Academic literature on the topic 'Bitumen content'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Bitumen content.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Bitumen content"
1
Xu, Song, Wei Dan, Wen Zu Li, and Jian Ying Yu. "Performance Evaluation of SBS Modified Bituminous Roofing Membrane Containing Layered Double Hydroxides." Key Engineering Materials 599 (February 2014): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.599.203.
Full textAbstract:
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs)/SBS modified bitumens used for waterproofing membrane were prepared by melt blending using various contents of SBS and LDHs. Effects of the LDHs on physical properties and thermal oxidative aging performance of modified bitumen were investigated. The results show that softening point and low temperature flexibility of LDHs/SBS modified bitumen are increased simultaneously with the rise of SBS content, while they are little affected by the change of LDHs content. The thermal oxidative aging resistance of SBS modified bitumen is gradually improved with increasing LDHs content. In addition, the aging rate of SBS modified bitumen with LDHs are evidently lower than that without LDHs over time, which indicates that LDHs improve the ability of SBS modified bitumen to resist the thermal oxidative aging effectively.
2
Wieser, Martin, Andreas Schaur, and Seraphin Hubert Unterberger. "Polymer-Bitumen Interaction: A Correlation Study with Six Different Bitumens to Investigate the Influence of SARA Fractions on the Phase Stability, Swelling, and Thermo-Rheological Properties of SBS-PmB." Materials 14, no. 5 (2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051273.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work is to determine the influence of the bitumen chemistry on the rheological performance of bitumen and polymer modified bitumen (PmB), as well as the polymer distribution and storage stability. Six different bitumens and their 5 wt.% SBS mixtures are considered in this work. The bitumen composition was determined by SARA fractioning, which was then correlated with the glass transition temperature, complex modulus |G*|, and phase angle, which were obtained by parallel-plate dynamic shear rheology in the temperature range of −25 to 65 °C. The polymer distribution, which was derived from fluorescence microscopy images and the storage stability (determined by tube test) also correlated with the SARA fractions. It was found that the saturates decrease |G*| and Tg and increase the phase angle in crude bitumen, while the asphaltenes increase |G*| and the phase angle. For PmB, the amount of swelling was determined by the saturate content of bitumen. The glass transition temperature of PmBs increases for low saturate and decreases for high saturate contents. |G*| and the phase angle of PmBs correlates with the saturate content, with a varying influence depending on a high or low saturate content and the temperature range due to saturate depletion in the bitumen-rich phase and the varying vol% polymer-rich phase. The aromatic and resin fractions show no correlation in the considered bitumens and PmBs.
3
Zhurinov, M. Zh, and B. B. Teltayev. "BITUMENS AND POLYMER BITUMENS - NANODISPERSE SYSTEMS." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 445, no. 1 (2021): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.24.
Full textAbstract:
This work shows the data regarding the elemental and chemical group compositions of the road bitumens. The short characteristic has been shown for the components of the bitumens - the asphaltenes, the resins and the oils. The properties have been described for the bitumens on which they have the direct impact. The description is given for the micellar model of the bitumens from the point of view of the colloid chemistry. The analysis has been performed for the results of the study by other authors for the asphaltenes of a bitumen and an oil. The group chemical compositions are given for the bitumen of the grades BND 50/70, BND 70/100 and BND 100/130 produced by the plants of Kazakhstan. It has been shown that the content of the asphaltenes in them is from 15.8% to 24.3%; in most cases, the content of the asphaltenes is within the range of 20-25%, i.e. the asphaltenes nanoclusters are almost a fourth of the bitumen by weight. The brief description is given for the best known polymers used for the modification of the road bitumen: 1) the reactive polymers Elvaloy 4170 and Elvaloy AM; 2) the polymers of the group SBS - Kraton D 1192A, Calprene 501, SBS L 30-01 A, KUMHO KTR and Butonal NS 198. It is proposed to consider the bitumen and the polymer bitumen as the peculiar nanodisperse systems. The structures are described for the polymer bitumen nanodisperse systems occurring during the modification of the road bitumen with the polymers of the above two groups.
4
KAR, Siksha Swaroopa, Aravind Krishna SWAMY, Devesh TIWARI, and Pramod Kumar JAIN. "IMPACT OF RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT ON PROPERTIES OF FOAMED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 1 (2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2018.383.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the use of foamed bitumen technology along with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement is gaining popularity across the world. The mechanical response of foamed bitumen mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement is significantly influenced by constituent material properties and aggregate gradation. This article presents results from a study where foamed bitumen mixtures conforming to Indian specifications were evaluated. For this purpose, foamed bitumen mixtures using a different percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement and bitumens were prepared. Initially, the foaming characteristics of virgin bitumens were evaluated to optimize for optimum water content and foaming temperature. In the second stage, mixture design was conducted to optimize for foamed bitumen content in foamed bitumen mixtures containing a different percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Finally, these foamed bitumen mixtures were evaluated for their mechanical properties. The results from this laboratory study indicated properties of foamed bitumen and foamed mixtures are significantly influenced by properties of bitumen, the quantity of bitumen, and reclaimed asphalt pavement. Among the different mixtures, a mixture containing 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement exhibited best results in resilient modulus and resistance to moisture damage tests. A mixture containing 80% reclaimed asphalt pavement also shows acceptable strength and resistance to water susceptibility. Thus, it is possible to design high-quality bituminous mixes using higher reclaimed asphalt pavement percentages, which meet the required volumetric and desired performance criteria.
5
Słowik, Mieczysław, and Marta Andrzejczak. "Study of the zero shear viscosity of SBS copolymer modified bitumens." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 4 (2014): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1854.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the results of the zero shear viscosity (ZSV) determined by using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The tests were conducted with the use of 50/70 penetration grade bitumen produced from Venezuelan and Russian crude oils (named V50/70 and R50/70, respectively). Specimens of the tested polymer modified bitumens were combined with modified bitumen concentrate (containing 9% of SBS copolymer) by mixing them together. The objects of the tests were modified bitumens containing 1.5%; 3.0%; 4.5%; 6.0% and 9.0% of SBS copolymer. Zero shear viscosity (ZSV) was determined with the use of two methods: the creep method at various levels of shear stress in the time sequence and a method in which kinematic, sinusoidal angular deformation was applied. The tests were conducted at a constant temperature of 60˚C. The results of two ZSV tests gave similar findings for 50/70 penetration grade bitumen and modified bitumen with low SBS copolymer content (1.5%). In the case of modified bitumen with higher SBS copolymer content, i.e. 3%; 4.5%; 6%; 9%, zero shear viscosity determined by two methods gave different results.
6
Eskandarsefat, S., P. Caputo, C. Oliviero Rossi, R. Vaiana, and C. Sangiorgi. "Advanced Characterization of Bituminous Binders: Comparing Industrial and Paving-Grade Bituminous Binders." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 23, no. 1 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1033.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the fundamental differences between industrial and paving-grade bituminous binders. The paper is presented in two main sections: 1) a review of the materials’ colloidal structure and the required properties for the industrial and paving applications; 2) a wide range of experimental tests with which the bituminous binders were studied and compared. In this research, a 160/220 industrial bitumen was studied and compared to a paving-grade bitumen with the same penetration and with a lower penetration, 70/100 one. The research consisted of physical, chemical, thermal, microstructural, and rheological analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of these bituminous binders of diverse applications. Overall, the comparison of the tests’ results indicated that while the asphaltene content and its characteristics have a great influence on the bitumen’s properties, it is not the only fundamental factor. During the study of the chemical structures via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), it was found that the Peri phase (attributed to the resins) also plays an important role, defining the bitumen’s physical visco-elastic properties. In fact, from a microstructural point of view using AFM a significant difference was notified between the industrial bitumen and the paving-grade ones. These differences allow the paving-grade bitumens to be more elastic and ductile compared to the industrial bitumen.
7
Zieliński, K. "Analysis of Rheological State of SBS Modified Bitumens Based on Viscosity Measurements." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 1 (2013): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Each bitumen has a slightly different group composition, thus bitumen modification with the SBS copolymer gives slightly different results in each case. Both in the industry and construction practice there is still no simple method available which would allow the evaluation of the impact of SBS content and the group composition of bitumen on the structural and rheological properties of the polymer bitumen mix. The article presents the results of the dynamic viscosity tests of three bitumen types. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that changes in the rheological properties caused by SBS additive are characteristic for each of the bitumens tested and their chemical and group composition. They are also proportionate to the amount of the modifier added. In order to have a possibility to measure this impact, three coefficients rheologically characterizing polymer and bitumen mixes were applied.
8
Zolotaryov, Viktor, Yan Pyrig, and Andrey Galkin. "THE SECOND STANDARD ON VISCOUS PETROLEUM ROAD BITUMENS: ITS CONTENT AND PERSPECTIVE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny 264, no. 4 (2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-4-264-40-46.
Full textAbstract:
The first Ukrainian standard ДСТУ 4044 “Viscous petroleum road bitumens. Technical conditions” was implemented in 2002. According to its content and list of indicators, it met the level of the oil refining industry of Ukraine and the state of the road industry. In addition to conventional indicators, it included additional indicators of adhesion and mass content of paraffins. The indicator for paraffin remained unregulated, because there was neither acceptable method nor necessary equipment, and in generally an intention of manufacturers and users to apply it. The standard referred to in the article differs from the previous one by the principle of assigning indicators and their list. This is largely due to Ukraine’s accession to the European Free Trade Association and the deepening of scientific knowledge on predicting the behavior of bitumen under different conditions and their impact on the properties of asphalt concrete. Accordingly, the limits of normalization of bitumen grades on the depth of needle penetration were changed, which led to an increase in amount of grades from 4 to 5. Using the dependence of the penetration index on the softening point temperature, its new normative values are ordered. The Fraas breaking temperature provided by the standard is slightly lower than that normalized EN 12591 which is due the climatic conditions of Ukraine. The rate of adhesion of bitumen to the surface is normalized, which quantitatively characterizes the adhesion of bitumen to the mineral substrate, the least favorable for interaction. It is proposed to determine the indicators of technological aging by the RTFOT method. The standard contains additional indicators to be determined according to the harmonized European standards ДСТУ EN 12607-1 and ДСТУ EN 13302 (methods for determining the dynamic viscosity). Additional standards include equal viscous heating temperatures of bitumen in the production of asphalt mixtures and their compaction. The first is the temperature, which corresponds to a bitumen viscosity of 0.5 Pas, the second is 10 Pas. Elongation at a temperature of 0 ºC is included in the standard as a certain analogue of the breaking temperature. Based on the fact that at this time the next European standard is in the final stage before approval, the values of additional indicators can be included into this standard after adjusting their values with European ones based on the characteristics of bitumen used in Ukraine. Keywords: bitumen, depth of needle penetration, softening point temperature, adhesion, ductility, cohesion, heating.
9
Yuan, Hemin, De-hua Han, Hui Li, and Weimin Zhang. "A comparison of bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates: Measured data." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 1 (2017): MR39—MR50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0657.1.
Full textAbstract:
Bitumen is a very important hydrocarbon resource, which exists in enormous amounts all over the world. Bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates have large percentages of bitumen content. However, the differences in lithology, porosity, and bitumen content cause them to have distinct properties, which can further lead to different production methods. Therefore, it is significant to study the different properties between bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates, so as to further analyze the factors causing the differences and to provide guidance for production. To study the basic properties of the bitumen rocks, we have developed a method to measure the rock samples’ true porosity, which can estimate the porosity even for “as is” samples. The method involves injecting water and can provide relatively accurate estimation of the porosity. Then, we compared the porosities and bitumen content of the bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates from the same area. Due to different rock formation mechanisms, mineral composition, and compaction, bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates show different porosity and bitumen saturation. Based on the differences in porosity and bitumen content, the responses of the bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates under different pressure and temperature conditions are also compared and analyzed. The bitumen sands are more sensitive to pressure and temperature than are the bitumen carbonates, owing to the larger porosities and higher bitumen content. Bitumen carbonates show distinct behaviors from bitumen sands — the velocities drop faster at the high temperature range. In the end, the waveforms of the signals of the bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates are also compared, and the attenuation is calculated. Bitumen sands and bitumen carbonates display stronger attenuation in the middle temperature range, which is related to the bitumen properties. Comparatively stronger attenuation occurs in bitumen sands because of its loose frame and higher bitumen content.
10
Mieczkowski, Paweł, Bartosz Budziński, Mieczysław Słowik, Jan Kempa, and Wojciech Sorociak. "Experimental Study of Tensile Properties of Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene Modified Asphalt Binders." Materials 14, no. 7 (2021): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071734.
Full textAbstract:
The requirements imposed on road pavements are ever increasing nowadays, necessitating the improvement of the properties of paving materials. The most commonly used paving materials include bituminous mixtures that are composed of aggregate grains bound by a bituminous binder. The properties of bitumens can be improved by modification with polymers. Among the copolymers used for modifying bitumens, styrene–butadiene–styrene, a thermoplastic elastomer, is the most commonly used. This article presents the results of tests conducted on bitumens modified with two types of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer (linear and radial). Two bitumen types of different penetration grades (35/50 and 160/220) were used in the experiments. The content of styrene–butadiene–styrene added to the bitumen varied between 1% and 6%. The results of the force ductility test showed that cohesion energy can be used for qualitative evaluation of the efficiency of modification of bitumen with styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer. The determined values of the cohesion energy were subjected to the original analysis taking into account the three characteristic elongation zones of the tested binders. The performed analyses made it possible to find a parameter whose values correlate significantly with the content of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer in the modified bitumen. With smaller amounts of added modifier (approximately 2%), slightly better effects were obtained in the case of linear copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene and for larger amounts of modifier (5–6%) radial copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene was found to be more effective. This is confirmed by the changes in the binder structure, as indicated by the penetration index (PI).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bitumen content"
1
Kristinavičiūtė, Jolanta. "Bitumo kiekio įtakos asfalto kokybės rodikliams ir bitumo savybių tyrimai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100628_092123-93187.
Full textAbstract:
Baigiamojo magistro darbo tikslas – ištirti Lietuvos automobilių keliams naudojamų bitumų savybes ir bitumo kiekio įtaką asfalto kokybės rodikliams. Naudojantis eksperimentinių dangų konstrukcijų bandomojo ruožo tyrimų duomenimis, atlikta viršutiniojo asfalto sluoksnio kokybės rodiklių analizė. Atlikus šių duomenų analizę, nustatytas bitumo kiekio ir mišinio fizikinių – mechaninių rodiklių tarpusavio koreliacinis ryšys. Pagal VĮ „Problematikos“ laboratorijoje atliktus bitumų tyrimų duomenis, nustatyta bitumo savybių rodiklių sietis. Tyrimų medžiaga apdorota statistiniu paketu „Statistica“. Pateiktos sunormintos bitumo kiekio ir fizikinių – mechaninių rodiklių vertės, atliktas bitumų kokybės rodiklių vertinimas. Pateiktos išvados ir rekomendacijos.The main aim of this Master work is to analyse quality parameters of asphalt pavement and quality indicators of bitumen use for Lithuanian Roads. Using the results of the research on experimental pavement structures the quality parameters of the top layer of asphalt was analyzed. The analysis of the data allowed the correlation between the bitumen content and asphalt mixture physical and mechanical indices to be determined. Using the results of the research on „Problematika“ laboratory allowed the correlation between bitumen properties parameters. The research material was processed by means of the statistical software package „Statistica“. Standartized bitumen content and asphalt mixture physical and mechanical indices, bitumen quality indicators were valued. The conclusions and recommendations are provided.
2
Sanchez, Melo Diana B. "Meso-scale rheological characteristics of foamed bitumen mixtures with high RAP content." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50503/.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing concerns to reduce the production of harmful emissions, decrease energy consumption and preserve the natural resources have motivated the asphalt industry to lower the production temperatures of asphalt mixtures and incorporate alternative materials. One approach is to use Foamed Bitumen Mixtures (FBM) in combination with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material. FBMs are composed of a combination of foamed bitumen and mineral aggregates, where unlike conventional HMA where the bitumen is in a liquid state during mixing, the bitumen present in these mixtures is in a foamed state during the mixture’s production. Foamed bitumen production has been mainly based on the techniques developed more than 50 years ago, where the bitumen is heated at high temperatures and then foamed by combining it with cold water, a process that is also known as mechanical foaming. In its foamed state, the bitumen has lower viscosity and expanded volume and can, therefore, be mixed with cold (and often damp) aggregates. These two conditions allow bitumen in its foamed state to coat the aggregates at lower temperatures in comparison to those required in regular HMA materials. More recently, new foaming technologies have been developed as part of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies. WMA are asphalt mixtures that are produced at reduced temperatures (i.e. mixing temperatures around 120°C) compared to traditional HMA materials, obtaining mainly environmental and economic benefits. The possibility of reducing the mixing temperature for the asphalt mixture by using these types of foaming technologies is achieved through the use of a series of products and/or processes that act on the bitumen through different mechanisms to provide the adequate workability and coatability conditions when combined with the aggregates at these reduced temperatures. On the other hand, RAP materials are essentially aged asphalt pavements that have reached the end of their service lives and are reclaimed to be used as part of the construction or rehabilitation of pavement structures. The incorporation of this material in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) reduces the amount of raw materials added to the final mixtures, which contributes to the conservation of natural resources. Thus, the use of foaming technologies together with the great potential shown by RAP materials to be successfully recycled in asphalt mixtures, are encouraging the use of these materials in road infrastructure projects, thereby requiring the study of their fundamental properties and providing an indication of their expected field performance. This evaluation is particularly important taking into account that a main concern related to the use of lower production temperatures of the mixtures is if the properties of the material are still comparable to those of the traditional HMA. Furthermore, in the case of RAP materials it is still unclear what role the old RAP bitumen plays in the presence of virgin materials, particularly because the blend of RAP-virgin bitumen has a great influence on the final performance of the produced mixtures. Thus, the use of foamed bitumen in mixtures that also include RAP constitutes an important subject of study. This thesis is concerned with the use of the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) testing technique as part of a comprehensive experimental methodology to evaluate the rheological response of foamed bitumen mixtures produced by the traditional mechanical foaming technique, and by the incorporation of a foaming additive based on zeolite minerals commonly used in warm mix technologies, and their behaviour in the production of mixtures containing high RAP content (i.e. 50% by total weight). The relevance and suitability of the testing methodology was evaluated at the meso-scale by testing specimens representing the fine aggregate matrix (FAM) or asphalt mortar existing in the full mixtures which has a relatively more uniform (or less heterogeneous) internal structure and it has been reported to accurately represent the mechanical behaviour of the whole asphalt mixture (Masad et al. 2006). In this study, FAM is defined as a combination of bitumen, with mineral aggregates of particles size smaller than 1 mm. Initially, the rheological characteristics of the FBMs produced with both foaming technologies were studied. This was followed by the evaluation of the rheological response of these mixtures with RAP material. In all cases, this evaluation included the effect of production temperature for half-warm (i.e. mixing temperatures of 90oC), warm (i.e. mixing temperatures of 120oC), and hot processes (i.e. mixing temperatures of 160oC). Experimental results of applying DMA testing on FAM FBMs identified the characteristics of foamed bitumen mixtures manufactured with the two different foaming technologies. It was found that the foaming technology and production temperature have different impacts on the produced mixtures. In the case of the mechanical foamed mixtures, the rheological characteristics of these mixtures were found to be strongly dependant on the production process and the mixing temperature of the materials. Conversely, changes in the production temperature do not have a considerable effect on the rheological characteristics of the zeolite containing mixtures. When 50% RAP material was incorporated the properties of the mixtures were found to be influenced by the level of blending between RAP-virgin binders, which was found to be mainly a function of the foaming technology and the final temperature of the mixtures. The present work was also intended to evaluate how the fundamental rheological properties of these FAM FBMs with RAP material are affected by several environmental conditions, such as the combined effects of water and oxidative ageing. This was achieved by applying two conditioning procedures including the BS EN 12697-12:2008 with further conditioning in a 60oC water bath at different times, and the Saturating Ageing Tensile Stiffness (SATS) protocols. It was found that in the presence of moisture and high temperature environments, the age-hardening related effects dominated the response of the FAM materials. These effects are believed to be linked to the fact that the FAM type mixtures contain more bitumen and smaller size voids compared to the full asphalt mixtures, which could impact the rate at which moisture can reach the inner portion of the testing specimens, whereas high temperatures certainly lead to some ageing and stiffening of the materials.
3
Namutebi, May. "Some Aspects of Foamed Bitumen Technology." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32944.
Full textAbstract:
Although foamed bitumen has been widely applied in pavement construction some of its aspects are still not yet understood. In this study, some of these aspects including: effects of the foaming process on binder chemistry, characterization of foamed bitumen and development of a rational method to optimize foam characteristics, evaluation of aggregate particle coating within foamed bitumen treated materials, and development of a gyratory compaction procedure for laterite gravels treated with foamed bitumen were addressed. The effects of the foaming process on bitumen chemistry were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Also, foam characteristics of three binders were established and a rational method to optimize foam characteristics proposed. Aggregate particle coating with foamed bitumen was studied using the concepts of surface energy and Rice density. In addition a gyratory laboratory compaction procedure for laterite gravels treated with foamed bitumen was established using the modified locking concept. Infrared techniques have shown that foaming does not cause any changes in the binder chemistry, suggesting that foaming may be a physical process. Further, foam characteristics are greatly influenced by binder viscosity. Also, the equiviscous temperature seems to produce foam with optimum foam characteristics. Rice density results showed that aggregate size fraction, binder expansion ratio and viscosity influenced aggregate particle coating. Surface energy results revealed that foamed bitumen exhibited better coating attributes than neat bitumen. A new compaction procedure for laterite gravels treated with foamed bitumen based on the modified locking point was developed.QC 20110427
4
Klimeš, Petr. "Dvouvrstvý koberec drenážní s asfaltem modifikovaným pryžovým granulátem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225449.
Full textAbstract:
The possibilities of double layer porous asphalt usage and rules for design of porous asphalt mixtures are introduced in this work. The porous asphalt mixtures PA 8, PA 11 and PA 16 are designed with different content of asphalt-rubber according to Marshall Test method. The water sensitivity, drainability, particle loss of these PA are determined. The permanent deformation and drainability of double layer PA 8 and PA 11 were also determined. The possibility of usage of this double layer porous asphalt with expected decreasing of traffic noise was proved.
5
Cairns, Paul-Emanuel. "High Pressure Oxy-fired (HiPrOx) Direct Contact Steam Generation (DCSG) for Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Application." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24329.
Full textAbstract:
Production in Canada’s oil sands has been increasing, with a projected rate of 4.5 million barrels per day by 2025. Two production techniques are currently used, mining and in-situ, with the latter projected to constitute ~57% of all production by that time. Although in-situ extraction methods such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) are less invasive than mining, they result in more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per barrel and require large amounts of water that must be treated and recycled with a make-up water requirement of about 10%. CanmetENERGY is developing a steam generation technology called the High Pressure Oxy-fired Direct Contact Steam Generator (HiPrOx/DCSG, or DCSG for short) that will reduce these water requirements and sequester GHGs. This study evaluates the technical feasibility of this technology using process simulations, bench-scale testing, and pilot-scale testing.
At first, a method in which to integrate the DCSG into the SAGD process was presented and process modeling of expected system performance was undertaken. The process simulations indicated that DCSG decreased the energy intensity of SAGD by up to 7.6% compared to the base SAGD case without carbon capture and storage (CCS), and up to 12.0% compared to the base SAGD case with CCS.
Bench-scale testing was then performed using a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (PTGA) in order to investigate the effects of increased pressure and high moisture environments on a Canadian lignite coal char’s reactivity. It was found that under reaction kinetic-controlled conditions at atmospheric pressure, the increased addition of steam led to a reduction in burning time. The findings may have resulted from the lower heat capacity and higher thermal conductivity of steam compared to CO2. At increased pressures, CO2 inhibited burnout due to its higher heat capacity, lower thermal conductivity, and its effect on C(O) concentrations on the particle surface. When steam was added, the inhibiting effects of CO2 were counteracted, resulting in burnout rates similar to pressurized O2/N2 environments. These preliminary results suggested that the technology was feasible at a bench-scale level. Conflicting literature between bench-scale and pilot-scale studies indicated that pilot-scale testing would be advantageous as a next step.
At the pilot-scale, testing was performed using n-butanol, graphite slurry, and n-butanol/graphite slurry mixtures covering lower and upper ends in fuel reactivity. It was found that stable combustion was attainable, with high conversion efficiencies in all cases. With the n-butanol, it was possible to achieve low excess oxygen requirements, which minimizes corrosion issues and reduce energy requirements associated with oxygen generation. With graphite slurry, it was found that it was possible to sustain combustion in these high moisture environments and that high conversion was achieved as indicated by the undetectable levels of carbonaceous materials observed in downstream equipment.
Overall, these studies indicate that DCSG is technically feasible from the perspectives of energy and combustion efficiencies as well as from a steam generation point of view. Future work includes the investigation of possible corrosion associated with the product gas, the effect of CO2 on bitumen production, the nature of the mineral melt formed by the deposition of the dissolved and suspended solids from the water in the combustor, and possible scaling issues in the steam generator and piping associated with mineral deposits from the dissolved and suspended solids in the produced water is recommended.
6
Edvardsson, Karin. "Evaluation of Dust Suppressants for Gravel Roads : Methods Development and Efficiency Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12359.
Full textAbstract:
Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effectivelydust suppressed. The application of solutions instead of a solid salts achieves a more uniformproduct distribution and, therefore, probably a more efficient performance. By applying acalcium- or magnesium chloride solution instead of traditionally used solids, the cost for annualdust control, as well as the environmental impact from the release of these chemicals in theenvironment, can be reduced by 50 percent. A significant problem when using dust suppressants is their tendency to leach during rainfalldue to their soluble properties. Residual chloride could be detected in the gravel wearing courseover a longer period of time than lignosulphonate and, therefore, showed more effective longtermperformance. Optimal percentages of fine material for minimal lignosulphonate andchloride leaching were found to be 15 percent by weight and 10-16 percent by weight,respectively. Ions of calcium chloride seemed to initiate flocculation of clay particles, therebypreventing them from leaching. Still, the fine material in gravel wearing courses has to be replenished regularly as indicated by studies of the longevity of fine material. Loss up to80 percent was found after two years. Toxicity tests show that dust suppressant application for dust control purposes, at traditionallyused application rates, does not constitute a threat to sensitive aquatic life. Tests on subsoilwater samples indicated elevated chloride levels, which possibly could cause corrosion to pipes,but not high enough to flavour drinking water.QC20100616
7
Somé, Sâannibè Ciryle. "Comportement thermomécanique des enrobés tièdes et de l'interface bitume-granulat." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00855431.
Full textAbstract:
La compréhension du comportement thermomécanique des matériaux bitumineux et la durabilité de l'interface bitume-granulat sont des facteurs clés pour prédire l'endommagement des chaussées. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse s'attache à évaluer la qualité du collage entre le bitume et le granulat par une méthode thermique originale dans les conditions de fabrication d'enrobés bitumineux tièdes. Elle vise ensuite à étudier l'influence de la qualité de collage sur leurs performances mécaniques. Dans le chapitre 1, les différentes techniques de caractérisation mécanique des perfmances mécaniques et de l'interface bitume-granulat y sont présentées. Il s'agit essentiellement d'essais permettant d'évaluer le désenrobage bitume-granulat sous l'action de l'eau. Les chapitres 2 et 3 fournissent une description des mécanismes de transferts thermiques qui s'opèrent lors de la mise contact de deux milieux de températures différentes. Les bases théoriques sont présentées pour permettre de formuler et de résoudre le problème de conduction inverse résultant de la mise en contact du bitume et du granulat en vue d'estimer la résistance thermique de contact (RTC). La description du protocole expérimental pour déterminer la RTC ainsi que l'étude des propriétés thermophysiques et de mouillabilité des matériaux font l'objet des chapitres 4 et 5. La RTC est utilisée comme indicateur de la qualité du collage bitume-granulat et les résultats obtenus sont présentés et interprétés dans le chapitre 6. Les chapitres 7 et 8 présentent des résultats complémentaires de performances mécaniques des enrobés et des liants bitumineux, étudiés dans les Chapitres précédents et utilisés pour la formulation d'enrobés ou le dimensionnement de chaussées.
8
Khan, Abdullah. "Fundamental investigation to improve the quality of cold mix asphalt." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191527.
Full textAbstract:
Cold mix asphalt (CMA) emulsion technology could become an attractive option for the road industry as it offers lower startup and equipment installation costs, energy consumption and environmental impact than traditional alternatives. The adhesion between bitumen and aggregates is influenced by diverse parameters, such as changes in surface free energies of the binder and aggregates or the presence of moisture or dust on the surface of aggregates, mixing temperatures, surface textures (including open porosity), nature of the minerals present and their surface chemical composition, as well as additives in the binder phase. The performance of cold asphalt mixtures is strongly influenced by the wetting of bitumen on surfaces of the aggregates, which is governed by breaking and coalescence processes in bitumen emulsions. Better understanding of these processes is required. Thus, in the work this thesis is based upon, the surface free energies of both minerals/aggregates and binders were characterized using two approaches, based on contact angles and vapor sorption methods. The precise specific surface areas of four kinds of aggregates and seven minerals were determined using an approach based on BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) theory, by measuring the physical adsorption of selected gas vapors on their surfaces and calculating the amount of adsorbed vapors corresponding to monolayer occupancy on the surfaces. Interfacial bond strengths between bitumen and aggregates were calculated based on measured surface free energy components of minerals/aggregates and binders, in both dry and wet conditions. In addition, a new experimental method has been developed to study bitumen coalescence by monitoring the shape relaxation of bitumen droplets in an emulsion environment. Using this method, the coalescence of spherical droplets of different bitumen grades has been correlated with neck growth, densification and changes in surface area during the coalescence process. The test protocol was designed to study the coalescence process in varied environmental conditions provided by a climate-controlled chamber. Presented results show that temperature and other variables influence kinetics of the relaxation process. They also show that the developed test procedure is repeatable and suitable for studying larger-scale coalescence processes. However, possible differences in measured parametric relationships between the bitumen emulsion scale and larger scales require further investigation. There are several different research directions that can be explored for the continuation of the research presented in this thesis. For instance, the rationale of the developed method for analyzing coalescence processes in bitumen emulsions rests on the assumption that the results are applicable to large-scale processes, which requires validation. A linear relationship between the scales is not essential, but it is important to be able to determine the scaling function. Even more importantly, qualitative effects of the investigated parameters require further confirmation. To overcome the laboratory limitations and assist in the determination of appropriate scaling functions further research could focus on the development of a three-dimensional multiphase model to study coalescence processes in more detail, including effects of surfactants, pH and other additives such as mineral fillers and salts. Additionally, better understanding of the breaking process and water-push out could help significantly to optimize CMA mix design. Different methods, both numerical and experimental could be explored for this.Cold mix asphalt (CMA) eller kall asfaltbetong med hjälp av emulsionsteknik kan vara ett attraktivt alternativ för vägbyggnadsindustrin då det möjliggör lägre uppstart- och investeringskostnader, lägre energiförbrukning och mindre miljöpåverkan än traditionella alternativ. Adhesionen mellan bindemedel och stenpartiklarna påverkas av ett flertal parametrar, så som förändring i fri ytenergi hos både bindemedel och partiklar i närvaro av fukt eller damm på stenytorna, blandningstemperatur, yttextur (inklusive ytporositet), mineralegenskaper och ytornas kemiska sammansättning lika väl som tillsatsmedel i bindemedlen. Beteendet hos kall asfaltbetong är starkt påverkad av vätningsegenskaperna hos bindemedlet när det kommer i kontakt med stenmaterialet och detta i sin tur är beroende på bitumenemulsionens brytegenskaper och förmåga att blandas. Bättre förståelse av dessa processer är av största vikt. I detta arbete är avhandlingen baserad på fri ytenergi hos både mineraler/aggregat och bindemedel, baserat på kontaktvinkel och på ångabsorptionsmetoder. Den exakta specifika ytan hos fyra typer av aggregat och sju mineraler undersöktes med en metod baserad på BET (Brunauer, Emmett och Teller):s teorier genom att mäta den fysiska adsorptionen av utvalda gaser på ytorna och beräkna mängden adsorberad ånga som korresponderade mot ytlagret. Styrkan hos kontaktytornas bindning mellan bindemedlet och stenaggregaten beräknades baserat på mätningar av den fria ytenergin hos bägge ingående komponenterna, dels i torrhet dels i våta omgivningar. Som tillägg har en ny experimentell metod utvecklats för att studera bitumens blandbarhet genom att studera bitumendroppars relaxation i en emulsionsmiljö. Genom att använda denna metod har korelationen mellan sväriska droppar av bitumen undersökts mot förändringen i ytans area under blandningsprocessen. Testprotokollet utformades för att studera blandningsprocessen i varierande miljöer i en klimatkammare. Presenterade resultat visar att temperatur och andra variabler påverkar de kinetiska förhållandena vid relaxationsprocessen. De visar även att den utvecklade testmetoden är repeterbar och passar för studier av storskaliga blandningsprocesser. Det bör dock påpekas att vidare studier krävs för att påvisa skillnaderna mellan bitumenemulsionsskalan och större skalor. Framtida forskning kommer att koncentreras på utveckling av tredimensionella multifasmodeller för att studera blandningsförlopp på en mer detaljerad nivå, inkluderande effekter på ytaktiva ämnen, pH-värden och andra additativ så som mineralfiller och salt. Som tillägg kommer nyttan av nya karaktäriseringsmetoder att utvärderas, så som lågvikelspridning av neutroner eller kombinationer av röntgen, neutronradiologi och datortomografi, för att studera brytmekanismer hos bitumenemulsioner vid kontakt med mineraler och aggregat.
QC 20160901
9
Castagnini, Flavio Chiraz. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de contact émulsion de bitume-granulats : effets d'un traitement préalable des granulats." Mulhouse, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MULH0830.
Full textAbstract:
Le but de l’étude est d’évaluer l’effet de l’adsorption d’un tensioactif amphotère et d’un polyélectrolyte à la surface de granulats employés pour la réalisation d’enrobés bitumineux à froid. Les propriétés électriques de surface, analysées par zêtamétrie, révèlent des comportements très différent suivant la nature des additifs adsorbés et des conditions environnementales (pH, ions divalents…). L’étude in-situ de la morphologie des films adsorbés par AFM et de leur épaisseur par ellipsométrie à l’interface silice-eau a permis d’élucider les mécanismes d’adsorption. En particulier, ces additifs ne forment pas de monocouches hydrophobes homogènes. Enfin il a été montré qu’une couche pré-adsorbée de ces additifs est systématiquement incapable de modifier durablement la chimie de surface d’une silice lors d’une acidification du milieu ou de l’apport d’un agent tensioactif supplémentaire. Ce dernier cas constitue une simulation simplifiée du système complexe émulsion de bitume-granulatThe aim of this work is to study the consequences of charged surfactants and polyelectrolyte adsorptions at fillers’ surface used for cold mix asphalts. Electrical properties of the surfaces, as shown by electrophoretic measurements, depend readily on additives structures and bulk conditions (pH, bulk concentration, divalent metal cations…). In-situ AFM pictures and ellipsometric layer thickness measurements have provided direct evidence for the presence of surface aggregates and has allowed us to propose adsorption mechanisms. Particularly, no regular hydrophobic monolayers are formed through additives adsorption. Finally, we have shown that pre-adsorbed layers are unable to modify durably the surface chemistry of silica when reducing the bulk pH (acidification) or when adding a second surface active agent. This latter case consists in a simplified representation of the complex bitumen emulsion-filler system
10
De, mesquita lopes Manuela. "Évaluation de la Durabilité des Enrobés Chauds et Tièdes Contenant des Agrégats d’Enrobés." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0003/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le recyclage des enrobés bitumineux fabriqués selon un procédé tiède répond aux exigences du développement durable: il limite l'apport de matériaux neufs, permet la gestion des déchets et réduit la consommation d'énergie. Le recyclage des enrobés date des années 70 ; ce qui a changé depuis, c'est la volonté de pérenniser le recyclage à fort taux, définit ici à plus de 25% d'agrégats d'enrobés (AE). Les AE contiennent une part de bitume qui est valorisable pour ses propriétés viscoélastiques de liant hydrocarboné. Il est ainsi recherché une mobilisation de ce liant vieilli dans le processus de recyclage. L'un des problèmes suspectés lors du couplage recyclage/procédé tiède est le phénomène de double enrobage pouvant impacter la rhéologie du nouveau matériau: le liant de l'AE et le liant d'apport ne se mélangeraient pas totalement du fait de l'abaissement des températures de fabrication et formeraient des couches superposées. Ce phénomène serait la cause de dysfonctionnements mécaniques au niveau de l'enrobé. Il se pose donc la question de la qualité de l'enrobage de surfaces granulaires déjà enrobées et du manque de moyens de caractérisation pour l'observation in situ de l'interface. Dans ce travail de thèse, la qualité d'enrobage des agrégats d'enrobés par un liant d'apport a été évaluée à l'échelle microscopique et macroscopique. Au niveau microscopique, il a été proposé d'utiliser un outil de micro-spectroscopie infrarouge pour évaluer in situ la qualité d'interface entre l'AE et le liant d'apport et suivre la répartition spatiale de ces deux composants au sein d'enrobés de laboratoire. Cela a nécessité un important développement expérimental afin de pouvoir appliquer un accessoire d'imagerie infrarouge aux mélanges complexes que sont les formules d'enrobés bitumineux constitués de différentes fractions granulaires et de liant bitumineux. Il a ainsi été possible, grâce à l'identification préalable de traceurs internes, de suivre la remobilisation partielle du liant vieilli de l'AE. En parallèle, au niveau macroscopique, un protocole d'essai a été développé afin d'évaluer la durabilité des enrobés contenant des forts taux d'AE (50%), notamment des enrobés fabriqués selon un procédé tiède. L'essai actuel de fatigue est l'un des essais qui permet le mieux d'évaluer la durée de vie d'une couche de chaussée. Mais cet essai accéléré est biaisé car le bitume des échantillons testés n'a pas eu le temps de vieillir comme c'est le cas sur une vraie chaussée. Dans ce travail, il a donc été proposé d'ajouter une étape de vieillissement du matériau avant les essais de fatigue, d'orniérage, de tenue à l'eau et de module complexe. Il est supposé que le comportement réel du matériau se situerait entre celui du matériau non vieilli et celui du matériau vieilli. Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent qu'un enrobé tiède contenant un taux élevé d'AE présente de bonnes performances mécaniques excepté qu'il a tendance à être plus sensible à la fatigue qu'une même formulation de matériau fabriqué à chaud ou selon un procédé tiède mais sans ajout AEThe recycling of asphalt mixtures manufactured with a warm process meets the requirements of sustainable development: it limits the use of new materials, allows waste management and reduces energy consumption. The recycling of asphalt mixtures dates from the 70's. What has changed since that is the will to sustain high rate recycling, defined here by more than 25% of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). RAP contains a part of bitumen that is recoverable for its viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder. It is thus desired to mobilize this aged binder in the recycling process. One of the suspected problems when coupling recycling and warm process is the phenomenon of double coating that could affect rheological properties of the new material: the RAP binder and the new binder do not would mix completely due to the reduction of processing temperatures and would form superimposed layers. This phenomenon would cause mechanical dysfunctions in the asphalt mixture. This raises the question of the quality of the coating of granular surfaces, previously coated, and lack of characterization tools for in situ observation of the interface. In this thesis work, the quality of coating of RAP by a new binder has been evaluated at the microscopic and macroscopic scales. At the microscopic level, it has been proposed to use infrared micro-spectroscopy tool to evaluate the quality of interface between the RAP and the new binder and to follow the spatial distribution of these two components within mixtures produced in laboratory. To do that, it has been necessary to carry out an important experimental development in order to apply an infrared imaging accessory to complex mixtures that are the bituminous mixtures made of different granular fractions and bituminous binder. It was then possible, based on previous identification of internal tracers, to follow the partial remobilization of RAP aging binder. In parallel, at the macroscopic level, a testing protocol has been developed to evaluate the durability of high rate recycled asphalt mixtures (50% of RAP), including mixes produced in a warm process. The current fatigue test is one of the tests that best evaluate the lifetime of a pavement layer. But this accelerated test is biased because the bitumen of the mixtures tested did not have time to aged, as occurs in the case on a real road. In this work, it was proposed to add an aging step of the material before fatigue test, rutting test, modulus test and moisture damage test. It is assumed that the real behavior of the material would range between that of the unaged material and that of aged material. The main obtained results show that warm mixture asphalt containing high rate of RAP exhibit good mechanical performance, with a trend to be more susceptible to fatigue than a similar hot mixture or a warm mixture without added RAP
Books on the topic "Bitumen content"
1
Canada, Atomic Energy of. The leaching properties of bitumen and cement waste forms in contact with sand backfill: The influence of moisture content of sand on leach rates. Chalk River Laboratories, 1991.
2
Lovasic, Z. The influence of moisture content of sand on leach rates from cement and bitumen radioactive waste forms in a shallow ground repository. Chalk River Laboratories, 1992.
Book chapters on the topic "Bitumen content"
1
Pasetto, Marco, Andrea Baliello, Giovanni Giacomello, and Emiliano Pasquini. "A Rheological Study on Rejuvenated Binder Containing Very High Content of Aged Bitumen." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00476-7_29.
Full text
2
Neyret, Charles, Sébastien Lamothe, Daniel Perraton, et al. "Investigation of Cold Regions Dense Graded HMAC (EME) Sensitivity to Bitumen and Filler Content." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_149.
Full text
3
Kawakami, Atsushi, Yoko Kawashima, Hiroyuki Nitta, and Masayuki Yabu. "An Examination of Property Changes of Repeatedly Recycled Asphalt Bitumen Using Rejuvenator with High Aromatic Content." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00476-7_30.
Full text
4
Miró, Rodrigo, Adriana Martínez, Félix Pérez-Jiménez, and Ramón Botella. "Effect of Bitumen Type and Content on the Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures at Different Temperatures." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0867-6_40.
Full text
5
Raschia, Simone, Tushar Chauhan, Shalu Panwar, Alan Carter, Andrea Graziani, and Daniel Perraton. "Effect of Water and Cement Content on the Mechanical Properties of Cold Recycled Mixtures (CRM) with Bitumen Emulsion." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29779-4_27.
Full text
6
Neji, Jamel, Ahmed Siala, Saloua El Euch Khay, and Amara Loulizi. "Reduction of Bitumen Content and Production Temperature of Hot-Mix Asphalt Incorporating RAP Using Dune Sand and Lime." In RILEM Bookseries. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_194.
Full text
7
Manthos, E., J. Valentin, L. Benešová, D. Giannaka, P. Gravalas, and Ch Tsakalidis. "Investigation of Selected Properties of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumens with Different Rubber Contents." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48679-2_42.
Full text
8
Chhabra, Kaval, Divesh Agrawal, and Saladi S. V. Subbarao. "Modeling of Polypropylene Modified Bitumen Mix Design Results Using Regression Analysis." In Handbook of Research on Manufacturing Process Modeling and Optimization Strategies. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2440-3.ch012.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the effects of mixing Polypropylene waste plastics in the bituminous mix for the design of Flexible Pavement. Since, obtaining Marshall Test results from the bituminous mix is time-consuming, so if the practitioners measure the values of stability and flow by mechanical testing, other computations can be done by applying simple mathematical calculations. So, this study carried out stability and flow tests on different specimens made with varying bitumen and polypropylene plastic content. From the initial test results, the optimum bitumen and plastic contents are found. Further, the test results obtained from Marshall Test are modelled by identifying various input variables, which are various physical properties of the mix such as plastic content, bitumen content, air voids and unit weight. The regression modeling framework is adopted in this study to predict the Marshall stability and flow value. Since the developed models have yielded good results, these can be effectively used in parameter estimation, and thus aids the future researchers.
9
Chhabra, Kaval, Divesh Agrawal, and Saladi S. V. Subbarao. "Modeling of Polypropylene Modified Bitumen Mix Design Results Using Regression Analysis." In Waste Management. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch076.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the effects of mixing Polypropylene waste plastics in the bituminous mix for the design of Flexible Pavement. Since, obtaining Marshall Test results from the bituminous mix is time-consuming, so if the practitioners measure the values of stability and flow by mechanical testing, other computations can be done by applying simple mathematical calculations. So, this study carried out stability and flow tests on different specimens made with varying bitumen and polypropylene plastic content. From the initial test results, the optimum bitumen and plastic contents are found. Further, the test results obtained from Marshall Test are modelled by identifying various input variables, which are various physical properties of the mix such as plastic content, bitumen content, air voids and unit weight. The regression modeling framework is adopted in this study to predict the Marshall stability and flow value. Since the developed models have yielded good results, these can be effectively used in parameter estimation, and thus aids the future researchers.
10
Ripmeester, John A., and L. S. Kotlyar. "2H NMR and Gel Formation of the Ultrafine Solids Fraction Associated with the Athabasca Oil Sands Fine Tails." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
The two oil sands plants operated by Syncrude Canada Ltd. and Suncor Canada Ltd. near Fort MacMurray, Alberta, use a hot water process for the separation of bitumen from oil sands. In brief, hot water and oil sands, with caustic soda as dispersing agent, are mixed thoroughly, and bitumen is floated to the top of the resulting slurry by streams of air. After secondary bitumen recovery, the remaining tailings are carried to ponds, where the coarse sands are used to form dikes, the fine tails are left to settle, and freed water is recycled. Typical production figures for the Syncrude plant are 390 000 barrels of diluted bitumen per day produced from 325 000 tonnes of oil sand. One complicating factor is that the fine tails dewater only to a solids content of ~30%, requiring ponds of ever increasing size (the Syncrude pond is 22km2) to store the resulting sludge. As the ponded material is toxic to wildlife, it poses a considerable local environmental hazard. In addition, there is the potential hazard of contamination of surface water and a major river system as a result of seepage or potential dike failure. The work reported here was carried out as part of a major project initiated to address the problem of the existing tailings ponds, and also to modify the currently used separation process so as not to produce sludge. Starting with the recognition that the very stable fine tails, consisting of water, silt, clay and residual bitumen, have gel-like properties, we employed the strategy of fractionating the fine tails with the hope of identifying a specific fraction which might show gel-forming propensity. This was done by breaking the gel, and collecting fractions according to sedimentation behavior during centrifugation. Fractions consisting of the coarser solids (>0.5μm) settled rapidly, whereas fractions with smaller particle sizes (termed ultrafines) gave suspensions which set into stiff, thixotropic gels on standing. Gel formation and the sol-gel transition in colloidal clay suspensions are classical problems which have received much attention over the years; however, much remains to be learned. NMR techniques have shown considerable promise in understanding clay-water interactions at a microscopic level.
Conference papers on the topic "Bitumen content"
1
Cabrera, S. C. Motta, J. Bryan, and A. Kantzas. "Estimation of Bitumen and Clay Content in Fine Tailings." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2007-074.
Full text
2
Sheng, Kai, Ryosuke Okuno, Muhammad Imran, and Tomomi Yamada. "An Experimental Study of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Using A Large-Scale Physical Model." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200867-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper presents a large-scale experimental study of the compositional effect on produced bitumen properties in SAGD. The SAGD experiment used a sandpack in the cylindrical pressure vessel that was 1.22 m in length and 0.425 m in internal diameter. The pore volume of the sandpack was 58 L, and the porosity and permeability were 0.33 and 5.5 D, respectively. The sandpack was initially saturated with 93% bitumen and 7% deionized water. The SAGD experiment after preheating was operated mostly at a steam injection rate of 35 cm3/min (cold-water equivalent) at 3600 kPa (244°C). The produced fluids (gas, oil, and water) were analyzed; e.g., ten oil samples were analyzed in terms of carbon number distribution (CND), the asphaltene content, density, and viscosity to investigate the compositional change of the produced bitumen. After the experiment, the sandpack was excavated and samples were taken for analysis of solid, water, oil, asphaltene, and sulfur contents. Experimental data (e.g., propagation of a steam chamber and production of oil and water) were history-matched by using a numerical reservoir simulator. Results showed that the produced bitumen was lighter and contained 1 to 5 wt% less asphaltenes than the original bitumen. Also, the remaining oil inside the steam chamber contained 6 wt% more asphaltenes. As a result, the produced bitumen was 1 to 6 kg/m3 less dense than the original bitumen. In the actual operations, bitumen is diluted with condensate to reduce the oil viscosity for pipeline shipping. This reduction in bitumen density corresponds to a reduction of the diluent cost by 5-10%. The produced bitumen became less dense with increasing steam-chamber volume. The history-matched simulation indicated that the progressively decreasing density of the produced bitumen can be attributed to the vaporization of the relatively volatile components in the remaining oil, and condensation of those components near the chamber edge. The history-matching also indicated that varying flow regimes (counter-current and co-current flow of water and oil) affected the oil recovery during in the SAGD experiment.
3
Šernas, Ovidijus, Donatas Čygas, Audrius Vaitkus, and Vytautė Gumauskaitė. "The Influence of Crumb Rubber on Modified Bitumen Properties." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.147.
Full textAbstract:
Rubber derived from grinding of recycled cars and trucks tyres may be successfully used as a bitumen modifier. Number of researches reported sufficient characteristics of rubber modified asphalt binders or modified asphalt mixes in terms of improved permanent deformation and fatigue cracking. The behavior of crumb rubber asphalt binders depends on several factors, such as modification method, rubber content and size, modification temperature, mixing speed and time applied during the digestion process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of crumb rubber amount and type on modified bitumen low and high temperature properties. This paper presents results of unmodified bitumen, crumb rubber crumb rubber and polymer modified bitumen. Low and high temperature properties have been evaluated using bending beam rheometer and dynamic shear rheometer. Moreover, softening point and viscosity tests have been performed. The study results revealed that crumb rubber modified bitumen performed better than pure bitumen and similarly to polymer modified bitumen.
4
"Basic Experimental Studies on Coconut Shell Charcoal Ash in Modified Bitumen." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-16.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. For reducing the cost in bitumen roads and also increasing the efficiency of bituminuous roads, varieties of materials are used for improving the road by using coconut shell charcoal ash as fillers in the flexible pavement. In the literature work, the main descriptive of the work is to compare the results with different percentages of coconut shell charcoal ash in bitumen. The Properties of the coconut shell charcoal possesses are resistance to breaking the materials, absorbing the heat, moisture content of surface, grading, heating and synthetic resin glues which is important for pavement of bitumen roads. Therefore, its stability of Marshall stability test and flow value in Marshall stability and air void ratio are obtained. So that it can be compared with different modified percentage as 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% and 6% in test on Bitumen. From this test we can establish so that it can be useful as a substitute as a coconut shell charcoal ash for improving the strength, quality and durability of bitumnious road. For carrying out these experiments, Marshall stability test is used for obtaining better results for normal mix and modified mix for the bitumen.
5
Ojovan, Michael I., Natalia V. Ojóvan, Irene V. Startceva, Zoja I. Golubeva, and Alexander S. Barinov. "Modelling of the Waste Form Behaviour in a Wet Near-Surface Repository Site Over Extended Time Periods." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1291.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A mathematical model was used to predict radionuclide release from bitumen and glass waste forms over extended time periods. To calculate some model parameters, we used experimental data derived from 12yr field tests with six borosilicate waste glass blocks (each ∼30 kg in weight) and a bitumen block (310 kg), containing real intermediate-level NPP operational waste (NaNO3, 86 wt.% of a dry salt content; 137Cs, 82% of the radioactive inventory). Specific radioactivities of the glass material containing 35 wt.% waste oxides were βtot(90Sr+90Y), 3.74×106 Bq/kg, and αtot(239Pu), 1.3×104Bq/kg. The bitumen block with ∼31 wt.% salt content and βtot(90Sr+90Y), 4.0·106 Bq/kg, and αtot(239Pu), 3.0×103 Bq/kg was manufactured on base of a hard bitumen BN-IV. Tests with the waste forms were performed under saturated conditions of an experimental near-surface repository with a free access of groundwater to the waste blocks through a covering of host loamy soil and backfill of coarse sand. The way used to quantify the amount of leached radioactivity was to measure the volume and radioactivity concentrations of contacting groundwater. In the model, radionuclide release from the waste glass is assumed to be controlled by the processes of diffusion limited ion exchange and glass network dissolution. The mechanism of radionuclide release from the bitumen matrix is believed to remain the same throughout the long-term storage period, except for the initial stage when an enhanced leaching from the surface layer occurs. This long-term release is assumed to be controlled by diffusion of radionuclides through the bitumen matrix. So, identical formulae were applied to calculate the values of leached radioactivity fractions for two waste forms. Radioactivity release curves were plotted for field data and calculation results. For both waste forms, there was good agreement between the modelled and available experimental data. According to the modelling results, fmax = 2.3×10−3% of the initial radioactivity will release from the waste glass into the environment within a proposed institutional control period of 300 years under conditions of the near-surface repository and in the absence of additional engineered barriers. For the bitumen block and the same 300-yr period, the total (maximum) leached radioactivity fraction will be fmax = 4.2×10−3%. The main result of the modelling and experimental studies concerning the leaching behaviour of the bituminised and vitrified waste materials is that the fractional radioactivity release for two waste forms is on the same order of magnitude. Numerical release values per a unit of a surface area to volume ratio are also rather close for two waste forms (exposed surface area to volume ratio for the bitumen block is 2 to 4 times greater then for the glass).
6
Feng, J., B. Rivard, A. Gallie, and E. Cloutis. "Feature selection and broad band bitumen content estimation of Athabasca oil sand from infrared reflectance spectra." In 2009 First Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2009.5289042.
Full text
7
DINUSHKA, D. K. S., K. G. A. S. WAIDYASEKARA, and K. G. DEWAGODA. "APPLICABILITY OF RECYCLED PLASTIC FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SRI LANKA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.28.
Full textAbstract:
Even though Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) is being emerged as an alternative for conventional asphalt in the global context, the use of recycled plastics to produce PMB is still an unorthodox concept in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the study aimed at evaluating the applicability of recycled plastic as a construction material in road construction in Sri Lanka. The study apprehended a qualitative approach comprising a literature review, followed by twelve expert interviews. The data were analysed using manual content analysis. The economic, environmental, and social benefits and enablers along with social, technology-related, knowledge-related, economic, and resource-related barriers in implementing PMB in Sri Lanka were identified. Additionally, strategies to overcome such barriers were suggested. The study further recommends the use of recycled polymers over virgin polymers; increasing the awareness level in the industry; extending the government involvement; and establishing a standard specification.
8
İbiş, Ahmet Buğra, Burak Şengöz, Ali Topal, and Derya Kaya Özdemir. "The Effect of Compaction Temperatures and Numbers on the Air Void Level of Porous Asphalt Pavements." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.014.
Full textAbstract:
Porous asphalt pavement is defined as an asphalt concrete that is designed with open gradation aggregate which helps in removing the water with an air void content of about 20% by creating drainage channels. Open gradation consists of large amounts of coarse aggregates and small amounts of fine aggregates. The water is drained due to this hollow structure, this air void content in the porous asphalt mixture which inevitably decreases with time is the main parameter affecting the service life as well as the structural and functional performance. Moreover, the reduction in air void content is one of the main reasons for the loss of permeability in porous asphalt pavements and this lead to the increase in pavement density under heavy traffic conditions. Each country has its own technical asphalt specification involving the required compaction energy and temperature. This study involves the effect of compaction temperatures and numbers on the air void in porous asphalt pavements prepared with 50/70 penetration grade bitumen. As a result of experimental studies, it has been observed that the reduced compaction temperature and the number of compaction (energy) increase the air void level in porous asphalt pavements.
9
Amal, R., J. Narendra, M. Sivakumar, and M. V. L. R. Anjaneyulu. "Performance Evaluation of Cold Bituminous Mix Reinforced with Coir Fibre." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.67.
Full textAbstract:
Cold bituminous mix (CBM), which is a mixture of bitumen emulsion and aggregate that is mixed together at ambient temperature, has several advantages like energy savings, easiness in preparation, environmental benefits, and high production at low investment. But there are certain limitations of CBMs like inferior mechanical properties, high air voids, weak early life strength, long curing time and poor coating that hinder its extensive usage. The possibility of improving mechanical performance of CBMs by the addition of coir fibre is attempted in this study. The objectives of the study are to assess the improvement in performance of CBM due to addition of coir fibre and to identify the optimum length and optimum content of coir fibre for CBMs. Three coir fibre contents and three coir fibre lengths were used in this study. Performance evaluation of CBM modified with coir fibre was done through Retained Marshall Stability (RMS) test and Hamburg wheel tracking test. Coir fibre was added to the aggregates and mixed before the addition of pre-wetting water and emulsion, to achieve uniform distribution and to avoid balling of coir fibres. When coir fibre was added to the mix, Marshall Stability increased up to a certain level of coir fibre content depending on fibre length. Highest Marshall Stability value was obtained at 0.2% content (by weight of total mix) of coir fibre of 15 mm length. Resistance to moisture damage was assessed by RMS test. It was observed that the addition of coir fibre improved the RMS value. From the Hamburg wheel tracking test, it was observed that the addition of coir fibre improved rut resistance. For all fibre lengths, CBM with 0.2 % coir content showed the highest rut resistance, with 10 mm fibre length showed the best performance. Hence, coir fibre is recommended as a feasible additive for mechanical performance improvement of CBMs.
10
Punanova, Svetlana. "ORE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN NAPHTHIDES OF HYPERGENESIS ZONE: ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/17.
Full textAbstract:
The study examines the formation of secondary-altered crude oils associated with the processes of modern or ancient hypergenesis. As a result of geological processes during intense upward movement of the earth's crust, oil undergoes physical weathering, inorganic oxidation, washing out with water, biodegradation and sulfurization, and turn into heavy oils and hard bitumen. In zones of hypergenesis, the loss of light fractions occurs and the absolute concentration of trace elements (TE) associated with resinous-asphaltene components, such as V, Ni, Co, Mo, Cr, Cu, etc. sharply increases. In addition, oils absorb elements of variable valence (V, Fe, U) from low-salinity stratal waters. As a result of experimental studies on the interaction of oils with low mineralization waters, which are characteristic of hypergenesis zones, leaching of some elements (e.g., Zn) from oils and absorption of others from contacting waters (for example, concentrations of newly-formed organometallic compounds V and Fe increased by 1.3-12 times) were found. The author utilized the method of neutron-activation analysis to study the content of TE in oils and natural bitumens of the Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and etc. Ore-level concentration values were found, for example: 180-1162 ppm for V and up to 100 ppm for Ni in the oils of the Melekess depression in Tatarstan, and 940 ppm for V and 130 ppm for Ni in the oils of Kazakhstan deposits. Classification of oils by the content of “biogenic” elements V, Ni, Fe and by physical and chemical properties revealed significant differences of hypergene-altered oils in the general cycle of genesis of naphthides. Deposits of secondarily-altered oils are found in a wide stratigraphic range in oil and gas basins of various geostructural types in traps of the combined morphology – lithologically and tectonically shielded. During the development of oil deposits that contain high concentrations of TE, it is necessary to take into account ecological aspects. The environmental aspect is due to the fact that many metals contained in oils – V, Ni, Cd, As, Hg, U, etc. belong to highly toxic compound chemicals.
Reports on the topic "Bitumen content"
1
Ikura, M., and J. F. Kelly. Coal solubilization into bitumen in a continuous short contact time reactor. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/302624.
Full text
2
Ternan, M., and J. F. Kriz. +525°C pitch content versus microcarbon residue: a correlation for characterizing reaction products obtained by hydrocracking bitumens, heavy oils, and petroleum residua. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304439.
Full text