To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Birth control Fertility, Human China.
Journal articles on the topic 'Birth control Fertility, Human China'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Birth control Fertility, Human China.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Wang, Jian Ming, Jun Wang, Hong Guang Zhao, Tong Tong Liu, and Fei Yang Wang. "Reproductive Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes among Young Women in Northern China." BioMed Research International 2020 (April 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5931529.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. Accumulated evidence suggests that reproductive factors are related to different breast cancer subtypes, but most studies on these relationships are mainly focused on middle-aged and older patients, and it remains unclear how reproductive factors impact different subtypes of breast cancer in young women. Methods. We assessed the relationships between fertility factors and luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes in 3792 patients and 4182 controls aged 20–70 years. Data on the reproductive history of the study participants were acquired through face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. We conducted case-control comparisons among tumor subtypes based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 statuses using unconditional polychotomous multivariate logistic regression models to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Parity was inversely related to both luminal A and luminal B subtypes in young women and older women (all Ptrend<0.05). Later age at first full-term birth was inversely related to the luminal A subtype (Ptrend<0.05) in young women but correlated with an increased risk of the luminal A subtype (Ptrend<0.05) in older women. Parous Chinese women 40 years old or younger who breastfed for 12 months or longer had a lower risk of luminal B and TNBC subtypes than women who never breastfed (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84 and OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.99, respectively). Conclusions. Our results implied that parity exerted a strong protective effect against luminal A and luminal B subtype breast cancer in young Chinese women, and long-term breastfeeding obviously decreased the risk of luminal B and TNBC subtypes in this population.
2
Wolf, Arthur P., and Theo Engelen. "Fertility and Fertility Control in Pre-Revolutionary China." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38, no. 3 (January 2008): 345–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2008.38.3.345.
Full textAbstract:
A revisionist view argues that despite early and nearly universal marriage, fertility in pre-Revolutionary China was no higher than in Europe because of deliberate control within marriage. The evidence, however, confirms the received view: Because of early and universal marriage, fertility in China was far higher than that in Europe and would have been even higher had it not been for what Thomas Malthus called “positive checks.” Little or no deliberate birth control took place in China during the period in question.
3
Jiang, Quanbao, and Yixiao Liu. "Low fertility and concurrent birth control policy in China." History of the Family 21, no. 4 (October 2016): 551–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2016.1213179.
Full text
4
ZHANG, Min. "Birth Control to Birth Promotion? China’s Population Policy at a Crossroads." East Asian Policy 11, no. 04 (October 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000370.
Full textAbstract:
China officially ended its one-child policy effective from 1 January 2016. Yet the effects of the relaxation of birth control policy have been limited thus far. Largely relying upon policy incentives, China’s policymakers also face pressure to take more direct measures to boost fertility rate. Whether the Chinese government is able to balance the needs of the nation and the citizens’ private rights remains a big question mark.
5
Zhao, Zhongwei. "Deliberate Birth Control Under a High-Fertility Regime: Reproductive Behavior in China Before 1970." Population and Development Review 23, no. 4 (December 1997): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137378.
Full text
6
Pop-Eleches, Cristian. "The Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education, and Fertility." Journal of Human Resources 45, no. 4 (2010): 971–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.45.4.971.
Full text
7
Zhou, Yun. "The Personal and the Political: Gender Equity and Attitudes toward Birth Restriction in Contemporary Urban China." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211032743.
Full textAbstract:
Birth rates have declined globally over the past several decades. Extensive research has applied the gender equity theory to examine the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and their fertility ideations in postindustrial democracies. A puzzle remains: does individuals’ gender ideology still matter for their fertility ideation when the state constrains individuals’ rights to have children? The author turns to a postsocialist authoritarian setting and examines the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and attitudes toward the state’s birth restriction in contemporary urban China. Using four waves of the China General Social Survey between 2010 and 2015, the author demonstrates that individuals with more egalitarian gender role attitudes show significantly stronger support for the state’s birth restriction that limits the number of children. This article highlights an underarticulated dimension in research on gender equity and fertility ideation: the role of the state and how individuals experience the state’s reproductive control.
8
Zhang, Hong. "From Resisting to “Embracing?” the One-Child Rule: Understanding New Fertility Trends in a Central China Village." China Quarterly 192 (December 2007): 855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741007002068.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFrom its initiation in 1979, China's one-child policy has been controversial. Most critiques on the stringent birth control policy in rural China still focus on the resistance framework and there is very little research on whether Chinese peasant families are changing their fertility preferences and behaviours when confronting both the state birth control policy and the rapidly changing social and economic environment. Based on recent ethnographic study in a central China village, this article seeks to explore new fertility trends that indicate the shift from “active resistance against” to “conscious decision for” the one-child limit among rural families. In particular, it discusses the newly emerging social, economic and demographic factors that may have played a role in this fertility shift, and its social implications for the central tenet of son preference in Chinese culture and the norm of child-rearing as a means of securing old age support among rural families.
9
Arzal, Mohammad. "K. Mahadevan (ed). Fertility Policies in Asian Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.320 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i2pp.223-225.
Full textAbstract:
The book consists of twelve papers and presents the contributors' observations regarding fertility control policies in Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. In the first paper, which provides a perspective (mostly in the Indian context) to the concerns about policy formulation for fertility control, the authors discuss various issues and place an emphasis on the multi sectoral approach. The need to implement the policies for eligible couples, for female education and enhancement of female status, for strengthening the strategies for programme development and management, and for making policies relating to the elderly people, is stressed in this paper. The paper on planned birth policies of China provides a view of the actions and the successes achieved through organised programmes in the recent years. Conceding that the programme in China was not entirely voluntary, the paper also highlights the problems and failures of the fertility control efforts through the emphasis on a single-child family, especially in the rural areas.
10
Mellors, Sarah. "Less Reproduction, More Production: Birth Control in the Early People’s Republic of China, 1949–1958." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7755346.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the early People’s Republic of China (PRC), Communist officials initially placed strict constraints on birth control use, encouraging high fertility rates. However, in an effort to enhance agricultural and industrial productivity, such restrictions were gradually repealed and by the 1970s, aggressive promotion of family planning had become the norm. Drawing on both archival and oral history, this article considers the lived experience of birth control use from the founding of the People’s Republic until 1958, a period that is often overlooked in studies of reproduction and contraception in modern China, but that had important implications for later trends. Despite claims that discussion of sexuality was suppressed in the PRC and an early ban on certain publications related to sexual hygiene, a considerable amount of literature on sex and birth control was published in major cities in the 1950s. Narratives on sex and birth control in women’s magazines and sex handbooks, however, varied widely and access to birth control and surgeries, such as abortions and sterilizations, differed dramatically according to location, class, and education level. This essay probes the circumstances under which women or couples practiced birth control while demonstrating the diversity of contraceptive discourses and practices in the early People’s Republic. Though underexplored, the early years of the PRC remain critical to histories of reproduction in China because many of the gender dynamics, socioeconomic pressures, and cultural preferences that informed contraceptive practices in the 1950s continued to do so for decades to come.
11
Xizhe, Peng. "Major Determinants of China's Fertility Transition." China Quarterly 117 (March 1989): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000023638.
Full textAbstract:
During the past four decades China has experienced a dramatic fertility transition. Her national total fertility rate (TFR) was approximately 5·8 in the mid 1950s and remained at this level until the end of the 1960s. Since the early 1970s fertility transition has accelerated. The national TFR declined from 5·7 in 1970 to 3·6 in 1975, and down further to 2·31 in 1980. In other words, China’s fertility decreased by more than 50 per cent in only one decade. More recently, China’s fertility rose slightly, due mainly to a relaxation of birth control measures and a large marriage boom. Nevertheless, China’s fertility remains at a low level.
12
Yang, Quanhe. "Age at first marriage and fertility in rural Anhui, China." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 2 (April 1990): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018496.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThis paper examines the changing nuptiality pattern of rural China, particularly rural Anhui in relation to the planned social changes since 1949 and their effect on fertility. The data are from the 1/1000 Fertility Survey of China, conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982. Before the family planning programme was introduced to rural Anhui (1972), the changing nuptiality pattern was indirectly affected by the planned social changes; after 1972, the substantial increase in age at first marriage was mainly due to the family planning programme. More recently, the centrally controlled social structure is loosening, due to the economic reform and the nuptiality pattern seems to join the 1972 trend, suggesting that the dramatic change of nuptiality pattern during the early 1970s to early 1980s was a temporary one. But its effect on fertility is clear, and the shortening interval between marriage and first birth may bring difficulties for future population control in rural China.
13
Rasevic, Mirjana. "Religions and low fertility today." Stanovnistvo 57, no. 2 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv190814005r.
Full textAbstract:
Our understanding of whether, to what extent, and under which conditions religions nowadays influence birth levels depends on research. It is important to seek answers to two fundamental questions. The first question is about the role of religiosity and religious affiliation in the deterministic cause of low fertility and family planning in recent times. The second question deals with the influence of religious institutions on birth levels and the exercise of reproductive rights at the global level and within certain population groups over recent decades. To that end, the paper provides an overview of theoretical examinations of the connection between religions and fertility, empirical studies addressing low completed fertility, birth control, or sexual behaviour in relation to religiosity or religious affiliation of individuals, as well as the influence of religious institutions on fertility transition and the respect of human rights in this field. A review of the recent studies of various populations characterised by low birth levels shows that religiosity, especially practising religion, encourages people to uphold traditional values, attitudes, and behaviours that are directly or indirectly related to the concepts of marriage and childbearing. Moreover, it sheds light on some examples of religious institutions? concrete opposition to progress in this area, while also highlighting contradictory cases of religions supporting pro-found contemporary changes in reproductive behaviour.
14
Latov, Yury V. "Human Capital Growth Contra Birth Rate Growth." Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 082–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.2.082-099.
Full textAbstract:
The necessity of a systemic reboot of the Russian policy of supporting families with children is substantiated, so that the orientation towards the growth of the population of Russia is replaced by the orientation towards increasing the human capital of future Russian workers. The new concept of family policy is based on the adaptation to Russian conditions of some of the basic principles of the policy of birth control in the PRC. The main idea is the need to differentiate fertility incentives for different social groups. They should be the highest for families of specialist workers (professionals), where the spouses have a high education and middle class income. To stimulate the birth and upbringing of children, it is proposed to use not only monetary incentives for the family, based on the scoring of the characteristics of parents, but also stimulation of free time by expanding womenʼs distance employment and pension benefits for «good» adult children. The proposed comprehensive concept is the result of the systematic use of many institutional theories – post-industrial society, modernization, human capital, Maslowʼs pyramid, etc.
15
Pop-Eleches, Cristian. "The Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education, and Fertility: Evidence from Romania." Journal of Human Resources 45, no. 4 (2010): 971–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2010.0031.
Full text
16
Merli, M. Giovanna. "Underreporting of Births and Infant Deaths in Rural China: Evidence from Field Research in One County of Northern China." China Quarterly 155 (September 1998): 637–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000050025.
Full textAbstract:
Between the beginning of the 1950s and the early 1970s, China, like many other countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, experienced rapid population growth. This was due mainly to a dramatic mortality decline not offset by any decline in the birth rate. In 1970, China had a crude birth rate of 33.43 (per 1,000), a crude death rate of 7.60 (per 1,000) and a rate of natural increase of 25.83. “Population growth” was identified as a fundamental obstacle to economic development, and the stage was set for large-scale state interventions in the process of human reproduction. The apotheosis of this intervention was the introduction, in 1979, of the One Child Policy, which was successfully implemented in the urban areas. In rural areas, policies promoting later marriage, one child – maximum two – per couple, and greater spacing of those births that are permitted contributed to the swift fertility decline witnessed over the last three decades. In 1996 China's birth and death rates were reported at 16.98 per 1,000 and 6.56 per 1,000 respectively and the population was growing at 10.42 per 1,000.
17
Chen, Hongsheng, Xingping Wang, Zhigang Li, and Zhenjun Zhu. "The Impact of Neighborhood Environment on Women’s Willingness to Have a Second Child in China." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801983323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019833232.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the Chinese government has changed the one-child policy that was implemented more than 3 decades ago and has began encouraging couples to have 2 children. However, this cannot quickly change people’s reproductive concepts after more than 30 years of low fertility rate and birth control. In this context, the aim of our study was to assess the effect of neighborhood environment on Chinese women’s fertility-willingness for a second child. Our results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between neighborhood environment and women’s fertility-willingness for a second child. Women living in affluent neighborhoods with better living environments have lower fertility-willingness for a second child than those in poor neighborhoods. However, childcare institutions (such as kindergartens) provide shared childcare and improve women’s fertility-willingness. We suggest that to encourage more couples to have a second child, it is necessary to increase the number of neighborhood kindergartens. In addition, local governments must improve the social welfare of migrant households and loosen the requirements for migrant households to obtain local hukou, which will allow migrant children to enjoy local public services, especially education services.
18
Schrempf, Mona. "Re-production at Stake: Experiences of Family Planning and Fertility among Amdo Tibetan Women." Asian Medicine 6, no. 2 (September 15, 2012): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341237.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Biographical interviews with Tibetan women in rural Amdo (Qinghai Province, China) indicate that many women above 40 years of age experienced family planning as a threat to their reproductive health, social status and economic production. Even though family planning, implemented since 1980, was experienced differently among the targeted women, they nevertheless addressed the same social pressure of having to reconcile normative birth control administered by the Chinese state with Tibetan socio-cultural norms and values of fertility focused upon preferences for sons. Renowned female Tibetan doctors in private and public clinics and hospitals were Tibetan women’s preferred and trusted addressees for voluntary birth control and reproductive health. I argue therefore, that in order to understand the effects of family planning on targeted Tibetan women, socio-cultural values of fertility need to be taken into account as they are expressed in women’s narratives of their bio-psycho-social, gendered and ethnic selves.
19
Mattison, Siobhan, Christina Moya, Adam Reynolds, and Mary C. Towner. "Evolutionary demography of age at last birth: integrating approaches from human behavioural ecology and cultural evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1743 (February 12, 2018): 20170060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0060.
Full textAbstract:
Cultural evolutionary theory and human behavioural ecology offer different, but compatible approaches to understanding human demographic behaviour. For much of their 30 history, these approaches have been deployed in parallel, with few explicit attempts to integrate them empirically. In this paper, we test hypotheses drawn from both approaches to explore how reproductive behaviour responds to cultural changes among Mosuo agriculturalists of China. Specifically, we focus on how age at last birth (ALB) varies in association with temporal shifts in fertility policies, spatial variation and kinship ecologies. We interpret temporal declines in ALB as plausibly consistent with demographic front-loading of reproduction in light of fertility constraints and later ages at last birth in matrilineal populations relative to patrilineal ones as consistent with greater household cooperation for reproductive purposes in the former. We find little evidence suggesting specific transmission pathways for the spread of norms regulating ALB, but emphasize that the rapid pace of change strongly suggests that learning processes were involved in the general decline in ALB over time. The different predictions of models we employ belie their considerable overlap and the potential for a synthetic approach to generate more refined tests of evolutionary hypotheses of demographic behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bridging cultural gaps: interdisciplinary studies in human cultural evolution’.
20
Asghar, Mohammad, Benrithung Murry, and Kallur Nava Saraswathy. "Fertility Behaviour and Effect of Son Preference among the Muslims of Manipur, India." Journal of Anthropology 2014 (August 26, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/108236.
Full textAbstract:
Fertility is one of the most important components of demographic studies affecting almost all aspects of human life. Present paper is an attempt to study various factors, including preference of son, affecting the fertility of Manipuri Muslims. A household survey was conducted in Imphal East and Thoubal districts where the concentration of Muslim is found to be the highest, interviewing 512 ever married women. Age at marriage, age at first conception, education, occupation, types of family, and per capita annual income are influencing the fertility rate among this population. Uses of birth control measures, consanguineous marriage, and age at menarche have no effect on fertility rate. The preference for more sons is observed in this study leading to increase in overall fertility rate.
21
Marois, Guillaume, Stuart Gietel-Basten, and Wolfgang Lutz. "China's low fertility may not hinder future prosperity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (September 27, 2021): e2108900118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108900118.
Full textAbstract:
China’s low fertility is often presented as a major factor which will hinder its prosperity in the medium to long term. This is based on the assumed negative consequences of an increasing old-age dependency ratio: a simplistic measure of relative changing age structures. Based on this view, policies to increase fertility are being proposed after decades of birth restriction policies. Here, we argue that a purely age structure–based reasoning which disregards labor force participation and education attainment may be highly misleading. While fertility has indeed fallen to low levels, human capital accumulation has been very strong—especially among younger cohorts. Factoring in the effects of labor force participation and educational attainment on productivity, a measure called “productivity-weighted labor force dependency ratio” can more accurately capture the economic implications of demographic change. When using this ratio, a much more optimistic picture of the economic (and social) future of China can be envisaged.
22
LIU, ZHANGSHENG, and YUANYUAN GONG. "INCOME, SOCIAL SECURITY AND CHINESE FAMILIES’ “TWO-CHILD” DECISIONS: EVIDENCE FROM URBAN RESIDENTS’ FERTILITY INTENTIONS." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 06 (August 8, 2020): 1773–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590820500101.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in income, the improvement of social security and the decline in the desire for fertility in urban residents have been extremely important social and economic phenomena in China over the past three decades. However, there have been few studies of China’s situations because of the use of long-term birth control. An analysis based on the framework of lifetime utility maximization for individuals indicated that income and social security have substitution effects on the number of births. This study conducts an empirical analysis with data extracted from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). The results show that an increase in income lowers the willingness for fertility, and the endowment insurance system with subsidies lowers beneficiaries’ fertility intentions. Similarly, an increase in income and the improvement of social security decrease urban residents’ “two-child” fertility intentions significantly. Thus, although the steady growth of the economy and the continuous improvement of the social security system have provided the opportunity to relax China’s population policies, the substitution effect of income and social security on fertility intentions also needs to be considered.
23
Chandiok, Ketaki, Prakash Ranjan Mondal, Chakraverti Mahajan, and Kallur Nava Saraswathy. "Biological and Social Determinants of Fertility Behaviour among the Jat Women of Haryana State, India." Journal of Anthropology 2016 (November 20, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5463168.
Full textAbstract:
Fertility is a way through which human beings biologically replace themselves in order to continue their existence on earth. The present paper therefore attempts to study the factors affecting fertility among the Jat women of Haryana state. A household survey was conducted in 15 villages of Palwal district in which the concentration of Jats was found to be highest and 1014 ever married women were interviewed. Age at marriage, present age, education status, family type, and preference for male child were the most important factors that affected fertility in the studied population. Age at menarche, age at first conception, occupation status, use of birth control measures, and household per capita annual income did not affect the fertility in the studied population.
24
Tavassoli, Nahid. "The Transition of Son Preference: Evidence from Southeast Asian Countries." ECONOMICS 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2021-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper explores the existence of son preference and gender-based fertility behavior among Southeast Asian mothers. Using census data of ten countries (Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) over the years 1970-2014 and a sample of over 18 million observation, I show that having a first-born girl is associated with 0.16 more children in the household, equivalent to 7.2 percent rise from the mean. The marginal effects are quite robust across various specifications and subsamples. The effects are larger for countries with lower human development index and individuals with lower education. A birth cohort analysis show that the effects are significantly smaller for later cohorts implying that son preference fertility behavior has diminished over time.
25
Bhasin, Shalender, Candace Kerr, Kutluk Oktay, and Catherine Racowsky. "The Implications of Reproductive Aging for the Health, Vitality, and Economic Welfare of Human Societies." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 9 (April 16, 2019): 3821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00315.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Context Powerful demographic trends toward reproductive aging of human populations, older age at first childbirth, and lower birth rates will profoundly influence the health, vitality, and economies of human societies and deserve greater attention in health policy and research. Evidence Acquisition Information on birth rates, fertility rates, and outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies were obtained from databases of government agencies (census data, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Evidence Synthesis Fecundity declines with advancing age, especially in women >35 years and men >50 years. Advanced parental age adversely affects pregnancy outcomes for the mother and the offspring and increases the offspring’s risk of chromosomal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and birth defects. Because of increased life expectancy, today people will spend a major portion of life in a period of reproductive senescence; diseases associated with reproductive senescence will influence the health and well-being of middle-aged and older adults. Inversion of the population age pyramid will affect health care costs, retirement age, generational distribution of wealth, and the vitality of societies. Actions can be taken to mitigate the societal consequences of these trends. An educational campaign to inform young people about the trade-offs associated with postponement of childbirth will enable them to make informed choices. Some repositioning of research agenda and health care policies is needed to address the public health threat posed by reproductive aging. Conclusion The consequences of low fertility rates and delayed parenthood on our nation’s health, vitality, and economic growth should be considered when crafting research, health, and economic policies.
26
Lavely, William, and Xinhua Ren. "Patrilocality and Early Marital Co-residence in Rural China, 1955–85." China Quarterly 130 (June 1992): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000040789.
Full textAbstract:
The story of the rural Chinese family household in the post-Mao period is generally told in one of three ways, which might be labelled modernization, tradition restored, and demographic determinism. Modernization parallels the family theories of classical sociology: economic development and education tend to undermine extended family living arrangements by instilling nuclear family preferences, while the relaxation of migration restrictions allows young men to seek their fortune away from home. “Tradition restored” sees collectivization as having undermined the foundation of the extended family household, the family economy. The return of family farming has, in this view, restored the conditions under which the extended family can flourish. The demographic determinisi view assumes that family preferences persist but that demographic structures change. Rising life expectancies and declining fertility should increase rates of family extension, since smaller families mean that there will be fewer brothers available to live with a surviving parent. Thus as the birth control cohorts come of age, the prevalence of extended households should increase.
27
Pearson, Veronica. "Women and Health in China: Anatomy, Destiny and Politics." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 4 (October 1996): 529–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940002393x.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTA number of circumstances have combined in the reform era in China to put women at a more disadvantageous position now than at any other time since 1949. Some of them reflect age-old prejudices, others are the result of the economic reforms, but the two join in a synthesis to threaten women's improved status. Health factors that have particularly impinged on women include: the one-child policy and the skewed birth ratio in favour of boys that this has led to; very clear problems in the area of mental health, including a suicide rate which is much higher for women than for men; kidnapping; and life-threatening exploitation in the new special economic zones. The government's desire to control women's fertility, however, has led to a marked improvement and increase in maternity and childcare health services in the last ten years. The central government has lost power to the provinces and is no longer able to take decisive action to protect women from the effects of discrimination.
28
Mangunsong, Farma. "A Decomposition Analysis of Fertility: Evidence from DKI Jakarta and East Nusa Tenggara." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47291/efi.v66i2.703.
Full textAbstract:
Fertility control has been one of the priorities of development in Indonesia. However, the 2000 and 2010 population censuses showed an increase in fertility indicators. To identify the sources of increased fertility in developed and less developed areas, DKI Jakarta and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces were selected for comparison. Using 2000 and 2010 census data, the decomposition analysis shows that the increase in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of DKI Jakarta was dominated by the increase in nuptiality rate, while the increase in TFR of East Nusa Tenggara was mainly caused by the increase in Marital Fertility Rate (MFR). The highest increase in the proportion of married women in DKI Jakarta occurs in the age group of 15-19 years old, followed by the age group of 20–24 years old. The increase in MFR in East Nusa Tenggara occurs in nearly all age groups, particularly in the age groups of 30–34 and 35–39 years old. Identifying the sources of the increase in TFR is important for population policy to support population growth control, fertility reduction, and human resource quality improvement. The main suggestions based on the findings are the promotion of higher educational level and the benefits of postponing marriage among the younger age groups in DKI Jakarta as well as the use of contraceptive methods to control birth rate in East Nusa Tenggara.
29
Zhang, Junsen. "The Evolution of China’s One-Child Policy and Its Effects on Family Outcomes." Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.1.141.
Full textAbstract:
In 1979, China introduced its unprecedented one-child policy, under which households exceeding the birth quota were penalized. However, estimating the effect of this policy on family outcomes turns out to be complicated. China had already enacted an aggressive family planning policy in the early 1970s, and its fertility rates had already dropped sharply before the enactment of the one-child policy. The one-child policy was also enacted at almost the same time as China's market-oriented economic reforms, which triggered several decades of rapid growth, which would also tend to reduce fertility rates. During the same period, a number of other developing countries in East Asia and around the world have also experienced sharp declines in fertility. Overall, finding defensible ways to identify the effect of China's one-child policy on family outcomes is a tremendous challenge. I expound the main empirical approaches to the identification of the effects of the one-child policy, with an emphasis on their underlying assumptions and limitations. I then turn to empirical results in the literature. I discuss the evidence concerning the effects of the one-child policy on fertility and how it might affect human capital investment in children. Finally I offer some new exploratory and preliminary estimates of the effects of the one-child policy on divorce, labor supply, and rural-to-urban migration.
30
THOMAS, NEIL H., and MU AIPING. "FERTILITY AND POPULATION POLICY IN TWO COUNTIES IN CHINA 1980–1991." Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 1 (January 2000): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000001255.
Full textAbstract:
A survey of women in two highly developed rural counties of China, Sichuan and Jiangsu Provinces, was carried out in late 1991, to gain information about demographic and economic change between 1980 and 1990. Three separate surveys were conducted: the first a questionnaire administered to married women aged 30–39, eliciting information about childbearing and contraception, as well as the social and economic background of the respondents; the second, focus group interviews emphasizing the motivation for childbearing. Official information about the selected villages, townships and counties was also collected.National level data in 1987 show that individual reproductive behaviour in China failed to conform to a universal, effectively implemented, population policy. They imply either a spatial range of policies, or great diversity in the demand for children, or perhaps a combination of both.Such diversity in reproductive behaviour is also found in the study area. The purpose of the analysis was to examine the diversity in reproductive behaviour and contraceptive practice, and to discover whether differentials are influenced by area, or else exist between individuals within areas. If the former, then the explanation may be found in differences in policy formulation and implementation between areas: and if the latter, to demand for children, or else differential application of policy restrictions.The main findings were that: (1) the explanation of the pattern of fertility and contraceptive use is to be found at the individual level (within locations) rather than in policy differences between administrative units; (2) the association between income and number of children is negative, as is that between income and the propensity for uniparous women to remain unsterilized. The theory that privilege may be exercised to gain concessions from birth planning cadres is therefore not supported; (3) ideal family size differentials are largely absent, showing that social (education) and economic (income, occupation) characteristics are not responsible for differences in reproductive motivations, and implying that the nature of the demand for children is very different from that in most rural areas of the Third World; (4) data on ideal family size by sex of the existing offspring indicate only a weak preference for sons.The low demand for children, and the weak son preference, may both be explained by the social acceptability of uxorilocal marriages, and of village endogamy, together with the prohibitive costs of children, and especially of sons. This partly results from the expense of education, but most mothers emphasize marriage costs.It is speculated that the circumstances responsible for the escalating costs of children in the two counties are likely to pertain in growing areas of the country, with the privatization of education and health services, the declining support of collective institutions, and the replacement of this function by kinship networks.These on-going changes imply that any policy of reproductive restriction for the purposes of population control is likely soon to meet with diminishing resistance; and it may later be rendered unnecessary in the eyes of government officials, as fulfilled reproductive intentions lead to a fertility level below replacement level.
31
Cornell, Laurel L. "Infanticide in Early Modern Japan? Demography, Culture, and Population Growth." Journal of Asian Studies 55, no. 1 (February 1996): 22–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2943635.
Full textAbstract:
As Coale notes, over the long run human societies have been successful at maintaining a balance between population growth rates and economic resources. This has not been easy: some societies became extinct through overwhelming mortality or by failing to reproduce themselves, while others have burgeoned and outstripped their territories. Even at the end of the twentieth century, a hundred years after the onset of the demographic transition in Europe which transformed human birth and death rates forever, achieving the balance which creates homeostasis remains problematic. In east Asia alone, while the People's Republic of China is trying to bring the expected number of births per woman below 2.0, Japan is attempting the opposite, to raise the total fertility rate above its current level of 1.6. The same contests are being played out in developing and developed societies throughout the world. Thus creating a balance between birth and death rates and linking it to economic conditions so that a society neither outruns its economic resources nor fails to exploit them is a perduring human problem.
32
Lieming, Fang. "Will China’s “Two-child in One Family” Policy to Spur Population Growth Work?" Population and Economics 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e37962.
Full textAbstract:
The population problem has always been a fundamental, overall and strategic issue faced by the human society. While China’s family planning policy has promoted China’s economic development and social progress, the “two-child” policy failed to receive satisfactory result. Confronted by China’s low fertility rate, efforts must be done from many aspects to spur population growth: establish the National Population Security Council, strengthen the selection and appointment of population policy makers, strengthen the family values, adopt incentive measures to increase fertility, and so on. The “two-child” policy has been carried out for more than three years, and the policy is still facing the test of time. China’s “two-child” policy is still a transitional policy, and the final solution will be to abandon birth control.
33
Perwitasari, Tuhu. "Edukasi tentang Keuntungan Menggunakan KB IUD di Kelurahan Bagan Pete Kota Jambi." Jurnal Abdimas Kesehatan (JAK) 2, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36565/jak.v2i2.104.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe degree of health is influenced by many factors including the environment, behavior, health services and heredity. health is a basic human right and is one of the factors that determine the quality of human resources. The use of contraception is an effort to maintain health. there are various kinds of contraception one of which is the IUD. Intrauterine device (IUD) or also called an intrauterine device (IUD) is a very effective method of contraception to prevent pregnancy reaching 99.7%. IUD birth control has many advantages including a long effective period of contraception that is 3-5 years, no hassle to remember the medication schedule, no need to change devices, or refill prescriptions and return to the doctor or midwifeto repeat contraception and most importantly the return of fertility can occur immediately after removing the IUD. These advantages make IUD birth control a pregnancy delay tool that is most effective compared to other contraceptives. the lack of mother's knowledge about the benefits of using the IUD birth control program and the large amount of incorrect information makes mothers reluctant to use the IUD birth control program. Current conditions, the use of effective long-term contraceptive methods, especially the IUD, has relatively decreased while the use of hormonal contraceptive methods dominates. the provision of information through counseling is aimed at women of childbearing age and pregnant women so that they can provide appropriate information about the benefits of using KB IUDs and the awareness of mothers to use safer contraception andlong-term. long-range
34
Soomro, Ghulam Yasin. "Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.553-570.
Full textAbstract:
Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels, the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind, and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation. Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12]. However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively. Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which is often applied to study fertility behaviour.
35
Kuang, Hongying, Yan Li, Xiaoke Wu, Lihui Hou, Taixiang Wu, Jianping Liu, Ernest Hung Yu Ng, Elisabet Stener-Victorin, Richard S. Legro, and Heping Zhang. "Acupuncture and Clomiphene Citrate for Live Birth in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Study Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/527303.
Full textAbstract:
Acupuncture is an alternative therapy to induce ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but there is no study reporting the live birth rate following ovulation induction by acupuncture or its potential as an adjuvant treatment to clomiphene citrate (CC). We assess the efficacy of acupuncture with or without CC in achieving live births among 1000 PCOS women in Mainland China. This paper reports the methodology of an ongoing multicenter randomized controlled trial. The randomization scheme is coordinated through the central mechanism and stratified by the participating sites. Participants will be randomized into one of the four treatment arms: (A) true acupuncture and CC, (B) control acupuncture and CC, (C) true acupuncture and placebo CC, and (D) control acupuncture and placebo CC. To ensure the quality and integrity of the trial we have developed a unique multinational team of investigators and Data and Safety Monitoring Board. Up to the end of April 2013, 326 subjects were recruited. In conclusion, the success of this trial will allow us to evaluate the additional benefit of acupuncture beyond the first line medicine for fertility treatment in PCOS women in an unbiased manner.
36
Haller, Meade, Yan Yin, and Liang Ma. "Development and utilization of human decidualization reporter cell line uncovers new modulators of female fertility." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 9, 2019): 19541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907652116.
Full textAbstract:
Failure of embryo implantation accounts for a significant percentage of female infertility. Exquisitely coordinated molecular programs govern the interaction between the competent blastocyst and the receptive uterus. Decidualization, the rapid proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells, is required for implantation. Decidualization defects can cause poor placentation, intrauterine growth restriction, and early parturition leading to preterm birth. Decidualization has not yet been systematically studied at the genetic level due to the lack of a suitable high-throughput screening tool. Herein we describe the generation of an immortalized human endometrial stromal cell line that uses yellow fluorescent protein under the control of the prolactin promoter as a quantifiable visual readout of the decidualization response (hESC-PRLY cells). Using this cell line, we performed a genome-wide siRNA library screen, as well as a screen of 910 small molecules, to identify more than 4,000 previously unrecognized genetic and chemical modulators of decidualization. Ontology analysis revealed several groups of decidualization modulators, including many previously unappreciated transcription factors, sensory receptors, growth factors, and kinases. Expression studies of hits revealed that the majority of decidualization modulators are acutely sensitive to ovarian hormone exposure. Gradient treatment of exogenous factors was used to identify EC50 values of small-molecule hits, as well as verify several growth factor hits identified by the siRNA screen. The high-throughput decidualization reporter cell line and the findings described herein will aid in the development of patient-specific treatments for decidualization-based recurrent pregnancy loss, subfertility, and infertility.
37
Li, Li, Cui-Hua Wang, Shi-Fu Wang, Ming-Tao Li, Laith Yakob, Bernard Cazelles, Zhen Jin, and Wen-Yi Zhang. "Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China: Mechanisms on two distinct annual peaks and control measures." International Journal of Biomathematics 11, no. 02 (February 2018): 1850030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524518500304.
Full textAbstract:
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne disease caused by several serotypes of hantavirus and 90% of all reported HFRS cases occur in China. However, the dynamics of such outbreak, particularly the characteristics of two distinct annual peaks in China, are not well understood. Here, we investigate several of the biologically plausible causes for the peaks in monthly HFRS cases, and find that the key factor is the interplay between periodic transmission rates and rodent periodic birth rate. Analysis of dynamical model reveals that vaccination plays a significant role in the control of HFRS in China. Sensitive analysis of different interventions demonstrates that integrating rodent culling and environmental management with the current vaccination program is effective for HFRS control. Our results suggest that for diseases from animals to human beings, the features of both animals and humans beings should be taken into account in the control and prevention strategies.
38
Carroll, Matthew J., Alexander Singer, Graham C. Smith, Dave P. Cowan, and Giovanna Massei. "The use of immunocontraception to improve rabies eradication in urban dog populations." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10027.
Full textAbstract:
ContextRabies causes ~55 000 human deaths each year, primarily as a result of bites from dogs, which are the major rabies reservoir in the developing world. Current rabies control strategies include vaccination, culling and surgical sterilisation of dogs. However, recently developed immunocontraceptives could be used alongside vaccination to apply fertility control to more animals. AimsWe used a modelling approach to explore (1) whether adding single-dose contraceptives to rabies vaccination would improve effectiveness of rabies eradication, (2) how sensitive control methods are to variation in population parameters and (3) the effects of applying control continuously or in pulses on rabies eradication. MethodsA continuous time, compartmental model was created to describe canine rabies epidemiology. Parameters were derived from the literature. The following three control methods were applied at varying rates and durations: vaccination, vaccination plus fertility control (v + fc) and culling. Outcomes were classified into the following three categories: rabies persistence, rabies eradication and population extinction. Key resultsWhen control was applied continuously for up to 24 months, vaccination was least effective; the effort required to eradicate rabies was about twice that required with culling or v + fc. At realistic control rates, only v + fc consistently resulted in rabies eradication. Increasing population growth rate and city size made rabies eradication harder; for vaccination, considerably greater control rates and durations were required, whereas culling and v + fc showed only minor decreases in effectiveness. When control was applied for 1 or 2 months (for one month every 12 months or every 6 months) per year for up to 20 years, vaccination became less effective because of population turnover between control periods; v + fc lost little effectiveness, as decreased birth rates reduced the input of susceptible animals. ConclusionsUsing immunocontraception alongside vaccination could improve rabies control campaigns by reducing the proportion of the population that must be treated, or reducing the necessary duration of the campaign. It could also make control effective under larger population growths, in larger cities and when control is pulsed. ImplicationsImmunocontraceptives could become a useful tool in canine rabies control by allowing fertility control to be applied on a large scale. Further work is required to improve understanding of dog ecology and parameterise location-specific models, which could be used to inform management plans.
39
LI, LI. "MONTHLY PERIODIC OUTBREAK OF HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME IN CHINA." Journal of Biological Systems 24, no. 04 (December 2016): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339016500261.
Full textAbstract:
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) spreading from rodent to human beings is a major public health problem in China, which causes high mortality rate. Data obtained from the China Ministry of Health shows that cases of HFRS in China exhibited monthly periodic outbreak. To well reveal the mechanisms about the outbreak of HFRS, we established a dynamical model to explain the periodic behaviors of HFRS in China. We obtained the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text], analyzed the dynamical behavior of the model, and used the model to fit the monthly data of HFRS cases. Our results demonstrated that periodic transmission rates and rodent periodic birth rate of HFRS in China can give rise to the periodic outbreak of HFRS, hence providing insights into taking measures to control HFRS in China.
40
Todd, Nicolas, and Mathias Lerch. "Socioeconomic development predicts a weaker contraceptive effect of breastfeeding." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 29 (July 12, 2021): e2025348118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025348118.
Full textAbstract:
The contraceptive effect of breastfeeding remains essential to controlling fertility in many developing regions of the world. The extent to which this negative effect of breastfeeding on ovarian activity is sensitive to ecological conditions, notably maternal energetic status, has remained controversial. We assess the relationship between breastfeeding duration and postpartum amenorrhea (the absence of menstruation following a birth) in 17 World Fertility Surveys and 284 Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 1975 and 2019 in 84 low- and middle-income countries. We then analyze the resumption of menses in women during unsupplemented lactation. We find that a sharp weakening of the breastfeeding–postpartum amenorrhea relationship has globally occurred over the time period analyzed. The slope of the breastfeeding–postpartum amenorrhea relationship is negatively associated with development: higher values of the Human Development Index, urbanization, access to electricity, easier access to water, and education are predictive of a weaker association between breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhea. Low parity also predicts shorter postpartum amenorrhea. The association between exclusive breastfeeding and maintenance of amenorrhea in the early postpartum period is also found in rapid decline in Asia and in moderate decline in sub-Saharan Africa. These findings indicate that the effect of breastfeeding on ovarian function is partly mediated by external factors that likely include negative maternal energy balance and support the notion that prolonged breastfeeding significantly helps control fertility only under harsh environmental conditions.
41
Gibson, Elizabeth. "Biomedical Applications in Primatology." Practicing Anthropology 8, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1986): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.8.1-2.7w042p8453x06jv3.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates have played an integral role in biomedical research, from the development of models of human disease, injury, and brain function, to toxicity testing and the evaluation of novel environments. In most situations primatologists are consulted for their expertise in the anatomy, physiology, genetics, behavior, and ecology of human and nonhuman primates. Opportunities for applied primatologists as consultants, salaried research scientists, data analysts, and administrators exist in a wide range of nonacademic settings including medical centers, nonprofit research organizations, commercial animal supply houses, government agencies, museums, and zoos. Several broad topical areas are usually of interest: 1) behavior, including observation and measurement of psychological and social variables in projects such as pharmacological/toxicological testing, child abuse, and surgery; 2) nutrition, including causes, effects, and prevention of dietary deficiencies and obesity, and their interaction with disease; 3) reproduction, including documentation and measurement of sexual cycles, fertility, pregnancy, perinatal studies, and birth control; 4) human chronic and infectious disease models; and 5) miscellaneous studies on genetics, exercise physiology, aging, artificial limbs, organ transplants, and vehicular safety.
42
Lou, Pengwei, Lei Wang, Xueliang Zhang, Jiabo Xu, and Kai Wang. "Modelling Seasonal Brucellosis Epidemics in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China, 2010–2014." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5103718.
Full textAbstract:
Brucellosis is one of the severe public health problems; the cumulative number of new human brucellosis cases reached 211515 from 2010 to 2014 in China. Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture is situated in the southeast of Xinjiang, where brucellosis infection occurs every year. Based on the reported data of newly acute human brucellosis cases for each season in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, we proposed a susceptible, exposed, infected, and vaccinated (SEIV) model with periodic transmission rates to investigate the seasonal brucellosis transmission dynamics among sheep/cattle and from sheep/cattle to humans. Compared with the criteria of MAPE and RMSPE, the model simulations agree to the data on newly acute human brucellosis. We predict that the number of newly acute human brucellosis is increasing and will peak 15325 [95% CI: 11920–18242] around the summer of 2023. We also estimate the basic reproduction numberR0=2.5524[95% CI: 2.5129–2.6225] and perform some sensitivity analysis of the newly acute human brucellosis cases and the basic reproduction numberR0in terms of model parameters. Our study demonstrates that reducing the birth number of sheep/cattle, raising the slaughter rate of infected sheep/cattle, increasing the vaccination rate of susceptible sheep/cattle, and decreasing the loss rate of vaccination are effective strategies to control brucellosis epidemic.
43
Farrelly, Colin. "Patriarchy and Historical Materialism." Hypatia 26, no. 1 (2011): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01151.x.
Full textAbstract:
Why does the world have the pattern of patriarchy it currently possesses? Why have patriarchal practices and institutions evolved and changed in the ways they have tended to over time in human societies? This paper explores these general questions by integrating a feminist analysis of patriarchy with the central insights of the functionalist interpretation of historical materialism advanced by G. A. Cohen. The paper has two central aspirations: first, to help narrow the divide between analytical Marxism and feminism by redressing the former's neglect of the important role female labor has played, and continues to play, in shaping human history. Second, by developing the functionalist account of historical materialism in order to take patriarchy seriously, we can derive useful insights for diagnosing the emancipatory challenges that women face in the world today. The degree and form of patriarchy present in any particular society is determined by the productive forces it has had at its disposal. According to historical materialism, technological, material, and medical advances that ease the pressures on high fertility rates (such as the sanitation revolution, vaccinations, birth control, and so on) are the real driving forces behind the positive modulations to patriarchy witnessed in the twentieth century.
44
Copello, M., A. Perez, S. Marquez, and M. Sansinena. "202 SEX PRE-SELECTION IN RABBITS: AN ATTEMPT TO SKEW OFFSPRING SEX THROUGH PERCOLL AND SWIM-UP SPERM PREPARATION TECHNIQUES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab202.
Full textAbstract:
Sperm preparation techniques could have an effect on the birth ratio (male vs female offspring) through enrichment of either X- or Y-bearing sperm populations, although studies have been poorly controlled and results have been inconclusive. In the rabbit, producers may be interested in producing a majority of males (meat producing systems) or females (hybrid producing systems). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified Percoll and Swim-up protocols on the enrichment of the male and female birth ratios in rabbits. Four hybrid mature bucks of adequate body condition score and proven fertility were used. The same four bucks were used throughout the study (8 replicates). Ejaculates were collected using a warmed, solid, artificial vagina. Progressive motility was assessed at 200× magnification under brightfield microscopy on a heated (37°C) stage. Sperm concentration for each buck was determined using a Neubaur chamber and adjusted (350 × 106 total spermatozoa mL–1); they were then combined (1 mL/buck) to form a heterospermic sample (final heteropsermic sample volume = 4 mL). The heteropsermic sample was then divided into 3 sperm preparation treatments: (1) diluted in commercial tri-buffered extender followed by immediate AI (control); (2) modified Percoll centrifugation in a 90 to 45% density gradient (diluted in human tubal fluid medium); and (3) Swim-up (in human tubal fluid medium). In total, 125 females were inseminated. Does were treated with PMSG (20 UI/doe, 48 h before AI) and inseminated with 30 to 40 × 106 spermatozoa; ovulation was induced with 20 μg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/doe immediately after AI. Sex of newborn kits was determined 35 days after birth by an experienced technician through external visualization of genitalia. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (Infostat). The insemination of does with heterospermic ejaculates (control) resulted in a progeny distribution of 49 ± 2% males and 51 ± 2% females, which is in good agreement with the expected theoretical 50:50 ratio. Sex ratios from modified Percoll and Swim-up treatments deviated significantly from the control (P < 0.01). Percoll gradient resulted in a progeny distribution of 32 ± 2% males and 68 ± 2% females; Swim-up resulted in a 64 ± 2% male and a 36 ± 2% female distribution (P < 0.01), whereas prolificacy, perinatal mortality and birth weight were not affected by treatment (Table 1). Our results indicate sperm preparation techniques could be used to skew birth ratios towards male or female offspring in rabbits; Percoll preparation could be used to increase proportion of female kits whereas Swim-up could be used to increase the proportion of males. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of action. Table 1.Progeny distribution after Percoll or Swim-up sperm preparation in rabbits
45
Park, Soojin, Keisuke Shimada, Yoshitaka Fujihara, Zoulan Xu, Kentaro Shimada, Tamara Larasati, Putri Pratiwi, et al. "CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-edited mice reveal 10 testis-enriched genes are dispensable for male fecundity." Biology of Reproduction 103, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa084.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract As the world population continues to increase to unsustainable levels, the importance of birth control and the development of new contraceptives are emerging. To date, male contraceptive options have been lagging behind those available to women, and those few options available are not satisfactory to everyone. To solve this problem, we have been searching for new candidate target proteins for non-hormonal contraceptives. Testis-specific proteins are appealing targets for male contraceptives because they are more likely to be involved in male reproduction and their targeting by small molecules is predicted to have no on-target harmful effects on other organs. Using in silico analysis, we identified Erich2, Glt6d1, Prss58, Slfnl1, Sppl2c, Stpg3, Tex33, and Tex36 as testis-abundant genes in both mouse and human. The genes, 4930402F06Rik and 4930568D16Rik, are testis-abundant paralogs of Glt6d1 that we also discovered in mice but not in human, and were also included in our studies to eliminate the potential compensation. We generated knockout (KO) mouse lines of all listed genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Analysis of all of the individual KO mouse lines as well as Glt6d1/4930402F06Rik/4930568D16Rik TKO mouse lines revealed that they are male fertile with no observable defects in reproductive organs, suggesting that these 10 genes are not required for male fertility nor play redundant roles in the case of the 3 Glt6D1 paralogs. Further studies are needed to uncover protein function(s), but in vivo functional screening using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a fast and accurate way to find genes essential for male fertility, which may apply to studies of genes expressed elsewhere. In this study, although we could not find any potential protein targets for non-hormonal male contraceptives, our findings help to streamline efforts to find and focus on only the essential genes.
46
Mottaleb, M. Abdul, Michael C. Petriello, and Andrew J. Morris. "High-Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Measurement of Per- and Poly-Fluorinated Alkyl Substances in Human Serum." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz097.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of synthetic surfactant chemicals with widespread uses in food packaging and textile manufacturing and as the main constituent of aqueous film-forming firefighting foams. PFASs are highly persistent in the environment, and human exposures are extensive with these chemicals detectable in the blood of almost all adult Americans. PFASs exhibit a range of toxic effects in preclinical models. In humans, PFAS exposure has been associated with lower birth weights, decreased immune responses, cancer and impaired fertility and elevated circulating cholesterol levels. We have developed a sensitive high-throughput method for quantification of representative PFAS in human serum and plasma for biomonitoring and epidemiological studies of human health effects of PFAS exposure. The method combines robust and reproducible 96-well plate format sample preparation with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The method was developed, validated and used for targeted measurements of eight short-/long-chain PFAS analytes in human serum. Targeted analytes were measured in 50 microliters of sample using mass-labeled internal standards. Mean spiked recoveries (n = 10) of target analytes for three tiers quality control (QC-low, QC-medium, QC-high) samples ranged from 70 to 127% with 2–14% relative standard deviation (RSD). The average spiked recoveries (n = 10) of surrogates were 79–115% with 8–12% RSD for QC-low, 90–123% with 7–12% RSD for QC-medium and 82–114% with 9–15% RSD for QC-high. The limit of detection for the target compounds was 0.05–0.04 ng/mL. The method was used to reveal regional differences in PFAS exposures in Kentucky residents receiving care at the University of Kentucky Hospitals.
47
Kassotis, Christopher D., John J. Bromfield, Kara C. Klemp, Chun-Xia Meng, Andrew Wolfe, R. Thomas Zoeller, Victoria D. Balise, Chiamaka J. Isiguzo, Donald E. Tillitt, and Susan C. Nagel. "Adverse Reproductive and Developmental Health Outcomes Following Prenatal Exposure to a Hydraulic Fracturing Chemical Mixture in Female C57Bl/6 Mice." Endocrinology 157, no. 9 (July 5, 2016): 3469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1242.
Full textAbstract:
Unconventional oil and gas operations using hydraulic fracturing can contaminate surface and groundwater with endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We have previously shown that 23 of 24 commonly used hydraulic fracturing chemicals can activate or inhibit the estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, progesterone, and/or thyroid receptors in a human endometrial cancer cell reporter gene assay and that mixtures can behave synergistically, additively, or antagonistically on these receptors. In the current study, pregnant female C57Bl/6 dams were exposed to a mixture of 23 commonly used unconventional oil and gas chemicals at approximately 3, 30, 300, and 3000 μg/kg·d, flutamide at 50 mg/kg·d, or a 0.2% ethanol control vehicle via their drinking water from gestational day 11 through birth. This prenatal exposure to oil and gas operation chemicals suppressed pituitary hormone concentrations across experimental groups (prolactin, LH, FSH, and others), increased body weights, altered uterine and ovary weights, increased heart weights and collagen deposition, disrupted folliculogenesis, and other adverse health effects. This work suggests potential adverse developmental and reproductive health outcomes in humans and animals exposed to these oil and gas operation chemicals, with adverse outcomes observed even in the lowest dose group tested, equivalent to concentrations reported in drinking water sources. These endpoints suggest potential impacts on fertility, as previously observed in the male siblings, which require careful assessment in future studies.
48
Fierro Ulloa, Isidro. "The Current Demographic Scenario." Saber, Ciencia y Libertad 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/2382-3240/saber.2018v13n2.4621.
Full textAbstract:
This research paper is aimed at thinking about the problem that the current demographic scenario means for mankind because of the excessive increase on the birth rates in poorest social class in the globe. This overpopulation is consuming the global resources at a fast pace and it is taking the world to its limits. This paper focuses on the increase of the population in India country 1.350 million inhabitants and more specifically on New Dahli its capital city whose large population is expected to be larger than China population by 2030. This study used the inductive approach to research to analyze the globe cities and its many problems which must become business and migration centers from populations focused on single cities which are making economic poverty, public health, education system and jobs a problem difficult to cope with. This approach allows to be in line with the current demographic scenario which uses the international organization data to monitor the global overpopulation. The results showed that a timely control over birth rates and the citizen´s education might minimize the demographic impact that the world currently experiences. In short, this situation should be regarded as the problem of the century one due to the negative consequences that should be efficiently treated in the ethics, social, politics and human.
49
Metwally, Mostafa, Robin Chatters, Munya Dimairo, Stephen Walters, Clare Pye, David White, Priya Bhide, et al. "A randomised controlled trial to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of the endometrial scratch procedure prior to first-time IVF, with or without ICSI." Human Reproduction 36, no. 7 (May 29, 2021): 1841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab041.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the clinical-effectiveness and safety of the endometrial scratch (ES) procedure compared to no ES, prior to usual first time in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment? SUMMARY ANSWER ES was safe but did not improve pregnancy outcomes when performed in the mid-luteal phase prior to the first IVF cycle, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ES is an ‘add-on’ treatment that is available to women undergoing a first cycle of IVF, with or without ICSI, despite a lack of evidence to support its use. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This pragmatic, superiority, open-label, multi-centre, parallel-group randomised controlled trial involving 1048 women assessed the clinical effectiveness and safety of the ES procedure prior to first time IVF, with or without ICSI, between July 2016 and October 2019. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants aged 18–37 years undergoing their first cycle of IVF, with or without ICSI, were recruited from 16 UK fertility clinics and randomised (1:1) by a web-based system with restricted access rights that concealed allocation. Stratified block randomisation was used to allocate participants to TAU or ES in the mid-luteal phase followed by usual IVF with or without ICSI treatment. The primary outcome was live birth after completing 24 weeks gestation within 10.5 months of egg collection. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In total, 1048 women randomised to TAU (n = 525) and ES (n = 523) were available for intention to treat analysis. In the ES group, 453 (86.6%) received the ES procedure. IVF, with or without ICSI, was received in 494 (94.1%) and 497 (95.0%) of ES and TAU participants respectively. Live birth rate was 37.1% (195/525) in the TAU and 38.6% (202/523) in the ES: an unadjusted absolute difference of 1.5% (95% CI −4.4% to 7.4%, P = 0.621). There were no statistical differences in secondary outcomes. Adverse events were comparable across groups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION A sham ES procedure was not undertaken in the control group, however, we do not believe this would have influenced the results as objective fertility outcomes were used. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the largest trial that is adequately powered to assess the impact of ES on women undergoing their first cycle of IVF. ES was safe, but did not significantly improve pregnancy outcomes when performed in the mid-luteal phase prior to the first IVF or ICSI cycle. We recommend that ES is not undertaken in this population. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funded by the National Institute of Health Research. Stephen Walters is an National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator (2018 to present) and was a member of the following during the project: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Clinical Trials and Evaluation Committee (2011–2017), NIHR HTA Commissioning Strategy Group (2012 to 2017); NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research Committee (2020 to present); NIHR Pre doctoral Fellowship Committee (2019 to present). Dr. Martins da Silva reports grants from AstraZeneca, during the conduct of the study; and is Associate editor of Human Reproduction and Editorial Board member of Reproduction and Fertility. Dr. Bhide reports grants from Bart's Charity and grants and non-financial support from Pharmasure Pharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN number: ISRCTN23800982. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE 31 May 2016 DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT 04 July 2016
50
Harust, Yu V., and B. O. Pavlenko. "Historical and legal aspects of medical human development." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:23.
Full textAbstract:
The history of medicine and the history of mankind have a common long-standing past. In this article, based on our thorough and thorough research, we highlight the historical and legal foundations of the development of medicine and humanity. We began our research precisely from the earliest times (the Neanderthals, who lived about 350-35 thousand years ago), that is, from the time of human birth. Based on the analysis of the results of archaeological, anthropological studies and historical sources, we have legally proved that, from the earliest stages of human development, medicine existed alongside the primordial person. Humanity has evolved, and so has medicine. Quite meaningfully, we have explored ancient Egyptian medicine, which is the oldest of the officially documented medical systems that existed from the XXXIII century BC. BC to 525 BC It was the most advanced for its time and even included simple non-invasive surgery, fracture treatments and a large set of pharmacopoeia. Ancient Egyptian medicine influenced many of the following medical systems of the Ancient World, including the Greek. Researching the state of medicine in Ancient Egypt, we came to the conclusion that treatment not only helped people, but sometimes, on the contrary, greatly harmed the health of patients. For example, many recipes include the mandatory use of manure, which contains fermentation products and mold, which is very dangerous for the body. However, despite these negative results, we can say that medical practice in ancient Egypt was quite advanced. The Egyptians understood that the disease needed to be treated with pharmaceuticals, and sometimes to undergo surgery. The study of this period has made it possible to conclude that medicine develops inseparably in connection with human development, and society uses the acquired medical knowledge for its own well-being. The study of the development of medicine and humanity of ancient India, gives reason to argue that due to advanced medical education, society has come to the conclusion that medicine is a component of human life and the key to its development and continuation. It was during this period that humanity moved to a new stage of health care when control of medicine by the state came to light. It is in India that public institutions have begun to consider the medical sector one of the main tools for ensuring the well-being of citizens. And in ancient China, medicine gained state support and became the basis for the development of society on a par with religion. Medical education received a tremendous boost. The knowledge given to the world of medicine by the doctors of Ancient Greece, led by Hippocrates, became the basis of all modern practical medicine. The results obtained in our study, based on historical facts, prove that medicine originated with the appearance of man and subsequently existed and evolved with the development of man. Keywords: history, humanity, medicine, medical activities, medical education.