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1
Zeng, Guodong, Jianjing Zhang, Hongming Huang, Xin Xiao, and Chuanqi Yan. "A Comparative Study for Creep and Recovery Behavior Characterization of Modified Bitumens Using the MSCR Test." Coatings 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081445.
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In recent decades, the application of modified bitumens has experienced tremendous growth. However, due to the varying modification mechanism of different modifiers, the creep and recovery properties of modified bitumen have not been comprehensively understood. This study aims to evaluate the creep and recovery properties of several representative modified bitumens using the multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR) test. The MSCR test can highlight the unique delayed elasticity of modified bitumen and it uses a high stress level, which is more comparable to the field. In particular, this test also aims to identify the effects of different aging conditions. To do so, a total of 15 bitumens, including 7 elastomeric-modified bitumens, 5 non-elastomeric-modified bitumens, and 3 plain bitumens, were prepared and examined. Furthermore, 10 different aging conditions were considered. The results suggest that the generation mechanism of elasticity varies for different modified bitumens. There are two types of elasticities, which are energy elasticity and entropy elasticity, and their differences need more attention in the road bitumen material community. Aging changes the percentages of contributions from energy elasticity and entropy elasticity to the bitumen’s overall recovery performance. The increase in “bad” energy elasticity may compensate for part of the “good” entropy elasticity loss, but overall, the bitumen’s recovery rate is decreasing and the ratio of energy elasticity is increasing, which might hinder the bitumen’s road performance.
2
Li, Mingxia, Elham Fini, Xiaomin Jia, Baiyang Song, and Yanhong Wang. "Effect of Aging on Healing Capacity of Bituminous Composites Containing Polyphosphoric Acid." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 3333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093333.
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This study examines how aging affects the healing capacity of bituminous composites containing polyphosphoric acid (PPA). PPA is commonly used in bituminous composites to enhance its elasticity, however, PPA effectiveness highly depends on other constituents on the matrix and the environmental (internal and external) factors. In terms of internal factors, the interplay between PPA and various bitumen modifiers have been extensively studied. Here, we study how external factors such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation affect PPA’s efficacy, measured in terms of change in bitumen’s healing index. The study results showed that the introduction of PPA to bituminous composites significantly increases the bitumen healing index, however, the change in the healing index becomes less pronounced as aging progresses. The presence of additives such as taconite were found to affect the effect of PPA on bitumen’s healing index. For instance, bitumens containing 30% taconite showed the highest increase in their healing index in the presence of PPA among studied scenarios. Overall, bitumen containing PPA had a higher healing index than those without PPA regardless of the extent of aging and dosage of modifiers. This, in turn, indicates that PPA is highly effective for enhancing bitumen healing. This can be attributed to the role of PPA in promoting intermolecular interactions within the bitumen matrix.
3
Zieliński, K., and M. Babiak. "Studies Of Possible Use Of Oleic Imidazoline As Modifying Agent For Hard Bitumen." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0008.
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AbstractHard bitumens are used in the construction industry primarily in it’s unmodified form, for instance for the production of the so-called traditional roofing felt. Due to the low price of these types of membranes, the use of a popular but expensive modifying agent, SBS copolymer, is not justified economically. Research carried out by the authors has shown that chemical organic compounds belonging to a group of imidazolines may potentially be used as much cheaper bitumen modifier. It was demonstrated that a new type of modifier based on oleic imidazoline, developed by the authors, has a significant impact on improving the physical properties of bitumen. The use of this modifier results in a significant increase in the bitumen plasticity range, both before and after laboratory ageing. In addition, there was a considerable increase of bitumen’s resistance to aging. Its use can help improve the quality and durability of popular waterproofing products manufactured with the use of hard bitumen.
4
Wesołowska, Magdalena, and Dawid Ryś. "Analysis of the fatigue life of neat and modified bitumens using linear amplitude sweep test." Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.018.020.
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The paper presents an evaluation of the fatigue resistance of selected Polish bituminous binders: neat bitumen 50/70, polymer modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55 and polymer highly modified bitumen PMB 45/80-80. The linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, which is a new bitumen performance grading test developed in the USA, and was used to assess the fatigue life of the bitumens. Highly modified bitumen 45/80-80 showed 10-20 times higher fatigue durability than neat bitumen 50/70 and modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55. The differences in fatigue durability between neat bitumen 50/70 and modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55 were much smaller, which means that the bitumens are characterized by similar fatigue reliability. Also the effect of different test temperatures on the fatigue life and mode of failure of the bitumen binders were examined. It has been shown that the quality of a bitumen can be more accurately assessed on the basis of results of the durability test carried out for several different temperatures than for one equivalent temperature.
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Zheng, Chuanfeng, Genze Li, Yazhi Xu, Danni Wang, and Dan Lv. "Analysis of the Effects of Ageing on the Cohesive Strength of Polymer-Modified Bitumen at Low Temperatures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.410.
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The decay law on the ageing process of the cohesive strength of styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)- and polyethylene(PE)-modified bitumens at low temperatures was investigated. The rotated-thin-film oven test was used to age the two types of polymer-modified bitumens. The cohesive strengths at different low-temperature conditions were tested quantitatively according to technology for testing the low-temperature cohesive strength of bitumen. The decay curve of bitumen low-temperature cohesive strengths was drawn, and the embrittlement time of bitumen at different ageing states was obtained according to the decay curve. Results showed that ageing time definitely influenced the attenuation degree of the low-temperature cohesive strength of the two types of polymer-modified bitumens and influenced the appearance of the low-temperature cohesive strength peak, i.e., the bitumen embrittlement time, which advanced after ageing. The lightweight components of polymer-modified bitumen were lost after ageing. The bitumen embrittlement time was advanced, and the sharp attenuation of the low-temperature cohesive strength of bitumen appeared. In the future, bitumen antiageing technology and lighter part pre-supplement technology should be studied in-depth.
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Zhurinov, M. Zh, and B. B. Teltayev. "BITUMENS AND POLYMER BITUMENS - NANODISPERSE SYSTEMS." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 445, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.24.
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This work shows the data regarding the elemental and chemical group compositions of the road bitumens. The short characteristic has been shown for the components of the bitumens - the asphaltenes, the resins and the oils. The properties have been described for the bitumens on which they have the direct impact. The description is given for the micellar model of the bitumens from the point of view of the colloid chemistry. The analysis has been performed for the results of the study by other authors for the asphaltenes of a bitumen and an oil. The group chemical compositions are given for the bitumen of the grades BND 50/70, BND 70/100 and BND 100/130 produced by the plants of Kazakhstan. It has been shown that the content of the asphaltenes in them is from 15.8% to 24.3%; in most cases, the content of the asphaltenes is within the range of 20-25%, i.e. the asphaltenes nanoclusters are almost a fourth of the bitumen by weight. The brief description is given for the best known polymers used for the modification of the road bitumen: 1) the reactive polymers Elvaloy 4170 and Elvaloy AM; 2) the polymers of the group SBS - Kraton D 1192A, Calprene 501, SBS L 30-01 A, KUMHO KTR and Butonal NS 198. It is proposed to consider the bitumen and the polymer bitumen as the peculiar nanodisperse systems. The structures are described for the polymer bitumen nanodisperse systems occurring during the modification of the road bitumen with the polymers of the above two groups.
7
Eskandarsefat, S., P. Caputo, C. Oliviero Rossi, R. Vaiana, and C. Sangiorgi. "Advanced Characterization of Bituminous Binders: Comparing Industrial and Paving-Grade Bituminous Binders." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1033.
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This paper deals with the fundamental differences between industrial and paving-grade bituminous binders. The paper is presented in two main sections: 1) a review of the materials’ colloidal structure and the required properties for the industrial and paving applications; 2) a wide range of experimental tests with which the bituminous binders were studied and compared. In this research, a 160/220 industrial bitumen was studied and compared to a paving-grade bitumen with the same penetration and with a lower penetration, 70/100 one. The research consisted of physical, chemical, thermal, microstructural, and rheological analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of these bituminous binders of diverse applications. Overall, the comparison of the tests’ results indicated that while the asphaltene content and its characteristics have a great influence on the bitumen’s properties, it is not the only fundamental factor. During the study of the chemical structures via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), it was found that the Peri phase (attributed to the resins) also plays an important role, defining the bitumen’s physical visco-elastic properties. In fact, from a microstructural point of view using AFM a significant difference was notified between the industrial bitumen and the paving-grade ones. These differences allow the paving-grade bitumens to be more elastic and ductile compared to the industrial bitumen.
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Geçkil, Tacettin. "Physical, Chemical, Microstructural and Rheological Properties of Reactive Terpolymer-Modified Bitumen." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060921.
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In this study, the change in the physical, chemical, microstructural, and rheological properties of a road bitumen modified with reactive terpolymer (Elvaloy®RET) was investigated. For this purpose, four different Elvaloy®RET percentages (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% by wt.) were mixed with B 160/220 bitumen. Firstly, the obtained samples were subjected to a short and long-term aging process using a rotating thin-film oven test and pressurized aging vessel, respectively. Then, the engineering characteristics of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and conventional and Superpave bitumen tests. The results showed that Elvaloy®RET reacted with the main macromolecular groups in the bitumen, and that the modified bitumens behaved as a homogenous single phase structure as a result of this reaction. Conventional tests showed that Elvaloy®RET-modified bitumens were much harder than pure bitumen and had better aging resistance. Furthermore, the penetration classes of these bitumens changed and their temperature sensitivities decreased significantly. Rheological tests showed that the Elvaloy®RET additive increased the resistance of the bitumen against fatigue cracking and particularly permanent deformation. Moreover, the high temperature performance class of the bitumen also increased. However, parallel to the hardening of the bitumen, a reduction in its resistance to cracking at low temperature was observed.
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Rusbintardjo, Gatot. "Utilization of Buton Natural Rock Asphalt as Additive of Bitumen Binder in Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.543.
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In Buton Island, an island located in South-East Sulawesi Island in Indonesia is found about 700 million tons natural rock asphalt (NRA) which have not been maximally utilized yet. Buton-NRA contains 20 to 30% of bitumen. This paper reported the first part of the research on utilizing of Buton-NRA as additive of bitumen binder in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Amount of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50, and 65% of very fine of Buton-NRA was added into the bitumen, resulted Buton-NRA-Bitumens binder. Penetration and softening point test was conducted to get penetration index (PI) value, an index to determine the temperature susceptibility of the binder. The results show that the Buton-NRA-Bitumens binder has low temperature susceptibility. Use as binder in HMA mixtures also shown that the Buton-NRA-Bitumens binder can improve the performance of the mixtures. Marshall Stability and stiffness of the mixtures is higher compare to that of base bitumen binder, especially Buton-NRA-Bitumens binder with 50% of Buton-NRA, Marshall Stability reach 2374kg and stiffness 311kg.mm, while HMA mixtures with base bitumen (0% Buton-NRA) only has 1294kg of Marshall stability and 169kg/mm of stiffness.
10
KAR, Siksha Swaroopa, Aravind Krishna SWAMY, Devesh TIWARI, and Pramod Kumar JAIN. "IMPACT OF RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT ON PROPERTIES OF FOAMED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2018.383.
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In recent years, the use of foamed bitumen technology along with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement is gaining popularity across the world. The mechanical response of foamed bitumen mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement is significantly influenced by constituent material properties and aggregate gradation. This article presents results from a study where foamed bitumen mixtures conforming to Indian specifications were evaluated. For this purpose, foamed bitumen mixtures using a different percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement and bitumens were prepared. Initially, the foaming characteristics of virgin bitumens were evaluated to optimize for optimum water content and foaming temperature. In the second stage, mixture design was conducted to optimize for foamed bitumen content in foamed bitumen mixtures containing a different percentage of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Finally, these foamed bitumen mixtures were evaluated for their mechanical properties. The results from this laboratory study indicated properties of foamed bitumen and foamed mixtures are significantly influenced by properties of bitumen, the quantity of bitumen, and reclaimed asphalt pavement. Among the different mixtures, a mixture containing 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement exhibited best results in resilient modulus and resistance to moisture damage tests. A mixture containing 80% reclaimed asphalt pavement also shows acceptable strength and resistance to water susceptibility. Thus, it is possible to design high-quality bituminous mixes using higher reclaimed asphalt pavement percentages, which meet the required volumetric and desired performance criteria.
11
Huang, Wentong, Duanyi Wang, Peiyong He, Xiang Long, Bing Tong, Jun Tian, and Peng Yu. "Rheological Characteristics Evaluation of Bitumen Composites Containing Rock Asphalt and Diatomite." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9051023.
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Previous studies have showed that rock asphalt (RA) or diatomite were used to modify the petroleum bitumen. This paper presents the findings from a study conducted to evaluate the potential impact of RA and diatomite on the rheological characteristics of bitumen composites. RA and diatomite with three different dosages were added into the petroleum bitumen: 18% RA, 13% RA+7% diatomite, and 16% RA+9% diatomite by weight. The rheological characteristics of the RA and diatomite modified bitumens were evaluated in this study. The tests conducted included temperature sweep and frequency sweep tests with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), a Brookfield rotation viscosity test, and a scanning electron microscope test. The research showed that the addition of RA and diatomite to petroleum bitumen considerably increased the apparent viscosity, dynamic shear modulus, and rutting resistance in bitumen specimens. However, the DSR test indicated a slight reduction in the fatigue performance of composites made of RA and diatomite modified bitumens. Overall, RA and diatomite are good modifiers for petroleum bitumen for a performance improvement.
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Fatemi, Saeed, Jafar Bolouri Bazaz, and Seyed Ali Ziaee. "Laboratory Investigation of Using Calcium Lignosulfonate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1488958.
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Asphalt mixtures are the major constituent of road constructions. Those mixtures expose to high-temperature levels during the construction process and their life cycle. The bitumen aging occurred because of the harmful effects of elevated temperatures upon the asphalt mixtures, which leads to oxidation, evaporation, and physical hardening within the bitumen structure. The aging phenomenon can intensify the hardness and brittleness of bitumen, which negatively affects the performance of asphalt mixtures. Researchers have investigated different types of bitumen additives to diminish the negative effects of bitumen aging, among which biomass additives are more attractive for researchers because that additives are organic and mainly emanate from waste materials. The current study investigated the effect of calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) at four quantities (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by the weight of base bitumen) as an antiaging bitumen additive on physical, workability, thermal susceptibility, rheological, and chemical properties of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. The results revealed that although the addition of CLS into the bitumen enhanced the rigidity of bitumen against rutting failure at high-temperature conditions, the CLS-modified bitumen was more susceptible to fatigue failure than the virgin bitumen at low-temperature regions. The workability analysis showed that the CLS powder could improve the bitumen’s consistency against permanent deformation at high-temperature levels. Although the bitumen’s viscosity increased because of CLS modification, the CLS-modified bitumen provided acceptable workability based on the Superpave specifications. Outcomes from the rheological test revealed that the addition of CLS into the bitumen improved the rutting resistance of bituminous mixtures at high-temperature levels. The SARA analysis indicated that the hardening of CLS-modified samples emanated from the formation of asphaltenes within the bitumen because of CLS incorporation. Different types of aging indices, including PRP, SPI, VAI, and AIRF, which were calculated in this research, showed that the presence of CLS within the bitumen could retard the bitumen’s aging process.
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Keyf, Seyfullah. "The modification of bitumen with styrene–butadiene–styrene, ethylene vinyl acetate and varying the amount of reactive ethylene terpolymer." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244317708590.
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In this article, 50/70 penetration grade TUPRAS bitumen was modified. Reactive elastomeric terpolymer (Elvaloy RET; DuPont Company), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymers were used in bitumen modification. Set hours of the tests were applied to samples taken from the obtained modified bitumen mixture. Varying amount of reactive ethylene terpolymer with weight ratios of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% were introduced to the mixture of raw bitumen with 1.0% SBS and 1.0% EVA. Penetration, penetration index, softening point, ductility and elastic recovery tests were performed with these modified bitumen and raw bitumen. The samples of raw bitumen and modified bitumens of 2.0% Elvaloy RET, 1.0% SBS and 1.0% EVA were investigated by means of IR spectroscopy. The raw bitumen was modified with SBS, EVA and RET, and it was determined that penetration and ductility values were decreased while penetration index, softening point and elastic recovery were increased. The purpose of this study is to research the improving properties of 50/70 penetration grade–modified bitumen used in highways of Turkey. The most important characteristics (such as softening point, penetration and % elastic recovery) of new polymer-modified bitumen (NPMB) containing 2.5% EVA, 1% RET and 1% SBS were compared with eight different types of polymer-modified bitumens in Turkey (TPMB). NPMB provided all required parameters (softening point, penetration and % elastic recovery) for five different types of TPMBs (TPMB 70-16, TPMB 70-22, TPMB 76-16, TPMB 76-22 and TPMB 82-16).
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F, Czechowski. "Colloidal Stability of Bitumens Related to their Generic Composition." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (October 20, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000322.
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Three bitumens obtained from crude oils widely differing in chemical nature were analyzed for generic composition. Separation into group components was carried out by liquid chromatography, using a new procedure. With this method, five fractions were separated, i.e. saturates, cyclics, light resins, heavy resins and asphaltenes. The size distribution of the asphaltene particles in the bitumens and the Heithaus parameters characterizing the colloidal stability of bitumen were determined. The results suggest that the role of the light resins in bitumen differs from that of the heavy resins, as they are constituents of the dispersing and dispersed phase, respectively. The cyclic components and light resins form the dispersing medium of bitumen while the heavy resins and asphaltenes constitute the dispersed material. Saturates are the bitumen components that deteriorate the peptization of asphaltene particles.
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Wang, Wentong, Dedong Guo, Congcong Liu, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Xinzhou Li, and Teng Wang. "Exploring the Self-Healing Capability and Fatigue Performance of Modified Bitumen Incorporating Waste Cooking Oil and Polyphosphoric Acid." Buildings 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2023): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051188.
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Bitumen’s self-healing capability is critical to the bitumen industry’s sustainable development. This work attempts to examine the self-healing property and fatigue behavior of bitumen using waste cooking oil (WCO) and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) in bitumen modification. Different components of WCO were mixed with PPA and bitumen for the initial modification. The linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test was used to evaluate the fatigue behavior of the modified bitumen. To assess the extent of bitumen healing after a fatigue-healing test, evaluation indicators, including fatigue life recovery (FLR), modulus recovery (MR), and dissipated energy recovery (DER), were selected. Meanwhile, a radar chart was used to analyze the integrated performance of WCO/PPA (WP)-modified bitumen. Lastly, the SARA fractions were separated from the bitumen to evaluate the modification mechanism. It was observed that the inclusion of PPA and WCO enhanced fatigue behavior. For 2% PPA and an intermediate component (IC) of WCO, the fatigue life of the LAS prediction model showed extreme values, with an increase of 669% over virgin bitumen. Regardless of the PPA concentration, a considerable increase in FLR, MR, and DER was seen in the bitumen processed with IC compared to virgin bitumen. Additionally, as the healing time was extended, the increment in the virgin bitumen’s healing indicators was higher than that of the modified bitumen. SARA results indicated that adding PPA changes the bitumen from a soluble state to a gel state. An innovative approach has been proposed to promote sustainable development within the bitumen industry.
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Wieser, Martin, Andreas Schaur, and Seraphin Hubert Unterberger. "Polymer-Bitumen Interaction: A Correlation Study with Six Different Bitumens to Investigate the Influence of SARA Fractions on the Phase Stability, Swelling, and Thermo-Rheological Properties of SBS-PmB." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051273.
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The aim of this work is to determine the influence of the bitumen chemistry on the rheological performance of bitumen and polymer modified bitumen (PmB), as well as the polymer distribution and storage stability. Six different bitumens and their 5 wt.% SBS mixtures are considered in this work. The bitumen composition was determined by SARA fractioning, which was then correlated with the glass transition temperature, complex modulus |G*|, and phase angle, which were obtained by parallel-plate dynamic shear rheology in the temperature range of −25 to 65 °C. The polymer distribution, which was derived from fluorescence microscopy images and the storage stability (determined by tube test) also correlated with the SARA fractions. It was found that the saturates decrease |G*| and Tg and increase the phase angle in crude bitumen, while the asphaltenes increase |G*| and the phase angle. For PmB, the amount of swelling was determined by the saturate content of bitumen. The glass transition temperature of PmBs increases for low saturate and decreases for high saturate contents. |G*| and the phase angle of PmBs correlates with the saturate content, with a varying influence depending on a high or low saturate content and the temperature range due to saturate depletion in the bitumen-rich phase and the varying vol% polymer-rich phase. The aromatic and resin fractions show no correlation in the considered bitumens and PmBs.
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Słowik, Mieczysław, and Marta Andrzejczak. "Study of the zero shear viscosity of SBS copolymer modified bitumens." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 4 (December 11, 2014): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1854.
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The paper presents the results of the zero shear viscosity (ZSV) determined by using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The tests were conducted with the use of 50/70 penetration grade bitumen produced from Venezuelan and Russian crude oils (named V50/70 and R50/70, respectively). Specimens of the tested polymer modified bitumens were combined with modified bitumen concentrate (containing 9% of SBS copolymer) by mixing them together. The objects of the tests were modified bitumens containing 1.5%; 3.0%; 4.5%; 6.0% and 9.0% of SBS copolymer. Zero shear viscosity (ZSV) was determined with the use of two methods: the creep method at various levels of shear stress in the time sequence and a method in which kinematic, sinusoidal angular deformation was applied. The tests were conducted at a constant temperature of 60˚C. The results of two ZSV tests gave similar findings for 50/70 penetration grade bitumen and modified bitumen with low SBS copolymer content (1.5%). In the case of modified bitumen with higher SBS copolymer content, i.e. 3%; 4.5%; 6%; 9%, zero shear viscosity determined by two methods gave different results.
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Celauro, Clara, Rosalia Teresi, and Nadka Tz Dintcheva. "Effect of Short-Term and UV Irradiation Aging on the Behaviour of SBS-Modified Bitumen." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 6915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116915.
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To obtain road bitumen with improved temperature and fatigue resistance, polymers and/or rubbers could be added to it. A particularly suitable polymer for bitumen modification is styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer but limited information is available about the ageing behaviour of modified binders. In this work, two neat bitumens, with different penetration grades, and two SBS-modified bitumens, containing different SBS amounts, were selected, and their short-term and UVB ageing behaviour were investigated considering dynamic shear rheometry and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transformation InfraRed spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Short-time ageing behaviour was investigated performing the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT), while artificial UV ageing was examined/investigated using UVB lamps. The structural changes in bitumen were monitored at different UV exposure times. All the results suggest that the bitumen having higher penetration grade is more stable than the one with a lower penetration grade in the RTFOT ageing condition, and SBS addition exerts a beneficial effect on thermal stability during processing. Further, SBS addition also has a beneficial effect on the UV ageing resistance of bitumen, reducing its oxidation tendency.
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D’Angelo, Simone, Gilda Ferrotti, Fabrizio Cardone, and Francesco Canestrari. "Asphalt Binder Modification with Plastomeric Compounds Containing Recycled Plastics and Graphene." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020516.
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Polymer-modified bitumens are usually employed for enhancing the mixture performance against typical pavement distresses. This paper presents an experimental investigation of bitumens added with two plastomeric compounds, containing recycled plastics and graphene, typically used for asphalt concrete dry modification. The goal was to study the effects of the compounds on the rheological response of the binder phase, as well the adhesion properties, in comparison with a reference plain bitumen. The blends (combination of bitumen and compounds) were evaluated through dynamic viscosity tests, frequency sweep tests, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. Moreover, the bitumen bond strength (BBS) test was performed to investigate the behavior of the systems consisting of blends and aggregate substrates (virgin and pre-coated). The rheological tests indicated that both blends performed better than the plain bitumen, especially at high temperature, showing an enhanced rutting resistance. In terms of bond strength, comparable results were found between the blends and reference bitumen. Moreover, no performance differences were detected between the two types of blends.
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Demchuk, Yuriy, Myroslava Donchenko, Olena Astakhova, Volodymyr Gunka, Iryna Drapak, Marta Sulyma, Liubov Palianytsia, and Michael Bratychak. "Effect of Bisphenol-Formaldehyde Resin on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Road Bitumen." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 18, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht18.01.023.
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A bisphenol-formaldehyde resin was synthesized using the polycondensation method of bisphenol A with formaldehyde. Road bitumen has been modified with this resin. The possibility of its use as a road petroleum bitumen modifier has been established for different contents of the synthesized resin. It has been established that the introduction of synthesized bisphenol-formaldehyde resin into the composition of bitumen significantly increases its heat resistance. The synthesized resin and modified bitumens were characterized using IR spectroscopy. The change in the composition and properties of the bitumen modified with bisphenol-formaldehyde resin has been described.
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Lv, Songtao, Dongdong Ge, Ziyang Wang, Jinping Wang, Jing Liu, Zihao Ju, Xinghai Peng, et al. "Performance Assessment of Self-Healing Polymer-Modified Bitumens by Evaluating the Suitability of Current Failure Definition, Failure Criterion, and Fatigue-Restoration Criteria." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062488.
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Fatigue cracking is a common form of flexible pavement distress, which generally starts and spreads through bitumen. To address this issue, self-healing elastomer (SHE) modified bitumens were elaborated to assess whether these novel materials can overcome the neat asphalt (NA) fatigue performance and whether the current failure definition, failure criterion, and fatigue-restoration criteria can fit their performance. All bitumens were subjected to short-term and long-term aging. Linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, LAS with rest period (LASH), and simplified viscoelastic-continuum-damage (S-VECD) model were utilized to appraise the behavior of the mentioned bitumens. The results showed that maximum stored pseudo-strain energy (PSE) and tau (τ) × N (number of loading cycles) failure definitions exhibited high efficiency to accommodate the fatigue life of NA and SHE-modified bitumens. Both failure criteria identified that SHE-modified bitumen (containing 1% of SHE) showed the highest increment of fatigue performance (67.1%) concerning NA. The failure criterion based on total released PSE, in terms of the area under the released PSE curve, was the only failure concept with high efficiency (R2 up to 0.999) to predict asphalt binder fatigue life. As well, the current framework to evaluate bitumen self-restoration failed to fully accommodate asphalt binder behavior, because bitumen with higher restoration could not exhibit greater fatigue performance. Consequently, a new procedure to assess this property including fatigue behavior was proposed, showing consistent results, and confirming that SHE-modified bitumen (containing 1% of SHE) exhibited the highest increment of fatigue performance (154.02%) after application of the rest period. Hence, the optimum SHE content in NA was 1%. Furthermore, it was found that a greater number of loading cycles to failure (Nf) did not ensure better fatigue performance and stored PSE influenced the bitumen fatigue behavior.
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Smirnov, Ivan V., Yuri V. Petrov, Alexandr Yu Konstantinov, Anatoly M. Bragov, and Andrey K. Lomunov. "Study of Deformation and Failure of Bitumens for Asphalt Mixtures under Dynamic Loads." Key Engineering Materials 715 (September 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.715.43.
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The work presents results of the experimental study of dynamic compression of various modifications of bitumen: bitumen 40/60, polymer-bitumen binder and rubber bitumen. The tests were carried out using the Kolsky method. The tests were conducted for the sample temperature of-15 and 20 °C. It is shown that polymer modifier and rubber additives have a significant influence on the carrying capacity of the bitumen samples at slow loading, but they do not provide significant advantages in the dynamic tests. Strain rate dependence of maximum compressive stress was obtained for the bitumens. It is shown that this dependence can be predicted by the incubation time criterion. The values of the quasi-static and dynamic strength, characterizing the carrying capacity of bitumen at slow and fast loading, are defined.
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Radziszewski, Piotr, Robert Ziolkowski, and Donatas Čygas. "TECHNOLOGICAL AGEING INFLUENCE ON VISCOSITY OF SELECTED BITUMENS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2003): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2003.10531297.
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The article presents one of the main parameters of bitumens used for asphalt concrete mixtures production—viscosity. The authors analyse technological ageing process and its influence on viscosity of selected bitumens. Dependence of the viscosity of bitumens on type and amount of the additives, temperature and ageing is described through experiments. Research findings show that the employment of different types of additives increases bitumen viscosity and positively effect the bitumen ageing resistance. Practical application of presented conclusions and recommendations will enable to improve the main characteristics of asphalt concrete pavements and traffic conditions on roads.
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Galkin, Andrey, and Yan Pyrig. "OVERVIEW OF BITUMEN BINDERS USED IN UKRAINE." Dorogi i mosti 2021, no. 23 (March 25, 2021): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2021.23.060.
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Introduction. Pavement bitumen is one of general road construction materials that are used for pavement construction. The quality of bitumen binder regulates specific technical and operational characteristics of asphalt pavements and their durability Problem Statement. Nowadays in Ukraine only one refinery plant produces pavement bitumen. The volume of its production is not enough to completely satisfy the demands of Ukrainian road construction industry. Due this a lot of binders in Ukraine are imported from other countries. In recent years the highest volumes of bitumen was imported from Republic of Belarus and Poland. In 2020 the amount of road construction works was increased, particularly with pavement repairing and new pavement constructing. It resulted in increasing in need in pavement bitumen that led not only to the high volume of import bitumen but to an expansion of the list of importing counties. Purpose. The presented study is aimed on analysis of quality of bitumen imported in Ukraine from eight countries. For these binders their features are obtained and problem of their applicability and its advisability in Ukraine road industry is considered. Materials and methods. As a material of research bitumens produced in Azerbaijan, the Republic of Belarus, Greece, Spain, Italy, Poland, Turkey and Ukraine are chosen. The standard quality properties are obtained in accordance with the actual in Ukraine standards ДСТУ 4044 and ДСТУ EN 12591. Beside this the attention is paid to the finding of fundamental properties of these binders, such as adhesion, cohesion and viscosity. Results. With the experimental data it is found that all bitumens significantly differ in their structural type. It results in differences in softening point and breaking point temperatures at the equal penetration value (this difference is in the range from 4.5 °С for the closer values to 16.5 °С for the most distinct values). This fact can influence on asphalt pavement properties and durability. Besides such a difference in a temperature susceptibility of binders their adhesion and cohesion properties differ too. Bitumen that tends to sol type of structure is characterized with higher cohesion and viscosity values. This peculiarity must be taken into account in mixing and compaction operations for the asphalts with such bitumen. The temperatures of these operations must be higher than one for bitumen close to the gel type. The low temperature susceptibility and wide plasticity interval are the advantages of bitumen that tends to gel type of structure. Conclusions. All bitumens that are imported in Ukraine must be certificated with ДСТУ 4044:2019 national standard requirements. Also they must be tested with additional methods to validate the decision on their implementation in road construction industry and to specify the implementation area. Keywords: paving bitumen, bitumen binder, penetration, softening point temperature, adhesion, cohesion, viscosity
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Ghoreishi, Atefeh, Mojtaba Koosha, and Navid Nasirizadeh. "Modification of bitumen by EPDM blended with hybrid nanoparticles: Physical, thermal, and rheological properties." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718805536.
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The aim of this research is to study the physical, thermal, and rheological properties of bitumen modified with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer and hybrid nanoparticles including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) masterbatch and bentonite nanoclay. Modified bitumen samples were prepared by mixing 60/70 bitumen with 3% EPDM, 0.1% CNT masterbatch, and 1.5% and 4.5% bentonite nanoclay. It was found that addition of these nanoparticles increased the softening point, reduced the penetration degree as well as temperature susceptibility of the modified bitumens. Results of rheological studies in the linear viscoelastic range showed that for the hybrid samples reinforced with EPDM, CNT masterbatch, and nanoclay, complex shear modulus was increased at high temperatures and the rutting factor was shifted from 81°C for the unmodified bitumen to >90°C for the EPDM-nano-modified bitumens. Thermogravimetric analysis also showed the improvement in the thermal degradation behavior of the hybrid samples. Our results indicate that the addition of small amounts of the additives used in this work can highly enhance the viscoelastic behavior of the bitumen at elevated temperatures. According to the findings of this work, the addition of EPDM (3%) and hybrid nanoparticles of CNT masterbatch (0.1%) and bentonite nanoclay (1.5%) to bitumen can synergistically result in the lowest penetration degree, highest softening point, and lowest temperature susceptibility and has the potential to have a better performance in warm areas.
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Evdokimova, N. G., A. R. Makhmutova, N. T. Aliyeva, and E. A. Guseinova. "PRODUCTION OF THERMOSTABLE ROAD BITUMENS BY THE METHOD OF "OXIDATION-COMPOUNDING"." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-4-102-108.
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The paper proposes a technology for producing petroleum road bitumen by compounding deeply oxidized bitumen with tar, pre-oxidized to various temperatures, in order to produce binders stable to the processes of thermo-oxidative aging. The rate of technological and chemical aging of tar and bitumen has been studied. It was found that tar is most susceptible to technological, and bitumen to chemical aging. It is shown that the use of tar pre-oxidation technology is a promising direction in bitumen production in the production of standard grades of bitumen binders. The obtained compounded bitumens have high extensibility values at 250C and maximum tensile force, which characterizes their high cohesive properties, as well as high values of the needle penetration depth at 00C and low brittleness temperatures, which indicate good low-temperature properties of bitumen. It has been revealed that the use of oxidized tar with a softening point of 360C during compounding with deeply oxidized bitumen can achieve the minimum values of softening temperature change after aging and obtain standard bitumen grades BND 70/100 and BND 100/130 according to GOST 33133-2014. The resulting compounded bitumen is less susceptible to destructive and thermo-oxidative aging processes and can be effectively used for paving
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Mazurek, Grzegorz, and Marcin Podsiadło. "Optimisation of Polymer Addition Using the Plackett-Burman Experiment Plan." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022003.
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Abstract At the present time, the utilization of waste polymer materials belongs to one of the most important challenges where global economies have to tackle. This article concerned the modification of petroleum road bitumen with waste polymer. The bitumen modification process with the use of polymeric materials was carried out considering a number of other quantitative factors, such as: mixing time, mixing speed, bitumen temperature and qualitative factors such as: waste polymer content, type of grain size, type of neat bitumen and type of waste polymer. Two kinds of waste polymers (PET, PP) were used in the research, which served as a modifier. Two petroleum bitumens were used: 20/30 (hard) and 70/100 (soft). Based on the divalent Plackett-Burman experiment plan, the number of variables and the number of combinations of mixtures were determined, which were required to determine the final response surface model. The following features were tested as the output variables: penetration, softening point, Fraass breaking point, dynamic viscosity 60oC, 90oC, 135oC, deformation energy and maximum elongation. The use of the experimental design methodology allowed to identify the factors that had the greatest impact on the bitumen modification process. The assessment of the significance of the parameters also allowed to identify a significant model allowing to find the optimal bitumen and waste polymer composition. Based on the test results, it was shown that the consistency of the modified bitumen was influenced by the type of bitumen, its amount, mixing speed and mixing time. With regard to the softening point, the type of polymer was also an important factor. Ultimately, the optimization process allowed for the determination of such a combination of both qualitative and quantitative input factors, which resulted in bitumen showing higher utility than input 20/30 and 70/100 bitumens. Moreover, it was found that the increase in mixing time did not result in an excessive increase in bitumen stiffness caused by the mixing process. Thus, the low-temperature properties left unchanged significantly
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Zieliński, K. "Analysis of Rheological State of SBS Modified Bitumens Based on Viscosity Measurements." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0007.
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Abstract Each bitumen has a slightly different group composition, thus bitumen modification with the SBS copolymer gives slightly different results in each case. Both in the industry and construction practice there is still no simple method available which would allow the evaluation of the impact of SBS content and the group composition of bitumen on the structural and rheological properties of the polymer bitumen mix. The article presents the results of the dynamic viscosity tests of three bitumen types. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that changes in the rheological properties caused by SBS additive are characteristic for each of the bitumens tested and their chemical and group composition. They are also proportionate to the amount of the modifier added. In order to have a possibility to measure this impact, three coefficients rheologically characterizing polymer and bitumen mixes were applied.
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Xu, Song, Wei Dan, Wen Zu Li, and Jian Ying Yu. "Performance Evaluation of SBS Modified Bituminous Roofing Membrane Containing Layered Double Hydroxides." Key Engineering Materials 599 (February 2014): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.599.203.
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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs)/SBS modified bitumens used for waterproofing membrane were prepared by melt blending using various contents of SBS and LDHs. Effects of the LDHs on physical properties and thermal oxidative aging performance of modified bitumen were investigated. The results show that softening point and low temperature flexibility of LDHs/SBS modified bitumen are increased simultaneously with the rise of SBS content, while they are little affected by the change of LDHs content. The thermal oxidative aging resistance of SBS modified bitumen is gradually improved with increasing LDHs content. In addition, the aging rate of SBS modified bitumen with LDHs are evidently lower than that without LDHs over time, which indicates that LDHs improve the ability of SBS modified bitumen to resist the thermal oxidative aging effectively.
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Zhang, Ji Zhe, Martin Van de Ven, and Shao Peng Wu. "Morphology and Rheological Analysis of Nanoclay in Polymer Modified Bitumen." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.155.
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This paper investigated the influence of nanoclay on the properties of polymer modified bitumen(PMB). The nanoclay-polymer modified bitumen has been produced by mixing a standard 70/100 pen bitumen with polymer at a fixed proportion and then mixed with different amount of nanoclay. The rheological behaviour of the samples have been determined using dynamic shear rheometer. The morphology of the samples as well as the distribution of polymer and nanoclay throughout the bitumen have been characterized with a fluorescence microscopy. The result indicate that the rheological properties of nanoclay-polymer modified bitumens dependent on the percentage nanoclay. The morphology result shows that dispersed polymer particles existed in continuous bitumen phase and the addition of nanoclay does not seem to change the particle size of the polymer.
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Porto, Michele, Paolino Caputo, Valeria Loise, Shahin Eskandarsefat, Bagdat Teltayev, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "Bitumen and Bitumen Modification: A Review on Latest Advances." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040742.
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This synthesis explores the state-of-the-knowledge and state-of-the-practice regarding the latest updates on polymer-modified bitumens (PmBs). The information in this study was gathered from a thorough review of the latest papers in the literatures related to modified bituminous materials, technologies, and advances. For this purpose, the paper is presented in two principle sections. In the first part, the bitumen itself is investigated in terms of chemical structure and microstructural systems. In the second part, the paper focuses on bitumen modification from different aspects for assessing the effectiveness of the introduced additives and polymers for enhancing the engineering properties of bitumen in both paving and industrial applications. In conclusion, the knowledge obtained in this study has revealed the importance of the chemical composition of base bitumen for its modification. It can be declared that while some polymers/additives can improve one or some aspects of neat bitumen properties, they can lead to compatibility problems in storage and production. In this respect, several studies showed the effectiveness of waxes for improving the compatibility of polymers with bitumen in addition to some benefits regarding warm mix asphalt (WMA) production.
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Porto, Michele, Paolino Caputo, Abraham A. Abe, Valeria Loise, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "Stability of Bituminous Emulsion Induced by Waste Based Bio-Surfactant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073280.
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In the asphalt industry, bituminous emulsions are widely used in road pavement operations and in building/construction processes such as cold mix asphalt and waterproofing processes, respectively. A very important fact to keep in mind is that not all types of bitumen are suitable for the realization of bituminous emulsions. This is largely due to the variation in their chemical nature and the different cracking processes carried out on the bitumen during the fractional distillation process in the petroleum industry. The objective of this study is to identify the underlying causes of the non-emulsionability of bitumen using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR) analysis. NMR analysis aims at identifying the fundamental chemical components that are responsible for the emulsionability of the bitumen binder and how important their role is in this phenomenon. On the other hand, the DSR analysis is aimed at determining if the rheological (viscoelastic) behavior of bitumen is implicated in its emulsionability. The indications gotten from the data produced by these techniques, enable us as soon as the analyzed bitumen is deemed non-emulsionable to identify what type of additive can be used to modify the bitumen and alleviate its non-emulsionability until a point where its chemical components become ideal for the realization of bituminous emulsions. In this research work, a model bitumen (labelled as Cimar) which is known for its excellently high emulsionability in the production of anionic bituminous emulsions was used as the reference sample. Two bitumens (labelled as Adriatica and Alma) which from preliminary testing were deemed non-emulsionable were alongside the additives selected and subjected to the aforementioned techniques for analysis on their emulsionability. The NMR data obtained allowed the identification of the chemical nature of the components of the analyzed bitumens and the design of the right additive which improves the bitumen and makes it suitable for the preparation of emulsions. In addition to these, a largely uncommon however effective method of acid number determination of bitumen gave indications on an underlying factor which largely influences the emulsionability of bitumen. An aliphatic and an aromatic surfactant were identified thanks to the spectroscopic findings in this study.
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Cherepanov, V. D., S. G. D’yachkova, I. I. Kuzora, D. A. Dubrovskii, and V. I. Lukina. "Transformation of oil dispersed systems during operation." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 11, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2021-11-3-481-490.
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Abstract: Using the example of oil road bitumen grades BND 100/130, BND 130/200 and BND 70/100, this article studies the transformation of oil dispersed systems under various logistic schemes of operation. This research focuses on the influence of the conditions for storing road bitumens of different grades on their physical and mechanical properties and group hydrocarbon composition during transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. The results show that a change in the physical and mechanical properties of road bitumens during high-temperature storage is related to the changes in the group hydrocarbon composition due to the hydrocarbons autooxidation and destabilization of the colloidal structure of dispersal systems. The conditions for storing bitumen with a minimum change in its quality indicators have been determined. It has been established that storage of bitumen under atmospheric conditions allows preserving its original properties without significant changes. There is evidence that nitrogen purging significantly reduces the effect of homolytic processes leading to the transformation of oil dispersed systems during further transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. Experimental data confirm that of all basic physical and mechanical properties of bitumen, “the depth of penetration of needle” is the most sensitive index, while the “softening temperature” index, frequently used for quality control of bitumen, is inertial. Determining the change in penetration, depending on the duration of storing bitumen, has required formulating a special equation. It has been established that when storing road bitumen at a temperature of 180 ºС, for each hour the index of the penetration depth of the needle at 25 º decreases by 0.8 units. Organizational and technical measures have been determined to ensure the stability of the road bitumen quality during manufacture, storage and transportation to consumers.
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Belova, N. A., L. P. Korotovenko, and N. A. Strakhova. "ADDITIVES TO BITUMENS." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 45, no. 3 (May 12, 2019): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2018-45-3-175-184.
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Objectives. Improving the quality of road bitumen is currently particularly relevant, since allows you to extend the life of road asphalt coatings with the ever-increasing fleet of cars. The main task of research was to study the effect of used oils on the process of structure formation of oxidized bitumen.Method. The introduction of additives of different nature, i.e. its modification, both itself and raw materials, is one of the main ways to improve the physicomechanical properties of bitumens. Introduction to bitumen of small additives containing carboxyl groups, hydroxy acids and resin acids allows one to control not only the adhesion properties of bitumens, but also to ensure the stability of the asphalt concrete mixture at high temperatures. As components of a polyfunctional modifier, to improve the physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of bitumen and their asphalt concrete, the following distilled talovoe oil TU 13-00281074-26-95, petaerythritol GOST 9286-76 and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are proposed. -97.Result. A technology has been developed to draw used oils into tars in order to obtain high-quality road bitumen grades BND 60/90 and to investigate the qualitative characteristics of bitumen raw materials, used synthetic and mineral oils and bitumen. Waste oils with deter-gent - dispersant additive CPD (colloidal dispersion of calcium carbonate in oil M-14 stabilized with calcium sulfonate, used in the preparation of motor fuels) can be used in the composition of the residual raw materials of refining processes as an activating additive.Conclusion. Improvement of the physicomechanical properties of high-quality bitumen is possible by complex modification with various additives, which allows creating conditions for the long-term operation of pavements under the influence of modern traffic loads and adverse weather conditions. In order to obtain modified bitumen of improved quality, selection of modifying additives and the technology for their preparation are required.
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Saleh, Ali, and László Gáspár. "Habosított bitumen aszfaltkeverékek kötőanyagaként." Útügyi Lapok 10, no. 16 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36246/ul.2022.1.01.
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Világszerte törekszenek az energiafelhasználás csökkentésére, ez alól az útépítés sem kivétel. Ezt a célt, egyebek mellett, mérsékelten meleg aszfalt (WMA) gyártásával lehet elérni. Ez utóbbi kötőanyaga a habosított bitumen (foamed bitumen) lehet. Ekkor a keverési és a beépítési hőmérséklet a hagyományos aszfaltkeverékénél 20-40 °C-kal alacsonyabbnak választható. A bitumenhabosítás lényege, hogy a nyomás alatt levő, forró bitument vízzel együtt permetezik a keverőtérbe, ahol a bitumen felhabosodik, az adalékanyag szemcséihez a hagyományos aszfaltkeverékeknél tapasztaltnál hatékonyabban tapad. A cikk ennek a környezetkímélő aszfalgyártási eljárásnak egyes tervezési, technológiai, teljesítményi és ökológiai kérdéseit érinti, amelyeket egy folyó PhD-kutatás során tártak fel.
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Rosta, Szabolcs, and Fanni Zvekán. "Visszanyert aszfaltot tartalmazó aszfaltkeverék tervezése lágyabb bitumen felhasználásával." Útügyi Lapok 10, no. 16 (2022): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36246/ul.2022.1.05.
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Útpályaszerkezeti aszfaltrétegek esetén a visszanyert aszfalt használata a hazai gyakorlatban jóval alacsonyabbra adódik a nyugat-európai gyakorlathoz képest. Az utóbbi években érvényben lévő útügyi műszaki előírások szerint a maximálisan adagolható visszanyert aszfalt (RA) mennyisége fokozott forgalmi terhelésű (C, D, E) útkategóriában útépítési bitumenekkel készült alap és kötőrétegek esetén 20% volt. Az egyik legnagyobb korlátját ennek a határértéknek az jelentette, hogy a visszanyert aszfaltban lévő kötőanyag az évek folyamán már olyan mértékű elöregedésen megy keresztül, hogy nagyobb mennyiségben az aszfaltkeverék tulajdonságára kontroll lépések nélkül mértékadóan képes hatni. A hazai gyakorlatban a normál és fokozott igénybevételi kategóriában alkalmazott útépítési bitumenek fokozatát szinte kizárólag B 50/70 típusra szokás megválasztani. Az ilyen kategóriájú bitumen tulajdonságait a visszanyert aszfaltban lévő kötőanyag tulajdonsága nagyobb adagolási mennyiségeknél képes annyira befolyásolni, hogy a bitumenelegy legfontosabb jellemzői (lágyuláspont, penetráció) már egy keményebb kategóriájú útépítési bitumen paramétereinek felelnének meg. Az elöregedett kötőanyag tulajdonságainak kompenzálására magas RA adagolás esetén ilyen esetekben célszerű lágyabb kategóriájú bitument alkalmazni. Magyarországon ilyen bitumenkategória ugrással történő laboratóriumi keveréktervezésre korábban még nem volt gyakorlat. Jelen cikkünkben bitumenkategória ugrással történő keveréktervezés folyamatát mutatjuk be egy AC 22 kötő (F) keverék esetén B 50/70 bitumenelegyet figyelembe véve. A keveréket 40 % RA adagolással és B 70/100-as bitumen felhasználásával terveztük meg, és aszfaltmechanikai vizsgálatok alapján értékeltük annak teljesítményét.
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Zhurinov M.Zh.,, Teltayev B.B.,, Kalybay A.A.,, Rossi C.O.,, and Amirbayev Ye.D.,. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOW TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE FOR NANOCARBON AND OTHER BITUMENS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.108.
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A comparative analysis of the low temperature resistance for a nanocarbon bitumen and other 30 neat and modified bitumens has been performed in the work. The stiffness at the temperatures of -24°С, -30°С and -36°С under technical system Superpave has been accepted as an indicator of low temperature resistance of the bitumens. The stiffness of the bitumens has been determined on a bending beam rheometer (standard ASTM D 6648-08). Before testing the bitumens have been subjected to the double artificial aging: short-term aging – under standard AASHTO Т 240-13 and long-term aging – under standard ASTM D 6521-08. The nanocarbon bitumen has been prepared in the laboratory of the Kazakhstan Highway Research Institute (KazdorNII) with the use of a road bitumen of the grade BND 70/100 produced by the Pavlodar petrochemical plant (PNHZ) and a nanocarbon powder (2% by weight) manufactured from a coal rock of the deposit “Saryadyr” “Corporation “ON-Olzha” LLP, Akmola region, Kazakhstan). The nanocarbon powder (150-200 nm) has been manufactured by three-stage size reduction of the coal rock: I – a mechanical dispergator (up to 2-3 mm), II – an aerodynamic mill (up to 20 mcm), III – a reactor with a rotating electromagnetic field. The neat bitumens of the grades BND 50/70, BND 70/100, BND 100/130 have been produced by the plants of Kazakhstan and Russia; they satisfy the requirements of the standard ST RK 1373-2013. The modified bitumens have been prepared in the laboratory of KazdorNII with the use of the neat bitumens, 7 types of the polymers, crumb rubber and polyphosphoric acid and they satisfy the requirements of the standard ST RK 2534-2014. It has been determined that the nanocarbon bitumen is one of the most resistant at the low temperatures: -24°С, -30°С and -36°С.
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Lv, Songtao, Dongdong Ge, Shihao Cao, Dingyuan Liu, Wenhui Zhang, Cheng-Hui Li, and Milkos Borges Cabrera. "Development of a Framework for Assessing Bitumen Fatigue Cracking Performance under Different Temperatures and Aging Conditions." Buildings 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2024): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020311.
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A full understanding of bitumen fatigue cracking behavior is extremely important as this phenomenon has a considerable influence on bituminous pavement performance. The current framework for assessing this asphalt binder property is inconsistent in ranking bitumen fatigue performance in terms of the failure definition and damage characteristic curve (DCC) analysis. This study used four different types of asphalt binders: neat asphalt (NA), self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (STP)-modified bitumen, self-healing poly (dimethyl siloxane) crosslinked with urea bond (IPA1w)-modified bitumen, and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified bitumen (SBSB). All the bitumens were subjected to short-term and long-term aging, and they were also tested by utilizing the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test and the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model. LAS and S-VECD procedures were used to apply the newly proposed and current frameworks in order to analyze bitumen performance. The current framework showed that the bitumens that used a higher number of loading cycles (N) to reach their failure points (Nf) failed to exhibit greater fatigue performances in terms of DCC analysis. The developed framework (mainly based on the damage intensity [S] instead of N) was used to solve the inconsistency between the failure definition and DCC assessment in ranking bitumen performance. Additionally, the current framework (failure criterion) presented two R2 values below 0.1, but the developed framework (failure criterion) showed that all R2 values were greater than 0.9. The developed framework represents a turning point because, for the first time, this type of procedure is mainly being based on S instead of N. Although further tests are needed to confirm its efficiency, it eliminates the inconsistency between the failure definition and DCC assessment.
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Grynyshyn, О. B., М. І. Donchenko, V. V. Kochubei, and Y. Y. Khlibyshyn. "Main features of the technological process of aging of bitumen obtained from the residues from Ukrainian crude oil processing." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (June 2023): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-148-3-54-62.
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The effects of the technological process of aging of bitumen obtained from the residues from processing of Ukrainian crude oil on the bitumen’s operational characteristics, structural-group composition, and thermal stability have been studied. The aging of bitumen with a thickness of 2 mm has been conducted under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 1630C for 5 and 10 h. Two types of bitumen, oxidized bitumen BND 60/90 and distillation bitumen BD 130/200, have been examined. It has been found that the bitumen quality worsens due to the technological process of aging, e.g. the bitumen hardness and refractoriness increase whereas the elasticity and frost resistance decrease. It has also been shown that, because of the technological process of aging, the content of resins in the bitumen decreases, the content of asphaltenes increases, and the content of oil components does not change significantly. The structural type of the oxidized bitumen changes thereat from a "sol–gel" type to a "gel" type. For the distillation bitumen, the structural type does not change. The derivatographic analysis has revealed that the bitumen thermal stability increases due to the technological process of aging. The reason for this is a decrease in the content of paraffinic ingredients in the bitumen along with the bitumen structure compaction due to the aging.
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Austruy, F., Ye Tileuberdi, Ye Ongarbaev, and Z. Mansurov. "Study of Production of Rubber-Bitumen Compounds." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 14, no. 2 (February 7, 2012): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj106.
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In this article were investigated ways of production of Rubber-Bitumen Compounds (RBC). The physico-mechanical characteristics of paving bitumen BND 60/90 modified with rubber crumb from spent tire and spent engine oil. The structure of rubber crumb was characterized by optical microscopy and physico-mechanical characteristics of rubber-bitumen compounds are determined by standard methods. It established that the quantity of entered rubber-oil depending (ratio 3:2) on physical and chemical conditions. 15-25 wt.% rubber-oil modified bitumens were according to variety standard of RBC.
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Fadzil, Auni Diyana, Nur Izzi Md Yusoff, Shuhaida Harun, Khairiah Haji Badri, Iswandaru Widyatmoko, Faridah Hanim Khairuddin, Abdalrhman Milad, Munder Bilema, and Naeem Aziz Memon. "Physical, Thermal, and Morphology Characteristics of Waste Latex Rubber Glove-Modified Bitumen." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (October 16, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5670201.
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Researchers across the globe have explored several alternatives to recycling natural rubber and have identified several challenges. Therefore, this study evaluates the feasibility of recycling waste latex rubber gloves (WLRG) as a bitumen modifier to enhance the bitumen’s physical, thermal, and morphological characteristics. The study adds varying percentages of WLRG (3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) to the 60/70 bitumen and analyzes them to determine the optimum WLRG percentage. The penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity tests of the modified binders show a consistent pattern. All WLRG-modified bitumens are stable storage blends at high temperatures. The thermal characteristics of the WLRG particles in the modified bitumen are examined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ogive graph shows that the weight loss of the bitumen modified with 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% WLRG occurred at 457.5, 464.3, 462.2, and 459.5°C. The maximum weight loss of the control sample occurred at 465.6°C when the environment switched from nitrogen (N2) to air. The DSC graph reveals the changes in the structure or physiochemical processes of the WLRG. The melting point for the binders modified with 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% WLRG is 133.6, 132.1, 103.5, and 133.2°C. The morphological characteristics were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The bee structure gives a scientific explanation of the microstructural characteristics. A contact angle test was performed to identify the wettability of the sessile drop device by using three types of solvent, namely distilled water, formamide, and glycerol. The contact angle of water showed a decreasing trend, where the binder containing 9% WLRG had the lowest contact angle. For the control sample, the contact angles of formamide and glycerol are 73.95° and 71.85°, respectively. In summary, WLRG is a suitable bitumen modifier and can enhance the physical, thermal, and morphological characteristics of the asphalt binder.
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Cordeiro, Vinicius, Margarida Sá-da-Costa, Carlos Alpiarça, José Neves, Rui Galhano dos Santos, João Bordado, and Rui Micaelo. "The Effect of a Liquified Wood Heavy Fraction on the Rheological Behaviour and Performance of Paving-Grade Bitumen." Sustainability 16, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16030972.
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Biomass is one the most abundant renewable energy sources, and it can be processed through different thermochemical methods to obtain oils that can replace the petroleum bitumen used in road construction. For the construction industry to accept the bitumen replacement with bio-oil, it is necessary to know its properties and determine the applicability of conventional testing methods. This research utilized a liquified wood heavy fraction (bio-oil) obtained from waste wood through an innovative thermochemical liquefaction process. The aim was to investigate a kind of bio-bitumen produced by blending this bio-oil with paving-grade bitumen. The rheological behaviour in a wide temperature range, the performance relative to fatigue cracking and permanent deformation sensitivity, and the evolution with oxidative ageing were evaluated for the bio-bitumen and paving-grade bitumens. The bio-oil significantly affected the rheological behaviour of bitumen through an overall decrease in the phase angle and by failing the time–temperature superposition principle. The strong elastic response of the bio-bitumen improved resistance to fatigue and permanent deformation accumulation; however, resistance to oxidative ageing declined. Linear viscoelastic rheological indicators proposed in the literature to assess the material’s performance showed a similar trend of variation with oxidative ageing for bio-bitumen and paving-grade bitumen, though the indicators’ values could not be directly compared.
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Li, Chun, Jian Ouyang, Fangjie Dou, and Jingtao Shi. "Mechanism Influencing the Drying Behavior of Bitumen Emulsion." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143878.
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The drying process of bitumen emulsion largely dominates the strength development of emulsion-based mixtures for pavement structure, thus it can be used to judge the quality of bitumen emulsion. However, the drying behaviour of bitumen emulsions was seldom considered. The emulsion drying and film formation theory are employed to study the drying process of different bitumen emulsions with a thin layer. Results indicated the drying process of bitumen emulsion can be divided into three stages: (a) an initial high evaporation rate stage; (b) an intermediate stage with a rapidly decreasing evaporation rate; (c) a final stage with a very small evaporation rate. The boundaries among the three stages can be identified by studying the water evaporation rate. Three drying parameters, i.e., the critical volume fractions of bitumen defining the boundaries among the three stages and the maximum packing fraction of bitumen droplets, are proposed to quantitatively characterize the drying behavior of bitumen emulsion. High values of these parameters indicate a bitumen emulsion that has rapid drying behavior. Therefore, these parameters are independent of the emulsifier type, but they are highly dependent on the bitumen’s droplet size. These drying parameters increase with a decrease in bitumen droplet size. Therefore, bitumen emulsion with a smaller size distribution of bitumen droplets can have a more rapid drying behavior, which is recommended in real engineering.
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Mazurek, Grzegorz, Przemysław Buczyński, Marek Iwański, Marcin Podsiadło, Przemysław Pypeć, and Artur Kowalczyk. "Effects of the Mixing Process on the Rheological Properties of Waste PET-Modified Bitumen." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 22, 2023): 7271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237271.
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This paper analyses the key findings of a study devoted to PET-modified bitumen. The research program was run according to the D-optimal experimental plan based on a factorial design. Five factors, i.e., the type of polymer (source), the type of bitumen (qualitative factors), PET amount, mixing rate, and mixing temperature (quantitative factors), controlled the bitumen–polymer mixing process. The experiment included a series of determinations of bitumen’s rheological characteristics obtained by MSCR (Jnr, R) and G*/sin(δ) at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. The low-temperature properties of the composite (critical temperature) were evaluated using a BBR test. The findings showed that bitumen modification with PET primarily reduced the creep susceptibility of the bituminous–polymer mixture. The low-temperature characteristics of the modified bitumen played a secondary but essential role. The amount of polymer and the mixing rate interacted with the temperature, significantly reducing the stiffness of the composite, while the type and amount of bitumen had a substantial effect on the results obtained in the BBR test. It is worth noting that when combining bitumen and plastomer, special attention should be paid to ensuring a high level of homogeneity of the mixture by controlling the parameters of the mixing process accordingly. The tests and analyses provided crucial models (GLM), which allowed for the prediction of the plastomer-modified bitumen’s low- and high-temperature properties. The resulting relationships between factors and the identification of their impact on the bitumen properties enable a better understanding of the process of bitumen modification with PET. The conclusions presented here serve as a basis for future optimisation of the modified bitumen composition. The performed studies indicate that the use of >3% plastomer in bitumen 70/100 allows for a reduction in its susceptibility (MSCR) to below 0.5 kPa−1, making it suitable for bituminous mixtures for high-traffic roads. No significant increase in critical temperature (BBR) was observed.
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Donchenko, M., and O. Grynyshyn. "Investigation of resistance of modified bitumines to technological aging." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2022.01.056.
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A comparison of the ability of modifiers of different classes to slow down the aging processes occurring in petroleum bitumen during pavement operation is presented in the article. Oxidized and residual road bitumens were used as research objects. Determination of resistance to hardening under the influence of heat and air was performed by the RTFOT method. Samples of oxidized bitumen with the addition of petroleum polymer resins with hydroxyl functional groups and heavy pyrolysis resin were found to have the best resistance, while for residual bitumen the highest resistance was observed with the introduction of heavy pyrolysis resin and sulfur.
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Ossa, E. Alexander, and Juan Camilo Múnera. "Analysis of binary Bitumen – Polymer mixtures." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 70 (February 12, 2014): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.15012.
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Bitumen is a black material composed of a mixture of various natural hydrocarbons. Bitumen has been commonly used in road paving and roofing applications thanks to its hydrophobic and adhesives properties. The production of Polymer Modified Bitumens (PMB) has allowed the development of materials with better performance in comparison to pure bitumen. This work presents the effect of addition of polymer to a Colombian bitumen from its morphological, rheological and thermal properties, in order to identify different modification levels. The polymers used as modifiers were polyethylene wax (CPE), styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and crumb rubber (CR). They were added to bitumen in proportions between 3 to 15% w / w. Both neat bitumen and PMB were characterized by penetration and softening point. Thermal and rheological characteristics were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rotational rheometry, respectively. Changes in the morphology were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results showed that the CPE mixtures had the most pronounced effect on the conventional properties, achieving a 75% reduction in penetration and a 250% increase in the softening point compared to neat bitumen. The results obtained by DSC allowed identifying three glass transition temperatures (Tg) in neat bitumen. Mixtures with SBS altered Tg, showing changes on the thermal characteristics of neat bitumen. Mixtures with CPE and SBS showed the highest values of G*. The results obtained by AFM help identifying three different phases in neat bitumen and its variation with the addition of different polymer modifiers, showing considerable structural changes that led to changes in the material properties at the macroscopic level.
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Gunay, Taylan. "Investigation of physical properties of base and SBS modified bitumens by rheological test methods." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 2 (2022): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.2.281.
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Bitumen is modified with various modifiers to diminish the deformation occurred in flexible pavements due to traffic loads and the effects of climate. Polymer modification and more specifically Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) copolymer modification is one of the most common methods to enhance the physical properties of bitumen. However, the polymer modified bitumens could exhibit different rheological properties compared to original bitumen. In this work, it is aimed to investigate the effects of SBS copolymer on thermorheological properties of bitumen by means of state of art test methods. To this end, a rheological program including small amplitude oscillation shear test (SAOS), construction of master curves by using time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle, determination of zero shear viscosity (ZSV) and multiple shear creep recovery tests (MSCR) were employed along with other fundamental tests. SAOS test result signifies a positive effect of SBS on the viscoelastic deformation nature of bitumen. The master curves of the complex viscosity of binders reveal that SBS modifier reduced the Newtonian flow properties of bitumen. The decrements in non-recoverable creep compliance and the increment in percent recovery signify that SBS modifier has dramatically enhanced the applicability of bitumen as a binder in flexible pavement at mid to high-temperature ranges.
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Rezazad Gohari, Ali, Sébastien Lamothe, Jean-Pascal Bilodeau, Ahmad Mansourian, and Alan Carter. "Laboratory Study on Influence of Blending Conditions on Chemo-Thermal Characteristics of Lignin-Modified Bitumen." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 7766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137766.
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Environmental approaches in the asphalt industry have focused on utilizing waste materials as modifiers. Lignin is a high-potential bitumen modifier due to its characteristics; however, the blending process with bitumen is critical. This study investigates the chemo-thermal characteristics of lignin-modified bitumen under two different blending protocols, including a mechanical and high-shear mixer to evaluate its performance as a modifier. According to the protocols, 5, 10, and 20% of Kraft lignin was added to a PG 58S−28 bitumen. The samples were subjected to analysis using Brookfield Rotational Viscosity (BRV), Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) tests. The BRV and DSR test results indicate a remarkable alteration in the rheological properties of lignin-modified bitumen under blending conditions. The FTIR analysis indicated that Kraft lignin did not produce new functional groups. The fibril structures of the bitumens are affected by Kraft lignin content and blending conditions due to ESEM. The Kraft lignin and blending conditions influence the thermal behavior of bitumen. The findings highlight Kraft lignin’s potential as a bitumen modifier, and the fact that its characteristics are influenced by the blending protocol and Kraft lignin content.
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Srikanth, Tangudu, and Ajithkumar Padmarekha. "Application of the Arrhenius Equation in Predicting the Temperature Susceptibility of Unmodified and Modified Bituminous Binder." Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 885–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-03-015.
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Bitumen is a temperature-susceptible material. The performance of the bitumen largely depends on the sensitivity of its characteristic properties to the variation in temperature. This paper uses the Arrhenius equation to predict the temperature-sensitive properties of various bitumens. Three modified and unmodified binders of various grades were tested under study shear, frequency mode (oscillatory shearing), and time mode (multiple stress creep and recovery) at different temperatures from 10 to 70ºC. This paper focuses on the activation energy to understand the temperature-susceptible behavior of the bitumen and the influence of aging on the bitumen. To analyze the temperature susceptibility of the bitumen, Steady shear, MSCR, and LAOS tests were performed. From these tests, parameters such as viscosity, dynamic modulus, energy dissipation, and creep compliance at different temperatures were observed to follow the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy constant of the Arrhenius equation is found to vary with the characteristic function used. It is also statistically proven that the activation energy depends on the shear rate or shear stress, indicating that the temperature-susceptible properties of the bitumen are shear rate-dependent. Also, as the bitumen ages, its temperature-susceptible properties improve. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-015 Full Text: PDF
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Changra, Arundhika, and Er Gagandeep Singh. "Comparison of Marshall Stability values of the different bitumen mixes with crumb rubber." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012034.
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Abstract Modified bitumen with crumb rubber can enhance the bitumen’s physical properties and the mixes’ Marshall Stability values. Aside from the fact that it reduces the amount of tyre waste, the use of crumb rubber can also improve the properties of bitumen, which can help to extend the life of flexible pavements. When VG 30 bitumen is combined with crumb rubber, penetration values drop significantly. As the modifier concentration is increased, the penetration value decreases. When modified with 5CR, 10CR, and 15CR, neat bitumen’s penetration value drops to 61, 58, and 49 respectively. Marshall Compared to unmodified mixes, bitumen modified with crumb rubber has higher stability values. The stability values increase as the modifier content increases. As a result, stiffer binder results in a higher stability value of the mix, which is supported by an increase in modifier content. For every 5-15% increase in crumb rubber, an improvement of 10-25% was observed.