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Sandhu, Navneet Kaur, and Geethalakshmi R. G. "Determinants and impact of early marriage on mother and her newborn in an urban area of Davangere: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171362.
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Background: Early marriage is a long established custom in India. In spite of the legislations prohibiting early marriages, the prevalence of child marriages in our country is 30.2%, with the highest prevalence in Rajasthan (35.4%) and lowest in Himachal Pradesh (0.5%).Thus, this study was undertaken to study the prevalence, determinants and impact of early marriage on the mother and her newborn in an urban area of Davangere. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months in the Urban Family Welfare Centre, Doddapete. A total of 900 mothers were interviewed with the help of pre- designed and semi-structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. Results: The prevalence of child marriage in the present study was found to be 13% with 81% mothers belonging to lower socio- economic status and 77% belonging to Muslim religion. Most (62%) mothers married before the age of 18 years due to economic reasons. 54% of the mothers who married before the age of 18 years faced complications during delivery. 6% of the mothers married before the age of 18 years gave birth to low birth weight babies. Conclusions: The literacy and socio-economic status of the mother and her parents was observed as a major determinant in deciding the age at marriage. In spite of the prevailing religious traditions and socio-cultural influences that promote child marriage, an attempt should be made to educate the community regarding the medical and legal aspects of early marriage.
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Singh, J. P., S. D. Gupta, Anoop Khanna, and Laxman Swaroop Sharma. "Prevalence of Obstetric Fistula and Associated Factors in Rajasthan, India." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063419835093.
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Context: Obstetric fistula is a serious obstetric and social morbidity among women. Reliable data on incidence and prevalence of obstetric fistula are not available. Aims: The present study attempted to measure the prevalence of obstetric fistula and evaluate factors associated with it. Settings and design: Study was conducted in Rajasthan, India. The cross-sectional data were used for estimation of prevalence of obstetric fistula, while the case comparison design was used to identify the risk factors associated with obstetric fistula. Methods and material: A cross-sectional population-based district level survey covered 41,448 ever married women of age group 15–49 years in 40,052 randomly selected households. Statistical analysis used: To explore association between various identified demographic, social, economic, service delivery and utilization variables and obstetric fistula, simple and multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: The estimated prevalence of obstetric fistula was 4 per 1,000 women. About 85 per cent of the women with fistula were married below 18 years of age, and 48 per cent gave birth to the first child before 20 years of age. The risk of developing obstetric fistula was more than twice among women who experienced obstructed labour, the adjusted odds ratio being 2.21 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.12 −4.80). Conclusions: Obstructed labour was most prominent obstetric risk factor for obstetric fistula. The other risk factors were early marriage and early child birth. Ironically, obstetric fistula is preventable by improving quality of maternal care and effective emergency obstetric care. Education and communication can play an important role in postponement of early marriages and early child birth.
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Gupta, J., and H. Gupta. "Perceptions of and Constraints upon Pregnancy-Related Referrals in Rural Rajasthan, India." Health Services Management Research 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480001300102.
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Mortality associated with complications of pregnancy and childbirth remains disproportionately high in the developing world. This paper reports on a study into the reasons for the poor uptake of referrals to specialist medical units in a group of 276 women in a rural area in the state of Rajasthan, India. Of the 276 cases that were referred, 242 (88%) of the women failed to attend for specialist consultation. In-depth personal interviews were conducted and a series of focus group discussions was held with the women and with their spouses and spouses' mothers. A range of geographic, cultural, socio–economic and medico–administrative factors was identified as influencing decisions to attend referral units. Recommendations for improving uptake include improving facilities at referral units, providing additional training for healthcare staff (covering technical, managerial and behavioural aspects) and in counselling techniques, a better defined role for traditional birth attendants, improved understanding of the mother's needs by her family (particularly the spouse and his mother) and increasing public awareness of the importance of referral. Finally, there is the requirement that women are encouraged to realize and understand their own needs.
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Kumar, Krishna, and Nandita Saikia. "Determinants of birth registration in India: Evidence from NFHS 2015–16." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): e0257014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257014.
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Objectives Official data on birth is important to monitor the specific targets of SDGs. About 2.7 million children under age five years do not have official birth registration document in India. Unavailability of birth registration document may deprive the children from access to government-aided essential services such as fixed years of formal education, healthcare, and legal protection. This study examines the effect of socioeconomic, demographic and health care factors on birth registration in India. We also examined the spatial pattern of completeness of birth registration that could be useful for district level intervention. Methods We used data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. We carried out the descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis. Besides, we used multilevel binary logistic regression to identify significant covariates of birth registration at the individual, district, and state levels. We used GIS software to do spatial mapping of completeness of birth registration at district level. Results The birth registration level was lower than national average (80.21%) in the 254 districts. In Uttar Pradesh, 12 out of 71 districts recorded lower than 50% birth registration. Also, some districts from Arunachal Pradesh, J&K, and Rajasthan recorded lower than 50% birth registration. We also found a lower proportion of children are registered among children of birth order three and above (62.83%) and rural resident (76.62%). Children of mothers with no formal education, no media exposure, poorest wealth quintile, OBC and muslims religion have lower level of birth registration. Multilevel regression result showed 25 percent variation in birth registration lie between states while the remaining 75 percent variation lie within states. Moreover, children among illiterate mother (AOR = 0.57, CI [0.54, 0.61], p<0.001), Muslims households (AOR = 0.90, CI [0.87, 0.94], p<0.001), and poorest wealth quintile (AOR = 0.38, CI [0.36, 0.41], p<0.001) showed lower odds for child’s birth registration. Conclusion We strongly suggest linking the birth registration facilities with health institutions.
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Jain, Anita, S. S. Katewa, B. L. Chaudhary, and Praveen Galav. "Folk herbal medicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals of southern Rajasthan, India." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90, no. 1 (January 2004): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.041.
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Chand, Harish, and Jyoti Sharma. "Impact of maternal factors and socio-demographic determinants on early initiation of breastfeeding practices in Alwar district, Rajasthan, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 3360. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203526.
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Background: The SDG-3 goal suggests to reduce the neonatal mortality to below 12 per 1000 live births. New-born who are breastfed after 1 hour of birth are at 33% greater risk of neonatal mortality. To ascertain early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) knowledge, practices and its underlying determinants, a cross-sectional study was conducted with mothers of children below 3 years of age.Methods: Sample of 400 mothers of children under 3 years of age was collected. The data was analysed using statistical software SPSS version 23.0. All characteristics were summarized descriptively. Chi-square (χ2) test was performed to study the association between two categorical variables. Multivariable analysis was done using logistic regression model to determine the association of EIBF with socio-demographic and maternal factors. Results: 75.8% mothers initiated early breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth whereas only 34.3% mothers had knowledge on early initiation of breastfeeding. 95% mothers fed colostrum to the new-born. Mothers with 25 years of age or more (AOR 1, 95% CI 0.52, 1.57; p value <0.73) were less likely to breastfeed new-born within 1 hour of birth as compared to the mothers who were <25 years of age.Conclusions: Timely initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth is a critical intervention to avert a considerable number of neonatal deaths to achieve SDG-3 goal, which to reduce neonatal mortality rate <12 per 1000 livebirths. after delivery could sustain the breastfeeding practice for lo. Intensifying home visits in 3rd trimester to disseminate messages on EIBF and colostrum feeding may improve the coverage of EIBF.
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Hasabe, Rakesh Appasaheb, Dnyaneshwar S. Diwane, and Sushant S. Chandawar. "A two-year retrospective study of infants with Erb-Duchenne's palsy at a tertiary centre in Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180197.
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Background: Brachial plexus injury (BPI) has prevalence of between 0.5 and 4.4/1000 live births. It is commonly believed to be attributed to extensive lateral traction during difficult neck delivery. This paper aims to look at one aspect of birth injuries, Erb-Duchenne palsy, its incidence and contributing factors.Methods: All infants sustaining Erb-Duchenne palsy during birth were identified at Department of OBGY, NIMS Hospital, Jaipur. The notes of the infants and mothers were reviewed. Special attention was given to the known risk factors for birth trauma such as ethnicity, parity, antenatal care, history of diabetes etc.Results: During the two-year period 2013 to 2015, there were 6 infants diagnosed with Erb-Duchenne palsy, giving an incidence of 0.79 in 1000 live births. Out of six, four were primigravidae. All pregnancies were singleton, cephalic/vertex undergoing vaginal deliveries; none required forceps or ventouse deliveries. The mean infant birthweight was 4.378 kg with a median value of 4.48 kg (range 3.51-4.78). Four infants were classified as macrosomic i.e. birthweights greater than 4 kg, four infants had birthweights of 4 kg to 5 kg; none weighed over 5 kg. Three of the deliveries were documented as difficult shoulder delivery/shoulder dystocia. Five of the infants had APGAR scores that were less than seven.Conclusions: This study suggested that Erb-Duchenne palsy is strongly associated with fetal macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. Diabetes was not significant in causing macrosomia as only single mother was found diabetic. Fetal macrosomia contributed to shoulder dystocia in the majority of cases.
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Sharma, Arti, Sushanta K. Mishra, Arunava Ghosh, and Tuhin Sengupta. "Female feticide: the role of national health mission in India." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2019-0056.
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Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: to understand the cultural and ethical dimensions revolving around the issue of female feticide; to apply the lens of institutional theory with respective change management measures; and to analyze and evaluate the impact of such intervention programs such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao in the context of emerging economies such as India. Case overview/synopsis This case attempts to highlight the innovative and effective governance approach by the Government of Rajasthan (India) and, in particular, the State Health Assurance Agency to curb the menace of female feticide and the rising cases of abortion and sex determination in an attempt to favor a male child. The case concentrates on mainly three dimensions of Indian societal ecosystem, namely, the grave concern of preference of male child over female child leading to widespread cases of female feticide in different states in India with specific focus on the state of Rajasthan; the role of cultural dimension which primarily drives such preferential treatment in rural and urban areas in India; and the importance of using effective policy measures in monitoring various activities, introduction of incentive schemes to patients for preventing sex determination and promoting the birth of female child. Complexity academic level This case can be used as a teaching material in the Public Policy course – Social Welfare and Health Policy, Policy interventions, organization theory and change management at the Graduate/MBA level. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 10: Public Sector Management.
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Mittal, Dr Ujjwal, Dr Vivek Parasher, Dr Rahul Khatri, Dr Samarth Yadav, and Dr Sayan Das. "The pattern of admission and their related outcomes in NICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India." Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2021.i01.03.
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Introduction: To achieve MDG4 (Millennium Developmental Goals-4), a substantial reduction inearly neonatal deaths will be required. The first steps in improving early neonatal survival are todocument the number and rate of deaths and identify their common causes. As per the NationalFamily Health Survey-3 report, the current neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in India is 39 per 1000 livebirths, neonatal deaths account for nearly 77% of all infant deaths (57/1000) and nearly half ofunder-five child deaths (74/1000). This study was undertaken to study the disease pattern andoutcome of neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary care teachinghospital located in Udaipur, Rajasthan. Material and methods: The age, sex, gestational age, andmorbidity and mortality profile of all NICU admissions in 5 years was determined and the differencebetween Inborn (those born in the Teaching Hospital) and Out born was calculated. Morbidity riskfactors to reduce NMR in Udaipur were determined. Results: A total of 2648 neonates wereadmitted to NICU during the study period, out of which none were excluded from the study. Theratio of Male to Female admitted was 1.30:1. The major causes of morbidity were MeconiumAspiration Syndrome (16.16%), Respiratory Distress Syndrome(10.12%), Cong. HeartDefects(8.76%), Neonatal Sepsis(4.83%) and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy(5.66%). In thisstudy, the overall mortality rate was 9.96%. Most of the Deaths were due to MAS(25.75%),RDS(15.90%), Neonatal Sepsis(10.22%), and HIE(12.87%). Neonates with birth weight <1000ghad poor outcomes compared to neonates with birth weight >2500g. Conclusion: This studyidentified Prematurity, Extremely low birth weight, MAS, and Neonatal Sepsis as major causes ofMorbidity and MAS, RDS as the major contributors to neonatal mortality. Improving antenatal care,maternal health, and timely referral of high-risk cases to tertiary care hospitals will help to improveneonatal outcomes.
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Kumar, Siddharth, and Hemant Jain. "A comparative study of calf muscle circumference with other anthropometry measurement as a measure of low birth weight in neonates." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20200677.
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Background: India having 3rd highest incidence of low birth weight (LBW) infants (28%) in the world. Majority of deliveries in our country are conducted at home by untrained traditional birth attendants or relatives, so it is not possible for untrained birth attenders to operate weighing machine in rural areas, therefore to find an alternative method for the estimation of low birth weight we used simple anthropometric indicators like calf circumference which is easily used by rural communities.Methods: It was a Cross-sectional study done at tertiary care center, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India during 1 year period in 2018. 150 neonates without any congenital malformation delivered at hospital irrespective of gestational age were subjected to anthropometric measurements. The different anthropometric measurements like calf circumference, chest circumference were used and data was analyzed by using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) to find out the cut-off values with the highest sensitivity and specificity for birth weight <2500gm and <1800gm. For comparison Pearson's Correlation coefficients was used.Results: From different anthropometric measurements, calf circumference of 9.38 cm and 7.90cm had higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting birth weight babies of <2500gm, and <1800gm respectively. The best correlation was observed in calf circumference (r=0.989) and (r=0.990) for identifying babies with birth weight group 1.21-1.80kg and group 1.81-2.50kg.Conclusions: In the absence of a weighing machine, simple measurements like calf circumference is the best indicator in identifying low birth weight babies.
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Kabra, Mukesh, Mukul Dixit, Anjana Verma, Jeetendra Hirani, and Medha Mathur. "Socio-economic and nutritional determinants associated with low birth weight among urban and rural Rajasthan: a case control study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210243.
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Background: A baby’s weight at birth is associated with mortality risk during the first year, developmental problems in childhood and also with the risk of various diseases in adulthood.Methods: It was a hospital-based case control study conducted from 1st January 2019 to 30th June 2020 in a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur, Rajasthan. Mothers who delivered low birth weight baby (LBW) at the hospital, during the study period were taken as cases and controls were selected after matching. Total 86 cases and 172 controls were included in the study. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect information given by mothers.Results: Mean age was 28±4.51 years. Low birth weight was found to be significantly associated with sociodemographic variables such as rural area, caste and lower socio-economic status. Birth weight was also associated with weight gain during pregnancy, iron folic acid and calcium supplements and protein powder intake.Conclusions: Sociodemographic variables and maternal nutrition are the key determinants that need to be addressed to reduce the prevalence of LBW in India. Implementation of health promotion strategies are needed to address these factors effectively.
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AROKIASAMY, PERIANAYAGAM, and ABHISHEK GAUTAM. "NEONATAL MORTALITY IN THE EMPOWERED ACTION GROUP STATES OF INDIA: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 2 (March 2008): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002623.
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SummaryIn India, the eight socioeconomically backward states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, referred to as the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, lag behind in the demographic transition and have the highest infant mortality rates in the country. Neonatal mortality constitutes about 60% of the total infant mortality in India and is highest in the EAG states. This study assesses the levels and trends in neonatal mortality in the EAG states and examines the impact of bio-demographic compared with health care determinants on neonatal mortality. Data from India’s Sample Registration System (SRS) and National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998–99) are used. Cox proportional hazard models are applied to estimate adjusted neonatal mortality rates by health care, bio-demographic and socioeconomic determinants. Variations in neonatal mortality by these determinants suggest that universal coverage of all pregnant women with full antenatal care, providing assistance at delivery and postnatal care including emergency care are critical inputs for achieving a reduction in neonatal mortality. Health interventions are also required that focus on curtailing the high risk of neonatal deaths arising from the mothers’ younger age at childbirth, low birth weight of children and higher order births with short birth intervals.
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Gupta, Vipin, Ruchi Saxena, Gagandeep Kaur Walia, Tripti Agarwal, Harsh Vats, Warwick Dunn, Caroline Relton, et al. "Gestational route to healthy birth (GaRBH): protocol for an Indian prospective cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e025395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025395.
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IntroductionPregnancy is characterised by a high rate of metabolic shifts from early to late phases of gestation in order to meet the raised physiological and metabolic needs. This change in levels of metabolites is influenced by gestational weight gain (GWG), which is an important characteristic of healthy pregnancy. Inadequate/excessive GWG has short-term and long-term implications on maternal and child health. Exploration of gestational metabolism is required for understanding the quantitative changes in metabolite levels during the course of pregnancy. Therefore, our aim is to study trimester-specific variation in levels of metabolites in relation to GWG and its influence on fetal growth and newborn anthropometric traits at birth.Methods and analysisA prospective longitudinal study is planned (start date: February 2018; end date: March 2023) on pregnant women that are being recruited in the first trimester and followed in subsequent trimesters and at the time of delivery (total 3 follow-ups). The study is being conducted in a hospital located in Bikaner district (66% rural population), Rajasthan, India. The estimated sample size is of 1000 mother-offspring pairs. Information on gynaecological and obstetric history, socioeconomic position, diet, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, depression, anthropometric measurements and blood samples is being collected for metabolic assays in each trimester using standardised methods. Mixed effects regression models will be used to assess the role of gestational weight in influencing metabolite levels in each trimester. The association of maternal levels of metabolites with fetal growth, offspring’s weight and body composition at birth will be investigated using regression modelling.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the ethics committees of the Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi and Sardar Patel Medical College, Rajasthan. We are taking written informed consent after discussing the various aspects of the study with the participants in the local language.
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Dwivedi, Richa, Anju Depan, Kanti Yadav, and Meenakshi Samariya. "Evaluation of amniotic fluid volume and its relation to perinatal outcome." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20192448.
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Background: In pregnancy amniotic fluid surrounds the foetus and plays an important role in the development of fetus. From the very beginning of the formation of the extracoelomic cavity amniotic fluid can be detected. To evaluate the predictive value of amniotic fluid index (AFI) (<5) for adverse perinatal outcome in terms of cesarean section for fetal distress, birth weight, meconium staining, Apgar scores, and NICU admission at birth.Methods: This was a prospective study of 100 antenatal women visited RMC, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India during the year 2018 with gestational age >34 weeks. The women’s history, clinical examination recorded, and AFI were measured and the perinatal outcome was compared between two groups, i.e., AFI <5 and >5.Results: The cesarean section rate for fetal distress, low birth weight babies, <2.5 kg and meconium staining was higher in patients with oligohydramnios (p=0.012, 0.001, 0.00015 respectively). There was no significant difference in Apgar score at 5 min <7 (p=0.087) and NICU at birth between the two groups.Conclusions: Oligohydramnios has a significant correlation with cesarean section for fetal distress, low birth weight babies and NICU admission.
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Bhatia, Ravi, and Gunjan Bhatia. "Spectrum of congenital malformations at birth among neonates in a private medical college in South Rajasthan." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20193723.
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Background: Congenital anomalies contribute to about 12% neonatal deaths annually .Neonates with multiple congenital malformations pose a very difficult management problem for the treating physician. This study was done to know the incidence, pattern of congenital anomalies and to study various maternal risk factors leading to congenital anomalies which may help us in devising strategies for better patient counseling and management.Methods: Prospective cross sectional study carried out from 1st Jan 2014 to 31st December 2018 in a private medical college in India. Neonates (both live and still born) delivered in our hospital during this period formed the part of study group. All congenital anomalies present were documented and classified according to system involoved.Results: Total number of neonates with congenital anomalies were 90, out of which 73 were live births and 17 were still births. The overall incidence of congenital anomalies was 2.375%. The commonest system affected was musculoskeletal system (27.7%) followed by CNS (24.4%). Among the maternal risk factors studied, increased maternal age, consanguineous marriage, maternal gestational diabetes mellitus were all significant risk factors associated with congenital anomalies.Conclusion: Congenital anomalies are a global health problem. In our study we have documented that multiparity, consanguinity, diabetes mellitus, Pregnancy induced Hypertension (PIH), maternal anemia, maternal malnutrition to be major contributing factors for congenital anomalies. Present study highlighted that musculoskeletal and CNS systems to be the most commonly affected by congenital malformations. Antenatal scans remain an important diagnostic tool in screening for congenital anomalies. A good clinical examination at birth could help in early detection of life threatening congenital malformation thereby improving chances of his or her survival.
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Uppadhaya, Sandeep Kumar, Neha Agrawal, Suman Bhansali, Kapil Garg, and Mahendra Singh. "Utilization of antenatal health care services and its impact on birth weight of newborn in rural area of Western Rajasthan, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170739.
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Background: Antenatal care is an important component of reproductive and child health but has not been utilized to the full extent in India. The study is aimed to assess the utilization of antenatal health care services by mothers and its impact on birth weight of their newborn.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Jodhpur, Rajasthan. A total of 198 women of study area who have delivered between 1st July 2013 to 30thJune 2014 (12 months period) were interviewed by pre-designed and semi-structured questionnaire by door to door approach.Results: Present study showed that 100% of mothers registered their pregnancy in any health facility and 56.6% were registered in 2nd trimester. Only 32.8% mothers had received four or more antenatal visits. Only 26.26% mothers had utilized full antenatal care (minimum four antenatal visits, minimum one TT and minimum 100 IFA tablet taken) during pregnancy. The prevalence of low birth weight was 12.6%. Proportion of LBW babies was more (15.9%) in mothers who had not availed of full antenatal care. This difference was statistically significantly (P<0.05).Conclusions: The important factors related to low utilization of Antenatal services were lower socioeconomic status, lower literacy of mothers, working mothers, parity and nuclear family. The findings of this study may be utilized by the health managers and health care providers to address the problem of low ANC coverage.
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G.S., Deora, and Rathore M.S. "Traditional Health Care (THC) and nutritional practices in Mother Child Health Care systems (MCHCs) in the tribal dominated areas of Rajasthan, India." Annals of Plant Sciences 7, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.2.11.
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Plants and plants based products are frequently used by the tribals for their health and treatment right from human civilization. The present study was conducted in the tribal dominated areas of Rajasthan such as Banswara, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh and Udaipur which are mainly dominated by the Bhil, Meena, Garasia and Kathodia tribes. During study informations were collected from the Dais or Gunis, tribal health practitioners. In the present work 55 plant species belonging to 52 genera and 35 families have collected, identified and documented which are used to treat different types of mother child ailments after the birth and up to five years age of child. Similarly, informations were also documented about the plants their parts which were used for nutritional purposes during the lactation period of mother and for the amelioration of the health of mother and child.
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Dubuc, Sylvie, and Devinderjit Singh Sivia. "Is sex ratio at birth an appropriate measure of prenatal sex selection? Findings of a theoretical model and its application to India." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 4 (July 2018): e000675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000675.
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Son preference and prenatal sex selection against females have resulted in significant sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalances well documented in several Asian countries, including India and China. The SRB bias is generally used as indicator for the extent and trends of prenatal sex selection against females. Decreasing fertility levels are expected to increase sex selection and thus SRB bias, since desiring fewer children increases the risk for families to remain sonless (fertility squeeze effect). We developed and employ mathematical models linking family size, birth order and childbearing strategies with population SRB bias. We show that SRB bias can increase despite fewer sex selection interventions occurring, inconsistent with the expectation of the fertility squeeze effect. We show that a disproportionality effect of fertility reduction amplifies SRB bias, in addition to the fertility squeeze effect, making SRB bias an inaccurate indicator for changes in sex selection practices within a population. We propose to use sex selection propensity (proportion of couples intervening) to measure behavioural change and evaluate policies targeting sex selection practices. We apply our findings to India, showing for instance that sex selection propensity in Punjab and Delhi was lower than in Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh, despite significantly higher SRB bias in the former. While we observe a continuous overall increase in the SRB over the 2005–2010 period in India, our results indicate that prenatal sex selection propensity started declining during that period.
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Verma, Anjana, Dhriti Chugh, Ashish Patyal, Jitendra Kumar Meena, and Medha Mathur. "Socio-epidemiological study of malnutrition and associated risk factors among under five children in rural Rajasthan." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20210876.
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Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major problem in India and is rightfully described as “the silent emergency.” Sociocultural factors and rural urban disparity in health services in our country further impact the health outcomes. The effects of malnutrition are long-term and trap generations in the vicious circle of poverty. Improving nutrition is therefore essential to accelerate economic growth and development of the country.Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 200 under five children residing in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan. Random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured validated questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data, birth history, Anganwadi beneficiary status etc. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight and heights were recorded and classified as underweight, wasted and stunted, using standard World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.Results: This study revealed that 58% of the study population was stunted, 45% was wasted, 54% was underweight and 5% was overweight of the study population was overweight. Regarding the association of malnutrition parameters with other factors, it was found that malnutrition was high among female children, lower socioeconomic class, children of low educated mothers and children who were not exclusively breast fed.Conclusions: To combat malnutrition in India, there is need of multifaceted approach, taking into account the sociocultural determinants, demographic variables, especially in rural areas. In addition to providing supplementary nutrition, innovations regarding specific interventions targeted towards vulnerable population is necessary.
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Kushwaha, Savitesh, Jyoti Mishra, and Prakash Ranjan Mondal. "Obstetric history and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a case-control study among Bhil Women of Rajasthan, India." Anthropological Review 84, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0004.
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Abstract Pregnancy and childbearing are special reproductive events having an impact on women’s health and demographic trends. Reproductive health is not only linked to biological events of gestation and birth, but also are intricately linked to women`s status and their role in society. The current study focuses on the impact of bad obstetric history in the development of cardiometabolic risk factors. The present retrospective case-control study was conducted among Bhil tribal women of Rajasthan, India. A total of 287 women participated in this study which included 125 cases and 162 controls. Data on somatometric measurements, physiological measurements and lipid profile were recorded and analysed using SPSS version 25.0. The mean number of conceptions differed significantly between pregnancy in cases (5.06±1.85) and pregnancy in controls (3.19±1.56). Cases were characterised with significantly increased mean SBP (p=0.010), although the values (116.68±23.04) fell within the normal range. Bad obstetric history was found to be a risk factor for central obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia among the Bhil women. It was also found to be relatively associated with adverse demographic/lifestyle variables which could enhance the effect of cardiometabolic risk factors. Women with bad obstetric history need special care and lifestyle variables need to be adjusted for better health outputs.
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Gupta, Ashish, and Vinod Kumar. "Finding out incidence of deafness among neonates at a tertiary care centre of western Rajasthan, India using otoacoustic emission." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190681.
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Background: Newborn hearing screening is conducted to identify suspected hearing loss and not to confirm the presence/absence of hearing loss or define features of the loss. Speech and hearing are interrelated, i.e., a problem with one could mean a problem with the other as speech and language is acquired normally through auditory system.Methods: A descriptive study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, from June 2016 to December 2017. 5000 neonates were screened using otoacoustic emissions (OAE) in 2 stages at birth during 3rd to 7th day and 15-30 days respectively, followed by BERA at 3 months of age.Results: 1.4 infants per thousand infants had hearing loss. Presence of high-risk factors was seen to be associated be associated with hearing loss more than normal infants on screening with distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) tests. However, on testing with BERA no such association was seen.Conclusions: 1.4 per 1000 infants had hearing loss. This study has shown that two stage distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) hearing screening followed by british educational research association (BERA) to confirm the hearing deficit, can be successfully implemented as new born hearing screening method in a hospital set-up, for early detection of hearing impaired, on a large scale, to achieve the high-quality standard of screening programs in a resource limited and developing nation like India.
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Michael, Dr Cynthia Catherine. "S K Pottekkatt’s In the Land of the Kappiris: A Journey into the Heart of Africa." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 10 (October 29, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i10.10800.
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Exploration and mapping of Africa began around 1850 and continued intothe nineteenth century.S. K Pottekkatt, the Indian travel writer from Kerala State in India, set out to Africa. This study focusses on S. K Pottekkat as a travel writer who made Malayalis aware of the geography, life and culture of Africa. The Kappiri had no place in the land of his birth. Beira was a source of great relief for Indians travelling from other countries because Portuguese Africa was fairly free from racial discrimination. The Gujarati businessman was prominent. They had mastered the language of the natives and had in depth knowledge of their customs as well as their needs and so prospered well. Who had the greater right in Africa: the British or the Indians?
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Singh, Geetika, and Mohan Lal. "Assessment of feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area of Punjab: a longitudinal study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20201053.
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Background: Faulty feeding practices and infections have a detrimental effect on an infant’s health. Although, breastfeeding is almost universal in India, rates of early initiation, Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) and timely complimentary feeds are far from desirable. This takes a heavy toll on their health and increases their susceptibility to develop several morbidities including Diarrhoea and Respiratory Tract Infections. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants and to determine their association.Methods: It was a longitudinal study on a birth cohort of 99 infants in the rural field practice area of GMC, Amritsar who were followed up to 6 months of birth. Baseline data on sociodemographic profile and breast feeding was collected in the first visit. Weaning practices and any morbidity suffered during six months’ period were assessed at the follow up visit.Results: Breast feeding was initiated in majority 88.87% but it was delayed in more than half (54.02%) of infants. Customs like prelacteal feeding (76.8%) and discarding colostrum (50.57%) were quite prevalent. EBF was practiced by most 65.51%. In around a quarter of infants, delayed or faulty weaning was observed. Diarrhea was the commonest morbidity (49.09%) followed by ARI (32.73%). Significant association (p<0.05) was observed between the feeding practices and infant morbidities especially diarrhoea.Conclusions: Mothers should be educated more effectively regarding benefits of early and exclusive breast feeding and correct weaning practices. Emphasis should also be placed on increasing awareness in the community to bring about a significant change in the deleterious customs and traditions.
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Parasher, Vivek, Gaurav Dadhich, Rahul Khatri, and Mansi Sharma. "Study of nutritional and immunization status in children 6 months to 3 years attending outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in rural South Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20184703.
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Background: Good nutrition, particularly in the first three years of life, is important in establishing and maintaining a good foundation that has implications on a child’s future physical and mental health. The present study has been undertaken to study the “Impact of the nutritional and immunization services on the children between 6 months to 3 years,” with special emphasis to identify moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) cases.Methods: This observational study was conducted from August 2017 to July 2018 in department of paediatrics at pacific institute of medical science included 400 cases age between 6 months to 3 years.Results: Incidence of SAM and MAM is 7.5% and 30.75 % respectively. Female predominance was seen in SAM and MAM i.e. 53.4% and 54.6% respectively. Significant association of under-nutrition was found with LBW (p<0.05), not giving exclusive breast feeding up to 6 months of life (p<0.05) and, Low socioeconomic status (p<0.001). Higher numbers of females were unvaccinated.Conclusions: Despite introduction of various national programs at different levels for improvement of maternal and child health, we still have significant number of children who are undernourished and unimmunized. Children are future of our nation and their health is of paramount importance. It can only be achieved with strong political will, active participation of community and by increase commitment of health care professionals. We need to start from birth, institutional delivery, exclusive breast feeding, immunization, and timely introduction of complementary feeds, marriages at appropriate age, proper antenatal visits and birth spacing.
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Acharya, Aarti, Rekha Acharya, and Ratti Ram Meena. "Retrospective study on prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women at booking in a health care centre in Udairamsar, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164745.
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Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the major risk among them. This is associated with abortions, premature births, postpartum haemorrhage and low birth weight. Thus anaemia is considered as one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy and there is need of early detection.Methods: Retrospective record based study conducted at Rural Health Training Centre Udairamsar, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Data regarding pregnancy are collected from 1April 2015 to31 March 2016 by referring the records maintained at RHTC. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.Results: A total of 135 pregnant women were registered for ANC care during this one year period. Majority (64.44%) belonged to the age group of 20-25 years and 94.8% were Hindu by religion. 48.18% of pregnant women were registered during first trimester followed by 28.88% who had registered during second trimester and rest at third trimester. Prevalence of anaemia in the present study was found to be 89.26% with 121 cases among which 92 cases were mild form, 28 cases were moderate form and only 1 case was of severe form with Haemoglobin level below 7g/dl. The study didn’t show any significant association between anaemia and booking trimester.Conclusions: There is high prevalence (85.2%) of anemia among pregnant women. It was also noted that 45.1% of the pregnant women registered after first trimester of pregnancy. Hence leading to late acceptance of antenatal care and iron and folic acid supplementation which is given to reduce the cases of anemia in pregnancy.
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J. Gandhi, Shreyashkumar, Mahesh Kumar Choudary, Rupesh Kumar, and Dinesh Bhatnagar. "Nutritional status of the geriatric population in the field practice area of a medical college in Rajasthan." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175786.
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Background: Ageing is a physiological process that starts from birth, continues throughout life, and ends with death. Poor nutrition is not a natural concomitant of ageing; older adults are at risk for malnutrition due to physiological, psychological, social, dietary, and environmental risk factors. The objectives of the study were to assess the nutritional status of elderly living in rural India and to study the factors related to nutritional status.Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in the field practice area of Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Predesigned and pretested questionnaire and nutritional status were assessed using mini nutritional assessment scale for elderly people. Results: Out of the total 152 participants, 2 (1.3%) were having BMI less than 19, 11 (7.2%) were having BMI 19 to less than 21 and 43 (28.3%) were having BMI 21 to less than 23. Out of 152 participants, 30 (41.1%) males and 43 (54.4%) females were at risk of malnutrition. Six (8.2%) males and 5 (6.4%) females were suffering from malnutrition. However, the association of gender and nutritional status of elderly was not found to be statistically significant (p=0.258). Conclusions: Due to the high prevalence of elderly who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, a more detailed evaluation, regular follow up & dietary intervention to reverse the situation is required.
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Choudhary, Monica, Rahul Verma, and Shikhar Jain. "Study of knowledge attitude practices and utilisation of existing health services by families with regard to newborn health at block level in rural India: a community based, cross sectional, observational study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190714.
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Background: The present study was undertaken to identify KAP gaps and the objective of the study were to assessment of utilization of existing health service infrastructure at grass route level in rural community with regard to mother and neonatal care.Methods: A community based cross-sectional observational study. About 50 mother neonate pair residing in villages under study belonging to Dewas district, Madhya Pradesh.Results: Age old customs and practices of large family (80%), adolescent marriages (30%), high fertility (50%), poor housing and sanitation (48% or more) are still widely prevalent in rural India. Positive impact of NRHM with launch of JSSY and NSSK was seen in utilization of ANC services among beneficiaries with 100% ANC registrations, 98% institutional deliveries and 100% deliveries conducted by trained health professionals, prompt referral to SNCU. Birth weight was not known in 36% neonates and 18% had not received BCG vaccination. 22% were low birth weight and 22% neonate’s required SNCU care. Government emergency transport facility in form of ambulance was either absent (36%) or not utilized (26%) by majority.Conclusions: Lacunae were seen to be persisting regarding awareness and utilisation of few components of maternal and neonatal health care especially in government sector in spite of launch of third phase of NRHM. This was evidenced by, lack of awareness of Obstetric USG facility at civil hospital, non-utilisation of ambulance service for transport, not knowing neonates birth weight and no neonatal follow up care and failure to vaccinate the neonate even till 3rd or 4th week of life.
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Makwana, Mohan, Raj Kumar Bhimwal, Chaina Ram, S. L. Mathur, Kanwar Lal, and Harish Mourya. "Gestational diabetes mellitus with its maternal and foetal outcome: a clinical study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20172605.
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Background: Prevalence of the diabetes among pregnant women is increasing, attributable to advance maternal age, multi foetal gestation, increased body mass index, strong family history, sedentary life style, change in the diet, continued immigration. Gestational diabetes has few symptoms, commonly diagnosed by screening during pregnancy.Methods: The present study was conducted at Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur. Rajasthan, India.Results: Out of 476 patients attending the antenatal outdoor at the Umaid Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in present study was 7.98%, Incidence of GDM found to increase with increasing age with maximum prevalence (10.71%) in more than 30 years age group, with increasing parity, low socioeconomic strata and in urban population. With maximum prevalence amongst higher parities (12.5%) in >G5 and higher). The incidence was higher with history of PIH (36.36%), family H/O DM (33.3%), GDM (12.12%), perinatal losses (15.15%), anomalous baby (9.09%), high BMI (67%). GDM complicate the normal course of pregnancy with increased incidence of PIH (36.4), Polyhydramnios (27.2%), infections like vaginal candidiasis (24.2%) and UTI (39.3%). The infant of diabetic mother had 12 (32.29%), 9 (26.47%), 11 (32.35%), 8 (23.53%) 5 (14.70%) and 3 (8.82%) of hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, macrosomia, congenital anomalies, birth injuries, polycythaemia, and hypocalcaemia respectively in diabetic mothers with suboptimal glycaemic control during pregnancy.Conclusions: GDM continues to be an important obstetrical condition with significant feto-maternal morbidity. Complications in infant of diabetic mother are more common with those mothers who had poor glycaemic control.
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Pathik, Pratishtha. "The Historical and Philosophical Exegesis on Yagya in Ancient India." Interdisciplinary Journal of Yagya Research 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2019): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/ijyr.v2i1.19.
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Yagya or sacrifice has been an integral part of Indian history and culture. More particularly in ancient India, Yagya appears as the backbone of entire social and political structure. Thus, most of the Vedic literature revolves around the sacrificial ritual in different forms for numerous purposes. In contemporary world, when the scientific temperament dominates almost all spheres of life, masses seek to comprehend everything pertaining to human lives in a rational way. However, the recognized truth is that human society exists in a dilemmatic situation where on one hand they are not ready to discard their cultural heritage, customs and traditions and on the other hand they aspire to abide with scientific logic and reason. Therefore, it is essential to trace the philosophy and common logic of one of the most consistent sacrificial practice of Indian culture, i.e. Yagya. And since the Yagya tradition traces its antiquity from the ancient India, there is a requirement to illustrate the historical existence of yagya in abundance. Thus, this paper attempts to comprehensively deal with historical and philosophical aspects of Yagya to understand its relevance in present scenario.
For this study historical methodology has been used premised on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, and the content is descriptive.
Since the time of oldest Indus valley civilization, we find archeological evidences of fire altars from sites such as Kalibagan(Rajasthan), Lothal(Gujrat) etc. which indicate the practice of sacrificial rituals. In entire Vedic literature, plethora of textual references elaborate the philosophy, ritual practice, benefits, norms, the hosts of yagyas, and the various types of sacrifices such as Shraut Yagya (public and royal sacrifices) and Pak Yagya (domestic sacrifices). Furthermore, both literary and archeological evidences enchant the practice and effects of distinct type of sacrifices in later Vedic age, pre-Mauryan period (6th century B.C.), age of empires (Mauryan, Shunga, Satavahana, Kanva, Kushana etc.) and Gupta period. This reveals the historical existence of our cultural tradition.
Moreover the philosophical relevance of yagya (to sacrifice) is exponent as an idea through which Vedic Rishis facilitated the harmony between ecological system and human life, the peaceful co-existence of all the creatures of the universe and their interdependence.
Though it overtly seems that Yagya has been a part of religious life of Vedic Aryans, but after the philosophical and historical analysis, it appears that Yagya crucially contributed to social harmony, constructing political hegemony, and facilitating public welfare in its most intense as well as external procedures. Hence, for dwindling the cultural, environmental and social quos in today’s times yagya needs to be practiced in a modified logical manner.
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Gavhane, Sunil, Sudha Yadav, Kanumala Uday, Anjali Kale, Aniket Sirohi, Pawan Yadav, and Pranoti Jadhao. "Knowledge and factors affecting initiation of breast feeding in post-natal mothers in a tertiary care center." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180285.
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Background: The study was planned to evaluate awareness of breast feeding among mother, institutional quality indicators of early breast feeding. The objective was to know factors causing delay in breast feeding initiation, to assess knowledge, cultural practices, and quality indicators of hospital regarding breast feeding initiative.Methods: The observational study was conducted over a period of 3months from July 2017-Sept 2017 in a tertiary care centre of India. 118 postnatal mothers were interviewed for time of first breast feeding (dependent variable or outcome), and independent variables age, education , religion, parity, occupation of mother, antenatal visits, prelacteal feeds, customs of not breast feeding, duration of labour, mode of delivery, sedation, pain after delivery, baby over mother abdomen after birth, institutional quality indicators-knowledge of breast feeding given by doctor /nurses, relatives, self reading, mothers with correct attachment and position of baby during breast feeding and separation of mother and baby post delivery.Results: Mean time of initiation of breast feeding was 1340.262min after birth. Prelacteal feeds, lack of education, cesarean deliveries, parity of mother, sedation, anesthesia during cesarean and lack of counselling by staff nurses were found to have early increased time of initiation of breast feeding.Conclusions: Great lacuna in knowledge, attitude and practice of early breast feeding of mother.
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Goyal, Suresh, Sunny Malvia, Lakhan Poswal, and Bhupesh Jain. "Maternal factors and feeding pattern in neonates admitted with dehydration." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182565.
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Background: Some healthy breast-fed infants do not establish an adequate milk intake, continue to lose weight and may develop dehydration. The aim of the study is to find out the maternal factors and feeding pattern of neonates admitted with dehydration.Methods: Hospital based prospective study on neonates (>34 week gestation and >2kg birth weight) with signs/symptoms of dehydration and >10% weight loss after birth admitted in the NICU, MBGH, RNT Medical college, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India for period of 12 months from July 2015-June 2016. Sick neonates with sepsis, birth asphyxia and congenital anomalies were excluded. One apparently healthy neonate and mother selected randomly for each study group dehydrated neonate. Ethical clearance and informed consent for the study was taken.Results: 384 neonates with dehydration were enrolled. Most neonates (96.6%) with dehydration were admitted between Day 3-14 of birth. Dehydration was found in 2.5% caesarean section and 0.8% normal vaginal delivered neonates (p value<0.00001). Dehydrated neonates groups (n=384) was compared with non dehydrated healthy control group (n=384) neonates. Primiparous mothers (p value <0.00001), Pregnancy related complications (p value=0.02), delayed initiation of breast feeding (>1 hour) after birth (p value<0.00001), poor attachment during breast feeding (p value <0.00001), absent let down reflex (p value<0.00001), decreased (<8/day) breast feeding frequency (p value<0.00001), presence of nipple problems (p value<0.001) were more significantly present in dehydrated group as compared to control group. Socioeconomic status, education status and position of mother during breast feeding among mothers in dehydrated group were not significant. 379 neonates were discharged successfully, and 5 neonates expired.Conclusions: Dehydration is a serious problem in breastfed neonates, and early initiation of breast feeding, with proper counselling of breast feeding practices with breast examination in antenatal as well as postnatal period can help in its prevention.
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Thakur, Meenakshi. "A CREATIVE EXPRESSION OF CELEBRATIONS: RANGOLI." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3523.
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Indian art has combined local tradition with outside influences, and has evolved along with a civilization, which has been remarkably innovative in all areas. The art has developed in the courts by the professional artists but folk art has developed in houses, worship places, courtyards, villages, among illiterate race. It is in fact an essential aspect of the celebrations in the family. India is a sub-continent and is composed of people with different cultures, different social customs and traditions and speaking different languages. Yet a stream of unity seems to run through the length and breadth of the country. It is this stream which in spite of all diversity keeps the country united. In Rangoli one can see the aesthetic expression of this unifying stream, with variation in styles and forms in different parts of the country. Rangoli is an Indian traditional - folk art, generally created on a floor on special festive occasions. The origin of this art can be traced to the “PURANAS”. The tradition of Rangoli originated in Maharashtra state and slowly disseminated to other parts of India. Almost invariably these are practiced only by women and take the form of drawings on the floor or on the walls of the house reflecting their creative artistic expressions. Their style and quality depended on the materials available in the place in which they were executed, these very factors that helps to identify the region. In Maharashtra it is called Rangoli, Sathiya in Gujrat, Mandma in Rajasthan, Alpanan in Bengal, Chowkapurna in Madhya Pradesh, Chaitrangana in Maharashtra, Puvidal in Kerala, Muggu in Andhra Pradesh, Rangoli in Karnataka, Kolam in Tamilnadu, Ahapan in Bihar. This decoration is done in every home in the nook and corner of the country though the decorative shapes and designs differ from place to place. The aim is to worship and celebrate the spiritual and divine existence by making the designs beautifully.
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Khatana, Ashram, Suniti Verma, Ram Narain Sehra, and Kanti Yadav. "Moderate to severe maternal anaemia in pregnancy and its impact on perinatal outcome in tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201210.
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Background: Anaemia is the commonest medical disorder in pregnancy and has a varied prevalence, etiology and degree of severity in different populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of maternal anaemia in pregnancy and its impact on perinatal outcome.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology JLN Hospital Ajmer, Rajasthan, India from October 2015 to December 2016. Total 325 pregnant women were included in the study who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and found to have moderate to severe anaemia.Results: Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy was 80% in present study. Perinatal mortality was 13.3% in moderate anaemia and in severe anaemia 42%. In present study maximum 56% of cases were in the age group of 20-25 years, and maximum number of cases were primigravida (33.84%). Out of 225 cases of moderate anaemia only 50 cases (22.22%) had antenatal check-up once or twice. Out of 225 cases of moderate anaemia, 66.66% cases were rural and 33.33% cases were of urban group. Fetal outcome in present study was in form of 49.23% premature birth with 33.12% perinatal mortality.Conclusions: Maternal anaemia in pregnancy is associated with illiteracy, low socioeconomic status, multiparity, inadequate antenatal care and rural geographic area. Severe anaemia was associated with high perinatal mortality.
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Kanwat, Babita, Lakshmi Salodia, Madhubala Chauhan, and Radha Rastogi. "Comparative study of post-partum intrauterine contraceptive device in vaginal and intra caesarean insertion." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 11 (October 28, 2017): 4938. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20175004.
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Background: Institutional deliveries have increased all over the country, thereby providing opportunities for quality postpartum family planning services. In this period, women are highly receptive to accept family planning methods. Objective of this study was to evaluate CuT Multiload 375, in terms of acceptance, safety, efficacy, continuation rate, removal rate and to find out PPIUCD complications e.g. bleeding irregularities, perforation, expulsion and discontinuation due to various reasons.Methods: Prospective analytical study was conducted from February 2016 to June 2016 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, at RNT Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.100 patients in each vaginal and cesarean group were selected randomly. Multiload 375 was inserted after obtaining written consent.Results: Missing threads were detected more in cesarean group (22.8%) than vaginal group (12.9%). Cumulative expulsion rate was 15.2% in vaginal group and 10.8% in cesarean group. Heavy Bleeding PV with or without the pain was the main reason for removal of CuT in both the groups. Removal rate for vaginal and cesarean group was 15.2% and 10.8% respectively.Conclusions: PPIUCD is very effective, safe and reversible contraceptive method which provides contraceptive effect soon after birth. Although there is relatively high incidence of expulsions and removal in the both group still the continuation rate was 69.4% in vaginal group and 78% in cesarean group.
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Agarwal, Medhavi, H. S. Joshi, Ruchi Tanwar, Arun Singh, Rashmi Katyal, and Deepak Upadhyay. "An evaluation: IYCF practices in rural area of Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175803.
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Background: In recent Annual Health Survey conducted in India from 2010 to 2013 covering all the 284 districts (as per 2011 census) of 8 Empowered Action Group (EAG) States (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Rajasthan) and Assam, only 21% of breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding children are fed in accordance with the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations thus this study was taken up to evaluate the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations practices in Bareilly district of U.P. Objective is to evaluate the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in rural area of Bareilly district, U.P.Methods: Community based Cross sectional study was conducted using 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique in rural area of Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh from August 2017 to September 2017 in all children of age 1 year residing in the study area. Sample size was 210.The results were compiled and analyzed in Epi info-7.2.Results: In this study 69.5% children were put to breast feeding with in 1 hour of birth. Prelacteal feed was given to 20.5% of studied population.Conclusions: There have been considered developments in the status of IYCF practices in Bareilly as compared to National Family Health Survey-3 at national level yet the scope for further progress is substantial.
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Gehlot, Hanslata, Om Prakash Yadav, Seema Sharma, Girdhar Gopal Nagar, Ayna Yadav, and Prabhu Prakash Gupta. "A study of dengue fever in pregnancy and its maternal and fetal prognosis." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 3414. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173454.
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Background: Dengue is a vector borne viral disease. Female Anopheles mosquito is the vector for the disease. Recently, there is an increase in the incidence of dengue fever in adult population in South Asian countries. With increasing rate of adult dengue fever victims, the number of infected pregnant women has also been increased. Dengue, during pregnancy may be associated with various complications, including abortions, preterm delivery, maternal mortality, low birth weight, neonatal admissions and fetal anomalies. Timely intervention can improve the maternal as well as fetal outcome. This study was aimed to assess the clinical profile, maternal and fetal outcome of dengue fever during pregnancy.Methods: The study was carried out on 25 pregnant females diagnosed and serologically confirmed to have dengue fever and were admitted in Umaid hospital, associated to Dr. S. N. Medical College Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Patients were included irrespective of the period of gestation of contracting the disease. Serological testing for dengue virus specific antigen and antibody was done for the diagnosis of dengue fever. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification and case definitions 2009 were used to categorize the dengue patients. A predesigned proforma was used to collect data related to maternal and fetal consequences both during pregnancy and at birth, as well as the effect on the newborn. Informed and written consent was taken from all those who participated in the study.Results: Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <1.5lakh/mm3) was found in 22 (88%) patients out of which 6 (24%) of them had platelet count below 20,000 cells/mm3 and 3(12%) patients required platelet transfusion. Other complications observed were spontaneous abortions (4%); preterm birth (16%), oligohydramnios (8%) and antepartum hemorrhage (4%). One patient was admitted to Intensive Care Unit. Fetal distress and meconium stained amniotic fluid was observed in 16% and 12% patients respectively. Adverse fetal outcome was observed in form of low birth weight, prematurity. 8% of the babies required NICU admission and 4% were Intra Uterine Fetal Death (IUFD).Conclusions: Maternal infection with the dengue virus during antenatal period represents a real risk of premature birth. Early onset or late onset in pregnancy appeared to have a bad prognosis. A high index of clinical suspicion is essential in any pregnant woman with fever during the epidemic. The treatment of dengue in pregnancy is mainly conservative as in non-pregnant adults. In case of high risk cases early referral to well-equipped health centres where technical, transfusion and intensive care facilities are available may prove lifesaving.
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Altijani, Noon, Claire Carson, Saswati Sanyal Choudhury, Anjali Rani, Umesh C. Sarma, Marian Knight, and Manisha Nair. "Stillbirth among women in nine states in India: rate and risk factors in study of 886,505 women from the annual health survey." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e022583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022583.
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ObjectivesTo assess the rate of stillbirth and associated risk factors across nine states in India.DesignSecondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Indian Annual Health Survey (2010–2013).SettingNine states in India: Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Assam and Uttar Pradesh.Participants886 505 women, aged 15–49 years.Main outcome measuresStillbirth rate with 95% CI. Adjusted OR to examine the associations between stillbirth and (1) socioeconomic, behavioural and biodemographic risk factors and (2) complications in pregnancy (anaemia, eclampsia, other hypertensive disorders, antepartum and intrapartum haemorrhage, obstructed labour, breech presentation, abnormal fetal position).ResultsThe overall rate of stillbirth was 10 per 1000 total births (95% CI 9.8 to 10.3). Indicators of socioeconomic deprivation were strongly associated with an increase in stillbirth: rural residence (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.27, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.39), female illiteracy (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.74), low socioeconomic status (aOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.82 to 3.21), schedule caste background (aOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.19) and woman not in paid employment (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.24). Women from minority religious groups were at higher risk than the Hindu majority (Muslim (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.43); Christian (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.70)). While a few women smoked (<1%), around 9% reported chewing tobacco, which was associated with an increased odds of stillbirth (aOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21). Adverse pregnancy and birth characteristics were also associated with stillbirth: antenatal care visits <4 (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.15), maternal age <25 years (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.37) and ≥35 years (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.29), multigravida (aOR 3.06, 95% CI 2.42 to 3.86), multiple pregnancy (aOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.15), assisted delivery (aOR 3.45, 95% CI 3.02 to 3.93), caesarean section (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.58 to 1.89), as were pregnancy complications (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.51).ConclusionIndia is an emerging market economy experiencing a rapid health transition, yet these findings demonstrate the marked disparity in risk of stillbirth by women’s socioeconomic status. Tobacco chewing and maternal and fetal complications were each found to be important modifiable risk factors. Targeting the ‘at-risk’ population identified here, improved recording of stillbirths and the introduction of local reviews would be important steps to reduce the high burden of stillbirths in India.
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Solanki, Pankaj. "A Comparative Study of Kalidasa’s Abhijnana Shakuntalam and Namita Gokhale’s Shakuntala: The Play of Memory." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 12 (December 28, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i12.10234.
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Shakuntala is one of the most acclaimed women characters of Indian Literature. For the first time Shakuntala’s character originated in The Mahabharata. Since then she has been represented in various texts in various languages of India. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the representation of Shakuntala by the authors from ancient times to the present. For this purpose ancient work Abhijnana Shakuntalam by Kalidasa and the modern work Shakuntala: The Play of Memory by Namita Gokhale are studied.
In Kalidasa’s Abhijnana Shakuntalam Shakuntala is the real daughter of Sage Vishvamitra and nymph Menka. However, she is adopted and brought up by Sage Kanva and his wife Gautmi. She is a rustic girl, brought up in a hermitage. With the progress of the play, she is married to King Dushyanta who forgets her because of a curse. Later, she was adopted by sage Kashyapa and his wife Aditi. She gives birth to a brave child Bharat and finally reunites with her husband.
Shakuntala: The Play of Memory by Namita Gokhale was Published in 2005 and it is a challenging work of Indian English fiction. Like the remakes of films there may be re-invention and re-interpretation of old myths embodied in literary works. In her masterpiece Shakuntala, Namita Gokhale has portrayed the story of a woman named after the heroine of Kalidasa’s classic drama Abhijnana Shakuntalam. In contrast to her legendary namesake, she is bold, spirited and imaginative. Right from her childhood she is conscious of the discrimination towards female. In her marriage with a mahasamant, Srijan, she feels suffocated by social customs. Hungry for experience she deserts home to travel with a Greek horse merchant, Nearchus. Together they travel far and wide and surrender to unbridled pleasures. Shakuntala assumes the identity of Yaduri: the ‘fallen woman.’ But she forsakes this life as well to meet her salvation in her death at Kashi.
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Choudhary, M. L., V. K. Choudhary, V. Singh, P. Choudhary, and V. Kumar. "Lamb rearing practices of sheep rearers in arid and semiarid region of Rajasthan, India." Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika 33, no. 00 (October 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/bkap108.
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The data were collected from 120 sheep rearers selected from 8 villages of two Tehsil of Bikaner District. The information was collected from respondents on lamb rearing of sheep rearers by an interview schedule. Flock size was affected significantly by immediate cleaning of lamb after birth and not affected by rest of lamb rearing practices. Maximum sheep keepers at 70.83 per cent were not aware about cleaning of lamb after birth and only 6.67 per cent were well aware about disinfection of navel cord. Colostrum feeding to lamb and suckling of lamb for more than 3 month was practiced by 99.17 and 58.33 per cent sheep rearers, respectively. About 70.83 per cent respondents were not aware about control of external parasites. Isolation of Lamb was not followed by 99.17 per cent respondents.
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Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Deepak Saxena, Nitin Joshi, Neha Mantri, and Praveen Suthar. "736Low Birth weight in new born, anaemia in pregnancy in Fluoride endemic areas of Rajasthan." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab168.077.
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Abstract Background Rajasthan has been documenting severe anaemia in pregnancy, resulting in low birth weight. Current study was planned to explore potential linkages between exposure to fluoride, anaemia in pregnancy and low birth weight in infant. Methods Antenatal mothers from one fluoride endemic district (FD) and one non-fluoride endemic district (NFD) of western Rajasthan were recruited and followed up till delivery. Data included socio-demographic, lifestyle, diet, medication history. Lab Investigations included Hb, Urinary Fluoride. Results Out of total 1401 women, mean age of women from FD were 23.87 (+ 3.8) yrs and from NFD were 25.53(+ 3.82) yrs. Mean fluoride values in the urine samples of pregnant females were found to be 2.06 (0.0 to 14.4 mg/L) in FD and 1.43 (0.00 to 12.7 mg/L) in NFD. Mean fluoride values in water samples were 0.72 (0.0 to 3.80 mg/L) in FD and 0.21 (0.0 to 2.69 mg/L) in NFD. Mean weight of newborn from FD were 2.92 (+ 0.47) yrs and from NFD were 2.94 (+ 0.56) kg. 22% Newborn in FD and 18% in NFD had low birth weight. Conclusions Infants born in Fluoride endemic area have lower birth weight as compared to non-Fluoride endemic area. Antenatal women in Fluoride endemic areas are more anaemic. Key messages Fluoride endemicity is an important factor to be considered while addressing Anaemia in pregnancy and Low Birth Weight Babies in Western Rajasthan, India.
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Mohan, Govind, G. R. Gowane, Arun Kumar, and A. K. Chakravarthy. "Study of sire selection in view of genetic relation involving fitness traits in Malpura sheep in an organized farm of Rajasthan, India." Indian Journal of Animal Research, no. 00 (November 8, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.b-3397.
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The genetics of fitness traits, viz. replacement rate (RR) and selective value (SV) were studied in the flock of Malpura Sheep along the production parameters of the animals. The study was carried out on 10 years records for 2307 lambing sired by 187 sires. Sire wise incidence of replacement traits was as follows: abnormal birth (0.30%), sex ratio (49.98%), mortality (17.26%), culling (15.37%), RR on total lamb basis (33.98%) and RR on female lamb basis (68.44%). The selective value or adaptive value for the flock was 1.37. Sire did not affect abnormal birth, mortality, culling and SV significantly, whereas sire significantly affected sex ratio, and RR on total female lambs born basis. Ranking of the sires for selective value was incoherent with the ranking for production parameters such as age at first service, age at first lambing, weight at first service, productive flock life and longevity. Study indicated that the selection of sires for SV would not bring desired correlated change on any of the production parameter of the animals.
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Chaudhary, Shweta. "KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP FEMALES IN BIKANER, RAJASTHAN." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v4i1.1208.
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Background- India is the second most populous country in the world having a rapidly growing population which is currently increasing at the rate of 16 million each year. Uncontrolled population growth is recognised as the single most important impediment to national development.
Methods- A cross sectional study was conducted on females between 15-45 years served as inclusion criteria, while unmarried females were excluded. The women interviewed were informed of the study and consent was taken.
Results- A total of 100 married females of reproductive age were enrolled in the study. The study shows, mean age of respondent was 29.2 ± 8.6years. Out of 100 women, 62 (62.00%) had knowledge about family planning. 62.00% respondent thought that contraceptives were used to prevent pregnancy and about 13.00% thought that they could be used to prevent infections like AIDS. Only 9.00% thought that they could be used to control birth interval.
Conclusions- Effort should be made to educate the public about the safety and convenience of modern, long term, reversible methods of contraception among both in health care professional and public.
Keyword: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Contraception
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Das, Soujit, and Ila Gupta. "The Way of the Firang: Illustrating European Social Life and Customs in Mughal Miniatures (1580 CE -1628 CE)." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12, no. 5 (October 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s1n1.
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During the sixteenth century, along with the rise of the Mughal Empire, the social landscape of India changed drastically with the advent of the European colonial powers. In 1580 CE, following the First Jesuit Mission to the Court of Emperor Akbar, a new cross-cultural dialogue was initiated that not only impacted the socio-economic and political fabric but also the artistic productions of the time. The growing presence of the European traders, ambassadors, soldiers, and missionaries in the Mughal world also lead to several curious narratives that were widely circulated. These tales also gave birth to cultural misconceptions as the Europeans on several occasions were seen as social evils. They were often collectively addressed as Firang/Farang or ‘Franks’ and were perceived as ‘strange and wonderful people’ or ‘ajaib-o-ghara’ib’. It was during the Mughal reign when for the first time in Indian visual culture, a conscious attempt was made to document the life and customs of the European people. This paper attempts to understand how the processes of cultural alienation and Occidentalism had influenced the representation of Europeans in Mughal miniatures. It also argues how Mughal artists innovate new iconographic schemes to represent and perpetuate a sense of the ‘other’. How artists used these identity markers to establish notions of morality as well as of Islamic cultural superiority. The select illustrations also attempt to elucidate how these representations of Europeans were culturally appropriated and contributed to the Mughal ‘fantasy excursions’.
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Scott, K., S. Gupta, E. Williams, M. Arthur, U. V. Somayajulu, and L. Noguchi. "“I can guess the month … but beyond that, I can’t tell” an exploratory qualitative study of health care provider perspectives on gestational age estimation in Rajasthan, India." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20, no. 1 (September 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03201-6.
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Abstract Background Accurately estimating gestational age is essential to the provision of time-sensitive maternal and neonatal interventions, including lifesaving measures for imminent preterm birth and trimester-specific health messaging. Methods We explored healthcare provider perspectives on gestational age estimation in the state of Rajasthan, India, including the methods they use (last menstrual period [LMP] dating, ultrasound, or fundal height measurement); barriers to making accurate estimates; how gestational age estimates are documented and used for clinical decision-making; and what could help improve the accuracy and use of these estimates. We interviewed 20 frontline healthcare providers and 10 key informants. Thematic network analysis guided our coding and synthesis of findings. Results Health care providers reported that they determined gestational age using some combination of LMP, fundal height, and ultrasound. Their description of their practices showed a lack of standard protocol, varying levels of confidence in their capacity to make accurate estimates, and differing strategies for managing inconsistencies between estimates derived from different methods. Many frontline healthcare providers valued gestational age estimation more to help women prepare for childbirth than as a tool for clinical decision making. Feedback on accuracy was rare. The providers sampled could not offer ultrasound directly, and instead could only refer women to ultrasound at higher level facilities, and usually only in the second or third trimesters because of late antenatal care-seeking. Low recall among pregnant women limited the accuracy of LMP. Fundal height was heavily relied upon, despite its lack of precision. Conclusion The accuracy of gestational age estimates is influenced by factors at four levels: 1. health system (protocols to guide frontline workers, interventions that make use of gestational age, work environment, and equipment); 2. healthcare provider (technical understanding of and capacity to apply the gestational age estimation methods, communication and rapport with clients, and value assessment of gestational age); 3. client (time of first antenatal care, migration status, language, education, cognitive approach to recalling dates, and experience with biomedical services); and, 4. the inherent limitations and ease of application of the methods themselves.
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Mini, Dr K. "Brahma Sutra and Vedadikara Nirupanam (Authoritarian Critique of Vedas)." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, March 26, 2021, 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-888.
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The Vedas are one of the oldest manuscripts in the world literature. The word Veda is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘vid’ which means knowledge, but it could be attributed as a bundle of knowledge of the Vedic period. All the Indian chronicles and myths extol the Vedas. There is not even a single mantra anywhere in the sacred text repudiating anyone the right to become versed in Vedas but the authority to study and teach the Vedas abounding with knowledge, has been interpreted as the right of a monopolized community gradually. Prominent social reformers like Dayananda Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda who visited India in the late 19th century argued that everyone has the right to study the Vedas. Meanwhile, Chattambi Swami wrote Vedadhikara Nirupanam, proclaiming that the right to study Veda belongs to everyone in Kerala. In this book, Chattambi Swami analyses extensively the question of who is qualified to study the Vedas and has explicitly established that everyone who has the desire to study the Vedas and the customs in rapport with it are eligible for the study. The dissension created by this work was tremendous during the time when the elite castes and scholars of the society strongly believed and argued that only Brahmins had the dominion to study the Vedas. Vyaptheshcha Samajasam is elaborated in the Brahma Sutras as follows. Para brahma swaroopi, Parameswaran (Lord Shiva) is omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient and absolute. On account of this, it is equitable to say that even if there is a disparity in the name or context of the theosophical form of knowledge, the objective serves as the same. The purpose of all techniques is to illustrate the essence of God in copious ways. They all have similarities in it. Therefore every theosophy is analogous. After reflecting the Vedic forms and significance of the Vedas, Chattambi Swami encompasses the principles of Shruti(what is heard), Yukti(logic) and Anubhavam (experience) and depicts his own perceptions. Similarly, Swami meticulously discusses who is a Brahmin. For instance, Swami examines whether any of these qualities like pure knowledge, birth, noble action and self knowledge make a person a Brahmin or a combination of all these. From this discussion it is implicit that a Brahmin is only one who has wisdom and associated noble deeds. The dogma that the Shudrascannot be educated ‘nasthrishudrau vedamathiyatham’, this verse is neither a Veda nor a Smriti, it is just a sutra (aphorism).It is not accepted or studied anywhere in Shruti (what is heard) Smriti (what is recollected) mythological texts. Therefore, it does not have to be accepted as a doctrine. The verse means that women and Shudras need not have to study but it cannot be interpreted that they are incapable to learn. Even if it is argued that Shudras (lowest ranked of the four varnas of Hindu caste system) have no authority to study the Puranas, many of the authors of the Puranas are Shudras. The veracity of the matter cannot be denied. Most people know that the author of the Suta Samhita is also a Shudra. Ergo, the eminence of that book cannot be deemed as inferior. Parasaran, the son of Odakkari, and Vyasa, the son of Mukuvathi (fisherwoman) compiled the Vedas and were also Brahmins.