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Journal articles on the topic 'Bisphenol B'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

GRUMETTO, LUCIA, ORIELLA GENNARI, DOMENICO MONTESANO, et al. "Determination of Five Bisphenols in Commercial Milk Samples by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Fluorescence Detection." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 9 (2013): 1590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-054.

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The presence of five bisphenols, i.e., bisphenol F, bisphenol A, bisphenol B, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, was monitored in commercial milk packed in plastic bottles marketed in Italy. The new validated method includes a solid-phase extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. All positive results were confirmed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The limits of detection and quantification and the recovery percentages indicated that the method is suitable for detecting bisphenols in milk at concentrations far below the legal limits. Of 68 commercial milk samples analyzed, no bisphenol was found in 27 samples (39.7%), and 41 samples (60.3%) contained one or more bisphenols. The bisphenol most frequently found was bisphenol F (36 samples, 52.9%) followed by bisphenol A (20 samples, 29.4%) and bisphenol B (6 samples, 8.8%). Taking into consideration the limits of detection, no sample contained either bisphenol F diglycidyl ether or bisphenol A diglycidyl ether.

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2

Gálvez-Ontiveros, Yolanda, Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz, Lourdes Rodrigo, Margarita Aguilera, Ana Rivas, and Alberto Zafra-Gómez. "Presence of Parabens and Bisphenols in Food Commonly Consumed in Spain." Foods 10, no. 1 (2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010092.

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Given the widespread use of bisphenols and parabens in consumer products, the assessment of their intake is crucial and represents the first step towards the assessment of the potential risks that these compounds may pose to human health. In the present study, a total of 98 samples of food items commonly consumed by the Spanish population were collected from different national supermarkets and grocery stores for the determination of parabens and bisphenols. Our analysis demonstrated that 56 of the 98 food samples contained detectable levels of parabens with limits of quantification (LOQ) between 0.4 and 0.9 ng g−1. The total concentration of parabens (sum of four parabens: ∑parabens) ranged from below the LOQ to 281.7 ng g−1, with a mean value of 73.86 ng g−1. A total of 52% of the samples showed detectable concentrations of bisphenols. Bisphenol A (BPA) was the most frequently detected bisphenol in the food samples analysed, followed by bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol E (BPE). Bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB) and bisphenol P (BPP) were not found in any of the analysed samples. LOQ for these bisphenols were between 0.4 and 4.0 ng g−1.

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3

Lucarini, Fiorella, Tropoja Krasniqi, Gaëlle Bailat Rosset, et al. "Exposure to New Emerging Bisphenols Among Young Children in Switzerland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (2020): 4793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134793.

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Restrictions on the use of bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products led to its replacement by various bisphenol (BP) analogues, yet young children’s exposure to these analogues has been poorly characterized so far. This study aimed to characterize infants’ and toddlers’ exposure to BPA and 14 emerging BP analogues (i.e., bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP, bisphenol B, bisphenol BP, bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol E, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol G, bisphenol M (BPM), bisphenol P, bisphenol PH, bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol TMC, and bisphenol Z). We extracted infants’ and toddlers’ urine from diapers (n = 109) collected in Swiss daycare centers as a practical and noninvasive alternative approach to urinary biomonitoring. Bisphenols were present in 47% of the samples, with BPC and BPM being the most frequently detected (23% and 25% of all samples, respectively). The mean concentrations of urinary BPS and BPF were greater than that of BPA. This contrasts with data reported previously. Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed a significant and negative correlation between urinary BPM concentration and the population’s age. Our results provide a first characterization of infants’ and toddlers’ exposure to bisphenols in Switzerland. This knowledge can be used to support ongoing biomonitoring studies and to prioritize exposure reduction and prevention strategies.

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4

Knížatová, Nikola, Hana Greifová, Katarína Tokárová, Tomáš Jambor, Łukasz J. Binkowski, and Norbert Lukáč. "Assessment of the Effective Impact of Bisphenols on Mitochondrial Activity, Viability and Steroidogenesis in a Dose-Dependency in Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells." Processes 9, no. 8 (2021): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081471.

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In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A (BPA) in food packaging and food containers, since BPA has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Although much information on the endocrine activity of BPA is available, a proper human hazard assessment of analogues that are believed to have a less harmful toxicity profile is lacking. The aim of our in vitro study was to assess the potential effect of bisphenol B, F, and S on the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, we evaluated mitochondrial activity using the MTT test and viability using triple assay. Adrenocortical carcinoma cells were cultivated for 24 h in the presence of bisphenol B, F, or S (0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 μM). We demonstrated that BPB, BPF, and BPS could affect progesterone and testosterone secretion, as well as affect cell mitochondrial, lysosomal, and metabolic activity, as well as plasma membrane integrity, but considerably more detailed and systematic research is required for a better understanding of risks associated with the effects of bisphenols on steroidogenesis.

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5

CAO, XU-LIANG, and SVETLANA POPOVIC. "Bisphenol A and Three Other Bisphenol Analogues in Canned Fish Products from the Canadian Market 2014." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 7 (2015): 1402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-055.

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A sensitive and selective gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) and three other bisphenols, bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol E (BPE), and bisphenol F (BPF). This method was used to analyze samples of 52 canned fish products to follow up a previous study conducted 5 years ago to investigate any changes in BPA levels since then and levels of other bisphenols due to possible changes in can coating formulations. BPB and BPE were not detected in any of the 52 canned fish products, and BPF was detected in only four products at low levels from 1.8 to 5.7 ng/g, indicating that BPA is likely still the dominant bisphenol used in current can coating formulations. BPA was detected in all 52 canned fish products, but at much lower levels compared with a previous study; levels ranged from 0.96 to 265 ng/g (average, 28 ng/g). The few products with high BPA levels (&gt;100 ng/g) are exclusively from a new brand that has become available on the market only recently. Further analysis of canned fish products is planned in the future to capture any changes in BPA levels in these products and to update the exposure assessment of BPA due to consumption of canned fish products.

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6

Tuzimski, Tomasz, and Szymon Szubartowski. "Application of d-SPE before SPE and HPLC-FLD to Analyze Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples." Molecules 26, no. 16 (2021): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164930.

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In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols (bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), BADGE∙2H2O, BADGE∙H2O, BADGE∙2HCl) in human breast milk samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the majority of the analytes with recoveries in the range 57–88% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) of less than 9.4%. During the d-SPE stage, no significant matrix effect was observed thanks to the application of different pairs of salts such as zirconium-dioxide-based sorbents (Z-Sep or Z-Sep +) and primary secondary amine (PSA) or QuEChERS Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid (EMR-Lipid) and PSA. The method limits of quantification (mLOQs) for all investigated analytes were set at satisfactory low values in the range 171.89–235.11 ng mL−1. Analyte concentrations were determined as the average value from human breast milk matrix samples. The results show that the d-SPE/SPE procedure, especially with the application of EMR-Lipid and PSA, could be used for further bisphenol analyses in human breast milk samples.

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7

Toor, Rabia Sajjad, Faiza Irshad, and Sania Asif. "Histoprotective effects of Curcumin on Bisphenol- A induced testicular toxicity in adult albino rats." Professional Medical Journal 26, no. 12 (2019): 2206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.12.4051.

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Endocrine Disrupting chemicals including bisphenols have contaminated the environment significantly and is known to damage spermatogenesis via increase in oxidative stress. The anti-oxidant properties of naturally occurring substances like curcumin have been well established. Objectives: To evaluate the protective effects of curcumin against bisphenol-A induced testicular damage. Study Design: Experimental Study. Setting: Department of Anatomy, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Period: From March 2015 to December 2015. Material & Methods: Thirty six rats were divided into four groups A, B, C and D of 9 animals each. Group A (control) was given 5ml/kg/day of corn oil orally for 10 days. Group B (Bisphenol-A) was given 100mg/kg/day of Bisphenol-A dissolved in corn oil orally for 10 days. Group C (recovery) was given 100mg/kg/day of BPA dissolved in corn oil orally for 10 days and left untreated for 10 days. Group D (Curcumin + BPA) was given 100mg/kg/day of BPA and 100mg/kg/day of Curcumin, dissolved in corn oil orally for 10 days. Rats of group A, B and D were sacrificed on day 11 and those of group C on day 21. After weighing the euthanized rats, testes were removed, processed and tissue sections were stained with H&E for Johnson scoring and with PAS stain for assessment of basement membrane integrity. Results: Bisphenol-A administration caused a significant decrease in weight of animals, a significantly low Johnson score of seminiferous tubules and high frequency of disrupted basement membranes of the tubules in Group B as compared to control. The weight gain of animals improved in the with-drawl group C while no self-recovery was observed in other parameters. Curcumin co-administration improved the body weight gain of animals, increased the Johnson scoring of tubules significantly and partially restored the basement membrane integrity in group D, comparable to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that co-administration of a potent antioxidant curcumin causes a significant antagonism of the histo-toxicity of testis produced by Bisphenol-A in albino rats.

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Tuzimski, Tomasz, Szymon Szubartowski, Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch, et al. "Comparison of DAD and FLD Detection for Identification of Selected Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples and Their Quantitative Analysis by LC-MS/MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 4 (2020): 1029–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa027.

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Abstract Background Determination of bisphenols released from packaging material is undoubtedly a difficult and tricky task, requiring the chemical analyst to develop an individual approach to obtain reliable analytical information. Objective QuECHERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe)/dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with modern detection techniques such as diode-array detector (DAD), ﬂuorescence detector (FLD) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the determination of bisphenols such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), 2-[[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2yl]phenoxy] methyl]oxirane (BADGE), 3-[4-[2-[4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*H2O), 3-[4-[2-[4-(2,3-Dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propane-1,2-diol (BADGE*2H2O), 1-Chloro-3-[4-[2-[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl] propan-2-yl]phenoxy]propan-2-ol (BADGE*2HCl) in human breast milk samples have been performed. Methods For the analysis of total analytes, prior to the extraction with acetonitrile, a deconjugation step was implemented in a tube by adding 1 mL of the enzymatic solution with the β-Glucuronidase to 5 mL of sample. The mix was homogenized and incubated for 17 h at 37°C. Ten milliliters of acetonitrile, and a QuEChERS salt packet with 4 g anhydrous MgSO4 and 1 g NaCl were added. During the d-SPE step the extract was transferred into tube with 30 mg Z-Sep and 50 mg PSA (and also 150 mg MgSO4 for LC-MS/MS analysis). MeOH–water (20:80, v/v) were added to the dry residue and the extract was reconstituted in 150 µL (25-fold analytes pre-concentration is achieved). Next bisphenols were identified by HPLC-DAD-FLD and quantified by LC-MS/MS equipment. Conclusions During the bisphenols HPLC-DAD-FLD analysis, from 6 min a reinforcement of 15 was used, which allowed analytes to be identified at 750 pg/mL. Application of LC-MS/MS allowed quantification of bisphenols in the range from 2.12 to 116.22 ng/mL in a total 27 human breast milk samples. Highlights First QuEChERS/d-SPE coupled with HPLC-DAD-FLD or LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk Faster and cheaper alternative to traditional extraction methods The method was applied for the first biomonitoring of bisphenols and its analogues in breast milk.

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9

Cao, Lin-Ying, Xiao-Min Ren, Chuan-Hai Li, et al. "Bisphenol AF and Bisphenol B Exert Higher Estrogenic Effects than Bisphenol A via G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Pathway." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 19 (2017): 11423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03336.

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10

Dragone, Roberto, Gerardo Grasso, and Chiara Frazzoli. "Amperometric Cytosensor for Studying Mitochondrial Interferences Induced by Plasticizers Bisphenol B and Bisphenol A." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 5185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215185.

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The widespread presence of plasticizers Bisphenol B (BPB) and Bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials, medical equipment, and common household products is a toxicological risk factor for health due to internal exposure after environmental dietary exposure. This work describes the use of an amperometric cytosensor (i.e., a whole cell-based amperometric biosensoristic device) for studying mitochondrial interferences of BPA and BPB (5–100 µg/mL) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model following long-term (24 h) exposure (acute toxicity). Percentage interference (%ρ) on yeast aerobic mitochondrial catabolism was calculated after comparison of aerobic respiration of exposed and control S. cerevisiae cell suspensions. Results suggested the hypothesis of a dose-dependent co-action of two mechanisms, namely uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. These mechanisms respectively matched with opposite effects of hyperstimulation and inhibition of cellular respiration. While uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress have been previously described as separate effects from in vitro BPA exposure using other biochemical endpoints and biological systems, effects of BPB on cellular aerobic respiration are here reported for the first time. Results highlighted a similar hyperstimulation effect after exposure to 5 µg/mL BPA and BPB. About a 2-fold higher cellular respiration inhibition potency was observed after exposures to 15, 30, and 100 µg/mL BPB compared to BPA. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was used as model uncoupling agent. A time-dependent mechanism of mitochondrial interference was also highlighted.

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Huo, Xiaowei, Peng Zhou, Yunxin Liu, et al. "Removal of contaminants by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) using zero valent iron (ZVI)-based bimetallic particles (ZVI/Cu, ZVI/Co, ZVI/Ni, and ZVI/Ag)." RSC Advances 10, no. 47 (2020): 28232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03924a.

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In this study, four different ZVI/M-PMS systems (e.g., ZVI/Cu, ZVI/Co, ZVI/Ni and ZVI/Ag) were fabricated to investigate the removal of contaminants (Rhodamine B, 2,4-dichlorophenol, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, levofloxacin, and chloramphenicol).

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Wu, Jing-Yun, Zhi-Jia Hu, and Hui-Ling Sung. "A water-stable molecular cadmium phosphonate bearing 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole as a highly sensitive luminescence sensor for the selective detection of bisphenol AF and bisphenol B." CrystEngComm 23, no. 15 (2021): 2842–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01740j.

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A highly water-stable molecular cadmium phosphonate bearing 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole has been used as a sensor platform for the luminescence detection of bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol B (BPB) in water with good sensitivity and selectivity.

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13

Usman, Afia, Shoeb Ikhlas, and Masood Ahmad. "Occurrence, toxicity and endocrine disrupting potential of Bisphenol-B and Bisphenol-F: A mini-review." Toxicology Letters 312 (September 2019): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.018.

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Pelch, Katherine E., Yin Li, Lalith Perera, Kristina A. Thayer, and Kenneth S. Korach. "Characterization of Estrogenic and Androgenic Activities for Bisphenol A-like Chemicals (BPs): In Vitro Estrogen and Androgen Receptors Transcriptional Activation, Gene Regulation, and Binding Profiles." Toxicological Sciences 172, no. 1 (2019): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz173.

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Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical widely used in plastics, food packaging, and many other products. It is well known that endocrine-disrupting chemicals might be harmful to human health due to interference with normal hormone actions. Recent studies report widespread usage and exposure to many BPA-like chemicals (BPs) that are structurally or functionally similar to BPA. However, the biological actions and toxicity of those BPs are still relatively unknown. To address this data gap, we used in vitro cell models to evaluate the ability of 22 BPs to induce or inhibit estrogenic and androgenic activity. BPA, Bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol C (BPC), tetramethyl bisphenol A (TMBPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol E (BPE), 4,4-bisphenol F (4,4-BPF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol B (BPB), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), and benzylparaben (PHBB) induced estrogen receptor (ER)α and/or ERβ-mediated activity. With the exception of BPS, TCBPA, and PHBB, these same BPs were also androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. Only 3 BPs were found to be ER antagonists. Bisphenol P (BPP) selectively inhibited ERβ-mediated activity and 4-(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol (BPS-MPE) and 2,4-bisphenol S (2,4-BPS) selectively inhibited ERα-mediated activity. None of the BPs induced AR-mediated activity. In addition, we identify that the BPs can bind to ER or AR with varying degrees by a molecular modeling analysis. Taken together, these findings help us to understand the molecular mechanism of BPs and further consideration of their usage in consumer products.

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Martín, Julia, Juan Luis Santos, José Luis Malvar, Irene Aparicio, and Esteban Alonso. "Determination of bisphenol A, its chlorinated derivatives and structural analogues in vegetables by focussed ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and GC–MS/MS." Environmental Chemistry 17, no. 3 (2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19172.

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Environmental contextFollowing stringent regulations, based on environmental health concerns, for controlling the production and usage of bisphenol A, several analogues have been developed as replacement chemicals. These analogues are now found in environmental samples at similar or even higher concentrations than bisphenol A. We report a sensitive and easy-to-perform analytical method for the determination of 11 bisphenols in vegetables. AbstractIn this work, a sensitive, selective, fast and easy-to-perform method has been developed, based on focussed ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), for the multiresidue determination of bisphenol A (BPA), its chlorinated derivatives (Clx-BPA) and six structural analogues (S, F, E, B, P, AF) in vegetables. Determination was carried out by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). A Box–Behnken design was used to optimise the most significant variables. Recoveries in the range from 74 to 105%, precision (relative standard deviation) lower than 12% and limits of quantification in the range from 0.05 to 1ngg−1 d.w. (dry weight) were achieved. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the compounds in carrot, turnip and potato samples purchased from a local market. BPA and Cl-BPA were found in most of the analysed samples at concentrations up to 8.91ngg−1 d.w. The analytical and operational properties of the method make it appropriate to be applied in food monitoring programs.

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Ullah, Asad, Madeeha Pirzada, Sarwat Jahan, et al. "Bisphenol A and its analogs bisphenol B, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S: Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies on the sperms and testicular tissues of rats." Chemosphere 209 (October 2018): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.089.

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Toyama, T., T. Ojima, Y. Tanaka, K. Mori, and M. Morikawa. "Sustainable biodegradation of phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals by Phragmites australis–rhizosphere bacteria association." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 3 (2013): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.234.

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The efficacy of two rhizobacteria (Sphingobium fuliginis TIK1 and Sphingobium sp. IT4) of Phragmites australis for the sustainable treatment of water polluted with phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was investigated. Strains TIK1 and IT4 have recently been isolated from Phragmites rhizosphere and shown to degrade various 4-alkylphenols–TIK1 via phenolic ring hydroxylation and meta-cleavage and IT4 via ipso-hydroxylation. The two strains also degraded bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B, bisphenol E, bisphenol F, bisphenol P and bisphenol S (BPS). Thus, strains TIK1 and IT4 have wide degradation spectra for phenolic EDCs. The two strains utilized Phragmites root extracts as a sole carbon source and sustainably colonized Phragmites roots, where they degraded phenolic EDCs. In sequencing batch reactor experiments using Phragmites in association with TIK1 or IT4, both associations repeatedly removed phenolic EDCs from polluted secondary effluent water (BPA, BPS, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol) from polluted secondary effluent water. The results suggest that hydroponic systems using Phragmites–TIK and Phragmites–IT4 associations would be useful for sustainable treatment of polluted waters containing various phenolic EDCs.

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Tao, Lei, Zeyu Sun, Wei Min, Hanwen Ou, Liangliang Qi, and Muhuo Yu. "Improving the toughness of thermosetting epoxy resins via blending triblock copolymers." RSC Advances 10, no. 3 (2020): 1603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09183a.

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Ullah, Asad, Madeeha Pirzada, Sarwat Jahan, Hizb Ullah, and Muhammad Jamil Khan. "Bisphenol A analogues bisphenol B, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S induce oxidative stress, disrupt daily sperm production, and damage DNA in rat spermatozoa: a comparative in vitro and in vivo study." Toxicology and Industrial Health 35, no. 4 (2019): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233719831528.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic activity. The widespread exposure of individuals to BPA is suspected to affect a variety of physiological functions, including reproduction, development, and metabolism. Here we report the mechanisms by which BPA and three of its analogues bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) cause generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sperm DNA damage, and oxidative stress in both in vivo and in vitro rat models. Sperm were incubated with different concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/L) of BPA and its analogues BPB, BPF, and BPS for 2 h. BPA and its analogues were observed to increase DNA fragmentation, formation of ROS, and affected levels of superoxide dismutase at higher concentration groups. In an in vivo experiment, rats were exposed to different concentrations (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day) of BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS for 28 days. In the higher dose (50 mg/kg/day) treated groups of BPA and its analogues BPB, BPF, and BPS, DNA damage was observed while the motility of sperm was not affected.

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Wang, Pei, Peiyuan Xiao, Shuxian Zhong, Jianrong Chen, Hongjun Lin, and Xi-Lin Wu. "Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes derived from colloidal polymer nanoplates for efficient removal of bisphenol A." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 40 (2016): 15450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta06971a.

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Grumetto, Lucia, Domenico Montesano, Serenella Seccia, Stefania Albrizio, and Francesco Barbato. "Determination of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B Residues in Canned Peeled Tomatoes by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 22 (2008): 10633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf802297z.

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Cobellis, Luigi, Nicola Colacurci, Elisabetta Trabucco, Carmen Carpentiero, and Lucia Grumetto. "Measurement of bisphenol A and bisphenol B levels in human blood sera from healthy and endometriotic women." Biomedical Chromatography 23, no. 11 (2009): 1186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1241.

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Shen, Zhiqiang, Yun Liu, Jing Li, Li Xu, and Guoji Liu. "Preparation of benzoxazine-modified halloysite nanotubes and its application on epoxy/benzoxazine composites." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 10 (2020): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320933659.

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Benzoxazine monomer (named as B-aptes) was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550), bisphenol A (BPA), and paraformaldehyde. Subsequently, functionalized halloysite nanotubes were obtained by introducing B-aptes onto the surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). Then, benzoxazine-modified halloysite nanotubes (B-HNTs) were used to combine with BPA epoxy resin to prepare the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA)/B-HNTs composites. The homogeneous dispersion state of modified HNTs in the cured composite matrix was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate polymerization behaviors of ternary composites. The results showed that the ternary composite possessed lower polymerization temperature compared with the neat DGEBA/benzoxazine. According to the results of thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of DGEBA/benzoxazine copolymers was improved by the modified HNTs, the char yield increased with the increase of HNTs mass ratio. The results of mechanical tests and dynamic mechanical analysis displayed that the DGEBA/B-HNTs composites possessed promoted mechanical properties.

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Serra, Hélène, Claire Beausoleil, René Habert, Christophe Minier, Nicole Picard-Hagen, and Cécile Michel. "Evidence for Bisphenol B Endocrine Properties: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives." Environmental Health Perspectives 127, no. 10 (2019): 106001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp5200.

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Behzadi, Mansoureh. "Novel polyphenol/graphene nanocomposite for solid-phase microextraction of bisphenol A and bisphenol B leached from plastic containers." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 321 (April 2021): 112599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.112599.

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Yao, Kai, Jing Zhang, Jie Yin, et al. "Bisphenol A and Its Analogues in Chinese Total Diets: Contaminated Levels and Risk Assessment." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8822321.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (BPs) are suspected posing potential endocrine disrupting properties. They might migrate into foodstuffs through food packaging materials or contaminated water and soil. Dietary exposure is of paramount importance way for human health. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) lowered the value of tolerable daily intake (TDI) from 50 μg/kg bw/day (d) to a temporary (t) TDI (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg bw/d. In this study, the Chinese total dietary samples were analyzed for assessing the exposure risk of BPs by diets. BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) were found in 12 kinds of food samples except for bisphenol B (BPB). A deterministic approach was used to calculate the dietary intakes of 4 kinds of compounds. For different age and gender groups, the exposure levels of BPA (178.440-403.672 ng/kg bw/d) was the highest, followed by BPS (21.372-52.112 ng/kg bw/d), BPF (20.641-50.507 ng/kg bw/d), and BPAF (0.434-1.210 ng/kg bw/d). Based on the t-TDI set by EFSA (4 μg/kg bw/d for BPA), the BPs through dietary intake pose low risks on the Chinese general population even summarization exposure levels of different BPs. However, human can be exposed to multiple endocrine disrupting chemicals rather than BPs alone; combined exposure risks should be further considered.

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Makowska, Krystyna, Kamila Szymańska, Katarzyna Palus, Sławomir Gonkowski, and Jarosław Całka. "Influence of bisfenol A on chemical coding of the nerve fibers of the cardiac apex in the domestic pig." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 9 (2017): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5768.

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The study was designed to determine the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on chemical coding of intramural nerve fibers localized in the cardiac apex of domestic pigs. Investigations were performed on 10 immature gilts. The animals were divided into two groups: control (Group K) and experimental (Group B). Gilts from Group B received capsules containing bisphenol A (0.5 mg / kg m.c / day) for 28 days. After euthanasia, fragments of the cardiac apex were collected and subjected to the standard single immunofluorescence method, using primary antisera directed against neuropeptide Y (NPY), vesicular transporter acetylcholine (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), transcript regulated cocaine and amphetamine peptide (CART) and gene calcitonin (CGRP), as well as secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes: Alexa fluor 488 or Alexa fluor 546. The present studies demonstrated that orally administered bisphenol A causes a marked increase in the number of nerve fibers immunoreactive to NPY, VAChT, TH and SP. On the other hand, CART and CGRP immunoreactive fibers have not been detected during the present study either in healthy animals or in pigs after BPA administration. Bisphenol A affects the neurochemical profile of nerves located in the cardiac apex of domestic pigs. These fluctuations in the chemical coding of nerve fibers may be associated with neuroprotective and adaptive processes in the myocardium. However, as of yet the mechanisms of these changes are not fully explained. They may be connected with the direct action of BPA on the myocardium and/or general neurodegenerative effects of this substance on the nervous system.

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Ramskov Tetzlaff, Cecilie N., Terje Svingen, Anne M. Vinggaard, Anna K. Rosenmai, and Camilla Taxvig. "Bisphenols B, E, F, and S and 4‐cumylphenol induce lipid accumulation in mouse adipocytes similarly to bisphenol A." Environmental Toxicology 35, no. 5 (2020): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.22889.

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Gao, N., X. Jiang, and Y. H. Liu. "Dipropargyl ether bisphenol A based boron-containing polymer: synthesis, characterization and molecular dynamics simulations of the resulting pyrolysis and carbonization." RSC Advances 5, no. 5 (2015): 3390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12694g.

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The time evolution of major pyrolysis products including small-molecule species of a dipropargyl ether bisphenol A based novel boron-containing polymer was examined via ReaxFF-MD simulation (Color code: C, grey; O, red; H, white; B, yellow).

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Kuo, Chao-Yin, Siang-En Syu, and Shiang-Ren Lin. "Photodegradation of aqueous bisphenol A using boric acid-doped titanium dioxide." Water Supply 16, no. 5 (2016): 1410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.069.

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A high-photoactivity boric acid-doped titanium dioxide (B-doped TiO2) photocatalyst of the degradation of aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) under sunlight was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance. The band gap energies of TiO2 and B-doped TiO2 (B/Ti mole ratio = 0.2%) were 3.01 and 2.98, showing that B-doped TiO2 could narrow the band gap of pure TiO2. In the photocatalytic kinetics of the photodegradation, the BPA photodegradation rate constants were 1.67 and 1.08 h−1, respectively. The BPA removal rate satisfies pseudo-first-order kinetics. Results showed that photocatalysts doped with boron displayed greater photodegradation (88% BPA removal) than pure TiO2 (65% BPA removal). Experimental results indicated that B-doped TiO2 not only was an effective photocatalyst, but also had considerable mineralization effects. The recycling test revealed that the photocatalyst remained effective after 10 uses, revealing the stability and reusability.

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Yoshihara, S. 'i. "Potent Estrogenic Metabolites of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B Formed by Rat Liver S9 Fraction: Their Structures and Estrogenic Potency." Toxicological Sciences 78, no. 1 (2004): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfh047.

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Ullah, A., M. Pirzada, S. Jahan, et al. "Prenatal BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS exposure and reproductive axis function in the male offspring of Sprague Dawley rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 38, no. 12 (2019): 1344–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327119862335.

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Research in the past has indicated associated long-term and low levels of exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) in early life and neuroendocrine disorders, such as obesity, precocious puberty, diabetes, and hypertension. BPA and its analogs bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have been reported to have similar or even more toxic effect as compared to BPA. Exposure of rats to BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS resulted in decreased sperm production, testosterone secretion, and histological changes in the reproductive tissues of male rats. In the present study, BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS were administered in drinking water at concentrations of (5, 25, and 50 μg/L) from pregnancy day (PD) 1 to PD 21. Body weight (BW), hormonal concentrations, antioxidant enzymes, and histological changes were determined in the reproductive tissues. BPA and its analogs prenatal exposure to female rats induced significant statistical difference in the antioxidant enzymes, plasma testosterone, and estrogen concentrations in the male offspring when compared with the control. Histological parameters of both testis and epididymis revealed prominent changes in the reproductive tissues. The present study suggests that BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS different concentrations led to marked alterations in the development of the male reproductive system.

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Gimeno, Pascal, Coline Spinau, Nelly Lassu, Annie-Françoise Maggio, Charlotte Brenier, and Laurent Lempereur. "Identification and quantification of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in polyvinylchloride and polycarbonate medical devices by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry." Journal of Separation Science 38, no. 21 (2015): 3727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201500552.

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Ullah, Asad, Madeeha Pirzada, Sarwat Jahan, et al. "Impact of low-dose chronic exposure to bisphenol A and its analogue bisphenol B, bisphenol F and bisphenol S on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular activities in adult rats: A focus on the possible hormonal mode of action." Food and Chemical Toxicology 121 (November 2018): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.024.

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Mai, Ngo Thi, Do Hong Lan Chi, and Le Phi Nga. "A proteomic analyses to assess the effects of chronic exposure of bisphenol a to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)." TAP CHI SINH HOC 39, no. 3 (2017): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.8995.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound found in the environment as well as in the plastic food containers for human use. Most impact of this compound to animals is acute toxicity to the liver of young individuals, but little is known about chronic toxicity to the adult liver. Here we report that, when adult zebrafish were exposed to various concentration of bisphenol A for 60 days, we have the number of liver protein spots in 2D-PAGE gels was reduced to 15-25%. Protein identification by HPLC-ESI (electron spray ionization) revealed that sixteen 2D-PAGE spots were remarkably altered and majority of them are related to metabolic energy system; e.g., liver basic L-lactate dehydrogenase B-B chain, ATP synthase subunit beta, and intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins. Besides, heat shock protein 60kDa 1 (HSPD1), which is known to associate with inflammation, was over-expressed in fish liver after exposure to 100 µg/l BPA, but not at lower concentrations of BPA. Thus, chronic exposure to environmental BPA may cause liver dysfunctions. Sixteen hepatic proteins identified in this study would be potential biomarkers for chronic BPA toxicity. Citation: Ngo Thi Mai, Do Hong Lan Chi, Le Phi Nga, 2017. A proteomic analyses to assess the effects of chronic exposure of bisphenol a to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(3): 333-341. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.98995. *Corresponding author: lephinga1@hotmail.com, lephinga@hcmut.edu.vn Received 12 December 2016, accepted 20 August 2017

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36

Udochukwu, U., and P. G. Olannye. "Impact of Bisphenol A on the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Water in Storage Tanks from various Locations in Salem University Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 2 (2020): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i2.5.

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This study examined the impact of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of water in storage tanks in Salem University Lokoja. Borehole water samples were collected from three (3) locations within the University environment and stored in a jerry can for analysis. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria Count (THBC) in water samples ranged from 1.00± 0.30 x104 at week 0 to 8.95±1.00 x104 cfu/ml at week 3, while the total coliform count (TCC) also ranged from 1.30±0.15 x104 to 7.11±0.82 x104 cfu/ml. TCC and THBC were found to be higher than the NSDWQ Standard. The identified isolates from the borehole samples were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Serretia spp. Bisphenol A (BPA) was not detected in week 0, after week 3, components of Bisphenol A detected were methyl chloride, Benzene and Dichlorobenzene and their highest values were 0.054±0.033, 0.021±0.020 and 0.055±0.062 mg/l respectively. The pH, Turbidity, Total suspended solids, BOD and conductivity reduced as storage increased. Magnesium and calcium for sample B were found to have the highest value of 0.31 and 1.73 mg/l respectively. Storage of water for a long period of time should be discouraged as it could trigger increased leaching of BPA into the water which will affect its physicochemical and microbiologically quality. Keywords: Bacteria, Bisphenol A, Storage Water Tanks, Drinking Water Quality.

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Jang, Ju-Won, Jae-Wook Lee, Yeo Dae Yoon, Jong-Soon Kang, and Eun-Yi Moon. "Bisphenol A and its substitutes regulate human B cell survival via Nrf2 expression." Environmental Pollution 259 (April 2020): 113907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113907.

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38

Ohta, Kiminori, Takumi Ogawa, and Yasuyuki Endo. "Estrogenic activity of B-fluorinated o-carborane-1,2-bisphenol synthesized via SNAr reaction." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 22, no. 14 (2012): 4728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.068.

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39

Li, Yang, Haoni Yan, Yige Yu, et al. "Bisphenol B stimulates Leydig cell proliferation but inhibits maturation in late pubertal rats." Food and Chemical Toxicology 153 (July 2021): 112248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112248.

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40

Usman, Afia, Shoeb Ikhlas, and Masood Ahmad. "Corrigendum to “Occurrence, toxicity and endocrine disrupting potential of Bisphenol-B and Bisphenol-F: A mini-review” [Toxicol. Lett. 312 (2019) 222–227]." Toxicology Letters 314 (October 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.027.

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41

Kim, C. K., and D. R. Paul. "Interaction parameters for blends containing polycarbonates: 1. Tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate/polystyrene." Polymer 33, no. 8 (1992): 1630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)91059-b.

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42

Coupar, P. I., C. Glidewell, and G. Ferguson. "Crystal Engineering Using Bisphenols and Trisphenols. Complexes with Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA): Strings, Multiple Helices and Chains-of-Rings in the Crystal Structures of the Adducts of HTMA with 4,4'-Thiodiphenol (1/1), 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol (1/1), 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol (1/1), 1,1,1-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (1/2) and 1,3,5-Trihydroxybenzene (2/3)." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 53, no. 3 (1997): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768196014048.

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The 4,4′-bisphenols (1), X(C6H4OH)2 [a, X = nil; b, X = O; c, X = S; d, X = 502; e, X = CO; f, X = CH2; g, X = CMe2; h, X = C(CF3)2], when co-crystallized from alcoholic solutions with hexamethylenetetramine, (CH2)6N4 (HMTA), form 1:1 adducts (4a)–(h). 4,4′-Thiodiphenol–hexamethylenetetramine (1/1), (4c), C12H10O2S.C6H12N4, and 4,4′- sulfonyldiphenol–hexamethylenetetramine (1/1), (4d), C12H10O4S.C6H12N4, are orthorhombic, Pmn21, (4c) a = 15.029 (2), b = 9.7954 (8), c = 5.9817 (11) Å and (4d) a = 14.779 (2), b = 10.2558 (15), c = 5.9817 (8) Å, with Z = 2, and the structures consist of zigzag chains comprising strings of alternating bisphenol and HMTA units, each lying across mirror planes and linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds. In addition, both (4c) and (4d) exhibit C—H...\pi(arene) hydrogen bonds with one CH2 group of the HMTA unit acting as a donor to two different arene rings; (4d) also exhibits multiple C—H...O=S hydrogen bonds with three C—H bonds in each HMTA unit acting as donors towards a single sulfone O atom. 4,4′-Isopropylidenediphenol–hexamethylenetetramine (1/1), (4g), C15H16O2.C6H12N4, is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 25.093 (6), b = 7.1742 (13), c = 23.612 (7) Å, \beta = 110.42 (2)°, with Z = 8, and again the structure is built from chains of alternating bisphenol and HMTA units linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, but these now form double helices around twofold rotation axes; the double helices are themselves linked into sheets by C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The trisphenol (2), CH3C(C6H4OH)3, forms three adducts (5a)–(c) with HMTA, having trisphenol:HMTA ratios of 1:2 (5a), 2:3 (5b) and 1:1 (5c). 1,1,1-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane–hexamethylenetetramine (1/2), (5a), C20H18O3.(C6H12N4)2, is orthorhombic, P212121, a = 6.9928 (10), b = 14.0949 (15), c = 30.999 (4) Å, with Z = 4, and the trisphenol units and half the HMTA units form a triple helix around a 21 axis, in which each strand consists of alternating phenol and HMTA units, linked as usual by O—H...N hydrogen bonds. The remaining HMTA units, which are external to the triple helix, are connected to it by O—H...N hydrogen bonds and are formed into externally buttressing stacks. The triol (3), 1,3,5-C6H3(OH)3, forms a 2:3 adduct (6) with HMTA. 1,3,5-Trihydroxybenzene–hexamethylenetetramine (2/3), (6), C6H6O3.(C6H12N4)1.5, is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 23.598 (2), b = 7.136 (2), c = 19.445 (3) Å, \beta = 96.822 (11)°, with Z = 8, and the dominant structural motif consists of centrosymmetric rings containing two molecules each of (3) and HMTA, connected by O—H...N hydrogen bonds; these rings are themselves linked into a chain-of-rings by further HMTA units lying on twofold rotation axes. The hydrogen-bonding patterns are codified using the graph-set approach.

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43

Zhang, Jianing, Fengjie Yu, Yunmin Tao, et al. "Micro Salting-Out Assisted Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion: A Simple and Fast Sample Preparation Method for the Analysis of Bisphenol Contaminants in Bee Pollen." Molecules 26, no. 8 (2021): 2350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082350.

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In the present work, a novel sample preparation method, micro salting-out assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (μ-SOA-MSPD), was developed for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol B (BPB) contaminants in bee pollen. The proposed method was designed to combine two classical sample preparation methodologies, matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and homogenous liquid-liquid extraction (HLLE), to simplify and speed-up the preparation process. Parameters of μ-SOA-MSPD were systematically investigated, and results indicated the significant effect of salt and ACN-H2O extractant on the signal response of analytes. In addition, excellent clean-up ability in removing matrix components was observed when primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbent was introduced into the blending operation. The developed method was fully validated, and the limits of detection for BPA and BPB were 20 μg/kg and 30 μg/kg, respectively. Average recoveries and precisions were ranged from 83.03% to 94.64% and 1.76% to 5.45%, respectively. This is the first report on the analysis of bisphenol contaminants in bee pollen sample, and also on the combination of MSPD and HLLE. The present method might provide a new strategy for simple and fast sample preparation of solid and semi-solid samples.

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Changkhamchom, Sairung, and Anuvat Sirivat. "Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)(S-PEEK) as Derived from Bisphenol-S for a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.255.

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The currently used Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) is NafionÒ, an excellent proton conductor in a fully hydrated membrane. However, it has major drawbacks, such as very high cost, and loss of conductivity at elevated temperature and low humidity. In this work, a novel PEM based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (S-PEEK). Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was synthesized by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution polycondensation of Bisphonol-S and 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone for system A, and Bisphenol S and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone for system B. Bisphenol-S helps to increase the thermal stability due to its high melting point (245°C). The post-sulfonation reaction was performed by using concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (S-PEEK) samples were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR to confirm the chemical structure of the S-PEEK, and by TGA to investigate the thermal property.

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45

Cunha, S. C., C. Cunha, A. R. Ferreira, and J. O. Fernandes. "Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned seafood combining QuEChERS extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 404, no. 8 (2012): 2453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6389-5.

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Cunha, S. C., and J. O. Fernandes. "Assessment of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after QuEChERS and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction." Food Control 33, no. 2 (2013): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.028.

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47

Morgan, Marsha K., and Matthew S. Clifton. "Exposure to Triclosan and Bisphenol Analogues B, F, P, S and Z in Repeated Duplicate-Diet Solid Food Samples of Adults." Toxics 9, no. 3 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030047.

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Triclosan (TCS) and bisphenol analogues are used in a variety of consumer goods. Few data exist on the temporal exposures of adults to these phenolic compounds in their everyday diets. The objectives were to determine the levels of TCS and five bisphenol analogues (BPB, BPF, BPP, BPS, and BPZ) in duplicate-diet solid food (DDSF) samples of adults and to estimate maximum dietary exposures and intake doses per phenol. Fifty adults collected 776 DDSF samples over a six-week monitoring period in North Carolina in 2009–2011. The levels of the target phenols were concurrently quantified in the DDSF samples using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. TCS (59%), BPS (32%), and BPZ (28%) were most often detected in the samples. BPB, BPF, and BPP were all detected in <16% of the samples. In addition, 82% of the total samples contained at least one target phenol. The highest measured concentration of 394 ng/g occurred for TCS in the food samples. The adults’ maximum 24-h dietary intake doses per phenol ranged from 17.5 ng/kg/day (BPB) to 1600 ng/kg/day (TCS). An oral reference dose (300,000 ng/kg/day) is currently available for only TCS, and the adult’s maximum dietary intake dose was well below a level of concern.

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Fainleib, Alexander, Jocelyne Galy, Jean-Pierre Pascault, and Hung-Jue Sue. "Two ways of synthesis of polymer networks based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol A, and sulfanilamide: Kinetics study." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, no. 4 (2001): 580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20010425)80:4<580::aid-app1133>3.0.co;2-b.

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49

Yakimchuk, Konstantin, Chandrashekar Bangalore Revanna, Dan Huang, Jose Inzunza, and Sam Okret. "Suppression of lymphoma growth by the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and genistein." Endocrine Connections 7, no. 12 (2018): 1472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-18-0459.

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Well-defined physiological functions of estrogens are mediated via nuclear estrogen receptors α (ESR1) and β (ESR2). With regard to hematological malignancies, expression of ESR2 has been found in both B and T cell lymphomas. In addition to endogenous estrogens or selective ESR2 agonists, ESR2 signaling may be affected by both environmental synthetic estrogen-mimicking compounds and dietary phytoestrogens. In the present study, we demonstrate that oral exposure with either the synthetic compound bisphenol A (BPA) or the dietary phytoestrogen genistein reduced the growth of grafted murine T cell (EG7) and human B cell (Granta-519 mantle cell) lymphomas which both express ESR2. Suppression of lymphoma growth was due to reduced proliferation (BPA and genistein) and induction of apoptosis (genistein). Inhibition of lymphoma growth was seen at a BPA dose of 50 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day considered to be safe human exposure dose or a genistein dose of 1 mg/kg BW/day orally, which is reached in soy-rich diets. Thus, our study indicates that the environmental xenoestrogens BPA and genistein have anti-proliferative effects on ESR2-expressing lymphomas. Our data suggest that phytoestrogens may be considered as a dietary supplement for lymphoma patients and possibly for prevention of lymphoid malignancies.

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Huang, Wei‐Chi, Keng‐Ying Liao, Sheng‐Kuo Hsieh, et al. "Magnesium lithospermate B supplementation improved prenatal Bisphenol A exposure‐induced metabolic abnormalities in male offspring." Environmental Toxicology 36, no. 9 (2021): 1932–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.23313.

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