Journal articles on the topic 'Bit Torrent'

With the extensive use of peer-to-peer applications in recent years, the network traffic becomes more dynamic and less predictable, which leads to the decline of network resource utilization and the degradation of network performance. Aiming towards the above problems, we explore how to strengthen the cooperation between peer-to-peer applications and networks, making the application adjust its own traffic mode according to current network traffic status to enhance the stability of network traffic. We improve two key algorithms of peer selection and choking/unchoking in the protocol and introduce traffic relaxation to characterize traffic state while taking the current most popular peer-to-peer application (bit torrent protocol) as an example. In our improved method, peers are selected probabilistically according their traffic relaxation, and the double-parameter selection problem that simultaneously considers the traffic relaxation and transfer rate of peers is also solved. Finally, we conduct simulation experiments in two real network typologies with real traffic matrix data and different sizes of bit torrent swarms; the experimental results show that our method can significantly improve the stability of the network traffic without sacrificing or even improving the performance of the bit torrent protocol when compared with original BT protocol.

With the many changes in mobile phone use, it is now common for users to connect to the Internet and share social and multimedia data, and peer-to-peer technology remains one of the most efficient solutions to content sharing. We analysed the lifecycle of content shared using the BitTorrent network, focusing on torrents retrieved by mobile phone clients using our MobTorrent application. MobTorrent, a complete Bit-Torrent client for feature phones, enables anonymous usage statistics to be collected. Based on statistics collected over the last three years, we analyze how mobile BitTorrent clients are being used. We discuss the success of individual sessions by additionally measuring peer connection download and success ratio statistics. This research can be considered as a pioneer work in the field of mobile content sharing solutions.

This paper deals with the phenomenon of peer production in the context of unauthorized copying of information goods. Acc. to Yochai Benkler, it is a form of production operation based on a community. It is widely applied in the Internet and consequently, such information goods as GNU/Linux and Wikipedia have been established. Although the peer production has promoted growth in importance of, among others, free software or an open source initiative, it is also related to unauthorized copying of an intellectual property commonly called Internet piracy. The huge scale of this phenomenon, which is nearly 24% of entire Internet traffic, must not be ignored. In the paper a hypothesis has been put forward that low efficiency of counteracting of intellectual property unauthorized copying results from that fact that, to a great extent, it is generated in a process of the peer production. In turn, the goal of the paper is verification of the thesis in the progress of considerations regarding the nature of both the peer production and the unauthorized copying. A research field was limited to a P2P file exchange network based on a BitTorrent protocol.

The aim of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be associated with back fat thickness (BFT) in pigs. To achieve this goal, we evaluated the potential and limits of an experimental design that combined several methodologies. DNA samples from two groups of Italian Large White pigs with divergent estimating breeding value (EBV) for BFT were separately pooled and sequenced, after preparation of reduced representation libraries (RRLs), on the Ion Torrent technology. Taking advantage from SNAPE for SNPs calling in sequenced DNA pools, 39,165 SNPs were identified; 1/4 of them were novel variants not reported in dbSNP. Combining sequencing data with Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip genotyping results on the same animals, 661 genomic positions overlapped with a good approximation of minor allele frequency estimation. A total of 54 SNPs showing enriched alleles in one or in the other RRLs might be potential markers associated with BFT. Some of these SNPs were close to genes involved in obesity related phenotypes.

There is a growing diversity of bat-associated lyssaviruses in the Old World. In August 2017, a dead Brandt’s bat (Myotis brandtii) tested positive for rabies and based on partial sequence analysis, the novel Kotalahti bat lyssavirus (KBLV) was identified. Because the bat was in an autolyzed state, isolation of KBLV was neither successful after three consecutive cell passages on cells nor in mice. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was applied using Ion Torrent ™ S5 technology coupled with target enrichment via hybridization-based capture (myBaits®) was used to sequence 99% of the genome, comprising of 11,878 nucleotides (nt). KBLV is most closely related to EBLV-2 (78.7% identity), followed by KHUV (79.0%) and BBLV (77.6%), supporting the assignment as phylogroup I lyssavirus. Interestingly, all of these lyssaviruses were also isolated from bat species of the genus Myotis, thus supporting that M. brandtii is likely the reservoir host. All information on antigenic and genetic divergence fulfil the species demarcation criteria by ICTV, so that we recommend KBLV as a novel species within the Lyssavirus genus. Next to sequence analyses, assignment to phylogroup I was functionally corroborated by cross-neutralization of G-deleted RABV, pseudotyped with KBLV-G by sera from RABV vaccinated humans. This suggests that conventional RABV vaccines also confer protection against the novel KBLV.

Lately, the term “genomics” has become ubiquitous in many scientific articles. It is a rapidly growing aspect of the biomedical sciences that studies the genome. The human genome contains a torrent of information that gives clues about human origin, evolution, biological function, and diseases. In a bid to demystify the workings of the genome, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was initiated in 1990, with the chief goal of sequencing the approximately 3 billion nucleotide base pairs of the human DNA. Since its completion in 2003, the HGP has opened new avenues for the application of genomics in clinical practice. This review attempts to overview some milestone discoveries that paved way for the initiation of the HGP, remarkable revelations from the HGP, and how genomics is influencing a paradigm shift in routine clinical practice. It further highlights the challenges facing the implementation of genomic medicine, particularly in Africa. Possible solutions are also discussed.

Abstract Background. The JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib (RUX) demonstrated clinical benefit compared with best available therapy (BAT) in patients (pts) with polycythemia vera (PV) in a phase 3 study (RESPONSE TRIAL) (NEJM 2015; 372:426). A reduction of JAK2 V617F allele burden of 12.1% from baseline at week (w)32 was observed in pts receiving ruxolitinib compared to BAT (1.2%). Conversely, no information was available about other mutations that may occur in some PV pts. Aim. To analyze the molecular landscape of PV pts enrolled in the RESPONSE trial specifically as regarded subclonal mutations. Methods: In the RESPONSE study, PV pts with intolerance or refractoriness to hydroxyurea, showing an enlarged spleen volume (SV) >450 ml and phlebotomy requirement, were randomized (1:1) to receive RUX (n = 110) or BAT (n = 112). After institutional approval and informed written consent, samples for genotyping were available in 150 cases (67.5% of total, 75 each RUX and BAT). Mutations in 22 genes (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, EZH2, ASXL1, TET2, IDH1, IDH2, CBL, SRSF2, DNMT3A, NFE2, SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, SH2B3, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, SF3B1, U2AF1) were analyzed in blood DNA at baseline and at the latest available sample by deep sequencing with Ion Torrent-PGM. CALR mutations were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. JAK2 V617F allele burden was confirmed by RT-qPCR assays. Results. 149/150 patients had informative sequencing results (RUX, n = 74 and BAT, n = 75). Mutation frequency at baseline in RUX pts was: JAK2 V617F 97.3% (mean allele burden=83.7±20.0%); JAK2Exon12 1.3%; other mutations in JAK2 5.4%; JAK3 1.3%; ASXL1 4.0%; TET2 20.3%; EZH2 4.0%; CBL 1.3%; SH2B3 2.0%; SOCS1 2.7%; NFE2 2.7%; STAT5A 1.3%. No somatic variants were detected in CALR, JAK1, SRSF2, IDH1, IDH2, SOCS2, SOCS3, DNMT3, STAT1, STAT5B, SF3B1, U2AF1. These frequencies were comparable in BAT arm. One patient was un-mutated in all assessed genes. 28.4% and 8.1% of RUX and 32.0% and 8.0% in BAT pts had 1 and >2 subclonal mutations, respectively. The proportion of PV pts harboring at least 1 mutation in either ASXL1, EZH2, SRSF2, IDH1/2, was significantly lower (8.1% in RUX and 10.6% in BAT) compared to reference series of primary myelofibrosis pts (31%) as it was for those having >2 HMR mutations (0.0 in RESPONSE vs 7.4% in PMF) (Leukemia 2014;28:1804) The median duration of treatment corresponding to the latest available sample for analysis was 82.8w; at that time, 43 pts (58.1%) randomized to RUX achieved a JAK2 V617F allele burden reduction ≥10%, of which 15 (20.3%) had >50% reduction. Among the latter pts, the median allele burden was 83.7% at baseline, 84.9%, 55.1% and 44.3% at 1, 2, and 3 years. Three patients attained an allele burden below 5% (from 65.1%, 17.3% and 83.7% at baseline to 3.2%, 0.5% and 1.4%, respectively, at latest follow up). Of the 27 pts harboring subclonal mutations at baseline, 12 (44.4%) presented a reduction of mutational allele burden ≥10%: 4 in JAK2 (other than JAK2 V617F/exon 12 mutations), 4 in TET2, 3 in ASXL1 and 1 each in JAK3, EZH2 and SH2B3. In 10 of the 12 pts, comparable decreases in JAK2 V617F allele burden were observed, suggesting reduction of a single clone expressing both mutations. Conversely, in 5 pts (18.5%) the allele burden of a baseline TET2 clone at increased by ≥10% (range: 10-37%); of these, one had concurrent reduction of JAK2 V617F burden from 17.3 to 0.5, thereby suggesting two independent clones. Eight pts (29.6%) acquired new mutations: 3 in TET2, 3 in U2AF1, 1 in DNMT3A and 1 in IDH1. Among these, 4 pts had achieved a reduction ≥10% of JAK2 V617F allele burden (18.4%, 25.4%, 30.5% and 39.4%, respectively). Three pts (4.0%) progressed during treatment (2 myelofibrosis,1 acute leukemia); no novel acquired mutation in the 22 genes was observed in these pts. All 3 pts were homozygous for V617F (92.3%, 72.7% and 59.0%) and did not show appreciable changes of allele burden during treatment. Conclusions. The current study identifies mutations and mutational combinations at baseline and during follow up in a representative cohort of pts enrolled in RESPONSE trial and treated with Ruxolitinib. We observed progressive reduction of JAK2 V617F allele burden that in some cases was associated with concurrent reduction of subclonal mutations. Conversely, emergency of novel clones as observed in some pts, whose significance might be clarified by ongoing analysis of hydroxyurea and phlebotomy treated patients that will be presented at the meeting. Disclosures Mahtab: Novartis Pharma AG: Employment. Rodriguez:Novartis Pharma: Employment. Vannucchi:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Baxalta: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Abstract Background Ruxolitinib (RUX) is a JAK1 & JAK2 inhibitor that resulted in rapid and durable reductions in splenomegaly and improved disease-related symptoms and quality of life in patients (pts) with myelofibrosis (MF) compared with either placebo (COMFORT-I) or best available therapy (BAT; COMFORT-II). In addition, RUX-treated pts had longer overall survival (OS) compared with placebo and BAT. We recently reported that, among 879 primary MF pts receiving conventional BAT, those harboring a mutation in any one of EZH2, ASXL1, IDH1/2 and SRSF2 constituted an IPSS- and DIPSS-plus prognostic score–independent “high molecular risk” (HMR+) category associated with shorter OS and greater risk of leukemia compared with pts with no mutations (“low molecular risk”; LMR) (Vannucchi AM, et al. Leukemia. 2013). The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of mutational status on spleen volume reduction, anemia development, and OS in pts receiving RUX in the COMFORT II trial. Patients and methods In COMFORT-II, pts with primary or post–polycythemia vera/–essential thrombocythemia MF were randomized to receive RUX (n=146) or BAT (n=73). Mutations in 12 genes (JAK2, MPL, EZH2, ASXL1, TET2, IDH1/2, CBL, SRSF2, SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SH2B3) were genotyped, in DNA derived from whole blood, at baseline in 166 pts (RUX n=120, BAT n=46). Analysis was performed by next-generation sequencing with the Ion Torrent PGM or Roche 454 platform. Sequencing data were analyzed with Nextgene software or Roche 454 Analysis software v2.6 with variant frequency cutoff adjusted to 5%. All mutations were confirmed at least twice. Missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations only were considered; in the case of novel mutations, SNPs were excluded by database searching and by germline DNA genotyping when available. Development of anemia was defined as a drop of hemoglobin level by more than 1 g/dL from baseline to a value <10 g/dL within the first 48 weeks of treatment. Survival estimates were obtained with Kaplan-Meier method. The treatment effect and the prognostic value of the molecular variables with regard to OS were analyzed by Cox regression and adjusted for the IPSS category. Results The frequency of mutations was: JAK2V617F 75.47%; MPLW515 7.74%; ASXL1 32.53%; TET2 10.69%; EZH2 7.24%; CBL 4.4%; SRSF2 3.01%; SH2B3 1.3%; IDH1-2 0.7%; SOCS1 0.65%; SOCS2 0.65%; SOCS3 0.0%, with no difference between RUX and BAT. Forty-six (38.3%) and 20 (43.5%) pts in the RUX and BAT groups, respectively, were classified as HMR+. We first determined whether an HMR+ status impacted the achievement of a ≥35% spleen volume reduction (primary study endpoint). The percentage of RUX treated pts achieving ≥35% spleen volume reduction was 36.3% (16/44) and 33.8% (21/62) at 24 wk and 30.7% (12/39) and 36.3% (20/55) at 48 wk in the HMR+ and LMR categories, respectively. Mean spleen volume reduction was also similar: -29.0% and -23.5% in HMR+ vs -29.9% and -30.6% in LMR pts at 24 and 48 wk. None of the other mutations analyzed correlated with spleen volume reduction in pts receiving RUX. We also found that an HMR+ status did not predict for the development of anemia associated with RUX administration: the percentage of anemic pts was 74% in the HMR+ group vs 72% in the LMR group. This was also independent of the presence of mutation in any one of the genes associated with JAK2/STAT signaling (JAK2, MPL, SH3B2, CBL, and SOCSs): anemic pts were 74% in mutated vs 72% in wild-type ones. The survival estimate at 114 wk of follow-up in BAT pts was 0.58 and 0.71 in HMR+ and LMR pts, confirming the negative impact of the mutational risk category. In the RUX arm, the survival estimate was 0.79 and 0.85 for HMR+ and LMR pts, indicating a benefit of RUX treatment in both groups. In the multivariate Cox model, a risk of death with RUX compared with BAT was reduced by 43% (HR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.30-1.08) and LMR patients had a reduction in risk compared with HMR+ by 38% (HR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.33-1.16; Figure). Conclusions The prognostic value of detrimental mutations comprising an HMR+ category in MF was maintained within this subset of COMFORT II patients. The results suggest that the negative impact of HMR+ status on survival in MF pts in COMFORT-II is halved by treatment with RUX compared with BAT and that the effect of RUX is similar in both the HMR+ and LMR groups; in addition, HMR+ status did not affect the likelihood of obtaining a ≥35% spleen volume reduction nor the risk of developing anemia under treatment. Disclosures: Stalbovskaya: Novartis Pharma AG: Employment, Equity Ownership. Squires:Novartis Pharma AG: Employment. Harrison:NOVARTIS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; YM Bioscience: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Sbio: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Vannucchi:NOVARTIS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees.

El aprendizaje autorregulado, los estilos de aprendizaje y la motivación para el trabajo intelectual tienen gran importancia en la actualidad por su influencia sobre los procesos de aprendizaje. Este estudio, descriptivo y correlacional, procura determinar el grado de relación que existe entre estas variables y su nivel de significación, pues esta información podría ser de gran ayuda en el momento de planear las estrategias de aprendizaje dentro de las aulas. Se administró el Cuestionario Honey-Alonso de Estilos de Aprendizaje (CHAEA) y el Cuestionario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje y Motivación (CEAM) para el trabajo intelectual a una muestra de 110 alumnos de una escuela preparatoria de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Se encontró que la supervisión y la autoevaluación, como estrategias metacognitivas, fueron las mejores valoradas. Por otro lado, la organización de la información resaltando las ideas principales obtuvo una valoración muy pobre. El modelo planteado para analizar la relación entre las estrategias metacognitivas, la motivación y los estilos de aprendizaje alcanzó niveles de ajuste satisfactorios. Se observa una aparente ausencia de relación entre la motivación y los estilos de aprendizaje en coincidencia con resultados de otros estudios consultados. Por otro lado, en la literatura se ha encontrado que estudiantes con ciertos estilos de aprendizaje tienden a tener una preferencia por determinadas estrategias metacognitivas. No obstante, en la presente investigación no se observaron tales correlaciones, lo cual puede atribuirse a que en esta investigación el desarrollo de los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje es muy equilibrado, además de que únicamente la mitad de los encuestados tiende a tener un estilo preferente. En conclusión, los estilos de aprendizaje conforman un constructo que es independiente de la motivación y las estrategias metacognitivas. Referencias Aguilera Pupo, E. y Ortiz Torres, E. A. (2008). 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The real information in other hand for large generous datasets either is direct data oriented stores or circulated license frameworks, in Hadoop being the prevailing open-source lifetime for 'Huge Data'. Real complete clamber stockpiling beginnings, be stroll as it may, bid urge for the competent allotment of expansive datasets over the Internet. Those frameworks that are generally utilized for the spread of extensive records, similar to Bit Torrent, should be adjusted to deal with difficulties, for example, organize joins with both high dormancy and high data transfer capacity, and versatile stockpiling backends wind are streamlined for gushing what's more, not unpredictable access. In this paper, we genuine Dela, a be awarded pounce on lead order supervision structural into the Hops Hadoop stage depart gives a start to finish answer for dataset sharing. Dela is intentional for colossal emerge amassing back ends and counsel trades that are both non-interfering to physical TCP change house and give predominant encipher throughput than TCP on high latency, high transmission capacity organize joins, for example, transoceanic system joins.

In Internet over established communication medium a packet in a network transmit data where users and data server with specific IP addresses interacted each other. Recent years, this peer to peer data communication also called as client – server data communication. Modern applications like YouTube, Social Networks and Bit Torrent have revolutionized the idea of user generated contents. The end users care only for precise data items irrespective of their sources. So, the importance is based on precise data called as named data rather than using IP addresses to recognize servers hosting a meticulous content. Likewise, necessity of IP addresses is a demanding issue persistent the Internet community. Due to content-centric networking platform, in which data has less importance, and proposed new terminology called Named Data Networking. NDN allows end users to float a new data request without any awareness about the end user host. Compare to Internet services NDN can handle security issues and user mobility, more efficiently. In this paper, we surveyed different network issues and security attacks in Named Data Networks and its counter measures and also we identified a set of current challenges in NDN for budding researchers in due course.

In 1864 the biologist George Lewes wrote (p. viii) ‘Numerous and exhaustive as are the works devoted to Aristotle’s moral and metaphysical writings, there is not one which attempts to display, with any fullness, his scientific researches . . . Although Aristotle mainly represents the science of twenty centuries, his scientific writings are almost unknown in England. Casual citations, mostly at second hand, and vague eulogies, often betraying great misconception, are abundant; but rare indeed is the indication of any accurate appreciation extending beyond two works, the De Anima, and the History of Animals. The absence of translations is at once a cause and a sign of this neglect.’Things have improved, a bit, in the intervening 135 years. Cohen and Drabkin brought together a large and diverse selection of English translations of ancient scientific works in 1948. Every year for the last 25 years, on average, there has been a new edition or notification of the discovery of a new scientific text. Galen has been the focus of a recent scholarly project whose proportions reflect his corpus. Nevertheless, despite the 9,000 printed pages of that vast corpus already published, there are still unedited and untranslated treatises surviving in full in Arabic, and two-thirds of the corpus still awaits an English translation. The state of editions and translations of ancient scientific works as a whole remains scandalous by comparison with the torrent of modern works on anything unscientific – about 100 papers per year on Homer, for example. And an embarrassingly large number of classicists are as (if not more) ignorant of Greek scientific works as their predecessors were in 1864.

Abstract Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) is recognized as an extremely powerful tool to study the interaction of numerous transcription factors and other chromatin-associated proteins with DNA. The core problem in the optimization of ChIP-seq protocol and the following computational data analysis is that a ‘true’ pattern of binding events for a given protein factor is unknown. Computer simulation of the ChIP-seq process based on ‘a-priory known binding template’ can contribute to a drastically reduce the number of wet lab experiments and finally help achieve radical optimization of the entire processing pipeline. We present a newly developed ChIP-sequencing simulation algorithm implemented in the novel software, in silico ChIP-seq (isChIP). We demonstrate that isChIP closely approximates real ChIP-seq protocols and is able to model data similar to those obtained from experimental sequencing. We validated isChIP using publicly available datasets generated for well-characterized transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2. Although the novel software is compatible with the Illumina protocols by default, it can also successfully perform simulations with a number of alternative sequencing platforms such as Roche454, Ion Torrent and SOLiD as well as model ChIP -Exo. The versatility of isChIP was demonstrated through modelling a wide range of binding events, including those of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers. We also performed a comparative analysis against a few existing ChIP-seq simulators and showed the fundamental superiority of our model. Due to its ability to utilize known binding templates, isChIP can potentially be employed to help investigators choose the most appropriate analytical software through benchmarking of available ChIP-seq programs and optimize the experimental parameters of ChIP-seq protocol. isChIP software is freely available at https://github.com/fnaumenko/isChIP.

AbstractSustainable cities are quintessential complex systems—dynamically changing environments and developed through a multitude of individual and collective decisions from the bottom up to the top down. As such, they are full of contestations, conflicts, and contingencies that are not easily captured, steered, and predicted respectively. In short, they are characterized by wicked problems. Therefore, they are increasingly embracing and leveraging what smart cities have to offer as to big data technologies and their novel applications in a bid to effectively tackle the complexities they inherently embody and to monitor, evaluate, and improve their performance with respect to sustainability—under what has been termed “data-driven smart sustainable cities.” This paper analyzes and discusses the enabling role and innovative potential of urban computing and intelligence in the strategic, short-term, and joined-up planning of data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future. Further, it devises an innovative framework for urban intelligence and planning functions as an advanced form of decision support. This study expands on prior work done to develop a novel model for data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future. I argue that the fast-flowing torrent of urban data, coupled with its analytical power, is of crucial importance to the effective planning and efficient design of this integrated model of urbanism. This is enabled by the kind of data-driven and model-driven decision support systems associated with urban computing and intelligence. The novelty of the proposed framework lies in its essential technological and scientific components and the way in which these are coordinated and integrated given their clear synergies to enable urban intelligence and planning functions. These utilize, integrate, and harness complexity science, urban complexity theories, sustainability science, urban sustainability theories, urban science, data science, and data-intensive science in order to fashion powerful new forms of simulation models and optimization methods. These in turn generate optimal designs and solutions that improve sustainability, efficiency, resilience, equity, and life quality. This study contributes to understanding and highlighting the value of big data in regard to the planning and design of sustainable cities of the future.

Ever since the spread of cheap sampling technology in the 1980s, popular music has incorporated direct quotations from other songs. This trend reached its zenith in the “mash-up,” that genre of popular music which has emerged in the last 5 or 6 years. Most famously, DJ Dangermouse distributed his “Grey Album,” a concept that mashed together the a Capella vocals from Jay-Z’s Black Album with the music from the Beatles’ White Album. Distribution of the project was swiftly met with a Cease and Desist order from the Beatles’ label EMI, leading to the Grey Tuesday online protest in which many websites distributed the album for free in the name of free expression. As the name suggests, “mash-ups,” sometimes also called bootlegs, mash together two or more already released songs. This use of the term ‘bootlegs’ should not to be confused with bootleg recordings of albums or concerts, which are merely illegal copies sold for profit. Both mash-ups and bootlegs are new pieces of art, almost always unable to be bought from stores. In their most basic form, mash-ups take the vocal from one song and the instrumental from another—what bootleggers call an A+B. This has taken ever more elaborate forms, for instance, San Francisco’s DJ Earworm’s “Stairway to Bootleg Heaven” mashes together Dolly Parton, the Beatles, Art of Noise, Pat Benatar, the Eurythmics, and Laurie Anderson. By now, the history of mash-ups and illegal sampling in general has been well covered by many journalists (See, for instance, Sasha Frere Jones and Pete Rojas). The question, then, is not so much what mash-ups are so much as what they do. Many theories of consumer reception have often reductively posited a passive audience impelled by little more than the desire to consume. When it comes to popular culture in modernity, Frankfurt School theorist Theodor Adorno, both in his own writing and with Horkheimer, made the hugely influential argument that the only cultural work it can do is in the service of hegemonic capitalism. Adorno argued, “the entire practice of the culture industry transfers the profit motive naked onto cultural forms” (232). Painting his argument in rather stark terms, Adorno said that “the categorical imperative of the culture industry no longer has anything in common with freedom. It proclaims: you shall … conform to that which exists anyway” (236). As philosopher Jane Bennett points out, Adorno and Horkheimer construct a passive audience consuming the derivative, repetitious pleasures of mass culture, under the thrall of the fetishised commodity “as if it was alive” (Bennett 123). Horkheimer and Adorno’s influential work denies the “possibility of an affective response to commodities able to challenge the socioeconomic system that generates it” (Bennett 121). Adorno damns the modern culture industries, but in an interesting way he also elevates their power, for his theory privileges the producer of the text, not its consumer. The question presents itself, therefore, what happens when subjects are both consumers and producers? The makers of mash-ups are clearly both. Arguably, mash-ups are a fannish re-appropriation in the manner that Henry Jenkins uses to describe slash fan-fiction in Textual Poachers (Jenkins). Like slash writers, mash-up artists take a common popular culture (music in this case) and appropriate it for their own desires and creative impulses. Rather than a purely passive audience, mash-ups show there exists at least a segment of an engaged audience, able to deconstruct and rework popular culture. Jenkins argues that “fandom celebrates not exceptional texts but exceptional readings” (284), a facet clearly exemplified in mash-ups use of not only the rock canon but “disposable” pop and chart R&B. What makes a mash-up interesting is not that it uses quality critically-approved materials, but that it re-works its materials into new contexts. Bootlegs as a whole can embody the “dissonant possibilities” of the commodity (Bennett 127)—as disruption of the normative reading of songs, as a critique of postmodern capitalism, as an affirmation of consumption, as a critique of the pop auteur cult that privileges certain acts as “art” and not others, as frivolous party music, and more. Most obviously, of course, mash-ups illuminate Fredric Jameson’s thesis that postmodern art is an art of pastiche (Jameson). Mash-ups often take disparate elements, songs from different genres, and make songs that shouldn’t belong together somehow work. Freelance Hellraiser’s classic “Stroke of Genius” bootleg took then band du jour The Strokes and overlayed pop muppet Christina Aguilera’s “Genie in A Bottle” vocals into a surprisingly soulful new song, showing in the process that the gap between “manufactured” pop artist and “authentic” rock artist may not be as far as some would imagine. Alternatively, artists can mash together songs that are basically the same, pointedly noting their lack of originality—for instance, the mash-up from which this article takes its name, San Francisco bootlegger Party Ben’s “Boulevard of Broken Songs,” which takes Green Day’s recent “Boulevard of Broken Dreams” and shows its uncanny similarity to Oasis’s “Wonderwall,” as well as other songs by Travis, Coldplay and Aerosmith. Like any commodity, mash-ups are in some ways implicated in a hegemonic capitalist economy. They are an object to be consumed, and are reliant on the consumption of other texts. In a practical sense for its makers, making mash-ups requires the software to make music, often the Sony-owned ACID program, whose loop based lay-out lends itself to the use of sampled materials. Given their general immersion in technology, it is questionable whether bootleggers necessarily purchase these programs, given the availability of “cracked” software on peer-to-peer downloading programs and Bit-Torrent. Similarly, making mash-ups might require the purchase of CDs or mp3s, although again this is far from certain, given the easy accessibility of “illegal” mp3s downloadable on the internet (but of course that requires the money for an internet connection, as does the hosting of mp3s on individual mash-up sites). Compared to the money needed to “legitimately” release songs, though, mash-ups are a relatively inexpensive way to create “new” music. Most mash-up artists post their work with a disclaimer with words to the effect of “I don’t own these songs, I will take these songs down if asked by the copyright owners, don’t sue me.” Songs are usually available to download for free, and the selling of mash-up CDs on E-bay is highly frowned-upon. While this is partly an attempt to avoid being sued by copyright holders, it also suggests an opting-out of a capitalistic system—art for art’s sake. The most obvious critique of capitalism occurs in the form of the “cut-up,” which sees songs or speeches sampled and reassembled to form different meanings. This may be political, for example, the cut-up by RX that re-assembled George W Bush’s speeches into U2’s anti-war song “Sunday Bloody Sunday.” Australian readers may remember the satirical Pauline Pantsdown single “I Don’t Like It” which re-arranged right-wing One Nation politician Pauline Hanson’s voice into nonsensical sayings about shopping trolleys and discos. Like the slash that Jenkins applauds, this may also take the form of a rupture of the heteronormative surface of most pop music. One good example is Bristol mash-up artist Andrew Herring’s “Blue Cheese mix” which cut together Avril Lavigne’s “Sk8r Boi” into a homoerotic love song (“He was a boy/he was a boy/can I make it anymore obvious?”), over the top of such queer-friendly songs as Sylvester’s “You Make Me Feel Mighty Real” and Placebo’s “Nancy Boy.” This is not to suggest that queer sexuality is outside of a capitalistic economy, but rather that queer re-readings take popular music culture into new contexts less frequently taken by the largely heteronormative music industry. But while some mash-up culture exhibits a decidedly anti-capitalist out-look, a few mash-up artists have made the leap from bootlegger to major-label sanctioned artist. The press coverage for the aforementioned Dangermouse got him a production gig with the Gorillaz and the leverage to release his much-hyped Gnarls Barkley project with Cee-Lo (of course, it rather helped that he already had a record deal with rapper Gemini). Richard X’s bootlegs landed him a number one UK single when the Sugababes re-recorded his “Freak Like Me” mash-up, and a number of mash-ups have been licensed by the labels of the original artists and released officially (French bootleggers Loo & Placido’s “Horny Like A Dandy,” English bootleggers Phil & Dog’s “Dr Pressure”). Particularly in the first flush of the mash-up hype in the UK in 2001, there has been the potential at least for a few bootleggers to break into the music industry. Thus, one should not consider mash-ups as an unambiguous refusal of late capitalism, for many bootleggers would like nothing better than to become part of the system from which they currently pilfer. However, given the nature of the medium, its commercial co-option is far from assured, since the clearance fees for many bootlegs render them un-releasable. In their re-appropriations of popular music culture, though, mash-ups embody the contradictions inherent in late capitalism—fun and serious, nihilist and political, anti-capitalist and marked by hyper-consumption. Immersed in pop culture, but not quite of it, the liminal place of mash-ups on the edge of the culture should continue to make them of interest to critics of media culture. References Adorno, Theodor W. “Culture Industry Reconsidered.” In The Adorno Reader. Ed. Brian O’Connor. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. 230-239. Bennett, Jane. The Enchantment of Modern Life. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001. Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso, 1991. Jenkins, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992. Jones, Sasha Frere. “1 + 1 + 1 = 1: The New Math of Mash-Ups.” The New Yorker 10 Jan. 2005. 22 Sep. 2006 http://www.newyorker.com/critics/music/?050110crmu_music>. Rojas, Pete. “Bootleg Culture.” Salon 1 Aug. 2002. 22 Sep. 2006 http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/feature/2002/08/01/bootlegs/index.html?pn=1>. Citation reference for this article MLA Style McAvan, Em. "“Boulevard of Broken Songs”: Mash-ups as Textual Re-appropriation of Popular Music Culture." M/C Journal 9.6 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0612/02-mcavan.php>. APA Style McAvan, E. (Dec. 2006) "“Boulevard of Broken Songs”: Mash-ups as Textual Re-appropriation of Popular Music Culture," M/C Journal, 9(6). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0612/02-mcavan.php>.