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Journal articles on the topic 'Birth control, puerto rico'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Fargas-Berríos, N., L. García-Fragoso, I. García-García, and M. Valcárcel. "Neonatal Hyperglycemia due to Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus in Puerto Rico." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/984214.

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Neonatal hyperglycemia is a metabolic disorder found in the neonatal intensive care units. Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a very uncommon cause of hyperglycemia in the newborn, occurring in 1 in every 400,000 births. There are two subtypes of neonatal diabetes mellitus: permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM). We describe a term, small for gestational age, female neonate with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus who presented with poor feeding tolerance and vomiting associated with hyperglycemia (385 mg/dL), glycosuria, and metabolic acidosis within the first 12 hours of life. The neonate was treated with intravenous insulin, obtaining a slight control of hyperglycemia. An adequate glycemia was achieved at 5 weeks of life. The molecular studies showed complete loss of maternal methylation at the TND differentially methylated region on chromosome 6q24. The etiology of this neonate’s hyperglycemia was a hypomethylation of the maternal TND locus. A rare cause of neonatal diabetes mellitus must be considered if a neonate presents refractory hyperglycemia. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in Puerto Rico of transient neonatal mellitus due to the uncommon mechanism of maternal hypomethylation of the TND locus. Its prevalence in Puerto Rico is unknown.

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2

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 59, no. 3-4 (1985): 225–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002074.

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-John F. Szwed, Richard Price, First-Time: the historical vision of an Afro-American people. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1983, 191 pp.-Thomas J. Spinner Jr., Reynold Burrowes, The Wild Coast: an account of politics in Guyana. Cambridge MA: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1984. xx + 348 pp.-Gad Heuman, Edward L. Cox, Free Coloreds in the slave societies of St. Kitts and Grenada, 1763-1833. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. xiii + 197 pp.-H. Michael Erisman, Anthony Payne, The international crisis in the Caribbean. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. 177 p.-Lester D. Langley, Richard Newfarmer, From gunboats to diplomacy: new U.S. policies for Latin America. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. xxii + 254 pp.-Trevor W. Purcell, Diane J. Austin, Urban life in Kingston, Jamaica: the culture and class ideology of two neighbourhoods. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Caribbean Studies Vol. 3, 1984. XXV + 282 PP.-Robert A. Myers, Richard B. Sheridan, Doctors and slaves: a medical and demographic history of slavery in the British West Indies, 1680-1834. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985. xxii + 420 pp.-Michéle Baj Strobel, Christiane Bougerol, La médecine populaire á la Guadeloupe. Paris: Editions Karthala, 1983. 175 pp.-R. Parry Scott, Annette D. Ramirez de Arellano ,Colonialism, Catholicism, and contraception: a history of birth control in Puerto Rico. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. xii + 219 pp., Conrad Seipp (eds)-Gervasio Luis García, Francis A. Scarano, Sugar and slavery in Puerto Rico: the plantation economy of Ponce, 1800-1850. Madison WI and London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. xxv + 242 pp.-Fernando Picó, Edgardo Diaz Hernandez, Castãner: una hacienda cafetalera en Puerto Rico (1868-1930). Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Edil, 1983. 139 pp.-John V. Lombardi, Laird W. Bergad, Coffee and the growth of agrarian capitalism in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983. xxvii + 242 pp.-Robert A. Myers, Anthony Layng, The Carib Reserve: identity and security in the West Indies. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1983. xxii + 177 pp.-Lise Winer, Raymond Quevedo, Atilla's Kaiso: a short history of Trinidad calypso. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of the West Indies, 1983. ix + 205 pp.-Luiz R.B. Mott, B.R. Burg, Sodomy and the pirate tradition: English sea rovers in the seventeenth-century Caribbean. New York: New York University Press, 1983, xxiii + 215 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Willem Koot ,De Antillianen. Muiderberg, The Netherlands: Dick Coutihno, Migranten in de Nederlandse Samenleving nr. 1, 1984. 175 pp., Anco Ringeling (eds)-Gary Brana-Shute, Paul van Gelder, Werken onder de boom: dynamiek en informale sektor: de situatie in Groot-Paramaribo, Suriname. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Foris, 1985, xi + 313 pp.-George L. Huttar, Eddy Charry ,De Talen van Suriname: achtergronden en ontwikkelingen. With the assistance of Sita Kishna. Muiderberg, The Netherlands: Dick Coutinho, 1983. 225 pp., Geert Koefoed, Pieter Muysken (eds)-Peter Fodale, Nelly Prins-Winkel ,Papiamentu: problems and possibilities. (authors include also Luis H. Daal, Roger W. Andersen, Raúl Römer). Zutphen. The Netherlands: De Walburg Pers, 1983, 96 pp., M.C. Valeriano Salazar, Enrique Muller (eds)-Jeffrey Wiliams, Lawrence D. Carrington, Studies in Caribbean language. In collaboration with Dennis Craig & Ramon Todd Dandaré. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, University of the West Indies, 1983. xi + 338 pp.

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3

Silver, Monica K., Jennifer Fernandez, Jason Tang, et al. "Prenatal Exposure to Glyphosate and Its Environmental Degradate, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA), and Preterm Birth: A Nested Case–Control Study in the PROTECT Cohort (Puerto Rico)." Environmental Health Perspectives 129, no. 5 (2021): 057011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp7295.

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4

Kirwa, Kipruto, Rafael McConnell-Rios, Justin Manjourides, J. Cordero, A. Alshawabekeh, and Helen H. Suh. "Low birth weight and PM2.5 in Puerto Rico." Environmental Epidemiology 3, no. 4 (2019): e058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ee9.0000000000000058.

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5

Rojek, Dean G., Dora Nevares, Marvin E. Wolfgang, and Paul E. Tracy. "Delinquency in Puerto Rico: The 1970 Birth Cohort Study." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 6 (1991): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076199.

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6

Dirlikov, Emilio, Dana Thomas, David Yost, et al. "Tuberculosis Surveillance and Control, Puerto Rico, 1898–2015." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 3 (2019): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2503.181157.

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7

Austin, Timothy. "Book Review: Delinquency in Puerto Rico: The 1970 Birth Cohort Study." International Criminal Justice Review 2, no. 1 (1992): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105756779200200127.

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8

Eick, Stephanie M., Michael Welton, and José F. Cordero. "Relationship Between Prepregnancy Overweight, Obesity, and Preterm Birth in Puerto Rico." Maternal and Child Health Journal 23, no. 7 (2019): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-02719-8.

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9

Eick, Stephanie, Michael Welton, and Jose Cordero. "Medical Conditions Linked to Preterm Birth in Puerto Rico, 2005-2012." Annals of Epidemiology 27, no. 8 (2017): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.07.106.

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10

Harwood, Eileen M., Debra H. Bernat, Kathleen M. Lenk, Mary Jo Vázquez, and Alexander C. Wagenaar. "Public Opinion in Puerto Rico on Alcohol Control Policies." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 26, no. 4 (2004): 426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986304269162.

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11

Rasmussen, Robert K. "Puerto Rico: of capital structures, control rights and liquidity." Capital Markets Law Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmw005.

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12

Baronov, David. "Colonial rule, aids, and social control in Puerto Rico*." Socialism and Democracy 17, no. 2 (2003): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300308428371.

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13

Nina, Daniel. "Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos bajo las leyes de cabotaje: ¿Una violación del acuerdo de miembro de la Organización Mundial del Comercio?" Fórum Empresarial 21, no. 2 Invierno (2016): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v21i2.8622.

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El objetivo de este ensayo es evaluar el poder gubernamental y auto regulatorio de Puerto Rico, en relación con las leyes de cabotaje y su relación con Estados Unidos. Se estudia la historia de Puerto Rico con Estados Unidos, ciertas leyes y jurisprudencia, así como la responsabilidad de Estados Unidos y la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Se concluye que, aunque Puerto Rico goza de ciertos atributos de soberanía, sigue siendo un territorio bajo el control del Congreso de Estados Unidos.

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14

S, Eick, Ferguson K, Milne G, Alshawabkeh A, Cordero J, and Meeker J. "Associations between oxidative stress and inflammation and preterm birth in Puerto Rico." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000606904.69736.50.

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15

Eick, Stephanie M., John D. Meeker, Andrea Swartzendruber, et al. "Relationships between psychosocial factors during pregnancy and preterm birth in Puerto Rico." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1 (2020): e0227976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227976.

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16

Molinari, M. A., I. E. García, L. García, and M. Valcarcel. "GROWTH CURVES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS BORN IN PUERTO RICO." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52 (January 2004): S275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042871-200401001-00658.

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17

Safa, Helen I. "Changing Forms of U.S. Hegemony in Puerto Rico: The Impact on the Family and Sexuality." Itinerario 25, no. 3-4 (2001): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530001500x.

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It has been over a hundred years since the U.S. took control of Puerto Rico. In that time, the way in which the U.S. perceived Puerto Rico has changed from a colony requiring Americanisation to, in the 1950s, its showcase of democracy in the Caribbean, to today, an island that still retains geopolitical importance for the U.S., but represents an increasing economic burden. The failure of Operation Bootstrap, as the Puerto Rican industrialization program was known, resulted in permanent large-scale unemployment, with a population dependent on federal transfers for a living, and a constant source of migration to the mainland, where over half of Puerto Ricans now live. I shall trace the outline of these three stages in U.S. hegemony over Puerto Rico, and argue that throughout the U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico, because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. Though the removal of Spain from Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines was considered part of the its ‘manifest destiny’, the United States never intended to incorporate these people so different from the U.S. as part of the American nation, as was done with its earlier acquisitions in Texas, Alaska or even Hawaii.

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18

Figueroa Torres, José O. "Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 2 Invierno (1997): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i2.2803.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis:Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico, El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña, Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mercadeadas públicamente, La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio, Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios.

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19

P, Ashrap, Watkins D, Rosario Z, et al. "Maternal Blood Metal levels in Association with Birth Outcomes in Northern Puerto Rico." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000605772.77382.df.

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20

Eick, Stephanie M., Kelly K. Ferguson, Ginger L. Milne, et al. "Repeated measures of urinary oxidative stress biomarkers and preterm birth in Puerto Rico." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 146 (January 2020): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.003.

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21

Molinari, M. A., I. E. García, L. García, and M. Valcarcel. "105 GROWTH CURVES IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS BORN IN PUERTO RICO." Journal of Investigative Medicine 52, Suppl 1 (2004): S275.3—S275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-658.

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22

Zambrana-Echevarría, Cristina, Lorriane De Jesús-Kim, Rocio Márquez-Karry, Dimuth Siritunga, and David Jenkins. "Diversity of Papaya ringspot virus Isolates in Puerto Rico." HortScience 51, no. 4 (2016): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.362.

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Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) devastates papaya production worldwide. In Puerto Rico, papaya fields can be completely infected with PRSV within a year of planting. Information about the diversity of the Puerto Rican PRSV (PR-PRSV) population is relevant to establish a control strategy in the island. The coat protein gene (cp) of PRSV was sequenced from 62 isolates from different regions in Puerto Rico. The viral population of PRSV in Puerto Rico has 4% nucleotide and 5% amino acid diversity. Analysis of the coat protein (CP) amino acid sequence showed a variable amino terminal (N-terminal) region with a conserved aphid transmission motif and a variable EK repeat region. The core and carboxyl terminal (C-terminal) region were conserved. In the phylogenetic analysis, Puerto Rican isolates grouped independently of their geographical origin, with the exception of southern isolates that formed two separate subgroups and were the most divergent. Sequences of the cp from the Puerto Rican isolates, when compared with sequences from other countries, showed least genetic distance with isolates from the United States and Australia, followed by other American and Caribbean isolates. The U.S. and Australian isolates are sister taxa to the Puerto Rican isolates in the phylogenetic tree. This suggests that PRSV from Puerto Rico and the isolates from the United States and Australia have a common origin thought to be from a Mexican population.

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23

Levison, Julie H., Lourdes García-Fragoso, Ines E. García García, et al. "1139. Adherence to Zika virus-related Pediatric Follow-up Care in Puerto Rico." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (2020): S598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1325.

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Abstract Background Over three thousand children in Puerto Rico were potentially exposed to Zika virus infection during pregnancy during the 2016 Zika virus epidemic. This congenital exposure is an established risk factor for birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, which may appear after birth. Puerto Rico guidelines require consistent pediatric monitoring for early identification and intervention of children up to age five. Methods Our objective was to assess factors that influence caregiver adherence to Zika-related follow-up pediatric services in Puerto Rico. We conducted qualitative semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews with 57 individuals, including 35 caregivers (aged ≥18 years and a primary caregiver for a child with laboratory evidence of confirmed or possible Zika virus infection during pregnancy) and 22 healthcare providers or service coordinators. We explored participants’ views on barriers to Zika-related pediatric services and suggestions for improving appointment attendance. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and translated. We developed and applied a coding scheme based on barriers and facilitators from the Andersen Model of Health Care Utilization and Katz Model for Adolescent Vaccine Adherence (a multi-step process influenced by adolescent and caregiver factors). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Three themes influencing adherence to Zika-related pediatric follow-up care were consistently reported throughout the interviews and focus groups discussions: (1) logistics of getting child to appointments based on clinic location, availability and costs associated with transportation, and physical requirements to transport child or multiple children; (2) complexity of requirements for follow-up appointments; and (3) caregiver burden including emotional, social, and time. Conclusion Barriers to Zika-related pediatric follow-up care in Puerto Rico are complex and multi-level. Core intervention targets should include caregiver burden, health system navigation, and coaching caregivers in communication with pediatric providers. Use of a caregiver-delivered manualized intervention led by community health workers seems appropriate to achieve these goals. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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24

NAZARIO, CRUZ M., MOYSES SZKLO, EARL DIAMOND, et al. "Salt and Gastric Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Puerto Rico." International Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 5 (1993): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/22.5.790.

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25

Zerden, Lisa De Saxe, Luz Marilis López, and Lena M. Lundgren. "Needle Sharing Among Puerto Rican Injection Drug Users in Puerto Rico and Massachusetts: Place of Birth and Residence Matter." Substance Use & Misuse 45, no. 10 (2010): 1605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826081003682842.

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26

Johnson, Matthew P. "Swampy Sugar Lands: Irrigation Dams and the Rise and Fall of Malaria in Puerto Rico, 1898–1962." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 2 (2018): 243–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000743.

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AbstractTwo environmental re-engineering projects clashed in south-eastern Puerto Rico in the early twentieth century. Between 1910 and 1914 the Puerto Rican Irrigation Service built three large dams to water canefields owned by US sugar companies. The new canals and holding ponds created ideal breeding grounds for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, and demand for fieldworkers encouraged greater numbers of Puerto Ricans to work and live near these mosquito swarms. Malaria rates soared as a result. Meanwhile, public health officials tried to control malaria, but their efforts faltered, especially when efficient irrigation was prioritised above all else. It was not until the 1940s and 1950s that health officials controlled and then eliminated malaria. In Puerto Rico, malaria rose with the commitment to irrigated canefields and remained tenacious until wartime exigencies inspired greater control efforts, DDT became available and, most importantly, manufacturing eclipsed sugar production as the island's dominant economic activity.

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27

Ferguson, Kelly K., Zaira Rosario, Thomas F. McElrath, et al. "Demographic risk factors for adverse birth outcomes in Puerto Rico in the PROTECT cohort." PLOS ONE 14, no. 6 (2019): e0217770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217770.

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28

Watkins, Deborah J., Héctor Ramón Torres Zayas, Carmen M. Vélez Vega, et al. "Investigating the impact of Hurricane Maria on an ongoing birth cohort in Puerto Rico." Population and Environment 42, no. 1 (2020): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00345-7.

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29

Z, Rosario-Pabon, Ayala I, Velez Vega C, et al. "Exposures and respiratory health among children in an ongoing birth cohort in Puerto Rico." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000609740.38904.d4.

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30

J, Meeker, Ferguson K, Rosen E, et al. "Environmental phthalate exposure and preterm birth in the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) birth cohort." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607032.83198.ad.

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31

Halpern, Orit. "The Planetary Test." Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturforschung 10, no. 1 (2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000108229.

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In 1943, in the midst of the Second World War, the famous architect Richard Neutra was commissioned by the government of Puerto Rico to build hospitals and schools. In response, he produced a number of prototypes and processes investigating different ways to ventilate and climate control buildings in the sub-tropical environment of the island through technology. Neutra famously labeled his work in Puerto Rico a Planetary Test. This article examines this history of making climate a medium for design and the implications of these practices for our present

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32

España, Guido, Andrew J. Leidner, Stephen H. Waterman, and T. Alex Perkins. "Cost-effectiveness of dengue vaccination in Puerto Rico." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (2021): e0009606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009606.

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An effective and widely used vaccine could reduce the burden of dengue virus (DENV) around the world. DENV is endemic in Puerto Rico, where the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV is currently under consideration as a control measure. CYD-TDV has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials in vaccinees who had prior dengue virus infection. However, in vaccinees who had no prior dengue virus infection, the vaccine had a modestly elevated risk of hospitalization and severe disease. The WHO therefore recommended a strategy of pre-vaccination screening and vaccination of seropositive persons. To estimate the cost-effectiveness and benefits of this intervention (i.e., screening and vaccination of seropositive persons) in Puerto Rico, we simulated 10 years of the intervention in 9-year-olds using an agent-based model. Across the entire population, we found that 5.5% (4.6%-6.3%) of dengue hospitalizations could be averted. However, we also found that 0.057 (0.045–0.073) additional hospitalizations could occur for every 1,000 people in Puerto Rico due to DENV-naïve children who were vaccinated following a false-positive test results for prior exposure. The ratio of the averted hospitalizations among all vaccinees to additional hospitalizations among DENV-naïve vaccinees was estimated to be 19 (13–24). At a base case cost of vaccination of 382 USD, we found an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 122,000 USD per QALY gained. Our estimates can provide information for considerations to introduce the CYD-TDV vaccine in Puerto Rico.

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33

Levison, Julie H. "Beyond quarantine: a history of leprosy in Puerto Rico, 1898-1930s." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 10, suppl 1 (2003): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702003000400011.

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From biblical times to the modern period, leprosy has been a disease associated with stigma. This mark of disgrace, physically present in the sufferers' sores and disfigured limbs, and embodied in the identity of a 'leper', has cast leprosy into the shadows of society. This paper draws on primary sources, written in Spanish, to reconstruct the social history of leprosy in Puerto Rico when the United States annexed this island in 1898. The public health policies that developed over the period of 1898 to the 1930s were unique to Puerto Rico because of the interplay between political events, scientific developments and popular concerns. Puerto Rico was influenced by the United States' priorities for public health, and the leprosy control policies that developed were superimposed on vestiges of the colonial Spanish public health system. During the United States' initial occupation, extreme segregation sacrificed the individual rights and liberties of these patients for the benefit of society. The lives of these leprosy sufferers were irrevocably changed as a result.

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34

Ortiz-Rivera, María Calixta. "Asthma-related health services and asthma control among women in Puerto Rico." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211774590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117745903.

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Objectives: This study evaluates social, behavioral, and environmental determinants to differentiate between active and inactive asthma and how predisposing, enabling, and need factors elucidate asthma-related health services and asthma control among women in Puerto Rico. Methods: This study analyzed secondary cross-sectional data from a subsample of 625 adult females who participated in the Asthma Call Back Survey in Puerto Rico. Logistic and multinomial regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between explanatory variables and asthma outcomes. Results: In total, 63% of women reported active asthma, from which 37.9% have not well controlled or very poorly controlled asthma. Women with active asthma were significantly more likely to be out of work, have middle income (US$25,000–<US$35,000), and be obese (≥30 kg/m2). Perceived need of health status is a good predictor to know the odds ratio of women to use emergency room. Women with poorly controlled asthma were significantly associated with increased units of physician urgent visits and emergency room visits. Conclusion: The findings confirmed significant determinants for active asthma and adds information on odds ratio for sensitive subgroups that utilize asthma-related health services in higher proportion than their counterparts. These associations suggest a development of asthma management plan targeting women to control the condition and reduce health-care utilization.

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35

Rodríguez, Manuel R. "Eficiencia, modernidad y burocracia: el Nuevo Trato o las estrategias alternas de dominación colonial en Puerto Rico." Estudios Latinoamericanos 7, no. 12-13 (2000): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cela.24484946e.1999.12-13.52401.

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<p>Este trabajo presenta una visión proyectiva del Puerto Rico de los años treinta en su relación con Estados Unidos que ofrece ciertas claves para entender su presente. El autor explica que debido a la naturaleza colonial de la relación política entre Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos, los programas ensamblados bajo la administración estadounidense para combatir la depresión de los años treinta se hacen extensivos a la isla; el conjunto se estos programas son conocidos como el Nuevo Trato y constituyen una iniciativa experimental en la que el Estado estadounidense se convierte en fuerza reguladora de diversos renglones del orden social, pretendiendo rediseñar el vínculo colonial entre Estados Unidos y Puerto Rico a partir de un control más directo de los sujetos. El propósito del ensayo es señalar la serie de condiciones que muestran cómo la presencia de las agencias del Nuevo Trato establecidas en Puerto Rico rebasan los límites de la beneficencia estatal, articulando un proyecto de desarrollo modernizante a través de un complejo tejido burocrático, y cómo éste se apropia, a través de una retórica modernizante y progresista, del discurso de lo nacional para darle base y propósito a la expansión de sus proyectos de desarrollo. Explica diversos aspectos de uno de los programas más prominentes del Nuevo Trato; la Administración de Servicios de Emergencia, la PRERA</p>

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36

Diffoot Santiago, Miguel A. "Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 2 Invierno (1997): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i2.2798.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis:Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico, El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña, Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mercadeadas públicamente, La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio, Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios.

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Billoch Picó, Javier. "El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 2 Invierno (1997): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i2.2799.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis:Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico, El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña, Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mercadeadas públicamente, La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio, Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios.

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Santiago Morales, María M. "Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mecadeadas públicamente." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 2 Invierno (1997): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i2.2800.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis:Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico, El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña, Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mercadeadas públicamente, La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio, Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios.

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Vilella Miguel, Gilda. "La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 2 Invierno (1997): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i2.2801.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis:Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico, El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña, Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mercadeadas públicamente, La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio, Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios

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Nevárez Ramírez, María del R. "Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990." Fórum Empresarial 2, no. 2 Invierno (1997): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33801/fe.v2i2.2802.

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Sinopsis de las siguientes tesis:Evaluación del esfuerzo de mercadeo en la industria de las artes escénicas en Puerto Rico, El impacto de los cambios en la reglamentación de la Federal Housing Administration sobre los ingresos de la Banca Hipotecaria Puertorriqueña, Análisis de variables que influyen en el rendimiento de las acciones de corporaciones de Puerto Rico mercadeadas públicamente, La hiperinflación en Argentina, Brasil y México: Un caso estudio, Estudio comparativo de las fusiones de los bancos comerciales para las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Control de materiales: Reduciendo costos mediante un programa de minimización de desperdicios.

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Ashrap, Pahriya, Deborah J. Watkins, Bhramar Mukherjee, et al. "Maternal blood metal and metalloid concentrations in association with birth outcomes in Northern Puerto Rico." Environment International 138 (May 2020): 105606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105606.

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Lega, J., H. E. Brown, and R. Barrera. "A 70% Reduction in Mosquito Populations Does Not Require Removal of 70% of Mosquitoes." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (2020): 1668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa066.

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Abstract We added a vector control component to our existing abundance model to simulate intensive vector control in Puerto Rico. Removing 20–30% of gravid females in the model matches observed 60–80% reductions. The model’s capacity to reproduce vector control increases its utility for planning and evaluation strategies.

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Martínez, Ángel P., José J. García, and Miguel Á. Pérez de Perceval. "El comercio exterior de Puerto Rico entre dos imperios, 1879-1923." América Latina en la Historia Económica 28, no. 1 (2020): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/alhe.1118.

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Este trabajo reconstruye, a partir de las diversas fuentes directas e indirectas disponibles, los flujos del comercio exterior de Puerto Rico en las últimas décadas del siglo xix, bajo el control ejercido por España como metrópoli, y las primeras décadas del siglo xx, bajo control colonial de Estados Unidos. Estas magnitudes han sido analizadas para entender su evolución y conocer su estructura geográfica, ambas con carácter general y para cada uno de los periodos coloniales (1875-1897 y 1898-1923). Finalmente, se estudia la estructura del comercio atendiendo a los flujos de productos. Las conclusiones sugieren que, si bien se había producido una reestructuración geográfica del comercio desde 1882, la anexión estadounidense permitió la integración en un mercado de mayor crecimiento, incrementando así el volumen de comercio exterior, las inversiones y la renta de la isla.

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Pantoja, A., C. M. Smith, and J. F. Robinson. "Natural Control Agents Affecting Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Infesting Rice in Puerto Rico." Florida Entomologist 68, no. 3 (1985): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495141.

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Santos, Bielinski M., James P. Gilreath, Maria de L. Lugo, and Luis E. Rivera. "EFFICACY OF DRIP-DELIVERED HERBICIDES FOR WEED CONTROL IN TOMATO IN PUERTO RICO." HortScience 40, no. 3 (2005): 889d—889. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.889d.

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A field study was conducted in Gurabo, P.R., to examine the potential of drip-applied herbicides for weed control in polyethylene-mulched tomato. The herbicide treatments were a) metolachlor at a rate of 1.1 kg a.i./ha; b) napropamide at 2.2 kg a.i./ha; c) pebulate at 4.5 kg a.i./ha; and d) trifluralin at 0.8 kg a.i./ha. A nontreated control was added. Each herbicide plot was split in two application methods: preemergence application and through the drip lines with 100 m3 water. In both cases, herbicides were delivered three weeks before tomato transplanting. There was no significant difference between the two delivery methods. Metolachlor showed the best control of broadleaf weeds (>80%) and highest tomato fruit yield. Applying herbicides through the drip lines is a viable alternative in mulched tomato.

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Horan, Holly, Melissa Cheyney, Yvette Piovanetti, and Vanessa Caldari. "La Crisis de la Atención de Maternidad: Experts’ Perspectives on the Syndemic of Poor Perinatal Health Outcomes in Puerto Rico." Human Organization 80, no. 1 (2021): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/1938-3525-80.1.2.

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The purpose of this study was to center the voices of maternal and infant health care (MIH) clinicians and public health experts to better understand factors associated with persistently high rates of poor perinatal health outcomes in Puerto Rico. Currently, Puerto Rican physicians, midwives, and other care providers’ perspectives are absent from the literature. Guided by a syndemics framework, data were collected during eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork and through open-ended, semi-structured interviews (n=20). Three core themes emerged. The first two themes: (1) Los estresores diarios: poor nutrition, contaminated water, and psychosocial stress; and (2) Medicina defensiva: solo obstetrics and fear-based medicine, describe contributing factors to Puerto Rico’s high preterm and cesarean birth rates. The third theme: (3) Medicina integrada: midwives, doulas, and comprehensive re-education explores potential solutions to the island’s maternity care crisis that include improved integration of perinatal care services and educational initiatives for both patients and providers. Collectively, participants’ narratives expose a syndemic of poor perinatal health outcomes that emerges from the structural vulnerability generated by decades of colonial domination embedded in the daily lives of island residents and in the Puerto Rican maternity care system.

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Wintermantel, W. M., J. E. Polston, J. Escudero, and E. R. Paoli. "First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus in Puerto Rico." Plant Disease 85, no. 2 (2001): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.2.228b.

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Symptoms of interveinal chlorosis, necrotic flecking, thickening, and rolling of leaves were observed on leaves of field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants in Jauna Diaz, Puerto Rico. These symptoms are indicative of those produced by the whitefly-transmitted criniviruses, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (1). Samples collected from two symptomatic plants were examined by leaf dip and were found to contain long flexuous rods approximately 800 nm in length, characteristic of criniviruses. Symptomatic leaves were used for extraction of total nucleic acid and for whitefly transmission studies. The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), is a highly efficient vector of TICV, but an inefficient vector of ToCV, whereas the banded wing whitefly, T. abutilonea (Haldeman), is an efficient vector of ToCV but does not transmit TICV (2). Whiteflies of both species were allowed to feed separately on symptomatic tomato leaves for 24 h and then transferred to healthy Physalis wrightii and Nicotiana benthamiana indicator plants. Symptoms characteristic of ToCV infection developed on 3 of 3 P. wrightii plants and 2 of 3 N. benthamiana plants following transmission by T. abutilonea. Only 1 of 3 P. wrightii plants developed such symptoms following transmission by T. vaporariorum, while no N. benthamiana plants developed symptoms, suggesting that the virus responsible for the tomato disease was ToCV. Dot blot hybridizations were performed on total nucleic acids extracted from 0.1 g of symptomatic leaves of field samples using probes specific for TICV or ToCV (2), as well as probes specific for four additional criniviruses. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves of plants in transmission tests, as well as comparable leaves from control plants, were also tested by dot blot. Although no criniviruses could be detected by dot blot in the original tomato tissue, these hybridizations identified ToCV in all symptomatic plants from the transmission experiments, confirming the presence of ToCV in Puerto Rico. No additional criniviruses were detected in any samples, and negative controls were virus-free. This is the first time a tomato crinivirus has been detected in the Caribbean, outside of the continental United States. The ability of ToCV to be transmitted by four different whitefly species increases the potential for this virus to spread throughout the Caribbean Basin. References: (1) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 82:270, 1998. (2) G. C. Wisler et al. Phytopathology 88:402, 1998.

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Rossman, A. Y., R. Goenaga, and L. Keith. "First Report of Dolabra nepheliae on Rambutan and Litchi in Hawaii and Puerto Rico." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (2007): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1685c.

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A stem canker disease on rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae) was found in plants in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. A fungus associated with cankers was identified as Dolabra nepheliae C. Booth & Ting (1). Numerous black, stipitate, elongate ascomata were produced within cracks of cankers. These ascomata contain elongate, bitunicate asci amid unbranched, interthecial elements and thin, cylindrical, hyaline ascospores measuring 96 to 136 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm. This fungus was originally described from Malaysia on N. lappaceum (1) and is also known on pulasan (N. mutabile Blume) in Australia (2). Classified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a ‘minor disease’, the canker appears to be relatively common in Hawaii and was most likely introduced into Puerto Rico on imported germplasm. Nevertheless, efforts are underway to study the potential damage of this disease as well as mechanisms of control, including introduction of disease resistant clones. Specimens have been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections (Hawaii on Nephelium BPI 878189, Puerto Rico (PR) on Nephelium BPI 878188, and PR on Litchi BPI 878190). Although a specimen of D. nepheliae on L. chinensis was collected from Hawaii in 1984 by G. Wong and C. Hodges and deposited as BPI 626373, this fungus was not known on Nephelium spp. in Hawaii and was not previously known from Puerto Rico on either host. References: (1) C. Booth and W. P. Ting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47:235, 1964. (2) T. K. Lim and Y. Diczbalis. Rambutan. Page 306 in: The New Rural Industries. Online publication. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia, 1997.

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Azofeifa, Alejandro, Diana Valencia, Carmen J. Rodriguez, et al. "Estimating and Characterizing COVID-19 Deaths, Puerto Rico, March–July 2020." Public Health Reports 136, no. 3 (2021): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354921991521.

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Objectives Using the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) classification guidelines, we characterized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–associated confirmed and probable deaths in Puerto Rico during March–July 2020. We also estimated the total number of possible deaths due to COVID-19 in Puerto Rico during the same period. Methods We described data on COVID-19–associated mortality, in which the lower bound was the sum of confirmed and probable COVID-19 deaths and the upper bound was excess mortality, estimated as the difference between observed deaths and average expected deaths. We obtained data from the Puerto Rico Department of Health COVID-19 Mortality Surveillance System, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Electronic Disease Surveillance System Base System, and the National Center for Health Statistics. Results During March–July 2020, 225 COVID-19–associated deaths were identified in Puerto Rico (119 confirmed deaths and 106 probable deaths). The median age of decedents was 73 (interquartile range, 59-83); 60 (26.7%) deaths occurred in the Metropolitana region, and 140 (62.2%) deaths occurred among men. Of the 225 decedents, 180 (83.6%) had been hospitalized and 93 (41.3%) had required mechanical ventilation. Influenza and pneumonia (48.0%), sepsis (28.9%), and respiratory failure (27.1%) were the most common conditions contributing to COVID-19 deaths based on death certificates. Based on excess mortality calculations, as many as 638 COVID-19–associated deaths could have occurred during the study period, up to 413 more COVID-19–associated deaths than originally reported. Conclusions Including probable deaths per the CSTE guidelines and monitoring all-cause excess mortality can lead to a better estimation of COVID-19–associated deaths and serve as a model to enhance mortality surveillance in other US jurisdictions.

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Remez, L. "Elimination of Low Birth Weight in Puerto Rico has the Potential to Prevent 60% of Infant Deaths." Family Planning Perspectives 26, no. 2 (1994): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136010.

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