into a thriving, sector as China is now home to some of the world’s largest fertility clinics and sperm banks.
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Merchant, Emily Klancher. "Demography as Diplomacy." In Building the Population Bomb, 127–57. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197558942.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 demonstrates how, in the 1950s and 1960s, U.S.-based philanthropic organizations invested in the growth of demography, the social science of human population dynamics, and used demography to convince heads of state of developing countries to integrate family planning programs into their nation-building and economic development agendas. The Population Council and the Ford Foundation established population research and training centers at major U.S. universities, to which they recruited graduate students from developing countries, with the understanding that they would return home after completing their education to advocate for the establishment of family planning programs. These organizations also funded fertility surveys by American demographers in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that promoted small-family norms and the distribution of new systemic contraceptive technologies, specifically the intrauterine device and birth control pill, and documented the existence of what demographers termed “unmet need” for family planning services.
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Lutz, Wolfgang, and William P. Butz. "Introduction." In World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813422.003.0005.

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This book addresses systematically and quantitatively the role of educational attainment in global population trends and models. By adding education to the traditional demographic characteristics of age and sex, this distinguishing feature substantially alters the way we look at changes in populations and how we project them into the future. In most societies, particularly during the process of demographic transition, women with more education have fewer children, both because they want fewer and because they find better access to birth control. And better educated men and women in virtually all societies have lower mortality rates and their children have a better chance of survival. Migration flows also differ by level of education, and better educated migrants integrate more easily into receiving societies. These pervasive demographic differentials by level of education matter greatly for population dynamics. When we explicitly address this important source of population heterogeneity the projected future population trends are different from those based on the conventional stratifications that include only age and sex. In addition, the future educational attainment levels of the adult population are of great interest in their own right as a key determinant of outcomes ranging across economic growth, quality of governance, and adaptive capacity to environmental change. Traditionally in demography, the sex of a person is considered the most fundamental characteristic because it is essential for studying the process of reproduction. Mortality and migration also show significant variation by gender. Age is another key characteristic because it is the main driver of biological maturation at an early age and is directly related to school attendance, labour force entry, and retirement, all landmarks that are important for social institutions. Because there are distinct age-related patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration intensities, gender and age are considered the most fundamental demographic dimensions. In addition, demographers frequently take into account other biological, social, and economic characteristics, including place of residence (especially urban or rural), citizenship, marital status, race, migration status, employment status, health/disability status, and educational attainment. These additional characteristics are not systematically considered in every study, but tend to appear in corresponding topical studies.
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G. Bechtel, Gordon, and Timothy Bechtel. "GDP Almost Perfectly Predicts Survival." In Standard of Living, Wellbeing, and Community Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97788.

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This article extends results reported by Bechtel, G. and Bechtel, T. (2021). These previous findings induce the hypothesis confirmed here; namely, that gross domestic product GDP nearly perfectly predicts survival in the world’s entire population. The fractional polynomial regressions here are run over the pre-pandemic period 1991–2016. During the subsequent pandemic, the American Center for Disease Control reported that life expectancy at birth in the USA dropped one year during the first six months of 2020, the largest drop since World War 11. The drops in African and Hispanic life expectancy at birth during this period were 2.7 and 1.9 years (Aljazeera; Democracy Now, February 18, 2021). The USA is the worst covid-19-effected population. It is now imperative to confirm that life expectancy at birth is well predicted from GDP in all nations over 1991–2018. This pre-pandemic control for each nation will accurately calibrate it’s subsequent yearly survival drops due to Covid-19. This is especially important in light of the trade war between the United States and China, which has increased the need for accurate measurement of the human effects of this war.
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"Reproduction and development." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Medical Sciences, edited by Jade Chow, John Patterson, Kathy Boursicot, and David Sales. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199605071.003.0025.

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Reproduction and development are large topics, knowledge of which underpins several medical specialities including sexual health, fertility, gynaecology, urology, reproductive endocrinology, obstetrics, and neonatology. Doctors need to know the structure, function, and endocrine control of both male and female systems in order to diagnose and manage conditions specific to either male or female organs, as well as conditions such as impotence and infertility. Not surprisingly, the reproductive system is the only body system that shows major differences in both structure and function between males and females. However, sexual differences go beyond the primary sexual characteristics present at birth and the secondary sexual characteristics that emerge under the influence of sex hormones at puberty. Sexual dimorphism in some brain structures commences at an early age, and differences in the endocrine profiles of males and females produce characteristic changes in morphology, physiology, and behaviour that go beyond simple sexual dimorphism to affect many aspects of life, including sexual differences in susceptibility to disease and the longer life expectancy of women as compared to men that is seen around the world. Whether these differences, mainly beneficial to women, are because females are ‘biologically superior’ or because of a complex mix of genetic, behavioural, and social factors is a matter for discussion and research. Some knowledge of embryology is important to every medical student. As a minimum it provides explanations for the congenital malformations and their consequences that are encountered in many areas of clinical practice. Deeper knowledge will assist those seeking real insights into the structure of the human body. It is the study of embryological development and the knowledge of how each tissue type arises, how one tissue meets another, and how tissues move and change shape during development that explains the relations between tissues and organs in the adult human form. Achieving a full understanding of the dynamics of the formation of the body’s organs and tissues is demanding, but it can replace some of the rote learning of anatomical structures, familiar to many students, with a deeper understanding of form and function.
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